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Bužančić Milosavljević M, Bonačić-Koutecký V. Design of J-aggregates-like oligomers built from squaraine dyes exhibiting transparency in the visible regime and high fluorescence quantum yield in the NIR region. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1314-1321. [PMID: 38108190 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05291e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
New materials for transparent luminescent solar concentrators (TLSCs) are of large interest. Therefore, we investigated the optical properties of J-aggregates-like oligomers (hereinafter referred to as J-aggregates) based on covalently bound squaraine dyes in toluene solvent using DFT and TD-DFT methods. In addition, the rate constants needed for the prediction of fluorescence quantum yield (QY) have been calculated using Fermi's Golden rule and vertical harmonic approximation (VH) for ground and excited states. In the context of QY prediction, different broadening of the lineshape has also been employed. We found that J-aggregates based on squaraine dyes exhibit near-infrared (NIR) selective absorption and emission as well as high fluorescence QY. Comparison of the properties obtained for dimers, trimers and tetramers belonging to two classes (SQA and SQB) of J-aggregates allows us to select the tetramer of SQA J-aggregates as suitable for application. The scaling model for N ≥ 4 monomer subunits supports quantitative findings. Therefore, we propose J-aggregates containing N ≥ 4 subunits of SQA with a central squaric acid ring with two oxygen atoms in toluene solvent as a suitable candidate for TLSC application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Bužančić Milosavljević
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Vlasta Bonačić-Koutecký
- Center of Excellence for Science and Technology-Integration of Mediterranean region (STIM), Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Science and Technology (ICAST) at University of Split, Meštrovićevo šetalište 45, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Fischermeier D, Turkin A, Selby J, Lambert C, Mitrić R. Simulation of exciton spectra in disordered supramolecular polymers: exciton localization in cisoid indolenine squaraine hexamers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:219-229. [PMID: 38055887 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the effects of disorder and defects in oligomers and polymers on the localization of excitons, we investigated the spectral properties of the squaraine B hexamer using long range corrected tight-binding TDDFT (lc-TDDFTB) and Frenkel-exciton model based calculations. Employing classical molecular dynamics, the cisoid indolenine squaraine hexamers helix was propagated in DCM and acetone to obtain ensembles of realistic structures, which naturally exhibit considerable disorder. The trajectories together with several model squaraine systems were studied to show the profound effects of disorder in the superstructure and disorder of the local monomer geometry on optical properties like absorption and exciton localization. We further compared lc-TDDFTB and exciton theory derived spectral data to related experimental data on absorption, exciton transfer and localization in squaraine polymers and oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fischermeier
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Arthur Turkin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitüt Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Joshua Selby
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitüt Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universitüt Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitrić
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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3
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Ansteatt S, Gelfand R, Pelton M, Ptaszek M. Geometry-Independent Ultrafast Energy Transfer in Bioinspired Arrays Containing Electronically Coupled BODIPY Dimers as Energy Donors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301571. [PMID: 37494565 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
In photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes, strong interaction between chromophores enables efficient absorption of solar radiation and has been suggested to enable ultrafast energy funneling to the reaction center. To examine whether similar effects can be realized in synthetic systems, and to determine the mechanisms of energy transfer, we synthesized and characterized a series of bioinspired arrays containing strongly-coupled BODIPY dimers as energy donors and chlorin derivatives as energy acceptors. The BODIPY dimers feature broad absorption in the range of 500-600 nm, complementing the chlorin absorption to provide absorption across the entire visible spectrum. Ultrafast (~10 ps) energy transfer was observed from photoexcited BODIPY dyads to chlorin subunits. Surprisingly, the energy-transfer rate is nearly independent of the position where the BODIPY dimer is attached to the chlorin and of the type of connecting linker. In addition, the energy-transfer rate from BODIPY dimers to chlorin is slower than the corresponding rate in arrays containing BODIPY monomers. The lower rate, corresponding to less efficient through-bond transfer, is most likely due to weaker electronic coupling between the ground state of the chlorin acceptor and the delocalized electronic state of the BODIPY dimer, compared to the localized state of a BODIPY monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ansteatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Rachel Gelfand
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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4
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Ress L, Malý P, Landgraf JB, Lindorfer D, Hofer M, Selby J, Lambert C, Renger T, Brixner T. Time-resolved circular dichroism of excitonic systems: theory and experiment on an exemplary squaraine polymer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9328-9349. [PMID: 37712031 PMCID: PMC10498725 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01674a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical foundations for femtosecond time-resolved circular dichroism (TRCD) spectroscopy of excitonic systems are presented. In this method, the system is pumped with linearly polarized light and the signal is defined as the difference between the transient absorption spectrum probed with left and with right circularly polarized light. We present a new experimental setup with a polarization grating as key element to generate circularly polarized pulses. Herein the positive (negative) first order of the diffracted light is left-(right-)circularly polarized and serves as a probe pulse in a TRCD experiment. The grating is capable of transferring ultrashort broadband pulses ranging from 470 nm to 720 nm into two separate beams with opposite ellipticity. By applying a specific chopping scheme we can switch between left and right circular polarizations and detect transient absorption (TA) and TRCD spectra on a shot-to-shot basis simultaneously. We perform experiments on a squaraine polymer, investigating excitonic dynamics, and we develop a general theory for TRCD experiments of excitonically coupled systems that we then apply to describe the experimental data in this particular example. At a magic angle of 54.7° between the pump-pulse polarization and the propagation direction of the probe pulse, the TRCD and TA signals become particularly simple to analyze, since the orientational average over random orientations of complexes factorizes into that of the interaction with the pump and the probe pulse, and the intrinsic electric quadrupole contributions to the TRCD signal average to zero for isotropic samples. Application of exciton theory to linear absorption and to linear circular dichroism spectra of squaraine polymers reveals the presence of two fractions of polymer conformations, a dominant helical conformation with close interpigment distances that are suggested to lead to short-range contributions to site energy shifts and excitonic couplings of the squaraine molecules, and a fraction of unfolded random coils. Theory demonstrates that TRCD spectra of selectively excited helices can resolve state populations that are practically invisible in TA spectroscopy due to the small dipole strength of these states. A qualitative interpretation of TRCD and TA spectra in the spectral window investigated experimentally is offered. The 1 ps time component found in these spectra is related to the slow part of exciton relaxation obtained between states of the helix in the low-energy half of the exciton manifold. The dominant 140 ps time constant reflects the decay of excited states to the electronic ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Ress
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Ke Karlovu 5 121 16 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Jann B Landgraf
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Universität Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Dominik Lindorfer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Michael Hofer
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Joshua Selby
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Renger
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz Altenberger Str. 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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5
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Patalag LJ, Hoche J, Mitric R, Werz DB, Feringa BL. Transforming Dyes into Fluorophores: Exciton‐Induced Emission with Chain‐like Oligo‐BODIPY Superstructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116834. [PMID: 35244983 PMCID: PMC9310714 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present a systematic study demonstrating to which extent exciton formation can amplify fluorescence based on a series of ethylene‐bridged oligo‐BODIPYs. A set of non‐ and weakly fluorescent BODIPY motifs was selected and transformed into discrete, chain‐like oligomers by linkage via a flexible ethylene tether. The prepared superstructures constitute excitonically active entities with non‐conjugated, Coulomb‐coupled oscillators. The non‐radiative deactivation channels of Internal Conversion (IC), also combined with an upstream reductive Photoelectron Transfer (rPET) and Intersystem Crossing (ISC) were addressed at the monomeric state and the evolution of fluorescence and (non‐)radiative decay rates studied along the oligomeric series. We demonstrate that a “masked” fluorescence can be fully reactivated irrespective of the imposed conformational rigidity. This work challenges the paradigm that a collective fluorescence enhancement is limited to sterically induced motional restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J. Patalag
- University of Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Joscha Hoche
- Universität Würzburg Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Universität Würzburg Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Organic Chemistry Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- University of Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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6
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Patalag LJ, Hoche J, Mitric R, Werz DB, Feringa BL. Transforming Dyes Into Fluorophores: Exciton‐Induced Emission with Chain‐like Oligo‐BODIPY Superstructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J. Patalag
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Joscha Hoche
- Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Roland Mitric
- Universität Würzburg: Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg Institute of Theoretical and Physical Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Daniel B. Werz
- TU Braunschweig: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Institute for Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Ben L Feringa
- University of Groningen Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen NETHERLANDS
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7
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Selby J, Holzapfel M, Radacki K, Swain AK, Braunschweig H, Lambert C. Polymeric Indolenine–Squaraine Foldamers with a Preferred Helix Twist Sense and Their Chiroptical Absorption and Emission Properties. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Selby
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Asim Kumar Swain
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Turkin A, Malý P, Lambert C. Fluorescence band exchange narrowing in a series of squaraine oligomers: energetic vs. structural disorder. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18393-18403. [PMID: 34612380 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02136b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The influence of oligosquaraine chain length on the energies and shape of absorption and emission bands and the exciton coherence length is studied in CHCl3 where the oligomers adopt a random coil structure. From the observed fluorescence band narrowing an effective coherence length of Ncoh = 2.5 was estimated for the nonamer. Applying a theoretical Frenkel exciton model the absorption and emission spectra were simulated which confirmed the experimental results. From the relative amplitude of the 00 peak to the vibronic shoulder the coherence length was estimated which yields a somewhat higher saturation value of Ncoh≈ 3 for the nonamer, which is in very good agreement with the theoretical amplitude ratio. The coherence length is much smaller than the geometrical length because the electronic delocalisation is reduced by structural disorder. Taking into account the energetic (diagonal) and structural (off-diagonal) disorder we observed a different influence on the absorption and fluorescence spectra. For the emission spectra, exciton delocalisation leads to a narrowing of the band caused by averaging over energetic disorder, but for the absorption band the spectra are broadened by excitonic splitting and structural disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Turkin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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9
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Turkin A, Holzapfel M, Agarwal M, Fischermeier D, Mitric R, Schweins R, Gröhn F, Lambert C. Solvent Induced Helix Folding of Defined Indolenine Squaraine Oligomers. Chemistry 2021; 27:8380-8389. [PMID: 33871113 PMCID: PMC8251825 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A protecting group strategy was employed to synthesise a series of indolenine squaraine dye oligomers up to the nonamer. The longer oligomers show a distinct solvent dependence of the absorption spectra, that is, either a strong blue shift or a strong red shift of the lowest energy bands in the near infrared spectral region. This behaviour is explained by exciton coupling theory as being due to H- or J-type coupling of transition moments. The H-type coupling is a consequence of a helix folding in solvents with a small Hansen dispersity index. DOSY NMR, small angle neutron scattering (SANS), quantum chemical and force field calculations agree upon a helix structure with an unusually large pitch and open voids that are filled with solvent molecules, thereby forming a kind of clathrate. The thermodynamic parameters of the folding process were determined by temperature dependent optical absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Turkin
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)University of Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin (ILL), DS / LSS71, Avenue des Martyrs - CS 2015638042Grenoble Cedex 9France
| | - David Fischermeier
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Max von Laue - Paul Langevin (ILL), DS / LSS71, Avenue des Martyrs - CS 2015638042Grenoble Cedex 9France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)University of Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems ChemistryUniversität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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10
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Patalag LJ, Hoche J, Holzapfel M, Schmiedel A, Mitric R, Lambert C, Werz DB. Ultrafast Resonance Energy Transfer in Ethylene-Bridged BODIPY Heterooligomers: From Frenkel to Förster Coupling Limit. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7414-7425. [PMID: 33956430 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of distinct BODIPY heterooligomers (dyads, triads, and tetrads) comprising a variable number of typical green BODIPY monomers and a terminal red-emitting styryl-equipped species acting as an energy sink was prepared and subjected to computational and photophysical investigations in solvent media. An ethylene tether between the single monomeric units provides a unique foldameric system, setting the stage for a systematic study of excitation energy transfer processes (EET) on the basis of nonconjugated oscillators. The influence of stabilizing β-ethyl substituents on conformational space and the disorder of site energies and electronic couplings was addressed. In this way both the strong (Frenkel) and the weak (Förster) coupling limit could be accessed within a single system: the Frenkel limit within the strongly coupled homooligomeric green donor subunit and the Förster limit at the terminal heterosubstituted ethylene bridge. Femtosecond transient-absorption spectroscopy combined with mixed quantum-classical dynamic simulations demonstrate the limitations of the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) theory and provide a consistent framework to elucidate the trend of increasing relaxation lifetimes at higher homologues, revealing one of the fastest excitation energy transfer processes detected to date with a corresponding lifetime of 39 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas J Patalag
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Joscha Hoche
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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Lüttig J, Brixner T, Malý P. Anisotropy in fifth-order exciton-exciton-interaction two-dimensional spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:154202. [PMID: 33887932 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exciton-exciton-interaction two-dimensional (EEI2D) spectroscopy is a fifth-order variant of 2D electronic spectroscopy. It can be used to probe biexciton dynamics in molecular systems and to observe exciton diffusion in extended systems such as polymers or light-harvesting complexes. The exciton transport strongly depends on the geometrical and energetic landscape and its perturbations. These can be of both local character, such as molecular orientation and energetic disorder, and long-range character, such as polymer kinks and structural domains. In the present theoretical work, we investigate the anisotropy in EEI2D spectroscopy. We introduce a general approach for how to calculate the anisotropy by using the response-function formalism in an efficient way. In numerical simulations, using a Frenkel exciton model with Redfield-theory dynamics, we demonstrate how the measurement of anisotropy in EEI2D spectroscopy can be used to identify various geometrical effects on exciton transport in dimers and polymers. Investigating a molecular heterodimer as an example, we demonstrate the utility of anisotropy in EEI2D spectroscopy for disentangling dynamic localization and annihilation. We further calculate the annihilation in extended systems such as conjugated polymers. In a polymer, a change in the anisotropy provides a unique signature for exciton transport between differently oriented sections. We analyze three types of geometry variations in polymers: a kink, varying geometric and energetic disorder, and different geometric domains. Our findings underline that employing anisotropy in EEI2D spectroscopy provides a way to distinguish between different geometries and can be used to obtain a better understanding of long-range exciton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Rösch AT, Zhu Q, Robben J, Tassinari F, Meskers SCJ, Naaman R, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Helicity Control in the Aggregation of Achiral Squaraine Dyes in Solution and Thin Films. Chemistry 2021; 27:298-306. [PMID: 32705726 PMCID: PMC7839690 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Squaraine dyes are well known for their strong absorption in the visible regime. Reports on chiral squaraine dyes are, however, scarce. To address this gap, we here report two novel chiral squaraine dyes and their achiral counterparts. The presented dyes are aggregated in solution and in thin films. A detailed chiroptical study shows that thin films formed by co-assembling the chiral dye with its achiral counterpart exhibit exceptional photophysical properties. The circular dichroism (CD) of the co-assembled structures reaches a maximum when just 25 % of the chiral dye are present in the mixture. The solid structures with the highest relative CD effect are achieved when the chiral dye is used solely as a director, rather than the structural component. The chiroptical data are further supported by selected spin-filtering measurements using mc-AFM. These findings provide a promising platform for investigating the relationship between the dissymmetry of a supramolecular structure and emerging material properties rather than a comparison between a chiral molecular structure and an achiral counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas T. Rösch
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Qirong Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological PhysicsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Jorn Robben
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Biological PhysicsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Stefan C. J. Meskers
- Department of Applied PhysicsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological PhysicsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot76100Israel
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, and Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsDepartment of Chemical Engineering and ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 513, 5600MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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13
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Ghosh A, Ghosh S, Ghosh G, Patra A. Implications of relaxation dynamics of collapsed conjugated polymeric nanoparticles for light-harvesting applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14549-14563. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the formation of nanoparticles (collapsed state) from the extended state of polymers and their ultrafast excited state relaxation dynamics are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Srijon Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Amitava Patra
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
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14
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Nakamura T. Excitation Energy Transfer Dynamics in a Low-Band-Gap Copolymer: Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy of PTB7 in Solution. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Nakamura
- Analysis Technology Center, Research and Development Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, 210 Nakanuma, Minamiashigara 251-0193, Japan
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15
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Malý P, Mueller S, Lüttig J, Lambert C, Brixner T. Signatures of exciton dynamics and interaction in coherently and fluorescence-detected four- and six-wave-mixing two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:144204. [PMID: 33086839 DOI: 10.1063/5.0022743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) can be realized in increasing nonlinear orders of interaction with the electric field, bringing new information about single- and multi-particle properties and dynamics. Furthermore, signals can be detected both coherently (C-2DES) and by fluorescence (F-2DES), with fundamental and practical differences. We directly compare the simultaneous measurements of four- and six-wave mixing C-2DES and F-2DES on an excitonic heterodimer of squaraine molecules. Spectral features are described in increasing orders of nonlinearity by an explicit excitonic model. We demonstrate that the four-wave-mixing spectra are sensitive to one-exciton energies, their delocalization and dynamics, while the six-wave-mixing spectra include information on bi-exciton and higher excited states including the state energies, electronic coupling, and exciton-exciton annihilation. We focus on the possibility to extract the dynamics arising from exciton-exciton interaction directly from the six-wave-mixing spectra. To this end, in analogy to previously demonstrated fifth-order coherently detected exciton-exciton-interaction 2DES (EEI2D spectroscopy), we introduce a sixth-order fluorescence-detected EEI2D spectroscopy variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mueller
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Zablocki J, Arteaga O, Balzer F, Hertel D, Holstein JJ, Clever G, Anhäuser J, Puttreddy R, Rissanen K, Meerholz K, Lützen A, Schiek M. Polymorphic chiral squaraine crystallites in textured thin films. Chirality 2020; 32:619-631. [PMID: 32155676 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
An enantiomerically pure (R)-2-methylpyrrolidine-based anilino squaraine crystallizes in two chiral polymorphs adopting a monoclinic C2 and an orthorhombic P21 21 21 structure, respectively. By various thin-film preparation techniques, a control of the polymorph formation is targeted. The local texture of the resulting textured thin films is connected to the corresponding optical properties. Special attention is paid to an unusual Davydov splitting, the anisotropic chiroptical response arising from preferred out-of-plane orientation of the crystallites, and the impact of the polymorph specific excitonic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Zablocki
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oriol Arteaga
- IN2UB, Department De Física Aplicada, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank Balzer
- Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Sonderborg, Denmark
| | - Dirk Hertel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido Clever
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jana Anhäuser
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Klaus Meerholz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuela Schiek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,University of Oldenburg Institute of Physics, Oldenburg, Germany
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17
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Schmidt H, Würthner F. A Periodic System of Supramolecular Elements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8766-8775. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans‐Werner Schmidt
- Makromolekulare Chemie Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Universität Bayreuth & Universität Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) Universität Bayreuth & Universität Würzburg Germany
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans‐Werner Schmidt
- Makromolekulare Chemie Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
- Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI) Universität Bayreuth & Universität Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI) Universität Bayreuth & Universität Würzburg Deutschland
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19
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Ghosh A, Ghosh S, Ghosh G, Jana B, Patra A. Global and target analysis of relaxation processes of the collapsed state of P3HT polymer nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:2229-2237. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06600d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic–inorganic hetero-structures composed of P3HT PNPs and Au NPs have been designed for efficient light harvesting systems. Here electron transfer occurs from vibrationally hot S1 state and delocalized collective state (CLS) of PNPs to Au NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Srijon Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Bikash Jana
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Amitava Patra
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
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20
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Xiao Q, Li Y, Han M, Wu F, Leng X, Zhang D, Zhang X, Yang S, Zhang Y, Li Z, Zhou H, Li Z. Rational Design of 2D p–π Conjugated Polysquaraines for Both Fullerene and Nonfullerene Polymer Solar Cells. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Yanxun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Han
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Fei Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean EnergyFaculty of Materials and EnergySouthwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Xuanye Leng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Zhang
- School of ChemistryBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringBeihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Xuning Zhang
- School of ChemistryBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringBeihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of ChemistryBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringBeihang University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
| | - Huiqiong Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical FabricationCAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhong'an Li
- Key Laboratory for Material Chemistry of Energy Conversion and StorageMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryWuhan University Wuhan 430072 P. R. China
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21
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Malý P, Lüttig J, Turkin A, Dostál J, Lambert C, Brixner T. From wavelike to sub-diffusive motion: exciton dynamics and interaction in squaraine copolymers of varying length. Chem Sci 2019; 11:456-466. [PMID: 34084345 PMCID: PMC8146531 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04367e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exciton transport and exciton-exciton interactions in molecular aggregates and polymers are of great importance in natural photosynthesis, organic electronics, and related areas of research. Both the experimental observation and theoretical description of these processes across time and length scales, including the transition from the initial wavelike motion to the following long-range exciton transport, are highly challenging. Therefore, while exciton dynamics at small scales are often treated explicitly, long-range exciton transport is typically described phenomenologically by normal diffusion. In this work, we study the transition from wavelike to diffusive motion of interacting exciton pairs in squaraine copolymers of varying length. To this end we use a combination of the recently introduced exciton-exciton-interaction two-dimensional (EEI2D) electronic spectroscopy and microscopic theoretical modelling. As we show by comparison with the model, the experimentally observed kinetics include three phases, wavelike motion dominated by immediate exciton-exciton annihilation (10-100 fs), sub-diffusive behavior (0.1-10 ps), and excitation relaxation (0.01-1 ns). We demonstrate that the key quantity for the transition from wavelike to diffusive dynamics is the exciton delocalization length relative to the length of the polymer: while in short polymers wavelike motion of rapidly annihilating excitons dominates, in long polymers the excitons become locally trapped and exhibit sub-diffusive behavior. Our findings indicate that exciton transport through conjugated systems emerging from the excitonic structure is generally not governed by normal diffusion. Instead, to characterize the material transport properties, the diffusion presence and character should be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Malý
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Julian Lüttig
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Arthur Turkin
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jakub Dostál
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Universität Würzburg Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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22
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Huang YC, Cheng YC. C-N Bond Rotation Controls Photoinduced Electron Transfer in an Aminostyrene-Stilbene Donor-Acceptor System. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4333-4341. [PMID: 31034231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigate energy transfer and electron transfer in a dimethylsilylene-spaced aminostyrene-stilbene donor-acceptor dimer using time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Our results confirm that the vertical S3, S2, and S1 excited states are, respectively, a local excitation on the aminostyrene, local excitation on the stilbene, and the charge-transferred (CT) excited state with electron transfer from aminostyrene to stilbene. In addition, an energy minimum with the C-N bond of the amino group twisted at about 90° is also identified on the S1 potential energy surface. This S1 state exhibits a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) character. A potential energy scan along the C-N bond torsional angle reveals a conical intersection between the S2 stilbene local excitation and the S1 CT/TICT state at a torsional angle of ∼60°. We thus propose that the conical intersection dominates the electron transfer dynamics in the donor-acceptor dimer and copolymers alike, and the energy barrier along the C-N bond rotation controls the efficiency of such a process. Moreover, we show that despite the zero oscillator strength of the S1 excited states in the CT and TICT minima, an emissive S1 state with a V-shaped conformational structure can be located. The energy of this V-shape CT structure is thermally accessible; therefore, it is expected to be responsible for the CT emission band of the dimer observed in polar solvents. Our data provide a clear explanation of the complex solvent-dependent dual emission and photoinduced electron transfer properties observed experimentally in the dimer and copolymer systems. More importantly, the identifications of the conical intersection and energy barrier along the C-N bond rotation provide a novel synthetic route for controlling emissive properties and electron transfer dynamics in similar systems, which might be useful in the design of novel organic optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chin Huang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. , Da-an District, Taipei City 106 , Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. , Da-an District, Taipei City 106 , Taiwan
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23
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Schreck MH, Röhr MIS, Clark T, Stepanenko V, Würthner F, Lambert C. A Self‐Assembled Unit Comprising 12 Squaraine Dyes Built Up from Two Star‐Shaped Hexasquarainyl‐Benzene Molecules. Chemistry 2019; 25:2831-2839. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian H. Schreck
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer Chemistry Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Vladimir Stepanenko
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie & Center for Nanosystems Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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24
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Schreck MH, Breitschwerdt L, Marciniak H, Holzapfel M, Schmidt D, Würthner F, Lambert C. fs–ps Exciton dynamics in a stretched tetraphenylsquaraine polymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:15346-15355. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02900a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A squaraine polymer shows surprisingly fast light induced energy transfer between two different structural sections on the ps/fs time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian H. Schreck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Lena Breitschwerdt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Henning Marciniak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Frank Würthner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- Universität Würzburg
- D-97074 Würzburg
- Germany
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25
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Grande V, Shen CA, Deiana M, Dudek M, Olesiak-Banska J, Matczyszyn K, Würthner F. Selective parallel G-quadruplex recognition by a NIR-to-NIR two-photon squaraine. Chem Sci 2018; 9:8375-8381. [PMID: 30542585 PMCID: PMC6240894 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02882f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging probes for specific G-quadruplex (G4) conformations are of considerable interest in biomedical research. Herein, we present the synthesis and the binding properties of a new water-soluble near-infrared (NIR) amphiphilic squaraine dye (CAS-C1) which is capable of selective detection of parallel over non-parallel and non G4 topologies. The striking changes in its linear optical response upon binding to parallel G4s give rise to high fluorescence quantum yields (Φ f ≈ 0.7) and one-photon molecular brightness in the far-red-NIR region. The outstanding recognition process of CAS-C1 for parallel G4s via end-stacking provides binding constants in the nanomolar regime (K b = 107 to 108 M-1) awarding it as one of the most potent parallel G4 binders currently available. Moreover, the CAS-C1-parallel G4 system exhibits large two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-sections and molecular brightness in the second NIR biological transparency window (λ ≈ 1275 nm), making it an ideal candidate for NIR-to-NIR ultrasensitive two-photon procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Grande
- Universität Würzburg , Institut für Organische Chemie , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Chia-An Shen
- Universität Würzburg , Institut für Organische Chemie , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Marco Deiana
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland .
| | - Marta Dudek
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland .
| | - Joanna Olesiak-Banska
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland .
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group , Faculty of Chemistry , Wroclaw University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 , 50-370 Wroclaw , Poland .
| | - Frank Würthner
- Universität Würzburg , Institut für Organische Chemie , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry & Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) , Universität Würzburg , Theodor-Boveri-Weg , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
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26
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Titov E, Humeniuk A, Mitrić R. Exciton localization in excited-state dynamics of a tetracene trimer: a surface hopping LC-TDDFTB study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25995-26007. [PMID: 30298878 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Excitons in the molecular aggregates of chromophores are key participants in important processes such as photosynthesis or the functioning of organic photovoltaic devices. Therefore, the exploration of exciton dynamics is crucial. Here we report on exciton localization during excited-state dynamics of the recently synthesized tetracene trimer [Liu et al., Org. Lett., 2017, 19, 580]. We employ the surface hopping approach to nonadiabatic molecular dynamics in conjunction with the long-range corrected time-dependent density functional tight binding (LC-TDDFTB) method [Humeniuk and Mitrić, Comput. Phys. Commun., 2017, 221, 174]. Utilizing a set of descriptors based on the transition density matrix, we perform comprehensive analysis of exciton dynamics. The obtained results reveal an ultrafast exciton localization to a single tetracene unit of the trimer during excited-state dynamics, along with exciton transfer between units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Titov
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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27
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Schulz M, Zablocki J, Abdullaeva OS, Brück S, Balzer F, Lützen A, Arteaga O, Schiek M. Giant intrinsic circular dichroism of prolinol-derived squaraine thin films. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2413. [PMID: 29925832 PMCID: PMC6010436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chirality and the inherently connected differential absorption of circular polarized light (CD) combined with semiconducting properties offers great potential for chiral opto-electronics. Here we discuss the temperature-controlled assembly of enantiopure prolinol functionalized squaraines with opposite handedness into intrinsically circular dichroic, molecular J-aggregates in spincasted thin films. By Mueller matrix spectroscopy we accurately probe an extraordinary high excitonic circular dichroism, which is not amplified by mesoscopic ordering effects. At maximum, CD values of 1000 mdeg/nm are reached and, after accounting for reflection losses related to the thin film nature, we obtain a film thickness independent dissymmetry factor g = 0.75. The large oscillator strength of the corresponding absorption within the deep-red spectral range translates into a negative real part of the dielectric function in the spectral vicinity of the exciton resonance. Thereby, we provide a new small molecular benchmark material for the development of organic thin film based chiroptics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schulz
- Kekulé Insitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jennifer Zablocki
- Kekulé Insitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliya S Abdullaeva
- Energy and Semiconductor Research Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Carl-von-Ossietzky-University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Brück
- Kekulé Insitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Balzer
- Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, DK-6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé Insitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, D-53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oriol Arteaga
- Department of Applied Physics and IN2UB, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Manuela Schiek
- Energy and Semiconductor Research Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Carl-von-Ossietzky-University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany.
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28
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Cipolloni M, Fresch B, Occhiuto I, Rukin P, Komarova KG, Cecconello A, Willner I, Levine RD, Remacle F, Collini E. Coherent electronic and nuclear dynamics in a rhodamine heterodimer-DNA supramolecular complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:23043-23051. [PMID: 28817145 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the role of quantum coherences in energy migration within biological and artificial multichromophoric antenna systems is the subject of an intense debate. It is also a practical matter because of the decisive implications for understanding the biological processes and engineering artificial materials for solar energy harvesting. A supramolecular rhodamine heterodimer on a DNA scaffold was suitably engineered to mimic the basic donor-acceptor unit of light-harvesting antennas. Ultrafast 2D electronic spectroscopic measurements allowed identifying clear features attributable to a coherent superposition of dimer electronic and vibrational states contributing to the coherent electronic charge beating between the donor and the acceptor. The frequency of electronic charge beating is found to be 970 cm-1 (34 fs) and can be observed for 150 fs. Through the support of high level ab initio TD-DFT computations of the entire dimer, we established that the vibrational modes preferentially optically accessed do not drive subsequent coupling between the electronic states on the 600 fs of the experiment. It was thereby possible to characterize the time scales of the early time femtosecond dynamics of the electronic coherence built by the optical excitation in a large rigid supramolecular system at a room temperature in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cipolloni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - B Fresch
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy. and Theoretical Physical Chemistry, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Aout 11, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - I Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - P Rukin
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Aout 11, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - K G Komarova
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Aout 11, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - A Cecconello
- The Institute of Chemistry, Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - I Willner
- The Institute of Chemistry, Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - R D Levine
- The Institute of Chemistry, Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - F Remacle
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Aout 11, B4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - E Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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29
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Schulz M, Mack M, Kolloge O, Lützen A, Schiek M. Organic photodiodes from homochiral l-proline derived squaraine compounds with strong circular dichroism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:6996-7008. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00306d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the feasibility of inserting highly circular dichroic active layers into an organic photodiode as a potential detector for circular polarized light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schulz
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn
- D-53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Majvor Mack
- Energy and Semiconductor Research Laboratory
- Institute of Physics
- University of Oldenburg
- D-26129 Oldenburg
- Germany
| | - Oliver Kolloge
- Energy and Semiconductor Research Laboratory
- Institute of Physics
- University of Oldenburg
- D-26129 Oldenburg
- Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn
- D-53121 Bonn
- Germany
| | - Manuela Schiek
- Energy and Semiconductor Research Laboratory
- Institute of Physics
- University of Oldenburg
- D-26129 Oldenburg
- Germany
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30
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Harkin DJ, Broch K, Schreck M, Ceymann H, Stoy A, Yong CK, Nikolka M, McCulloch I, Stingelin N, Lambert C, Sirringhaus H. Decoupling Charge Transport and Electroluminescence in a High Mobility Polymer Semiconductor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6378-6385. [PMID: 27166597 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201600851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence enhancement of a high-mobility polymer semiconductor is achieved via energy transfer to a higher fluorescence quantum yield squaraine dye molecule on 50 ps timescales. In organic light-emitting diodes, an order of magnitude enhancement of the external quantum efficiency is observed without reduction in the charge-carrier mobility resulting in radiances of up to 5 W str(-1) m(-2) at 800 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harkin
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Katharina Broch
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Maximilian Schreck
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ceymann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stoy
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chaw-Keong Yong
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Ceymann H, Balkenhohl M, Schmiedel A, Holzapfel M, Lambert C. Localised and delocalised excitons in star-like squaraine homo- and heterotrimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:2646-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06917c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Steady state and time resolved spectroscopy shows localisation and delocalisation of excitons in star-like squaraine trimers which are formed by the combination of two different squaraines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Ceymann
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
| | - Moritz Balkenhohl
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Würzburg
- Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Research Center for Complex Material Systems
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry
- 97074 Würzburg
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