1
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Hellinghuizen MA, Franceschi P, Roithová J. Is the E/Z Iminium Ratio a Good Enantioselectivity Predictor in Iminium Catalysis? Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400294. [PMID: 38884393 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Developing new enantioselective reactions is an important part of chemical discovery but requires time and resources to test large arrays of potential reaction conditions. New techniques are required to analyse many different reactions quickly and efficiently. Mass spectrometry is a high-throughput method; when combined with ion-mobility spectrometry, this technique can monitor diastereomeric reaction intermediates and thus be a handle to study enantioselective reactions. Through this technique and others, it was noted before that in the organocatalytic 1,4-addition to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, the abundance of initial diastereomeric intermediates correlates strongly to that of the final enantiomeric products. This work determines isomeric abundance for various catalysts and aldehydes and uses it to predict the enantiomeric excess of two control reactions. The prediction matches well for one reaction but does not predict the obtained results for the second. This finding confirms that the E/Z ratio of the iminium intermediates can be used as a predictor for some reactions, but the kinetics of the following steps can dramatically change the true enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs A Hellinghuizen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pietro Franceschi
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, Via Edmund Mach, 1, 38098, San Michele All'adige TN, Italy
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Wang J, Xu B, Wang Y, Xia G, Zhang ZM, Zhang J. Pd-Catalyzed Enantioselective Three-Component Carboamination of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21231-21238. [PMID: 39074300 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric Pd-catalyzed three-component carboamination reactions of dienes to construct chiral cyclohexenylamines, which are of great importance in many fields of chemistry, have remained largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate a highly enantio- and regioselective Pd/Ming-Phos-catalyzed carboamination reactions of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with readily available aryl iodides and anilines for facile access to diverse valuable chiral cyclohexenylamines. The process shows excellent functional group tolerance, easy scalability, and mild conditions. Moreover, mechanistic studies suggest that this reaction has a first-order dependence on the concentration of the palladium catalyst and aniline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R.China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R.China
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R.China
| | - Yibo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P. R. China
| | - Guangzhen Xia
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R.China
| | - Zhan-Ming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R.China
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai, 201203, P.R.China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R.China
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, P.R.China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P.R.China
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3
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Tsitopoulou M, Clemenceau A, Thesmar P, Baudoin O. 1,4-Pd Migration-Enabled Synthesis of Fused 4-Membered Rings. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18811-18816. [PMID: 38968581 PMCID: PMC11258686 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
1,4-Palladium migration has been widely used for the functionalization of remote C-H bonds. However, this mechanism has been limited to aryl halide precursors. This work reports an unprecedented Pd0-catalyzed cyclobutanation protocol producing valuable fused cyclobutanes starting from cycloalkenyl (pseudo)halides. This reaction takes place via alkenyl-to-alkyl 1,4-Pd migration, followed by intramolecular Heck coupling. The method performs best with cyclohexenyl precursors, giving access to a variety of substituted bicyclo[4,2,0]octenes. Reactants containing an N-methyl or methoxy group give rise to fused azetidines or oxetanes, respectively, via the same mechanism. Kinetic and deuterium-labeling studies point to a rate-limiting C(sp3)-H activation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsitopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonin Clemenceau
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Thesmar
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Baudoin
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Buzsaki SR, Mason SM, Kattamuri PV, Serviano JMI, Rodriguez DN, Wilson CV, Hood DM, Ellefsen JD, Lu YC, Kan J, West JG, Miller SJ, Holland PL. Fe/Thiol Cooperative Hydrogen Atom Transfer Olefin Hydrogenation: Mechanistic Insights That Inform Enantioselective Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17296-17310. [PMID: 38875703 PMCID: PMC11209773 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric hydrogenation of activated olefins using transition metal catalysis is a powerful tool for the synthesis of complex molecules, but traditional metal catalysts have difficulty with enantioselective reduction of electron-neutral, electron-rich, and minimally functionalized olefins. Hydrogenation based on radical, metal-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer (mHAT) mechanisms offers an outstanding opportunity to overcome these difficulties, enabling the mild reduction of these challenging olefins with selectivity that is complementary to traditional hydrogenations with H2. Further, mHAT presents an opportunity for asymmetric induction through cooperative hydrogen atom transfer (cHAT) using chiral thiols. Here, we report insights from a mechanistic study of an iron-catalyzed achiral cHAT reaction and leverage these insights to deliver stereocontrol from chiral thiols. Kinetic analysis and variation of silane structure point to the transfer of hydride from silane to iron as the likely rate-limiting step. The data indicate that the selectivity-determining step is quenching of the alkyl radical by thiol, which becomes a more potent H atom donor when coordinated to iron(II). The resulting iron(III)-thiolate complex is in equilibrium with other iron species, including FeII(acac)2, which is shown to be the predominant off-cycle species. The enantiodetermining nature of the thiol trapping step enables enantioselective net hydrogenation of olefins through cHAT using a commercially available glucose-derived thiol catalyst with up to 80:20 enantiomeric ratio. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of asymmetric hydrogenation via iron-catalyzed mHAT. These findings advance our understanding of cooperative radical catalysis and act as a proof of principle for the development of enantioselective iron-catalyzed mHAT reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R. Buzsaki
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Savannah M. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | | | - Juan M. I. Serviano
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dinora N. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Conner V. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Drew M. Hood
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Ellefsen
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yen-Chu Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jolie Kan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Julian G. West
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Scott J. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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5
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Meeus EJ, Laan PCM, Ham R, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Gas Evolution as a Tool to Study Reaction Kinetics Under Biomimetic Conditions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400516. [PMID: 38348814 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
The field of bioorthogonal chemistry is rapidly growing, presenting successful applications of organic and transition metal-catalysed reactions in cells and living systems (in vivo). The development of such reactions typically proceeds through many iterative steps focused on biocompatibility and fast reaction kinetics to ensure product formation. However, obtaining kinetic data, even under simulated biological (biomimetic) conditions, remains a challenge due to substantial concentrations of salts and biomolecules hampering the use of typically employed solution-phase analytical techniques. In this study, we explored the suitability of gas evolution as a probe to study kinetics under biomimetic conditions. As proof of concept, we show that the progress of two transition metal-catalysed bioorthogonal chemical reactions can be accurately monitored, regardless of the complexity of the medium. As such, we introduce a protocol to gain more insight into the performance of a catalytic system under biomimetic conditions to further progress iterative catalyst development for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Meeus
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petrus C M Laan
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rens Ham
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis (HomKat) group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Cramer HH, Duchemin C, Kovel CB, Kim J, Pecoraro MV, Chirik PJ. Ligand Field Sensitive Spin Acceleration in the Iron-Catalyzed [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Unactivated Alkenes and Dienes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9947-9956. [PMID: 38537152 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Redox-active pyridine(diimine) (PDI) iron catalysts promote the reversible [2 + 2] cycloaddition of alkenes and dienes to cyclobutane derivatives that have applications ranging from fuels to chemically recyclable polymers. Metallacycles were identified as key intermediates, and spin crossover from the singlet to the triplet surface was calculated to facilitate the reductive coupling step responsible for the formation of the four-membered ring. In this work, a series of sterically and electronically differentiated PDI ligands was studied for the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of ethylene and butadiene to vinylcyclobutane. Kinetic studies revealed that the fastest and slowest turnover were observed with equally electron-deficient supporting ligands that either feature phenyl-substituted imine carbon atoms (MeBPDI) or a pyrazine core (MePZDI). While the oxidative cyclization was comparatively slow for both catalysts, the rate of reductive coupling─determined by stoichiometric 13C2H4 labeling studies─correlated with the turnover frequencies. Two-state density functional theory studies and the distinct electronic structures of related (iPrBPDI) and (iPrPZDI) iron methyl complexes revealed significantly different ligand field strengths due to either diminished ligand σ-donation (MeBPDI) or promoted metal π-backbonding (MePZDI). Spin acceleration, leading to fast reductive coupling and catalytic turnover, was promoted in the case of the weaker ligand field and depends on both the nature and position of the electron-withdrawing group. This study provides strong evidence for the role of two-state reactivity in C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation and insights on how ligand design either promotes or inhibits spin acceleration in earth-abundant metal catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna H Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Coralie Duchemin
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Carli B Kovel
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Junho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Matthew V Pecoraro
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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7
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Haas BC, Lim NK, Jermaks J, Gaster E, Guo MC, Malig TC, Werth J, Zhang H, Toste FD, Gosselin F, Miller SJ, Sigman MS. Enantioselective Sulfonimidamide Acylation via a Cinchona Alkaloid-Catalyzed Desymmetrization: Scope, Data Science, and Mechanistic Investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8536-8546. [PMID: 38480482 PMCID: PMC10990064 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Methods to access chiral sulfur(VI) pharmacophores are of interest in medicinal and synthetic chemistry. We report the desymmetrization of unprotected sulfonimidamides via asymmetric acylation with a cinchona-phosphinate catalyst. The desired products are formed in excellent yield and enantioselectivity with no observed bis-acylation. A data-science-driven approach to substrate scope evaluation was coupled to high throughput experimentation (HTE) to facilitate statistical modeling in order to inform mechanistic studies. Reaction kinetics, catalyst structural studies, and density functional theory (DFT) transition state analysis elucidated the turnover-limiting step to be the collapse of the tetrahedral intermediate and provided key insights into the catalyst-substrate structure-activity relationships responsible for the origin of the enantioselectivity. This study offers a reliable method for accessing enantioenriched sulfonimidamides to propel their application as pharmacophores and serves as an example of the mechanistic insight that can be gleaned from integrating data science and traditional physical organic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany C Haas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ngiap-Kie Lim
- Department of Synthetic Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Janis Jermaks
- Department of Synthetic Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eden Gaster
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Melody C Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Thomas C Malig
- Department of Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jacob Werth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Haiming Zhang
- Department of Synthetic Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Synthetic Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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8
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Essman JZ, Jacobsen EN. Enantioselective Potassium-Catalyzed Wittig Olefinations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7165-7172. [PMID: 38451542 PMCID: PMC11001253 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
We report asymmetric potassium-isothiourea-boronate-catalyzed Wittig olefinations of 4-substituted cyclohexanones with non-stabilized phosphorus ylides to afford highly enantioenriched axially chiral alkenes. The optimal catalyst features an unusual macrocyclic amide-potassium-boronate chelate. Kinetic and spectroscopic analyses are consistent with a Lewis acid mechanism for the catalytic olefination that results in the formation of the oxaphosphetane adduct under cryogenic conditions. Thermal fragmentation of the oxaphosphetane to the alkene product occurs after the reaction is complete. Computational studies indicate that cycloaddition proceeds via a stepwise mechanism involving enantiodetermining polar 1,2-addition to afford an intermediate potassium betaine complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Z. Essman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric N. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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9
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Matysiak BM, Thomas D, Cronin L. Reaction Kinetics using a Chemputable Framework for Data Collection and Analysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315207. [PMID: 38155102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Automated chemistry platforms have been widely explored, but many focus on fixed tasks for chemical synthesis or analysis. However, a typical synthetic chemistry workflow utilizes both, such as kinetic measurements for reaction development and optimization. Due to their repetitive and time-consuming nature, kinetic measurements are often omitted, which limits the mechanistic investigation of reactions. Herein, we present a "Chemputer" platform with on-line analytics (UV/Vis, NMR) which automates routine kinetic measurements. The system's capabilities are showcased by exploring an inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder using initial rate measurements, a metal complexation using variable time normalization analysis (VTNA), and formation of a series of tosylamide derivatives using Hammett analysis. Over 60 individual experiments are presented which required minimal intervention, highlighting the significant time savings of automation. Owing to the modular design of the platform, which facilitates rapid integration of commercial analytical tools, our approach is widely accessible and adjustable to the reaction under investigation. The platform is operated using the chemical programming language, XDL, hence experimental procedures and results are stored in a precise, computer-readable format. We propose that widespread adoption of this reporting protocol in the chemical community could build a database of validated kinetic data beneficial for Machine Learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dean Thomas
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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10
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Adebar N, Keupp J, Emenike VN, Kühlborn J, Vom Dahl L, Möckel R, Smiatek J. Scientific Deep Machine Learning Concepts for the Prediction of Concentration Profiles and Chemical Reaction Kinetics: Consideration of Reaction Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:929-944. [PMID: 38271617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Emerging concepts from scientific deep machine learning such as physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) enable a data-driven approach for the study of complex kinetic problems. We present an extended framework that combines the advantages of PINNs with the detailed consideration of experimental parameter variations for the simulation and prediction of chemical reaction kinetics. The approach is based on truncated Taylor series expansions for the underlying fundamental equations, whereby the external variations can be interpreted as perturbations of the kinetic parameters. Accordingly, our method allows for an efficient consideration of experimental parameter settings and their influence on the concentration profiles and reaction kinetics. A particular advantage of our approach, in addition to the consideration of univariate and multivariate parameter variations, is the robust model-based exploration of the parameter space to determine optimal reaction conditions in combination with advanced reaction insights. The benefits of this concept are demonstrated for higher-order chemical reactions including catalytic and oscillatory systems in combination with small amounts of training data. All predicted values show a high level of accuracy, demonstrating the broad applicability and flexibility of our approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Adebar
- Development NCE, Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Julian Keupp
- Development NCE, Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Victor N Emenike
- HP BioP Launch and Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Jonas Kühlborn
- Development NCE, Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Lisa Vom Dahl
- Development NCE, Analytical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Robert Möckel
- Development NCE, Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-55218 Ingelheim (Rhein), Germany
| | - Jens Smiatek
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Development NCE, Strategy NCEs, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, D-88397 Biberach (Riss), Germany
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11
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Lennon G, Dingwall P. Enabling High Throughput Kinetic Experimentation by Using Flow as a Differential Kinetic Technique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318146. [PMID: 38078481 PMCID: PMC10952970 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic data is most commonly collected through the generation of time-series data under either batch or flow conditions. Existing methods to generate kinetic data in flow collect integral data (concentration over time) only. Here, we report a method for the rapid and direct collection of differential kinetic data (direct measurement of rate) in flow by performing a series of instantaneous rate measurements on sequential small-scale reactions. This technique decouples the time required to generate a full kinetic profile from the time required for a reaction to reach completion, enabling high throughput kinetic experimentation. In addition, comparison of kinetic profiles constructed at different residence times allows the robustness, or stability, of homogeneously catalysed reactions to be interrogated. This approach makes use of a segmented flow platform which was shown to quantitatively reproduce batch kinetic data. The proline mediated aldol reaction was chosen as a model reaction to perform a high throughput kinetic screen of 216 kinetic profiles in 90 hours, one every 25 minutes, which would have taken an estimated continuous 3500 hours in batch, an almost 40-fold increase in experimental throughput matched by a corresponding reduction in material consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Lennon
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQueen's University BelfastDavid Keir Building, Stranmillis RoadBelfastBT9 5AGUK
| | - Paul Dingwall
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQueen's University BelfastDavid Keir Building, Stranmillis RoadBelfastBT9 5AGUK
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12
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Viegas J. Profile of Donna G. Blackmond. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321815121. [PMID: 38190522 PMCID: PMC10801848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321815121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
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13
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Lin Z, Oliveira JC, Scheremetjew A, Ackermann L. Palladium-Catalyzed Electrooxidative Double C-H Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:228-239. [PMID: 38150013 PMCID: PMC10785825 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical transition metal-catalyzed cross-dehydrogenative reaction has emerged as a promising platform to achieve a sustainable and atom-economic organic synthesis that avoids hazardous oxidants and minimizes undesired byproducts and circuitous functional group operations. However, a poor mechanistic understanding still prevents the widespread adoption of this strategy. In this regard, we herein present an electrochemical palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling strategy to access biaryls in the absence of a stoichiometric chemical oxidant. The robust palladaelectrocatalysis considerably suppresses the occurrence of homocoupling and oxygenation, being compatible even with electron-deficient arenes. Late-stage functionalization and Boscalid precursor synthesis further highlighted the practical importance of our electrolysis. Remarkably, mechanistic studies including the evaluation of the reaction order of each component by variable time normalization analysis (VTNA) and initial rate analysis, H/D exchange experiment, kinetic isotope effect, and stoichiometric organometallic experiments provided strong support for the involvement of transmetalation between two organopalladium complexes in the turnover limiting step. Therefore, matching the concentrations or lifetimes of two distinct organopalladium intermediates is revealed to be a pivot to the success of electrooxidative catalysis. Moreover, the presence of cationic copper(II) seems to contribute to the stabilization of the palladium(0) catalyst instead of playing a role in the oxidation of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lin
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - João C.
A. Oliveira
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexej Scheremetjew
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler
Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Lutz MR, Roediger S, Rivero-Crespo MA, Morandi B. Mechanistic Investigation of the Rhodium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydroarylation Reaction Involving Reversible C-C Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26657-26666. [PMID: 38032811 PMCID: PMC10722515 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds are ubiquitous but are among the least reactive bonds in organic chemistry. Recently, catalytic approaches to activate C-C bonds by transition metals have demonstrated the synthetic potential of directly reorganizing the skeleton of small molecules. However, these approaches are usually restricted to strained molecules or rely on directing groups, limiting their broader impact. We report a detailed mechanistic study of a rare example of catalytic C-C bond cleavage of unstrained alcohols that enables reversible ketone transfer hydroarylation under Rh-catalysis. Combined insight from kinetic analysis, in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitoring, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations supports a symmetric catalytic cycle, including a key reversible β-carbon elimination event. In addition, we provide evidence regarding the turnover-limiting step, the catalyst resting state, and the role of the sterically encumbered NHC ligand. The study further led to an improved catalytic system with the discovery of two air-stable precatalysts that showed higher activity for the transformation in comparison to the original conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Roediger
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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15
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Lu D, Wu K, Wen TB, Hao W, Zhang HJ. Unusual Kinetics Induced by Ligands in Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Olefination Reactions. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37987772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the effects of ligands on C-H activation during rhodium(III)-catalyzed C-H bond olefination reactions using well-defined [CpXRhIII] catalytic systems with three representative CpX (Cp (η5-C5H5), CpCF3 (η5-C5Me4CF3), and Cp* (η5-C5Me5)) ligands. Our results demonstrate that C-H activation as the rate-limiting step is significantly influenced by the steric properties of the CpX ligands. Moreover, we observe a dramatic acceleration of the simple [CpRhIII]-catalyzed C-H olefination reaction with acid coproducts such as HOAc, implying an autocatalytic C-H activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Kongchuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Bin Wen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wei Hao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 Fujian, P. R. China
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16
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Zhang M, Zhang BB, Lin Q, Jiang Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Pei S, Han X, Xiong H, Liang X, Lin Y, Wei Z, Zhang F, Zhang X, Wang ZX, Shi Q, Huang H. An Efficient Direct Arylation Polycondensation via C-S Bond Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306307. [PMID: 37340517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The direct arylation polycondensation (DArP) has become one of the most important methods to construct conjugated polymers (CPs). However, the homocoupling side-reactions of aryl halides and the low regioseletive reactivities of unfunctionalized aryls hinder the development of DArP. Here, an efficient Pd and Cu co-catalyzed DArP was developed via inert C-S bond cleavage of aryl thioethers, of which robustness was exemplified by over twenty conjugated polymers (CPs), including copolymers, homopolymers, and random polymers. The capture of oxidative addition intermediate together with experimental and theoretic results suggested the important role of palladium (Pd) and copper (Cu) co-catalysis with a bicyclic mechanism. The studies of NMR, molecular weights, trap densities, two-dimensional grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (2D-GIWAXS), and the charge transport mobilities revealed that the homocoupling reactions were significantly suppressed with high regioselectivity of unfunctionalized aryls, suggesting this method is an excellent choice for synthesizing high performance CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qijie Lin
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ziling Jiang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yawen Li
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shurui Pei
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Haigen Xiong
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuze Lin
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Shi
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Vacuum Physic, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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17
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Williams PJH, Killeen C, Chagunda IC, Henderson B, Donnecke S, Munro W, Sidhu J, Kraft D, Harrington DA, McIndoe JS. Continuous addition kinetic elucidation: catalyst and reactant order, rate constant, and poisoning from a single experiment. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9970-9977. [PMID: 37736619 PMCID: PMC10510844 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02698a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic analysis of catalytic reactions is a powerful tool for mechanistic elucidation but is often challenging to perform, limiting understanding and therefore development of these reactions. Establishing order in a catalyst is usually achieved by running several reactions at different loadings, which is both time-consuming and complicated by the challenge of maintaining consistent run-to-run experimental conditions. Continuous addition kinetic elucidation (CAKE) was developed to circumvent these issues by continuously injecting a catalyst into a reaction, while monitoring reaction progress over time. For reactions that are mth order in a single yield-limiting reactant and nth order in catalyst, a plot of reactant concentration against time has a shape dependent only on the orders m and n. Therefore, fitting experimental CAKE data (using open access code or a convenient web tool) allows the reactant and catalyst orders, rate constant, and the amount of complete catalyst inhibition to be determined from a single experiment. Kinetic information obtained from CAKE experiments showed good agreement with the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Charles Killeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Ian C Chagunda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Brett Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Sofia Donnecke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Wil Munro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Jaspreet Sidhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - Denaisha Kraft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - David A Harrington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
| | - J Scott McIndoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria PO Box 1700 STN CSC Victoria BC V8W 2Y2 Canada +1 250 721-7166
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18
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Reisenbauer J, Finkelstein P, Ebert MO, Morandi B. Mechanistic Investigation of the Nickel-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrocyanation of Alkynes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:11548-11555. [PMID: 37671177 PMCID: PMC10476158 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of HCN-free transfer hydrocyanation reactions on laboratory scales has recently been achieved by using HCN donor reagents under nickel- and Lewis acid co-catalysis. More recently, malononitrile-based HCN donor reagents were shown to undergo the C(sp3)-CN bond activation by the nickel catalyst in the absence of Lewis acids. However, there is a lack of detailed mechanistic understanding of the challenging C(sp3)-CN bond cleavage step. In this work, in-depth kinetic and computational studies using alkynes as substrates were used to elucidate the overall reaction mechanism of this transfer hydrocyanation, with a particular focus on the activation of the C(sp3)-CN bond to generate the active H-Ni-CN transfer hydrocyanation catalyst. Comparisons of experimentally and computationally derived 13C kinetic isotope effect data support a direct oxidative addition mechanism of the nickel catalyst into the C(sp3)-CN bond facilitated by the coordination of the second nitrile group to the nickel catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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He Z, Moreno JA, Swain M, Wu J, Kwon O. Aminodealkenylation: Ozonolysis and copper catalysis convert C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) bonds to C(sp 3)-N bonds. Science 2023; 381:877-886. [PMID: 37616345 PMCID: PMC10753956 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Great efforts have been directed toward alkene π bond amination. In contrast, analogous functionalization of the adjacent C(sp3)-C(sp2) σ bonds is much rarer. Here we report how ozonolysis and copper catalysis under mild reaction conditions enable alkene C(sp3)-C(sp2) σ bond-rupturing cross-coupling reactions for the construction of new C(sp3)-N bonds. We have used this unconventional transformation for late-stage modification of hormones, pharmaceutical reagents, peptides, and nucleosides. Furthermore, we have coupled abundantly available terpenes and terpenoids with nitrogen nucleophiles to access artificial terpenoid alkaloids and complex chiral amines. In addition, we applied a commodity chemical, α-methylstyrene, as a methylation reagent to prepare methylated nucleosides directly from canonical nucleosides in one synthetic step. Our mechanistic investigation implicates an unusual copper ion pair cooperative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jose Antonio Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Manisha Swain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Jason Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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20
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Aryal S, Hone CA, Polson MIJ, Foley DJ. Enantioselective synthesis of hydantoins by chiral acid-catalysed condensation of glyoxals and ureas. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7905-7912. [PMID: 37502327 PMCID: PMC10370572 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01656k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydantoins are important scaffolds in natural products and pharmaceuticals, with only a few synthetic strategies available for their asymmetric preparation. We herein describe a single-step enantioselective synthesis of 5-monosubstituted hydantoins via condensation of glyoxals and ureas in the presence of a chiral phosphoric acid at room temperature. Products were formed in up to 99% yield and 98 : 2 e.r. Using mechanistic and kinetic studies, including time course 1H NMR monitoring, we revealed that the reaction likely proceeds via face-selective protonation of an enol-type intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Aryal
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Christopher A Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing, Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering Graz Austria
| | - Matthew I J Polson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Foley
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
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21
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Wang M, Simon JC, Xu M, Corio SA, Hirschi JS, Dong VM. Copper-Catalyzed Hydroamination: Enantioselective Addition of Pyrazoles to Cyclopropenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:14573-14580. [PMID: 37390403 PMCID: PMC10433791 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Chiral N-cyclopropyl pyrazoles and structurally related heterocycles are prepared using an earth-abundant copper catalyst under mild reaction conditions with high regio-, diastereo-, and enantiocontrol. The observed N2:N1 regioselectivity favors the more hindered nitrogen of the pyrazole. Experimental and DFT studies support a unique mechanism that features a five-centered aminocupration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Julie C Simon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Mengfei Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Stephanie A Corio
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jennifer S Hirschi
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Vy M Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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22
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Yan C, Cowie M, Howcutt C, Wheelhouse KMP, Hodnett NS, Kollie M, Gildea M, Goodfellow MH, Reid M. Computer vision for non-contact monitoring of catalyst degradation and product formation kinetics. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5323-5331. [PMID: 37234891 PMCID: PMC10208035 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05702f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a computer vision strategy for the extraction and colorimetric analysis of catalyst degradation and product-formation kinetics from video footage. The degradation of palladium(ii) pre-catalyst systems to form 'Pd black' is investigated as a widely relevant case study for catalysis and materials chemistries. Beyond the study of catalysts in isolation, investigation of Pd-catalyzed Miyaura borylation reactions revealed informative correlations between colour parameters (most notably ΔE, a colour-agnostic measure of contrast change) and the concentration of product measured by off-line analysis (NMR and LC-MS). The breakdown of such correlations helped inform conditions under which reaction vessels were compromised by air ingress. These findings present opportunities to expand the toolbox of non-invasive analytical techniques, operationally cheaper and simpler to implement than common spectroscopic methods. The approach introduces the capability of analyzing the macroscopic 'bulk' for the study of reaction kinetics in complex mixtures, in complement to the more common study of microscopic and molecular specifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yan
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Megan Cowie
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Calum Howcutt
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | | | | | - Martin Kollie
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Martin Gildea
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Martin H Goodfellow
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
| | - Marc Reid
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow UK
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23
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Wagschal S, Broggini D, Cao TD, Schleiss P, Paun K, Steiner J, Merk AL, Harsdorf J, Fiedler W, Schirling S, Hock S, Strittmatter T, Dijkmans J, Vervest I, Van Hoegaerden T, Egle B, Mower MP, Liu Z, Cao Z, He X, Chen L, Qin L, Tan H, Yan J, Cunière NL, Wei CS, Vuyyuru V, Ayothiraman R, Rangaswamy S, Jaleel M, Vaidyanathan R, Eastgate MD, Klep R, Benhaïm C, Vogels I, Peeters K, Lemaire S. Toward the Development of a Manufacturing Process for Milvexian: Scale-Up Synthesis of the Side Chain. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wagschal
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Diego Broggini
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Trung D.C. Cao
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schleiss
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Paun
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Steiner
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Lena Merk
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Harsdorf
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Winfried Fiedler
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schirling
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Sven Hock
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Strittmatter
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Hochstrasse 201, Schaffhausen 8200, Switzerland
| | - Jan Dijkmans
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Ivan Vervest
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Hoegaerden
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Brecht Egle
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Matthew P. Mower
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Zhi Liu
- Janssen (China) R&D Center, 16 F Building A, Xinyan Mansion, 65 Guiqing Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhiyong Cao
- Janssen (China) R&D Center, 16 F Building A, Xinyan Mansion, 65 Guiqing Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoning He
- Janssen (China) R&D Center, 16 F Building A, Xinyan Mansion, 65 Guiqing Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Changzhou SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 589 North Yulong Road, Xinbei District, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213127, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Changzhou SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 589 North Yulong Road, Xinbei District, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213127, China
| | - Hongyu Tan
- Changzhou SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 589 North Yulong Road, Xinbei District, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213127, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Changzhou SynTheAll Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 589 North Yulong Road, Xinbei District, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213127, China
| | - Nicolas Lucien Cunière
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Carolyn S. Wei
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Venkata Vuyyuru
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Rajaram Ayothiraman
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Sundaramurthy Rangaswamy
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Mohamed Jaleel
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Rajappa Vaidyanathan
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bengaluru 560099, India
| | - Martin D. Eastgate
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Richard Klep
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Cyril Benhaïm
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Ilse Vogels
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Koen Peeters
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Lemaire
- Chemical Process Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Turnhoutseweg 30, Beerse 2340, Belgium
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24
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Zakrzewski J, Yaseneva P, Taylor CJ, Gaunt MJ, Lapkin AA. Scalable Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Carbonylation of Alkylamines in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zakrzewski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Polina Yaseneva
- Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GG, U.K
| | - Connor J. Taylor
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park Milton Road, Milton, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Matthew J. Gaunt
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Alexei A. Lapkin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
- Innovation Centre in Digital Molecular Technologies, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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25
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Naksomboon K, Gómez-Bengoa E, Mehara J, Roithová J, Otten E, Fernández-Ibáñez MÁ. Mechanistic studies of the palladium-catalyzed S,O-ligand promoted C-H olefination of aromatic compounds. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2943-2953. [PMID: 36937590 PMCID: PMC10016329 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06840k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions of non-directed substrates have recently emerged as an attractive alternative to the use of directing groups. Key to the success of these transformations has been the discovery of new ligands capable of increasing both the reactivity of the inert C-H bond and the selectivity of the process. Among them, a new type of S,O-ligand has been shown to be highly efficient in promoting a variety of Pd-catalyzed C-H olefination reactions of non-directed arenes. Despite the success of this type of S,O-ligand, its role in the C-H functionalization processes is unknown. Herein, we describe a detailed mechanistic study focused on elucidating the role of the S,O-ligand in the Pd-catalyzed C-H olefination of non-directed arenes. For this purpose, several mechanistic tools, including isolation and characterization of reactive intermediates, NMR and kinetic studies, isotope effects and DFT calculations have been employed. The data from these experiments suggest that the C-H activation is the rate-determining step in both cases with and without the S,O-ligand. Furthermore, the results indicate that the S,O-ligand triggers the formation of more reactive Pd cationic species, which explains the observed acceleration of the reaction. Together, these studies shed light on the role of the S,O-ligand in promoting Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kananat Naksomboon
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Enrique Gómez-Bengoa
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad País Vasco, UPV/EHU Apdo. 1072 20080 San Sebastian Spain
| | - Jaya Mehara
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - M Ángeles Fernández-Ibáñez
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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26
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Lawson T, Gentleman AS, Pinnell J, Eisenschmidt A, Antón‐García D, Frosz MH, Reisner E, Euser TG. In situ Detection of Cobaloxime Intermediates During Photocatalysis Using Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Fiber Microreactors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214788. [PMID: 36478637 PMCID: PMC10946874 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hollow-core photonic crystal fibers (HC-PCFs) provide a novel approach for in situ UV/Vis spectroscopy with enhanced detection sensitivity. Here, we demonstrate that longer optical path lengths than afforded by conventional cuvette-based UV/Vis spectroscopy can be used to detect and identify the CoI and CoII states in hydrogen-evolving cobaloxime catalysts, with spectral identification aided by comparison with DFT-simulated spectra. Our findings show that there are two types of signals observed for these molecular catalysts; a transient signal and a steady-state signal, with the former being assigned to the CoI state and the latter being assigned to the CoII state. These observations lend support to a unimolecular pathway, rather than a bimolecular pathway, for hydrogen evolution. This study highlights the utility of fiber-based microreactors for understanding these and a much wider range of homogeneous photocatalytic systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Lawson
- NanoPhotonics CentreCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Alexander S. Gentleman
- NanoPhotonics CentreCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Jonathan Pinnell
- NanoPhotonics CentreCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Annika Eisenschmidt
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Daniel Antón‐García
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Michael H. Frosz
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of LightStaudtstr. 291058ErlangenGermany
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Tijmen G. Euser
- NanoPhotonics CentreCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJJ Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
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27
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Lamine W, Xu S, Li B, Chrostowska A, Miqueu K, Liu SY. Mechanism of Pd/Senphos-Catalyzed trans-Hydroboration of 1,3-Enynes: Experimental and Computational Evidence in Support of the Unusual Outer-Sphere Oxidative Addition Pathway. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2415-2424. [PMID: 36752741 PMCID: PMC10162691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of the Pd/Senphos-catalyzed trans-hydroboration reaction of 1,3-enynes was investigated using various experimental techniques, including deuterium and double crossover labeling experiments, X-ray crystallographic characterization of model reaction intermediates, and reaction progress kinetic analysis. Our experimental data are in support of an unusual outer-sphere oxidative addition mechanism where the catecholborane serves as a suitable electrophile to activate the Pd0-bound 1,3-enyne substrate to form a Pd-η3-π-allyl species, which has been determined to be the likely resting state of the catalytic cycle. Double crossover labeling of the catecholborane points toward a second role played by the borane as a hydride delivery shuttle. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the rate-limiting transition state of the reaction is the hydride abstraction by the catecholborane shuttle, which is consistent with the experimentally determined rate law: rate = k[enyne]0[borane]1[catalyst]1. The computed activation free energy ΔG‡ = 17.7 kcal/mol and KIE (kH/kD = 1.3) are also in line with experimental observations. Overall, this work experimentally establishes Lewis acids such as catecholborane as viable electrophilic activators to engage in an outer-sphere oxidative addition reaction and points toward this underutilized mechanism as a general approach to activate unsaturated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, United States
| | - Ziyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, United States
| | - Walid Lamine
- E2S UPPA/CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM UMR 5254. Hélioparc, 2 avenue P. Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Senmiao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, United States
| | - Anna Chrostowska
- E2S UPPA/CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM UMR 5254. Hélioparc, 2 avenue P. Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- E2S UPPA/CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM UMR 5254. Hélioparc, 2 avenue P. Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860, United States
- E2S UPPA/CNRS, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement et les Matériaux IPREM UMR 5254. Hélioparc, 2 avenue P. Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 09, France
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28
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Egami H, Hamashima Y. Asymmetric Fluorofunctionalizations with Carboxylate-Based Phase-Transfer Catalysts. CHEM REC 2023:e202200285. [PMID: 36734199 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine is an attractive element in the field of pharmaceutical and agrochemical chemistry due to its unique properties. Considering the chiral environment in nature, where enantiomers often show different biological activities, the introduction of fluorine atom(s) into organic molecules to make chiral fluorinated compounds is an important subject. Herein, we describe the story of the development of our chiral carboxylate-based phase-transfer catalysts and their applications for asymmetric fluorocyclizations of alkenes bearing a carboxylic acid, an amide, and an oxime as an internal nucleophile with a dicationic fluorinating reagent, Selectfluor. We also describe dearomative fluorinations of indole derivatives, 2-naphthols, and resorcinols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Egami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
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29
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Schneider FSS, Caramori GF. Overreact, an in silico lab: Automative quantum chemical microkinetic simulations for complex chemical reactions. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:209-217. [PMID: 35404515 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Today's demand for precisely predicting chemical reactions from first principles requires research to go beyond Gibbs' free energy diagrams and consider other effects such as concentrations and quantum tunneling. The present work introduces overreact, a novel Python package for propagating chemical reactions over time using data from computational chemistry only. The overreact code infers all differential equations and parameters from a simple input that consists of a set of chemical equations and quantum chemistry package outputs for each chemical species. We evaluate some applications from the literature: gas-phase eclipsed-staggered isomerization of ethane, gas-phase umbrella inversion of ammonia, gas-phase degradation of methane by chlorine radical, and three solvation-phase reactions. Furthermore, we comment on a simple solvation-phase acid-base equilibrium. We show how it is possible to achieve reaction profiles and information matching experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe S S Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Giovanni F Caramori
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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30
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Exploring catalytic reaction networks with machine learning. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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31
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Deem MC, Cai I, Derasp JS, Prieto PL, Sato Y, Liu J, Kukor AJ, Hein JE. Best Practices for the Collection of Robust Time Course Reaction Profiles for Kinetic Studies. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine C. Deem
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Isabelle Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Joshua S. Derasp
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paloma L. Prieto
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Junliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Kukor
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jason E. Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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32
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Machine learning classifies catalytic-reaction mechanisms. Nature 2023; 613:635-636. [PMID: 36697860 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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33
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Murray JI, Zhang L, Simon A, Silva Elipe MV, Wei CS, Caille S, Parsons AT. Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations to Enable a Key Suzuki Coupling for Sotorasib Manufacture─What a Difference a Base Makes. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James I. Murray
- Pivotal and Commercial Synthetics, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Liang Zhang
- Pivotal and Commercial Synthetics, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development,Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Adam Simon
- Center for Research Acceleration by Digitalization, Research & Development, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Maria V. Silva Elipe
- Pivotal Attribute Sciences, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Carolyn S. Wei
- Pivotal and Commercial Synthetics, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Seb Caille
- Pivotal and Commercial Synthetics, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Andrew T. Parsons
- Pivotal and Commercial Synthetics, Drug Substance Technologies, Process Development,Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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34
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Sun BB, Liu K, Gao Q, Fang W, Lu S, Wang CR, Yao CZ, Cao HQ, Yu J. Enantioselective Ugi and Ugi-azide reactions catalyzed by anionic stereogenic-at-cobalt(III) complexes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7065. [PMID: 36400776 PMCID: PMC9674650 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34887-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ugi reactions and related variations are proven to be atom and step-economic strategies for construction of highly valuable peptide-like skeletons and nitrogenous heterocycles. The development of structurally diverse range of novel catalytic systems and the discovery of new approaches to accommodate a broader scope of terminating reagents for asymmetric Ugi four-component reaction is still in high demand. Here, we report a strategy that enables enantioselective Ugi four-component and Ugi-azide reactions employing anionic stereogenic-at-cobalt(III) complexes as catalysts. The key nitrilium intermediates, generated through the nucleophilic addition of isocyanides to the chiral ion-pair which consists of stereogenic-at-cobalt(III) complexes counteranion and a protonated iminium, are trapped by either carboxylic acids or in situ-generated hydrazoic acid, delivering α-acylamino amides and α-aminotetrazoles in good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99:1 e.r.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Bing Sun
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Kun Liu
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Quan Gao
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Plant Protection, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Wei Fang
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Shuang Lu
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Chun-Ru Wang
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Chuan-Zhi Yao
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Plant Protection, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Jie Yu
- grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804Department of Applied Chemistry, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China ,grid.411389.60000 0004 1760 4804School of Plant Protection, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
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35
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Wei B, Sharland JC, Blackmond DG, Musaev DG, Davies HML. In-situ Kinetic Studies of Rh(II)-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization to Achieve High Catalyst Turnover Numbers. ACS Catal 2022; 12:13400-13410. [PMID: 37274060 PMCID: PMC10237631 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detailed kinetic studies on the functionalization of unactivated hydrocarbon sp3 C-H bonds by dirhodium-catalyzed reaction of aryldiazoacetates revealed that the C-H functionalization step is rate-determining. The efficiency of this step was increased by using the hydrocarbon as solvent and using donor/acceptor carbenes with an electron-withdrawing substituent on the aryl donor group. The optimum catalyst for these reactions is the tetraphenylphthalimido derivative Rh2(R-TPPTTL)4 and a further beneficial refinement was obtained by using N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as an additive. Under the optimum conditions with a catalyst loading of 0.001 mol %, effective enantioselective C-H functionalization (66-97% yield, 83-97% ee) was achieved of cycloalkanes with a range of aryldiazoacetates as long as the aryldiazoacetate was not to sterically demanding. The reaction with cyclohexane using a catalyst loading of 0.0005 mol % could be recharged twice with additional aryldiazoacetate, resulting in an overall dirhodium catalyst turnover number of 580,000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jack C. Sharland
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Donna G. Blackmond
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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36
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Reaction Monitoring of Rose Bengal Photodegradation in Alcohols using Multivariate Frequency-Domain Dynamic Fluorescence. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Hilgers R, Yong Teng S, Briš A, Pereverzev AY, White P, Jansen JJ, Roithová J. Monitoring Reaction Intermediates to Predict Enantioselectivity Using Mass Spectrometry**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205720. [PMID: 35561144 PMCID: PMC9544535 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselective reactions are at the core of chemical synthesis. Their development mostly relies on prior knowledge, laborious product analysis and post‐rationalization by theoretical methods. Here, we introduce a simple and fast method to determine enantioselectivities based on mass spectrometry. The method is based on ion mobility separation of diastereomeric intermediates, formed from a chiral catalyst and prochiral reactants, and delayed reactant labeling experiments to link the mass spectra with the reaction kinetics in solution. The data provide rate constants along the reaction paths for the individual diastereomeric intermediates, revealing the origins of enantioselectivity. Using the derived kinetics, the enantioselectivity of the overall reaction can be predicted. Hence, this method can offer a rapid discovery and optimization of enantioselective reactions in the future. We illustrate the method for the addition of cyclopentadiene (CP) to an α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde catalyzed by a diarylprolinol silyl ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelant Hilgers
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry Wageningen University & Research Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Sin Yong Teng
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anamarija Briš
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandr Y. Pereverzev
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Paul White
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. Jansen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Jana Roithová
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
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38
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Liao L, Xu X, Ji J, Zhao X. Asymmetric Intermolecular Iodinative Difunctionalization of Allylic Sulfonamides Enabled by Organosulfide Catalysis: Modular Entry to Iodinated Chiral Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16490-16501. [PMID: 36053004 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilic halogenation of alkenes is a powerful transformation offering a convenient route for the construction of valuable functionalized molecules. However, as a highly important reaction in this field, catalytic asymmetric intermolecular iodinative difunctionalization remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report that an efficient Lewis basic chiral sulfide-catalyzed approach enables this reaction. By this approach, challenging substrates such as γ,γ-disubstituted allylic sulfonamides and 1,1-disubstituted alkenes with an allylic sulfonamide unit undergo electrophilic iodinative difunctionalization to give a variety of iodine-functionalized chiral molecules in good yields with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities. A series of free phenols as nucleophiles are successfully incorporated into the substrates. Aside from phenols, primary and secondary alcohols, fluoride, and azide also serve as efficient nucleophiles. The obtained iodinated products are a good platform molecule, which can be easily transformed into various chiral compounds such as α-aryl ketones, chiral secondary amines, and aziridines via rearrangement or substitution. Mechanistic studies revealed that the chiral sulfide catalyst displays a superior effect on control of the reactivity of electrophilic iodine and the enantioselective construction of the chiral iodiranium ion intermediate and catalyst aggregates might be formed as a resting state in the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Liao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xinru Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jieying Ji
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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39
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Davis CR, Fu Y, Liu P, Ready JM. Mechanistic Basis for the Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Allylation of Alkenyl Boronates. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16118-16130. [PMID: 36036508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Iridium(phosphoramidite) complexes catalyze an enantio- and diastereoselective three-component coupling reaction of alkenyl boronic esters, organolithium reagents, and secondary allylic carbonates. The reaction proceeds through an allylation-induced 1,2-metalate shift of the alkenyl boronate to form non-adjacent stereocenters. Mechanistic investigations outline the overall catalytic cycle and reveal trends in reactivity and selectivity. Analysis of relative stereochemistry in products derived from a variety of 1,1-disubtituted alkenyl boronates provides insight into the transition state of the addition and indicates a concerted pathway. Kinetic analysis of the reaction revealed the kinetic order dependence in boronate, the catalyst, and both the slow- and fast-reacting enantiomer of allylic carbonate as well as the turnover-limiting step of the reaction. Determination of nucleophile-specific parameters N and sN for alkenyl boronate complexes enabled comparison to other classes of nucleophiles. DFT calculations indicate the addition of the alkenyl boronate to the cationic Ir(π-allyl) intermediate and the 1,2-metalate shift occur in a concerted mechanism. The stereoselectivity is determined by ligand-substrate steric repulsions and dispersion interactions in the syn addition transition state. Hammett studies supported the computational results with regard to electronic trends observed with both aryl-derived alkenyl boronates and aryl carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton R Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Joseph M Ready
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, Texas 75390-9038, United States
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40
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Pfeffer C, Probst P, Wannenmacher N, Frey W, Peters R. Direct Enantioselective Addition of Alkynes to Imines by a Highly Efficient Palladacycle Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206835. [PMID: 35701311 PMCID: PMC9545068 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Enantiopure propargylic amines are highly valuable synthetic building blocks. Much effort has been devoted to develop methods for their preparation. The arguably most important strategy is the 1,2-addition of alkynes to imines. Despite remarkable progress, the known methods using Zn and Cu catalysts suffer from the need for high catalyst loadings, typically ranging from 2-60 mol % for neutral aldimine substrates. Here we report a planar chiral Pd complex acting as very efficient catalyst for direct asymmetric alkyne additions to imines, requiring very low catalyst loadings. Turnover numbers of up to 8700 were accomplished. Our investigation suggests that a Pd-acetylide complex is generated as a catalytically relevant intermediate by the aid of an acac ligand acting as internal catalytic base. It is shown that the catalyst is quite stable under the reaction conditions and that product inhibition is not an issue. A total of 39 examples is shown which all yielded almost enantiopure products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pfeffer
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische ChemiePfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Patrick Probst
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische ChemiePfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Nick Wannenmacher
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische ChemiePfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische ChemiePfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - René Peters
- Universität StuttgartInstitut für Organische ChemiePfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
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41
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Chen M, Montgomery J. Nickel-Catalyzed Intermolecular Enantioselective Heteroaromatic C–H Alkylation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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42
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Swords WB, Chapman SJ, Hofstetter H, Dunn AL, Yoon TP. Variable Temperature LED-NMR: Rapid Insights into a Photocatalytic Mechanism from Reaction Progress Kinetic Analysis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:11776-11782. [PMID: 35969669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of techniques are available to obtain a useful understanding of photocatalytic mechanisms. The combination of LED illumination with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (LED-NMR) provides a rapid, convenient means to directly monitor a photocatalytic reaction in situ. Herein, we describe a study of the mechanism of an enantioselective intermolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition catalyzed by a chiral Ir photocatalyst using LED-NMR. The data-rich output of this experiment is suitable for same-excess and variable time normalization analyses (VTNA). Together, these identified an unexpected change in mechanism between reactions conducted at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. At -78 °C, the kinetic data are consistent with the triplet rebound mechanism we previously proposed for this reaction, involving sensitization of maleimide and rapid reaction with a hydrogen-bound quinoline within the solvent cage. At room temperature, the cycloaddition instead proceeds through intracomplex energy transfer to the hydrogen-bound quinolone. These results highlight the potential sensitivity of photocatalytic reaction mechanisms to the precise reaction conditions and the further utility of LED-NMR as a fast, data-rich tool for their interrogation that compares favorably to conventional ex situ kinetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53703, United States
| | - Steven J Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53703, United States
| | - Heike Hofstetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53703, United States
| | - Anna L Dunn
- Drug Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Upper Providence, Pennsylvania19426, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53703, United States
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43
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Belli RG, Tafuri VC, Roberts CC. Improving Alkyl–Alkyl Cross-Coupling Catalysis with Early Transition Metals through Mechanistic Understanding and Metal Tuning. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman G. Belli
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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44
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Borra S, Chae S, Kim HY, Oh K. Continuous Flow Synthesis of 1,4-Benzothiazines Using Ambivalent Reactivity of ( E)-β-Chlorovinyl Ketones: A Point of Reaction Control Enabled by Flow Chemistry. Org Lett 2022; 24:5287-5292. [PMID: 35848887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A continuous flow system to 1,4-benzothiazines was developed using the point of reaction control, where the ambivalent (E)-β-chlorovinyl ketones and 2,2'-dithiodianilines were confined in a diffusion controlled flow setting. The successful segregation of reactive chemical species in a flow setting allowed more defined reaction pathways that are not feasible in traditional batch reaction conditions. The point of reaction control in flow systems helps to execute the reactions often plagued with the concurrent generation of multiple chemical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Borra
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Chae
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Young Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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45
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Boehm P, Müller P, Finkelstein P, Rivero-Crespo MA, Ebert MO, Trapp N, Morandi B. Mechanistic Investigation of the Nickel-Catalyzed Metathesis between Aryl Thioethers and Aryl Nitriles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13096-13108. [PMID: 35834613 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional group metathesis is an emerging field in organic chemistry with promising synthetic applications. However, no complete mechanistic studies of these reactions have been reported to date, particularly regarding the nature of the key functional group transfer mechanism. Unraveling the mechanism of these transformations would not only allow for their further improvement but would also lead to the design of novel reactions. Herein, we describe our detailed mechanistic studies of the nickel-catalyzed functional group metathesis reaction between aryl methyl sulfides and aryl nitriles, combining experimental and computational results. These studies did not support a mechanism proceeding through reversible migratory insertion of the nitrile into a Ni-Ar bond and provided strong support for an alternative mechanism involving a key transmetalation step between two independently generated oxidative addition complexes. Extensive kinetic analysis, including rate law determination and Eyring analysis, indicated the oxidative addition complex of aryl nitrile as the resting state of the catalytic reaction. Depending on the concentration of aryl methyl sulfide, either the reductive elimination of aryl nitrile or the oxidative addition into the C(sp2)-S bond of aryl methyl sulfide is the turnover-limiting step of the reaction. NMR studies, including an unusual 31P-2H HMBC experiment using deuterium-labeled complexes, unambiguously demonstrated that the sulfide and cyanide groups exchange during the transmetalation step, rather than the two aryl moieties. In addition, Eyring and Hammett analyses of the transmetalation between two Ni(II) complexes revealed that this central step proceeds via an associative mechanism. Organometallic studies involving the synthesis, isolation, and characterization of all putative intermediates and possible deactivation complexes have further shed light on the reaction mechanism, including the identification of a key deactivation pathway, which has led to an improved catalytic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Boehm
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Müller
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marc-Olivier Ebert
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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46
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Pfeffer C, Probst P, Wannenmacher N, Frey W, Peters R. Direct Enantioselective Addition of Alkynes to Imines by a Highly Efficient Palladacycle Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Pfeffer
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart Institut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 D-70569 Stuttgart GERMANY
| | - Patrick Probst
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart Institut für Organische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Nick Wannenmacher
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart Institut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 D-70569 Stuttgart GERMANY
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Universität Stuttgart: Universitat Stuttgart Institut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 D-70569 Stuttgart GERMANY
| | - René Peters
- Universität Stuttgart Institut für Organische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55Raum 06.301 70569 Stuttgart GERMANY
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47
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Hao W, Joe CL, Darù A, Ayers S, Ramirez A, Sandhu B, Daley RA, Chen JS, Schmidt MA, Blackmond DG. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Considerations in the Rh-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of 2-Pyridyl-Substituted Alkenes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:5961-5969. [PMID: 37727697 PMCID: PMC10508913 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-pyridyl alkenes catalyzed by chiral Rh-phosphine complexes at ambient temperature is examined using kinetic, spectroscopic, and computational tools. The reaction proceeds with reversible substrate binding followed by rate-determining addition of hydrogen. Substrate binding occurs only through the pyridine nitrogen in contrast to other substrate classes exhibiting stronger substrate direction. The lack of influence of hydrogen pressure on the product enantiomeric excess suggests that a pre-equilibrium in substrate binding is maintained across the pressure range investigated. An off-cycle Rh-hydride species is implicated in the mild catalyst deactivation observed. In contrast to Ru-phosphine-catalyzed reactions of the same substrate class, the stereochemical outcome in this system correlates generally with the relative stability of the E and Z rotamers of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Candice L Joe
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Andrea Darù
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sloan Ayers
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Antonio Ramirez
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Bhupinder Sandhu
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ryan A Daley
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jason S Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Automated Synthesis Facility, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael A Schmidt
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Donna G Blackmond
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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48
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Mendoza SD, Rombola M, Tao Y, Zuend SJ, Götz R, McLaughlin MJ, Reisman SE. Expanding the Chiral Monoterpene Pool: Enantioselective Diels-Alder Reactions of α-Acyloxy Enones. Org Lett 2022; 24:3802-3806. [PMID: 35594569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective Diels-Alder (DA) reaction of α-acyloxy enones has been developed to synthesize chiral oxidized cyclohexenes. Yttrium(III) triflate, in conjunction with a chiral pyridinebisimidazoline (PyBim) ligand, was found to catalyze the asymmetric [4 + 2] cycloaddition with a variety of dienes and α-acyloxy enone dienophiles. Using this method, terpinene-4-ol, a key intermediate in the synthesis of commercial herbicide cinmethylin, can be prepared in four steps from isoprene. A combination of kinetic data and NMR studies support a mechanism involving reversible binding of a dienophile to a yttrium catalyst followed by cycloaddition with a diene as the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler D Mendoza
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Michael Rombola
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yujia Tao
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Stephan J Zuend
- BASF Corporation, 46820 Fremont Boulevard, Fremont, California 94538, United States
| | - Roland Götz
- BASF SE, Carl Bosch Str. 38, Ludwigshafen 67056, Germany
| | | | - Sarah E Reisman
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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49
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Ma X, Davies RP. Tartramide Ligands for Copper‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation at Room Temperature. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuerui Ma
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London South Kensington London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Davies
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London South Kensington London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
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50
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Hilgers R, Teng SY, Bris A, White P, Jansen J, Roithová J. Monitoring Reaction Intermediates to Predict Enantioselectivity Using Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roelant Hilgers
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials: Radboud Universiteit Institute for Molecules and Materials Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis NETHERLANDS
| | - Sin Yong Teng
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials: Radboud Universiteit Institute for Molecules and Materials Department of Chemometrics NETHERLANDS
| | - Anamarija Bris
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials: Radboud Universiteit Institute for Molecules and Materials Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis NETHERLANDS
| | - Paul White
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials: Radboud Universiteit Institute for Molecules and Materials Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis NETHERLANDS
| | - Jeroen Jansen
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials: Radboud Universiteit Institute for Molecules and Materials Department of Chemometrics NETHERLANDS
| | - Jana Roithová
- Radboud University Department of Spectroscopy and Catalysis Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen NETHERLANDS
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