1
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Wang K, Tang X, Anjali BA, Dong J, Jiang J, Liu Y, Cui Y. Chiral Covalent Organic Cages: Structural Isomerism and Enantioselective Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6638-6651. [PMID: 38415351 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic cages are a prominent class of discrete porous architectures; however, their structural isomerism remains relatively unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the structural isomerism of chiral covalent organic cages that renders distinct enantioselective catalytic properties. Imine condensations of tetra-topic 5,10-di(3,5-diformylphenyl)-5,10-dihydrophenazine and ditopic 1,2-cyclohexanediamine produce two chiral [4 + 8] organic cage isomers with totally different topologies and geometries that depend on the orientations of four tetraaldehyde units with respect to each other. One isomer (PN-1) has an unprecedented Johnson-type J26 structure, whereas another (PN-2) adopts a tetragonal prismatic structure. After the reduction of the imine linkages, the cages are transformed into two amine bond-linked isomers PN-1R and PN-2R. After binding to Ni(II) ions, both can serve as efficient catalysts for asymmetric Michael additions, whereas PN-2R affords obviously higher enantioselectivity and reactivity than PN-1R presumably because of its large cavity and open windows that can concentrate reactants for the reactions. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirm that the enantioselective catalytic performance varies depending on the isomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xianhui Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Bai Amutha Anjali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Jinqiao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jianwen Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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2
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Nakanishi K, Lugo-Fuentes LI, Manabe J, Guo R, Kikkawa S, Yamazoe S, Komaguchi K, Kume S, Szczepanik DW, Solà M, Jimenez-Halla JOC, Nishihara S, Kubo K, Nakamoto M, Yamamoto Y, Mizuta T, Shang R. Redox Activity of Ir III Complexes with Multidentate Ligands Based on Dipyrido-Annulated N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Access to High Valent and High Spin State with Carbon Donors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302303. [PMID: 37553318 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic strategies to access high-valent iridium complexes usually require use of π donating ligands bearing electronegative atoms (e. g. amide or oxide) or σ donating electropositive atoms (e. g. boryl or hydride). Besides the η5 -(methyl)cyclopentadienyl derivatives, high-valent η1 carbon-ligated iridium complexes are challenging to synthesize. To meet this challenge, this work reports the oxidation behavior of an all-carbon-ligated anionic bis(CCC-pincer) IrIII complex. Being both σ and π donating, the diaryl dipyrido-annulated N-heterocyclic carbene (dpa-NHC) IrIII complex allowed a stepwise 4e- oxidation sequence. The first 2e- oxidation led to an oxidative coupling of two adjacent aryl groups, resulting in formation of a cationic chiral IrIII complex bearing a CCCC-tetradentate ligand. A further 2e- oxidation allowed isolation of a high-valent tricationic complex with a triplet ground state. These results close a synthetic gap for carbon-ligated iridium complexes and demonstrate the electronic tuning potential of organic π ligands for unusual electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Leonardo I Lugo-Fuentes
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Gto, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Jun Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ronghao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Soichi Kikkawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kenji Komaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Shoko Kume
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Oscar C Jimenez-Halla
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Gto, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Sadafumi Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Mizuta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Rong Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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3
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Carrillo U, Francés-Monerris A, Marri AR, Cebrián C, Gros PC. Substituent-Induced Control of fac/ mer Isomerism in Azine-NHC Fe(II) Complexes. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:525-536. [PMID: 36855530 PMCID: PMC9955161 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of geometrical iron(II) complexes bearing azine-NHC ligands is described. Facial and meridional selectivity is achieved as a function of the steric demand of the azine unit, with no remarkable influence of the carbene nature. More specifically, meridional complexes are obtained upon selecting bulky 5-mesityl-substituted pyridyl coordinating units. Unexpectedly, increase of the steric hindrance in the α position with respect to the N coordinating atom results in an exclusive facial configuration, which is in stark contrast to the meridional selectivity induced by other reported α-substituted bidentate ligands. Investigation of the structure and the optical and electrochemical properties of the here-described complexes has revealed the non-negligible effect of the fac/mer ligand configuration around the metal center.
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4
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Wang L, Wang L. Ligands modification strategies for mononuclear water splitting catalysts. Front Chem 2022; 10:996383. [PMID: 36238101 PMCID: PMC9551221 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.996383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis (AP) has been proved to be a promising way of alleviating global climate change and energy crisis. Among various materials for AP, molecular complexes play an important role due to their favorable efficiency, stability, and activity. As a result of its importance, the topic has been extensively reviewed, however, most of them paid attention to the designs and preparations of complexes and their water splitting mechanisms. In fact, ligands design and preparation also play an important role in metal complexes’ properties and catalysis performance. In this review, we focus on the ligands that are suitable for designing mononuclear catalysts for water splitting, providing a coherent discussion at the strategic level because of the availability of various activity studies for the selected complexes. Two main designing strategies for ligands in molecular catalysts, substituents modification and backbone construction, are discussed in detail in terms of their potentials for water splitting catalysts.
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Zafar M, Ahmad A, Saha S, Ramalakshmi R, Roisnel T, Ghosh S. Cooperative B-H bond activation: dual site borane activation by redox active κ 2- N, S-chelated complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8567-8575. [PMID: 35974760 PMCID: PMC9337726 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00907b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative dual site activation of boranes by redox-active 1,3-N,S-chelated ruthenium species, mer-[PR3{κ2-N,S-(L)}2Ru{κ1-S-(L)}], (mer-2a: R = Cy, mer-2b: R = Ph; L = NC7H4S2), generated from the aerial oxidation of borate complexes, [PR3{κ2-N,S-(L)}Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-BH2(L)2}] (trans-mer-1a: R = Cy, trans-mer-1b: R = Ph; L = NC7H4S2), has been investigated. Utilizing the rich electronic behaviour of these 1,3-N,S-chelated ruthenium species, we have established that a combination of redox-active ligands and metal-ligand cooperativity has a big influence on the multisite borane activation. For example, treatment of mer-2a-b with BH3·THF led to the isolation of fac-[PR3Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-(NH2BSBH2N)(S2C7H4)2}] (fac-3a: R = Cy and fac-3b: R = Ph) that captured boranes at both sites of the κ2-N,S-chelated ruthenacycles. The core structure of fac-3a and fac-3b consists of two five-membered ruthenacycles [RuBNCS] which are fused by one butterfly moiety [RuB2S]. Analogous fac-3c, [PPh3Ru{κ3-H,S,S'-(NH2BSBH2N)(SC5H4)2}], can also be synthesized from the reaction of BH3·THF with [PPh3{κ2-N,S-(SNC5H4)}{κ3-H,S,S'-BH2(SNH4C5)2}Ru], cis-fac-1c. In stark contrast, when mer-2b was treated with BH2Mes (Mes = 2,4,6-trimethyl phenyl) it led to the formation of trans- and cis-bis(dihydroborate) complexes [{κ3-S,H,H-(NH2BMes)Ru(S2C7H4)}2], (trans-4 and cis-4). Both the complexes have two five-membered [Ru-(H)2-B-NCS] ruthenacycles with κ2-H-H coordination modes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the activation of boranes across the dual Ru-N site is more facile than the Ru-S one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Asif Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Suvam Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Rongala Ramalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ of Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 F-35042 Rennes France
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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6
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Su Y, Luo W, Lin W, Su Y, Li Z, Yuan Y, Li J, Chen G, Li Z, Yu Z, Zou Z. A Water‐Soluble Highly Oxidizing Cobalt Molecular Catalyst Designed for Bioinspired Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201430. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Fei Su
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Zhi Luo
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Wang‐Qiang Lin
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Bing Su
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Jian Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yong‐Jun Yuan
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Feng Li
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Zhaosheng Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zhen‐Tao Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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7
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Ng R, Chong MC, Cheung WM, Sung HHY, Williams ID, Leung WH. Heterometallic Iridium, Rhodium and Ruthenium Nitrido Complexes Supported by Oxygen and Sulfur Donor Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rain Ng
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology School of Science Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Man-Chun Chong
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology School of Science Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Wai-Man Cheung
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology School of Science Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Herman H.-Y. Sung
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology School of Science Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Ian D. Williams
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology School of Science Chemistry HONG KONG
| | - Wa-Hung Leung
- Hong Kong Univ.of Sci.& Techn. Department of Chemistry Clear Water Bay Hong Kong Hong Kong CHINA
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8
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Su Y, Luo W, Lin W, Su Y, Li Z, Yuan Y, Li J, Chen G, Li Z, Yu Z, Zou Z. A Water‐Soluble Highly Oxidizing Cobalt Molecular Catalyst Designed for Bioinspired Water Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Fei Su
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Zhi Luo
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Wang‐Qiang Lin
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Bing Su
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zi‐Jian Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Yong‐Jun Yuan
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering Hangzhou Dianzi University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310018 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Feng Li
- College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District Beijing 101408 P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry Shantou University Guangdong 515063 P. R. China
| | - Zhaosheng Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zhen‐Tao Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Zou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 P. R. China
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9
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Electrochemical-driven water reduction and oxidation catalyzed by an iron(III) complex supported by a N2O2 ligand. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Frieß S, Benyak A, Herrera A, Escalona AM, Heinemann FW, Langer J, Fehn D, Pividori D, Grasruck A, Munz D, Meyer K, Dorta R. Ir(IV) Sulfoxide-Pincer Complexes by Three-Electron Oxidative Additions of Br 2 and I 2. Unprecedented Trap-Free Reductive Elimination of I 2 from a formal d 5 Metal. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1236-1248. [PMID: 34990121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative addition of 1.5 equiv of bromine or iodine to a Ir(I) sulfoxide pincer complex affords the corresponding Ir(IV) tris-bromido or tris-iodido complexes, respectively. The unprecedented trap-free reductive elimination of iodine from the Ir(IV)-iodido complex is induced by coordination of ligands or donor solvents. In the case of added I-, the isostructural tris-iodo Ir(III)-ate complex is quickly generated, which then can be readily reoxidized to the Ir(IV)-iodido complex with FcPF6 or electrochemically. DFT calculations indicate an "inverted ligand field" in the Ir(IV) complexes and favor dinuclear pathways for the reductive elimination of iodine from the formal d5 metal center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Frieß
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Benyak
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alberto Herrera
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ana M Escalona
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank W Heinemann
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Fehn
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Pividori
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Grasruck
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Anorganische Chemie: Koordinationschemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Geb. C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Romano Dorta
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Pantalon Juraj N, Kirin SI. Inorganic stereochemistry: Geometric isomerism in bis-tridentate ligand complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Liu Y, Ng SM, Yiu SM, Lau TC. Catalytic water oxidation by an in situ generated ruthenium nitrosyl complex bearing a bipyridine-bis(alkoxide) ligand. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12316-12323. [PMID: 34519737 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01918j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative degradation and transformation of catalysts are commonly observed in water oxidation by molecular catalysts, especially when a highly oxidizing reagent such as (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6] [Ce(IV)] is used. We report herein the synthesis of a ruthenium(III) complex bearing an oxidative resistant bipyridine-bis(alkoxide) ligand, [Ru(bdalk)(pic)2]+ (1, H2bdalk = 2,2'-([2,2'-bipyridine]-6,6'-diyl)bis(propan-2-ol), pic = 4-picoline) as a water oxidation catalyst (WOC). A ruthenium(II) nitrosyl complex [Ru(Hbdalk)(NO)(pic)2]2+ (3) was also formed during the water oxidation process by 1/Ce(IV), and was isolated and structurally characterized. Complex 3 was found to be an active WOC, with the nitrosyl group remaining intact during water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
| | - Siu-Mui Ng
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), 20A Tsing Yi Road, Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China.
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China.
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13
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Singh NK, Soobramoney L, Shozi ML, Friedrich HB, Zamisa SJ. Crystal structure of bis{(2-pyridinyl)-1-phenyl-1-isopropylmethanolato-κ 2
N,O}nickel, C 30H 32N 2NiO 2. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2021-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C30H32N2NiO2, monoclinic,
P
2
1
/
c
$P{2}_{1}/c$
(no. 14), a = 12.1250(4) Å, b = 13.6413(4) Å, c = 8.1152(3) Å, β = 108.348(2)°, V = 1274.02(7) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0285, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.0711, T = 100 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijal K. Singh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X54001, Westville Campus, Westville , 4000 Durban , South Africa
| | - Lynette Soobramoney
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X54001, Westville Campus, Westville , 4000 Durban , South Africa
| | - Mzamo L. Shozi
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X54001, Westville Campus, Westville , 4000 Durban , South Africa
| | - Holger B. Friedrich
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X54001, Westville Campus, Westville , 4000 Durban , South Africa
| | - Sizwe J. Zamisa
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Private Bag X54001, Westville Campus, Westville , 4000 Durban , South Africa
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14
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Dobereiner GE, Hazari N, Schley ND. Pioneers and Influencers in Organometallic Chemistry: Professor Robert Crabtree’s Storied Career via an Unusual Journey to the Ivy League. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Graham E. Dobereiner
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, Unites States
| | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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15
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Zhang L, Mathew S, Hessels J, Reek JNH, Yu F. Homogeneous Catalysts Based on First-Row Transition-Metals for Electrochemical Water Oxidation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:234-250. [PMID: 32991076 PMCID: PMC7820963 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Strategies that enable the renewable production of storable fuels (i. e. hydrogen or hydrocarbons) through electrocatalysis continue to generate interest in the scientific community. Of central importance to this pursuit is obtaining the requisite chemical (H+ ) and electronic (e- ) inputs for fuel-forming reduction reactions, which can be met sustainably by water oxidation catalysis. Further possibility exists to couple these redox transformations to renewable energy sources (i. e. solar), thus creating a carbon neutral solution for long-term energy storage. Nature uses a Mn-Ca cluster for water oxidation catalysis via multiple proton-coupled electron-transfers (PCETs) with a photogenerated bias to perform this process with TOF 100∼300 s-1 . Synthetic molecular catalysts that efficiently perform this conversion commonly utilize rare metals (e. g., Ru, Ir), whose low abundance are associated to higher costs and scalability limitations. Inspired by nature's use of 1st row transition metal (TM) complexes for water oxidation catalysts (WOCs), attempts to use these abundant metals have been intensively explored but met with limited success. The smaller atomic size of 1st row TM ions lowers its ability to accommodate the oxidative equivalents required in the 4e- /4H+ water oxidation catalysis process, unlike noble metal catalysts that perform single-site electrocatalysis at lower overpotentials (η). Overcoming the limitations of 1st row TMs requires developing molecular catalysts that exploit biomimetic phenomena - multiple-metal redox-cooperativity, PCET and second-sphere interactions - to lower the overpotential, preorganize substrates and maintain stability. Thus, the ultimate goal of developing efficient, robust and scalable WOCs remains a challenge. This Review provides a summary of previous research works highlighting 1st row TM-based homogeneous WOCs, catalytic mechanisms, followed by strategies for catalytic activity improvements, before closing with a future outlook for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu‐Hua Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130P. R. China
| | - Simon Mathew
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joeri Hessels
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversiteit van AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fengshou Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyHebei University of TechnologyTianjin300130P. R. China
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16
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N,N,O Pincer Ligand with a Deprotonatable Site That Promotes Redox‐Leveling, High Mn Oxidation States, and a Mn
2
O
2
Dimer Competent for Catalytic Oxygen Evolution. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Copper Containing Molecular Systems in Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation—Trends and Perspectives. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular design represents an exciting platform to refine mechanistic details of electrocatalytic water oxidation and explore new perspectives. In the growing number of publications some general trends seem to be outlined concerning the operation mechanisms, with the help of experimental and theoretical approaches that have been broadly applied in the case of bioinorganic systems. In this review we focus on bio-inspired Cu-containing complexes that are classified according to the proposed mechanistic pathways and the related experimental evidence, strongly linked to the applied ligand architecture. In addition, we devote special attention to features of molecular compounds, which have been exploited in the efficient fabrication of catalytically active thin films.
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18
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Thammavongsy Z, Mercer IP, Yang JY. Promoting proton coupled electron transfer in redox catalysts through molecular design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10342-10358. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05139b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mini-review on using the secondary coordination sphere to facilitate multi-electron, multi-proton catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian P. Mercer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | - Jenny Y. Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
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19
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Shopov DY, Sharninghausen LS, Sinha SB, Mercado BQ, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. Modification of a pyridine-alkoxide ligand during the synthesis of coordination compounds. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Lee CL, Wu L, Huang JS, Che CM. Stable iridium(iv) complexes supported by tetradentate salen ligands. Synthesis, structures and reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3606-3609. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc10220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis, spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structures of mononuclear trans-dichloroiridium(iv)–salen complexes and their catalytic properties for intramolecular C–H amination of aryl azides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Lun Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- China
| | - Liangliang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- China
| | - Jie-Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research & Innovation
- Shenzhen
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21
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Sackville EV, Marken F, Hintermair U. Electrochemical and Kinetic Insights into Molecular Water Oxidation Catalysts Derived from Cp*Ir(pyridine-alkoxide) Complexes. ChemCatChem 2018; 10:4280-4291. [PMID: 31007774 PMCID: PMC6470865 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the solution-phase electrochemistry of seven half-sandwich iridium(III) complexes with varying pyridine-alkoxide ligands to quantify electronic ligand effects that translate to their activity in catalytic water oxidation. Our results unify some previously reported electrochemical data of Cp*Ir complexes by showing how the solution speciation determines the electrochemical response: cationic complexes show over 1 V higher redox potentials that their neutral forms in a distinct demonstration of charge accumulation effects relevant to water oxidation. Building on previous work that analysed the activation behaviour of our pyalk-ligated Cp*Ir complexes 1-7, we assess their catalytic oxygen evolution activity with sodium periodate (NaIO4) and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) in water and aqueous tBuOH solution. Mechanistic studies including H/D kinetic isotope effects and reaction progress kinetic analysis (RPKA) of oxygen evolution point to a dimer-monomer equilibrium of the IrIV resting state preceding a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) in the turnover-limiting step (TLS). Finally, true electrochemically driven water oxidation is demonstrated for all catalysts, revealing surprising trends in activity that do not correlate with those obtained using chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V. Sackville
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Frank Marken
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of BathClaverton DownBathBA2 7AYUnited Kingdom
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22
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Sharninghausen LS, Sinha SB, Shopov DY, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. Some crystal growth strategies for diffraction structure studies of iridium complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Shopov DY, Sharninghausen LS, Sinha SB, Mercado BQ, Balcells D, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. A Dinuclear Iridium(V,V) Oxo-Bridged Complex Characterized Using a Bulk Electrolysis Technique for Crystallizing Highly Oxidizing Compounds. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5684-5691. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Y. Shopov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Liam S. Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Shashi Bhushan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Center for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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24
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Tolbatov I, Coletti C, Marrone A, Re N. Insight into the Electrochemical Reduction Mechanism of Pt(IV) Anticancer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:3411-3419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iogann Tolbatov
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Cecilia Coletti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Marrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Re
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
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25
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Foi A, Salvo FD, Doctorovich F, Huck-Iriart C, Ramallo-López JM, Dürr M, Ivanović-Burmazović I, Stirnat K, Garbe S, Klein A. Synthesis and structural characterisation of unprecedented primary N-nitrosamines coordinated to iridium(iv). Dalton Trans 2018; 47:11445-11454. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02549e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The one electron oxidation of the N-nitrosamine complexes [IrIIICl5(RN(H)NO)]2– (R = benzyl or n-butyl) was studied in detail.
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26
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Sharninghausen LS, Sinha SB, Shopov DY, Mercado BQ, Balcells D, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium(V) Coordination Complexes With an N,O‐Donor Organic Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shashi Bhushan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Dimitar Y. Shopov
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Center for Quantum Molecular Sciences Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P.O. Box 1033 Blindern 0315 Oslo Norway
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06520 USA
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06520 USA
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27
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Sharninghausen LS, Sinha SB, Shopov DY, Mercado BQ, Balcells D, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium(V) Coordination Complexes With an N,O-Donor Organic Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13047-13051. [PMID: 28815915 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared and fully characterized two isomers of [IrIV (dpyp)2 ] (dpyp=meso-2,4-di(2-pyridinyl)-2,4-pentanediolate). These complexes can cleanly oxidize to [IrV (dpyp)2 ]+ , which to our knowledge represent the first mononuclear coordination complexes of IrV in an N,O-donor environment. One isomer has been fully characterized in the IrV state, including by X-ray crystallography, XPS, and DFT calculations, all of which confirm metal-centered oxidation. The unprecedented stability of these IrV complexes is ascribed to the exceptional donor strength of the ligands, their resistance to oxidative degradation, and the presence of four highly donor alkoxide groups in a plane, which breaks the degeneracy of the d-orbitals and favors oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam S Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Shashi Bhushan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Dimitar Y Shopov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Center for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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28
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Sinha SB, Shopov DY, Sharninghausen LS, Stein CJ, Mercado BQ, Balcells D, Pedersen TB, Reiher M, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. Redox Activity of Oxo-Bridged Iridium Dimers in an N,O-Donor Environment: Characterization of Remarkably Stable Ir(IV,V) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2017. [PMID: 28648068 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical and electrochemical oxidation or reduction of our recently reported Ir(IV,IV) mono-μ-oxo dimers results in the formation of fully characterized Ir(IV,V) and Ir(III,III) complexes. The Ir(IV,V) dimers are unprecedented and exhibit remarkable stability under ambient conditions. This stability and modest reduction potential of 0.99 V vs NHE is in part attributed to complete charge delocalization across both Ir centers. Trends in crystallographic bond lengths and angles shed light on the structural changes accompanying oxidation and reduction. The similarity of these mono-μ-oxo dimers to our Ir "blue solution" water-oxidation catalyst gives insight into potential reactive intermediates of this structurally elusive catalyst. Additionally, a highly reactive material, proposed to be a Ir(V,V) μ-oxo species, is formed on electrochemical oxidation of the Ir(IV,V) complex in organic solvents at 1.9 V vs NHE. Spectroelectrochemistry shows reversible conversion between the Ir(IV,V) and proposed Ir(V,V) species without any degradation, highlighting the exceptional oxidation resistance of the 2-(2-pyridinyl)-2-propanolate (pyalk) ligand and robustness of these dimers. The Ir(III,III), Ir(IV,IV) and Ir(IV,V) redox states have been computationally studied both with DFT and multiconfigurational calculations. The calculations support the stability of these complexes and provide further insight into their electronic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Bhushan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dimitar Y Shopov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Liam S Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Christopher J Stein
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David Balcells
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bondo Pedersen
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (CTCC), Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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29
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Michaelos TK, Shopov DY, Sinha SB, Sharninghausen LS, Fisher KJ, Lant HMC, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW. A Pyridine Alkoxide Chelate Ligand That Promotes Both Unusually High Oxidation States and Water-Oxidation Catalysis. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:952-959. [PMID: 28272869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Water-oxidation catalysis is a critical bottleneck in the direct generation of solar fuels by artificial photosynthesis. Catalytic oxidation of difficult substrates such as water requires harsh conditions, so the ligand must be designed both to stabilize high oxidation states of the metal center and to strenuously resist ligand degradation. Typical ligand choices either lack sufficient electron donor power or fail to stand up to the oxidizing conditions. Our research on Ir-based water-oxidation catalysts (WOCs) has led us to identify a ligand, 2-(2'-pyridyl)-2-propanoate or "pyalk", that fulfills these requirements. Work with a family of Cp*Ir(chelate)Cl complexes had indicated that the pyalk-containing precursor gave the most robust WOC, which was still molecular in nature but lost the Cp* fragment by oxidative degradation. In trying to characterize the resulting active "blue solution" WOC, we were able to identify a diiridium(IV)-mono-μ-oxo core but were stymied by the extensive geometrical isomerism and coordinative variability. By moving to a family of monomeric complexes [IrIII/IV(pyalk)3] and [IrIII/IV(pyalk)2Cl2], we were able to better understand the original WOC and identify the special properties of the ligand. In this Account, we cover some results using the pyalk ligand and indicate the main features that make it particularly suitable as a ligand for oxidation catalysis. The alkoxide group of pyalk allows for proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and its strong σ- and π-donor power strongly favors attainment of exceptionally high oxidation states. The aromatic pyridine ring with its methyl-protected benzylic position provides strong binding and degradation resistance during catalytic turnover. Furthermore, the ligand has two additional benefits: broad solubility in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents and an anisotropic ligand field that enhances the geometry-dependent redox properties of its complexes. After discussion of the general properties, we highlight the specific complexes studied in more detail. In the iridium work, the isolated mononuclear complexes showed easily accessible Ir(III/IV) redox couples, in some cases with the Ir(IV) state being indefinitely stable in water. We were able to rationalize the unusual geometry-dependent redox properties of the various isomers on the basis of ligand-field effects. Even more striking was the isolation and full characterization of a stable Rh(IV) state, for which prior examples were very reactive and poorly characterized. Importantly, we were able to convert monomeric Ir complexes to [Cl(pyalk)2IrIV-O-IrIVCl(pyalk)2] derivatives that help model the "blue solution" properties and provide groundwork for rational synthesis of active, well-defined WOCs. More recent work has moved toward the study of first-row transition metal complexes. Manganese-based studies have highlighted the importance of the chelate effect for labile metals, leading to the synthesis of pincer-type pyalk derivatives. Beyond water oxidation, we believe the pyalk ligand and its derivatives will also prove useful in other oxidative transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoe K. Michaelos
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225
Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dimitar Y. Shopov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225
Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Shashi Bhushan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225
Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Liam S. Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225
Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Katherine J. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225
Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hannah M. C. Lant
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225
Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225
Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225
Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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30
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Fisher KJ, Materna KL, Mercado BQ, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW. Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation by a Copper(II) Complex of an Oxidation-Resistant Ligand. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Kelly L. Materna
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Yale Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
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31
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Shopov DY, Rudshteyn B, Campos J, Vinyard DJ, Batista VS, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. A full set of iridium(iv) pyridine-alkoxide stereoisomers: highly geometry-dependent redox properties. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1642-1652. [PMID: 28451293 PMCID: PMC5364517 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03758e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce and characterize the complete set of possible isomers of IrIV(pyalk)2Cl2 (pyalk = 2-(pyridin-2-yl)propan-2-oate), providing valuable insights on the properties of Ir(iv) species. The pyridine alkoxide ligand strongly stabilizes high oxidation states, essential to accessing the catalytically relevant Ir(iv) state, and results in robust complexes that can be handled under ambient conditions, even permitting chromatographic separation. The redox properties are isomer-dependent, spanning a 300 mV range, rationalized with ligand-field theory and DFT calculations. The reported complexes exhibit very high kinetic inertness against isomerization, despite highly disparate predicted thermodynamic stabilities, presenting a unique opportunity to study all five possible isomeric complexes with the same ligand set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Y Shopov
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , 225 Prospect St. , New Haven , CT 06520 , United States
| | - Benjamin Rudshteyn
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , 225 Prospect St. , New Haven , CT 06520 , United States
- Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , 520 West Campus Dr. , West Haven , CT 06516 , United States
| | - Jesús Campos
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , 225 Prospect St. , New Haven , CT 06520 , United States
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) , Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) , Universidad de Sevilla and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , Avenida Américo Vespucio 49 , 41092 Sevilla , Spain
| | - David J Vinyard
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , 225 Prospect St. , New Haven , CT 06520 , United States
- Department of Biological Sciences , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA 70803 , USA
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , 225 Prospect St. , New Haven , CT 06520 , United States
- Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , 520 West Campus Dr. , West Haven , CT 06516 , United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , 225 Prospect St. , New Haven , CT 06520 , United States
- Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , 520 West Campus Dr. , West Haven , CT 06516 , United States
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , 225 Prospect St. , New Haven , CT 06520 , United States
- Energy Sciences Institute , Yale University , 520 West Campus Dr. , West Haven , CT 06516 , United States
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32
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Shopov DY, Sharninghausen LS, Sinha SB, Borowski JE, Mercado BQ, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. Synthesis of pyridine-alkoxide ligands for formation of polynuclear complexes. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel polydentate N,O-donor ligands strongly favour formation of polynuclear complexes.
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33
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Sharninghausen LS, Sinha SB, Shopov DY, Choi B, Mercado BQ, Roy X, Balcells D, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. High Oxidation State Iridium Mono-μ-oxo Dimers Related to Water Oxidation Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15917-15926. [PMID: 27960326 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The highly active iridium "blue solution" chemical and electrochemical water oxidation catalyst obtained from Cp*IrL(OH) precursors (L = 2-pyridyl-2-propanoate) has been difficult to characterize as no crystal structure can be obtained because of the multiplicity of geometrical isomers present. Other data suggest complete loss of the Cp* ligand and the formation of a LIr-O-IrL unit. We have now developed a route to a series of well-defined Ir(IV,IV) mono-μ-oxo dimers, containing the closely related L2Ir-O-IrL2 unit. Unlike the catalyst, these model compounds are separable by silica gel chromatography and readily form single crystals. We report three stereoisomers with the formula ClL2Ir-O-IrL2Cl, which are fully characterized, including by X-ray crystallography, and are compared to the "blue solution". To the best of our knowledge, these species represent the first examples of structurally characterized dinuclear μ-oxo Ir(IV,IV) compounds without metal-carbon bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam S Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Shashi Bhushan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dimitar Y Shopov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Bonnie Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David Balcells
- Centre of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo , N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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34
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Michaelos TK, Lant HMC, Sharninghausen LS, Craig SM, Menges FS, Mercado BQ, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. Catalytic Oxygen Evolution from Manganese Complexes with an Oxidation‐Resistant N,N,O‐Donor Ligand. Chempluschem 2016; 81:1129-1132. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thoe K. Michaelos
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Hannah M. C. Lant
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | | | - Stephanie M. Craig
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Fabian S. Menges
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Brandon Q. Mercado
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Gary W. Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry Yale University 225 Prospect Street New Haven CT 06511 USA
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35
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He QY, Shi HT, Wei X, Yu WB. A molecular precatalyst for water oxidation based on half-sandwich iridium fragment. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Huang DL, Vinyard DJ, Blakemore JD, Hashmi SM, Crabtree RH. Cp* versus Bis-carbonyl Iridium Precursors as CH Oxidation Precatalysts. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria L. Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David J. Vinyard
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - James D. Blakemore
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 2010 Malott
Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sara M. Hashmi
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse
Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert H. Crabtree
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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37
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Huang DL, Beltrán-Suito R, Thomsen JM, Hashmi SM, Materna KL, Sheehan SW, Mercado BQ, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. New Ir Bis-Carbonyl Precursor for Water Oxidation Catalysis. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:2427-35. [PMID: 26901517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces Ir(I)(CO)2(pyalc) (pyalc = (2-pyridyl)-2-propanoate) as an atom-efficient precursor for Ir-based homogeneous oxidation catalysis. This compound was chosen to simplify analysis of the water oxidation catalyst species formed by the previously reported Cp*Ir(III)(pyalc)OH water oxidation precatalyst. Here, we present a comparative study on the chemical and catalytic properties of these two precursors. Previous studies show that oxidative activation of Cp*Ir-based precursors with NaIO4 results in formation of a blue Ir(IV) species. This activation is concomitant with the loss of the placeholder Cp* ligand which oxidatively degrades to form acetic acid, iodate, and other obligatory byproducts. The activation process requires substantial amounts of primary oxidant, and the degradation products complicate analysis of the resulting Ir(IV) species. The species formed from oxidation of the Ir(CO)2(pyalc) precursor, on the other hand, lacks these degradation products (the CO ligands are easily lost upon oxidation) which allows for more detailed examination of the resulting Ir(pyalc) active species both catalytically and spectroscopically, although complete structural analysis is still elusive. Once Ir(CO)2(pyalc) is activated, the system requires acetic acid or acetate to prevent the formation of nanoparticles. Investigation of the activated bis-carbonyl complex also suggests several Ir(pyalc) isomers may exist in solution. By (1)H NMR, activated Ir(CO)2(pyalc) has fewer isomers than activated Cp*Ir complexes, allowing for advanced characterization. Future research in this direction is expected to contribute to a better structural understanding of the active species. A diol crystallization agent was needed for the structure determination of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria L Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Rodrigo Beltrán-Suito
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Julianne M Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sara M Hashmi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Kelly L Materna
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Stafford W Sheehan
- Catalytic Innovations LLC , 70 Crandall Road, P.O. Box 356, Adamsville, Rhode Island 02801, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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38
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Yu WB, He QY, Shi HT, Wei X. Heterogeneous catalysis of water oxidation supported by a novel metallamacrocycle. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02931g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metallamacrocycles 1 and 2 were constructed, and 1 was further explored as a precatalyst for water oxidation, giving a good efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bin Yu
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- P. R. China
| | - Qing-Ya He
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- P. R. China
| | - Hua-Tian Shi
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- P. R. China
| | - Xianwen Wei
- Analysis and Testing Central Facility
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan 243002
- P. R. China
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39
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Insight into Metal-Catalyzed Water Oxidation from a DFT Perspective. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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40
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Arévalo R, Espinal-Viguri M, Huertos M, Pérez J, Riera L. Dearomatization of Transition Metal-Coordinated N-Heterocyclic Ligands and Related Chemistry. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Sinha SB, Shopov DY, Sharninghausen LS, Vinyard DJ, Mercado BQ, Brudvig GW, Crabtree RH. A Stable Coordination Complex of Rh(IV) in an N,O-Donor Environment. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15692-5. [PMID: 26641941 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe facial and meridional isomers of [Rh(III)(pyalk)3], as well as meridional [Rh(IV)(pyalk)3](+) {pyalk =2-(2-pyridyl)-2-propanoate}, the first coordination complex in an N,O-donor environment to show a clean, reversible Rh(III/IV) redox couple and to have a stable Rh(IV) form, which we characterize by EPR and UV-visible spectroscopy as well as X-ray crystallography. The unprecedented stability of the Rh(IV) species is ascribed to the exceptional donor strength of the ligands, their oxidation resistance, and the meridional coordination geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi B Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dimitar Y Shopov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Liam S Sharninghausen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - David J Vinyard
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Robert H Crabtree
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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