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Bâldea I, Chen Y, Zhang M, Xin N, Feng Y, Feng J, Jia C, Guo X, Xie Z. Breakdown of Ohm's Law in Molecular Junctions with Electrodes of Single-Layer Graphene. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:3267-3275. [PMID: 38489078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
For sufficiently low biases, Ohm's law, the cornerstone of electricity, stating that current I and voltage V are proportional, is satisfied at low biases for all known systems ranging from macroscopic conductors to nanojunctions. In this study, we predict theoretically and demonstrate experimentally that in single-molecule junctions fabricated with single-layer graphene as electrodes the current at low V scales as the cube of V, thereby invalidating Ohm's law. The absence of the ohmic regime is a direct consequence of the unique band structure of the single-layer graphene, whose vanishing density of states at the Dirac points precludes electron transfer from and to the electrodes at low biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Bâldea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MATEC, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
- Theoretische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MATEC, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Na Xin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MATEC, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MATEC, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zuoti Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MATEC, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong), Shenzhen-Hong Kong International Science and Technology Park, NO.3 Binglang Road, Futian District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, P. R. China
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2
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Colin-Molina A, Nematiaram T, Cheung AMH, Troisi A, Frisbie CD. The Conductance Isotope Effect in Oligophenylene Imine Molecular Wires Depends on the Number and Spacing of 13C-Labeled Phenylene Rings. ACS NANO 2024; 18:7444-7454. [PMID: 38411123 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
We report a strong and structurally sensitive 13C intramolecular conductance isotope effect (CIE) for oligophenyleneimine (OPI) molecular wires connected to Au electrodes. Wires were built from Au surfaces beginning with the formation of 4-aminothiophenol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) followed by subsequent condensation reactions with 13C-labeled terephthalaldehyde and phenylenediamine; in these monomers the phenylene rings were either completely 13C-labeled or the naturally abundant 12C isotopologues. Alternatively, perdeuterated versions of terephthalaldehyde and phenylenediamine were employed to make 2H(D)-labeled OPI wires. For 13C-isotopologues of short OPI wires (<4 nm) in length where the charge transport mechanism is tunneling, there was no measurable effect, i.e., 13C CIE ≈ 1, where CIE is defined as the ratio of labeled and unlabeled wire resistances, i.e., CIE = Rheavy/Rlight. However, for long OPI wires >4 nm, in which the transport mechanism is polaron hopping, a strong 13C CIE = 4-5 was observed. A much weaker inverse CIE < 1 was evident for the longest D-labeled wires. Importantly, the magnitude of the 13C CIE was sensitive to the number and spacing of 13C-labeled rings, i.e., the CIE was structurally sensitive. The structural sensitivity is intriguing because it may be employed to understand polaron hopping mechanisms and charge localization/delocalization in molecular wires. A preliminary theoretical analysis explored several possible explanations for the CIE, but so far a fully satisfactory explanation has not been identified. Nevertheless, the latest results unambiguously demonstrate structural sensitivity of the heavy atom CIE, offering directions for further utilization of this interesting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Colin-Molina
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tahereh Nematiaram
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G11XL, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Man Hong Cheung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L697ZD, United Kingdom
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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3
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Nguyen QV, Martin P, Lacroix JC. Probing the Effect of the Density of Active Molecules in Large-Area Molecular Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11990-11995. [PMID: 36537879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the density of active molecules in molecular junctions (MJs) has been investigated by using a host/guest strategy. Mixed layers consisting of oligothiophene (BTB) encapsulated by β-cyclodextrin (BTB@β-CD) were generated. Cyclodextrins were then removed, and the pinholes generated were filled with BTB to obtain BTB@BTB films. MJs based on mixed BTB@β-CD and BTB@BTB layers, as well as single-component BTB MJs, were compared. The variation of ln J vs thickness is similar for all systems while the Jo of BTB@β-CD MJs is 20 times lower than that of BTB MJs. After β-cyclodextrin has been removed, and the pinholes filled, Jo increases and reaches the same value as for the BTB MJs, showing that the conductance scales with the number of active molecules. This strategy provides a unique method for investigating molecular interactions in direct tunneling MJs as well as the possibility of fabricating new functionalized MJs based on mixed layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Van Nguyen
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 11307 Cau Giay, Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Pascal Martin
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean Christophe Lacroix
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, 11307 Cau Giay, Hanoi Vietnam
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4
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Jangid V, Brunel D, Sanchez-Adaime E, Bharwal AK, Dumur F, Duché D, Abel M, Koudia M, Buffeteau T, Nijhuis CA, Berginc G, Lebouin C, Escoubas L. Improving Orientation, Packing Density, and Molecular Arrangement in Self-Assembled Monolayers of Bianchoring Ferrocene-Triazole Derivatives by "Click" Chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3585-3596. [PMID: 35259297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of two ferrocene derivatives with two anchoring groups (at the bottom and at the top of the SAM) deposited on ultraflat template-stripped gold substrates by cyclic voltammetry and analyzed by complementary surface characterization techniques. The SAM of each molecule is deposited by three different protocols: direct deposition (one step), click reaction on the surface (two steps), and reverse click reaction on the surface (two steps). The SAM structure is well studied to determine the SAM orientation, SAM arrangement, and ferrocene position within the SAM. Electron transfer kinetics have also been studied, which agree with the quality of each SAM. With the help of two anchoring groups and click-chemistry active functional groups, we have shown that the two molecules can be deposited by controlling the position of ferrocene at either end. We further investigated the involvement of the triazole five-membered ring in the electron transfer mechanism. We have found that a carbon spacer between ferrocene and triazole improves the SAM packing. This study enhances the understanding of tethering thiol and thiol acetate anchoring groups on gold by a controlled orientation, which may help in the development of functional molecular devices requiring two anchoring groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Jangid
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, F-13397 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, MADIREL, UMR 7246, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Damien Brunel
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Esteban Sanchez-Adaime
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Anil Kumar Bharwal
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - David Duché
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Abel
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Mathieu Koudia
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Thierry Buffeteau
- Université Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires ISM, CNRS UMR5255, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Hybrid Materials for Opto-Electronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chrystelle Lebouin
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, MADIREL, UMR 7246, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Ludovic Escoubas
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP, UMR 7334, F-13397 Marseille, France
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5
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Abstract
Metal-containing polymers, or metallopolymers, have diverse applications in the fields of sensors, catalysis, information storage, optoelectronics, and neuromorphic computing, among other areas. The approach of metal-templated subcomponent self-assembly using dynamic covalent linkages allows complex architectures to be formed with relative synthetic ease. The dynamic nature of the linkages between subunits in these systems facilitates error checking during the assembly process and also provides a route to disassemble the structure, rendering these materials recyclable. This Account summarizes a class of double-helical metallopolymers. These metallopolymers are formed via subcomponent self-assembly and consist of two conjugated helical strands wrapping a linear array of CuI centers. Starting from discrete model helicates, we discuss how, through the judicious design of subcomponents, long helical metallopolymers can be obtained and detail their subsequent assembly into nanometer-scale aggregates. Two approaches to generate these helical metallopolymers are compared. We describe methods to govern (i) the length of the metallopolymers, (ii) the relative orientations (head-to-head vs head-to-tail) of the two organic strands, and (iii) the screw-sense of the double helix. Achieving structural control allowed the growth behavior of these systems to be probed. The structure influenced properties in ways that are relevant to specific applications; for example, the length of the metallopolymer determines the color of the light it emits in solution. In the solid state, the ionic nature of these helices renders them useful as both emitters and ionic additives in light-emitting electrochemical cells. Moreover, recent experimental work has clarified the role of the linear array of Cu ions in the transport of charge through these materials. The conductivity displayed by a film of metallopolymer depends upon its history of applied voltage and current, behavior characteristic of a memristor. In addition to the prospective applications already identified, others may be on the horizon, potentially combing stimuli-responsive electronic behavior with the chirality of the helical twist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake L. Greenfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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6
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Pearce N, Reynolds KEA, Kayal S, Sun XZ, Davies ES, Malagreca F, Schürmann CJ, Ito S, Yamano A, Argent SP, George MW, Champness NR. Selective photoinduced charge separation in perylenediimide-pillar[5]arene rotaxanes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:415. [PMID: 35058440 PMCID: PMC8776946 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to control photoinduced charge transfer within molecules represents a major challenge requiring precise control of the relative positioning and orientation of donor and acceptor groups. Here we show that such photoinduced charge transfer processes within homo- and hetero-rotaxanes can be controlled through organisation of the components of the mechanically interlocked molecules, introducing alternative pathways for electron donation. Specifically, studies of two rotaxanes are described: a homo[3]rotaxane, built from a perylenediimide diimidazolium rod that threads two pillar[5]arene macrocycles, and a hetero[4]rotaxane in which an additional bis(1,5-naphtho)-38-crown-10 (BN38C10) macrocycle encircles the central perylenediimide. The two rotaxanes are characterised by a combination of techniques including electron diffraction crystallography in the case of the hetero[4]rotaxane. Cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry, and EPR spectroscopy are employed to establish the behaviour of the redox states of both rotaxanes and these data are used to inform photophysical studies using time-resolved infra-red (TRIR) and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopies. The latter studies illustrate the formation of a symmetry-breaking charge-separated state in the case of the homo[3]rotaxane in which charge transfer between the pillar[5]arene and perylenediimide is observed involving only one of the two macrocyclic components. In the case of the hetero[4]rotaxane charge separation is observed involving only the BN38C10 macrocycle and the perylenediimide leaving the pillar[5]arene components unperturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pearce
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Surajit Kayal
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Xue Z Sun
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - E Stephen Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ferdinando Malagreca
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Sho Ito
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12, Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Akihito Yamano
- Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12, Matsubara, Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8666, Japan
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Neil R Champness
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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7
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Pitié S, Seydou M, Dappe YJ, Martin P, Maurel F, Lacroix JC. Insights on asymmetric BTB-based molecular junctions: Effect of electrode coupling. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Shi J, Jiang F, Long S, Lu Z, Liu T, Zheng H, Shi J, Yang Y, Hong W, Tian ZQ. The influence of water on the charge transport through self-assembled monolayers junctions fabricated by EGaIn technique. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Zhang Z, Cao L, Chen X, Thompson D, Qi D, Nijhuis CA. Energy-Level Alignment and Orbital-Selective Femtosecond Charge Transfer Dynamics of Redox-Active Molecules on Au, Ag, and Pt Metal Surfaces. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:18474-18482. [PMID: 34476044 PMCID: PMC8404196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c04655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer (CT) dynamics across metal-molecule interfaces has important implications for performance and function of molecular electronic devices. CT times, on the order of femtoseconds, can be precisely measured using synchrotron-based core-hole clock (CHC) spectroscopy, but little is known about the impact on CT times of the metal work function and the bond dipole created by metals and the anchoring group. To address this, here we measure CT dynamics across self-assembled monolayers bound by thiolate anchoring groups to Ag, Au, and Pt. The molecules have a terminal ferrocene (Fc) group connected by varying numbers of methylene units to a diphenylacetylene (DPA) wire. CT times measured using CHC with resonant photoemission spectroscopy (RPES) show that conjugated DPA wires conduct electricity faster than aliphatic carbon wires of a similar length. Shorter methylene connectors exhibit increased conjugation between Fc and DPA, facilitating CT by providing greater orbital mixing. We find nearly 10-fold increase in the CT time on Pt compared to Ag due to a larger bond dipole generated by partial electron transfer from the metal-sulfur bond to the carbon-sulfur bond, which creates an electrostatic field that impedes CT from the molecules. By fitting the RPES signal, we distinguish electrons coming from the Fe center and from cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings. The latter shows faster CT rates because of the delocalized Cp orbitals. Our study demonstrates the fine tuning of CT rates across junctions by careful engineering of several parts of the molecule and the molecule-metal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore
| | - Liang Cao
- Anhui
Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions,
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Anhui
Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions,
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Damien Thompson
- Department
of Physics, Bernal Institute, University
of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Dongchen Qi
- Centre
for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive, 117543, Singapore
- Centre
for Advanced 2D Materials, National University
of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Hybrid Materials
for Opto-Electronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano
Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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10
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Nguyen QV, Frisbie CD. Hopping Conductance in Molecular Wires Exhibits a Large Heavy-Atom Kinetic Isotope Effect. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2638-2643. [PMID: 33587628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a large kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for intramolecular charge transport in π-conjugated oligophenyleneimine (OPI) molecules connected to Au electrodes. 13C and 15N substitution on the imine bonds produces a conductance KIE of ∼2.7 per labeled atom in long OPI wires >4 nm in length, far larger than typical heavy-atom KIEs for chemical reactions. In contrast, isotopic labeling in shorter OPI wires <4 nm does not produce a conductance KIE, consistent with a direct tunneling mechanism. Temperature-dependent measurements reveal that conductance for a long 15N-substituted OPI wire is activated, and we propose that the exceptionally large conductance KIEs imply a thermally assisted, through-barrier polaron tunneling mechanism. In general, observation of large conductance KIEs opens up considerable opportunities for understanding microscopic conduction mechanisms in π-conjugated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Van Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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11
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Ie Y, Okamoto Y, Inoue T, Seo T, Ohto T, Yamada R, Tada H, Aso Y. Improving Intramolecular Hopping Charge Transport via Periodical Segmentation of π-Conjugation in a Molecule. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:599-603. [PMID: 33350820 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The development of several-nanometer-scale π-conjugated systems for efficient intramolecular hopping charge transport remains a significant challenge. To construct localized electronic structures at the same energy in a molecule, a series of oligothiophenes, with lengths up to 10 nm and periodically twisted structures, was synthesized. Single-molecule conductance measurements of the twisted molecules revealed resistances lower than those of planar oligothiophenes. This study provides a rational molecular design to improve the intramolecular hopping charge transport in materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuji Okamoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takuya Inoue
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takuji Seo
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ohto
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshio Aso
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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12
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Kröncke S, Herrmann C. Toward a First-Principles Evaluation of Transport Mechanisms in Molecular Wires. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:6267-6279. [PMID: 32886502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding charge transport through molecular wires is important for nanoscale electronics and biochemistry. Our goal is to establish a simple first-principles protocol for predicting the charge transport mechanism in such wires, in particular the crossover from coherent tunneling for short wires to incoherent hopping for longer wires. This protocol is based on a combination of density functional theory with a polarizable continuum model introduced by Kaupp et al. for mixed-valence molecules, which we had previously found to work well for length-dependent charge delocalization in such systems. We combine this protocol with a new charge delocalization measure tailored for molecular wires, and we show that it can predict the tunneling-to-hopping transition length with a maximum error of one subunit in five sets of molecular wires studied experimentally in molecular junctions at room temperature. This suggests that the protocol is also well suited for estimating the extent of hopping sites as relevant, for example, for the intermediate tunneling-hopping regime in DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kröncke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Saxena SK, Tefashe UM, McCreery RL. Photostimulated Near-Resonant Charge Transport over 60 nm in Carbon-Based Molecular Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15420-15430. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra K. Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ushula M. Tefashe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Richard L. McCreery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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14
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Hwang S, Jeong I, Park J, Kim JK, Kim H, Lee T, Kwak J, Chung S. Enhanced Output Performance of All-Solution-Processed Organic Thermoelectrics: Spray Printing and Interface Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26250-26257. [PMID: 32403922 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report two organocompatible strategies to enhance the output performance of all-solution-processed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thermoelectric generators (TEGs): introducing an additive spray printing process and functionalized polymer interlayers to reduce the module resistance. The spray printing enabled the deposition of 1-μm-thick PEDOT:PSS layers with a high degree of design freedom, resulting in a significantly reduced sheet resistance of 16 Ω sq-1 that is closely related to the thermoelectric output performance. Also, by inserting an ultrathin silane-terminated polystyrene (PS) interlayer between the PEDOT:PSS thermoelectric layers and inkjet-printed Ag interconnects selectively, the contact resistivity extracted by the transmission line method was reduced from 6.02 × 10-2 to 2.77 × 10-2 Ω cm2. We found that the PS interlayers behaved as a thin tunneling layer, which facilitated the carrier injection from the inkjet-printed Ag electrodes into the PEDOT:PSS films by field emission with an effectively lowered energy barrier. The activation energy was also extracted using the Richardson equation, resulting in a reduction of 2.59 ± 0.04 meV after the PS treatment. Scalable plastic-compatible processability and selective interface engineering enabled to demonstrate the flexible 74-leg PEDOT:PSS TEGs exhibiting the open-circuit voltage of 9.21 mV and the output power of 2.23 nW at a temperature difference of 10 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongkwon Hwang
- Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Jeong
- Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyung Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesuk Kim
- Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Chung
- Photo-Electronic Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
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15
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Ai Y, Lacroix JC. Self-terminated fabrication of electrochemically-gated conducting polymer nanojunctions. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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16
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Vickers ET, Xu K, Li X, Zhang JZ. Dependence of stability and electronic and optical properties of perovskite quantum dots on capping ligand chain length. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:034701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5133803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Thomas Vickers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
| | - Ke Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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17
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Kayser B, Fereiro JA, Bhattacharyya R, Cohen SR, Vilan A, Pecht I, Sheves M, Cahen D. Solid-State Electron Transport via the Protein Azurin is Temperature-Independent Down to 4 K. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:144-151. [PMID: 31821001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state electronic transport (ETp) via the electron-transfer copper protein azurin (Az) was measured in Au/Az/Au junction configurations down to 4 K, the lowest temperature for solid-state protein-based junctions. Not only does lowering the temperature help when observing fine features of electronic transport, but it also limits possible electron transport mechanisms. Practically, wire-bonded devices-on-chip, carrying Az-based microscopic junctions, were measured in liquid He, minimizing temperature gradients across the samples. Much smaller junctions, in conducting-probe atomic force microscopy measurements, served, between room temperature and the protein's denaturation temperature (∼323 K), to check that conductance behavior is independent of device configuration or contact nature and thus is a property of the protein itself. Temperature-independent currents were observed from ∼320 to 4 K. The experimental results were fitted to a single-level Landauer model to extract effective energy barrier and electrode-molecule coupling strength values and to compare data sets. Our results strongly support that quantum tunneling, rather than hopping, dominates ETp via Az.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kayser
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Jerry A Fereiro
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Rajarshi Bhattacharyya
- Braun Center for Submicron Research, Department of Condensed Matter Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Sidney R Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Ayelet Vilan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Israel Pecht
- Department of Immunology , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - Mordechai Sheves
- Department of Organic Chemistry , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
| | - David Cahen
- Department of Materials and Interfaces , Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100 , Israel
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18
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Santos A, Tefashe UM, McCreery RL, Bueno PR. Introducing mesoscopic charge transfer rates into molecular electronics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10828-10832. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01621g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the concept of mesoscopic rate is able to establish a bridge between electrochemical and molecular electronic concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Santos
- Institute of Chemistry
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)
- Araraquara
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo R. Bueno
- Institute of Chemistry
- São Paulo State University (UNESP)
- Araraquara
- Brazil
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19
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Park S, Kang S, Yoon HJ. Power Factor of One Molecule Thick Films and Length Dependence. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1975-1982. [PMID: 31893227 PMCID: PMC6936095 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a rapidly increasing interest in organic thin film thermoelectrics. However, the power factor of one molecule thick organic film, the self-assembled monolayer (SAM), has not yet been determined. This study describes the experimental determination of the power factor in SAMs and its length dependence at an atomic level. As a proof-of-concept, SAMs composed of n-alkanethiolates and oligophenylenethiolates of different lengths are focused. These SAMs were electrically and thermoelectrically characterized on an identical junction platform using a liquid metal top-electrode, allowing the straightforward estimation of the power factor of the monolayers. The results show that the power factor of the alkyl SAMs ranged from 2.0 × 10-8 to 8.0 × 10-12 μW m-1 K-2 and exhibited significant negative length dependence, whereas the conductivity and thermopower of the conjugated SAMs are the two opposing factors that balance the power factor upon an increase in molecular length, exhibiting a maximum power factor of 3.6 × 10-8 μW m-1 K-2. Once correction factors about the ratio of effective contact area to geometrical contact area are considered, the values of power factors can be increased by several orders of magnitude. With a newly derived parametric semiempirical model describing the length dependence of the power factor, it is investigated that one molecule thick films thinner than 10 nm composed of thiophene units can yield power factors rivaling those of famed organic thermoelectric materials based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT/PSS) and polyaniline/graphene/double-walled carbon nanotube. Furthermore, how the transition of the transport regime from tunneling to hopping as molecules become long affects power factors is examined.
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20
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Ie Y, Okamoto Y, Inoue T, Tone S, Seo T, Honda Y, Tanaka S, Lee SK, Ohto T, Yamada R, Tada H, Aso Y. Highly Planar and Completely Insulated Oligothiophenes: Effects of π-Conjugation on Hopping Charge Transport. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3197-3204. [PMID: 31132274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the nature of long-range intramolecular charge transport in π-conjugated molecules is of great importance for the development of organic electronic materials. However, the effects of the degree of π-conjugation on the hopping charge transport have not been experimentally explored so far owing to the lack of π-conjugated backbones with different conjugation degrees and several-nanometer lengths. Here we develop highly planar and completely insulated oligothiophenes between 0.85 and 9.64 nm in length. As compared to distorted oligothiophenes, single-molecule conductance measurements of the planar molecules show (i) a smaller activation energy and larger electrical conductance in the hopping transport regime and (ii) a shift in crossover between tunneling and hopping conduction toward a short molecular length. Theoretical calculations indicate that small reorganization energies and narrow energy gaps derived from the planar backbones result in these superior characteristics. This study reveals that the planarity of π-conjugation has significant advantages for hopping charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Yuji Okamoto
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Takuya Inoue
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Saori Tone
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Takuji Seo
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- West Japan Office, HPC Systems Inc. , 646 Nijohanjikicho , Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto 600-8412 , Japan
| | - Shoji Tanaka
- Research Center for Molecular Scale Nanoscience , Institute for Molecular Science , Okazaki , Aichi 444-8585 , Japan
| | - See Kei Lee
- Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ohto
- Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , 1-3 Machikaneyama , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Yoshio Aso
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR) , Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
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21
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Cafferty BJ, Yuan L, Baghbanzadeh M, Rappoport D, Beyzavi MH, Whitesides GM. Charge Transport through Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Monoterpenoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Cafferty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Mostafa Baghbanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Dmitrij Rappoport
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - M. Hassan Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Current address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
| | - George M. Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University 12 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Kalvi Institute for Bionano Science and Technology Harvard University 29 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering Harvard University 60 Oxford Street Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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22
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Cafferty BJ, Yuan L, Baghbanzadeh M, Rappoport D, Beyzavi MH, Whitesides GM. Charge Transport through Self-Assembled Monolayers of Monoterpenoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8097-8102. [PMID: 30989746 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the processes at the origin of life that selected specific classes of molecules for broad incorporation into cells is controversial. Among those classes selected were polyisoprenoids and their derivatives. This paper tests the hypothesis that polyisoprenoids were early contributors to membranes in part because they (or their derivatives) could facilitate charge transport by quantum tunneling. It measures charge transport across self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of carboxyl-terminated monoterpenoids (O2 C(C9 HX)) and alkanoates (O2 C(C7 HX)) with different degrees of unsaturation, supported on silver (AgTS ) bottom electrodes, with Ga2 O3 /EGaIn top electrodes. Measurements of current density of SAMs of linear length-matched hydrocarbons-both saturated and unsaturated-show that completely unsaturated molecules transport charge faster than those that are completely saturated by approximately a factor of ten. This increase in relative rates of charge transport correlates with the number of carbon-carbon double bonds, but not with the extent of conjugation. These results suggest that polyisoprenoids-even fully unsaturated-are not sufficiently good tunneling conductors for their conductivity to have favored them as building blocks in the prebiotic world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Cafferty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Mostafa Baghbanzadeh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Dmitrij Rappoport
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - M Hassan Beyzavi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Kalvi Institute for Bionano Science and Technology, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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23
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24
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Kröncke S, Herrmann C. Designing Long-Range Charge Delocalization from First-Principles. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 15:165-177. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kröncke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Carmen Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany
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25
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Ostovan A, Mahdavifar Z, Bamdad M. Length–dependence of conductance in benzothiadiazole molecular wires between graphene nanoribbon electrodes: Effect of conformational changes. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Ivanov MV, Reid SA, Rathore R. Game of Frontier Orbitals: A View on the Rational Design of Novel Charge-Transfer Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3978-3986. [PMID: 29952570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the first application of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) to rationalize stereospecificity of pericyclic reactions, FMOs have remained at the forefront of chemical theory. Yet, the practical application of FMOs in the rational design and synthesis of novel charge transfer materials remains under-appreciated. In this Perspective, we demonstrate that molecular orbital theory is a powerful and universal tool capable of rationalizing the observed redox/optoelectronic properties of various aromatic hydrocarbons in the context of their application as charge-transfer materials. Importantly, the inspection of FMOs can provide instantaneous insight into the interchromophoric electronic coupling and polaron delocalization in polychromophoric assemblies, and therefore is invaluable for the rational design and synthesis of novel materials with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53201-1881 , United States
| | - Scott A Reid
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53201-1881 , United States
| | - Rajendra Rathore
- Department of Chemistry , Marquette University , P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53201-1881 , United States
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27
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Chandra Mondal P, Tefashe UM, McCreery RL. Internal Electric Field Modulation in Molecular Electronic Devices by Atmosphere and Mobile Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7239-7247. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ushula M. Tefashe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Richard L. McCreery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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28
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Ivanov MV, Wang D, Rathore R. From Static to Dynamic: Electron Density of HOMO at Biaryl Linkage Controls the Mechanism of Hole Delocalization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:4765-4769. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University,
P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Denan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University,
P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Rajendra Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University,
P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
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29
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Sierra MA, Sánchez D, Garrigues AR, Del Barco E, Wang L, Nijhuis CA. How to distinguish between interacting and noninteracting molecules in tunnel junctions. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:3904-3910. [PMID: 29423488 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05739c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments demonstrate a temperature control of the electric conduction through a ferrocene-based molecular junction. Here we examine the results in view of determining means to distinguish between transport through single-particle molecular levels or via transport channels split by Coulomb repulsion. Both transport mechanisms are similar in molecular junctions given the similarities between molecular intralevel energies and the charging energy. We propose an experimentally testable way to identify the main transport process. By applying a magnetic field to the molecule, we observe that an interacting theory predicts a shift of the conductance resonances of the molecule whereas in the noninteracting case each resonance is split into two peaks. The interaction model works well in explaining our experimental results obtained in a ferrocene-based single-molecule junction, where the charge degeneracy peaks shift (but do not split) under the action of an applied 7-Tesla magnetic field. This method is useful for a proper characterization of the transport properties of molecular tunnel junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sierra
- Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems IFISC (UIB-CSIC), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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30
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Smith CE, Xie Z, Bâldea I, Frisbie CD. Work function and temperature dependence of electron tunneling through an N-type perylene diimide molecular junction with isocyanide surface linkers. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:964-975. [PMID: 29192925 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06461f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conducting probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) was employed to examine electron tunneling in self-assembled monolayer (SAM) junctions. A 2.3 nm long perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimide (PDI) acceptor molecule equipped with isocyanide linker groups was synthesized, adsorbed onto Ag, Au and Pt substrates, and the current-voltage (I-V) properties were measured by CP-AFM. The dependence of the low-bias resistance (R) on contact work function indicates that transport is LUMO-assisted ('n-type behavior'). A single-level tunneling model combined with transition voltage spectroscopy (TVS) was employed to analyze the experimental I-V curves and to extract the effective LUMO position εl = ELUMO - EF and the effective electronic coupling (Γ) between the PDI redox core and the contacts. This analysis revealed a strong Fermi level (EF) pinning effect in all the junctions, likely due to interface dipoles that significantly increased with increasing contact work function, as revealed by scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM). Furthermore, the temperature (T) dependence of R was found to be substantial. For Pt/Pt junctions, R varied more than two orders of magnitude in the range 248 K < T < 338 K. Importantly, the R(T) data are consistent with a single step electron tunneling mechanism and allow independent determination of εl, giving values compatible with estimates of εl based on analysis of the full I-V data. Theoretical analysis revealed a general criterion to unambiguously rule out a two-step transport mechanism: namely, if measured resistance data exhibit a pronounced Arrhenius-type temperature dependence, a two-step electron transfer scenario should be excluded in cases where the activation energy depends on contact metallurgy. Overall, our results indicate (1) the generality of the Fermi level pinning phenomenon in molecular junctions, (2) the utility of employing the single level tunneling model for determining essential electronic structure parameters (εl and Γ), and (3) the importance of changing the nature of the contacts to verify transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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31
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Ivanova LV, Navale TS, Wang D, Lindeman S, Ivanov MV, Rathore R. Towards the rational design of novel charge-transfer materials: biaryls with a dihedral angle-independent hole delocalization mechanism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:5851-5854. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a rational design of novel materials using FMO analysis on the example of biaryls with dihedral angle independent mechanism of hole delocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denan Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Marquette University
- Milwaukee
- USA
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32
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James DD, Bayat A, Smith SR, Lacroix JC, McCreery RL. Nanometric building blocks for robust multifunctional molecular junctions. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:45-52. [PMID: 32254109 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00109f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Much of the motivation for developing molecular electronic devices is the prospect of achieving novel electronic functions by varying molecular structure. We describe a "building block" approach for molecular junctions resulting in one, two or three nanometer-thick molecular layers in a commercially proven junction design. A single layer of anthraquinone between carbon electrodes provides a tunnel device with applications in electronic music, and a second layer of a thiophene derivative yields a molecular rectifier with quite different audio characteristics. A third layer of lithium benzoate produces a redox-active device with possible applications in non-volatile memory devices or on-chip energy storage. The building block approach forms a basis for "rational design" of electronic functions, in which layers of varying structure produce distinct and desirable electronic behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D James
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Alberta, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada.
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33
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Sangeeth CSS, Jiang L, Nijhuis CA. Bottom-electrode induced defects in self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based tunnel junctions affect only the SAM resistance, not the contact resistance or SAM capacitance. RSC Adv 2018; 8:19939-19949. [PMID: 35541643 PMCID: PMC9080736 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In large area molecular junctions, defects are always present and can be caused by impurities and/or defects in the electrode materials and/or SAMs, but how they affect the electrical characteristics of junctions has rarely been studied. Usually, junctions are characterized by two-terminal current–voltage measurements where only the total current across the junction is measured, but with these methods one cannot distinguish how the individual components of the junctions are altered by the defects. Here we show that the roughness of the bottom-electrode is a crucial factor in determining the electrical properties of self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based junctions. We used potentiodynamic impedance spectroscopy to reveal which components of the junctions are altered by defective bottom electrodes because this method allows for direct determination of all components that impede charge transport in the equivalent circuit of the junctions. We intentionally introduced defects via the roughness of the bottom electrode and found that these defects lower the SAM resistance but they do not alter the capacitance of the SAM or the contact resistance of the junction. In other words, defective junctions can be seen as “leaky capacitors” resulting in an underestimation of the SAM resistance of two orders of magnitude. These results help to improve the interpretation of data generated by SAM-based junctions and explain in part the observed large spread of reported tunneling rates for the same molecules measured across different platforms. In large area molecular junctions, defects are always present and can be caused by impurities and/or defects in the electrode materials and/or SAMs, but how they affect the electrical characteristics of junctions has rarely been studied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
- Singapore
- Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre
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34
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Clough AJ, Skelton JM, Downes CA, de la Rosa AA, Yoo JW, Walsh A, Melot BC, Marinescu SC. Metallic Conductivity in a Two-Dimensional Cobalt Dithiolene Metal–Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10863-10867. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Clough
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | | | - Courtney A. Downes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ashley A. de la Rosa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Joseph W. Yoo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Aron Walsh
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Brent C. Melot
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Smaranda C. Marinescu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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35
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Wang B, Zheng S, Saha A, Bao L, Lu X, Guldi DM. Understanding Charge-Transfer Characteristics in Crystalline Nanosheets of Fullerene/(Metallo)porphyrin Cocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10578-10584. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Shushu Zheng
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials Processing, School of Material Science
and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Avishek Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Lipiao Bao
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials Processing, School of Material Science
and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xing Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Materials Processing, School of Material Science
and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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36
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Yamaguchi K, Murai T, Kutsumizu S, Miwa Y, Ebihara M, Guo J, Tokitoh N. Experimental and Theoretical Examination of the Radical Cations Obtained from the Chemical and Electrochemical Oxidation of 5-Aminothiazoles. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:282-287. [PMID: 28413765 PMCID: PMC5390811 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical or electrochemical one-electron oxidation of 5-N-arylaminothiazoles was found to afford stable radical cations. For chemical oxidation, 1 equivalent of [(4-BrC6H4)3N][SbCl6] (Magic Blue, MB) was added to CH2Cl2 solutions of the thiazoles, and the thus-obtained radicals showed light absorption in the near-infrared region. Electrochemical oxidation also led to bathochromic shifts in the absorption bands, and the obtained spectra were similar to those derived from the chemically oxidized species. These radicals afforded electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra that are consistent with the notion of stable nitrogen radicals (half-life≤385 h). The EPR spectrum of a thiazole containing 4-dimethylaminophenyl groups on the nitrogen atom at the 5-position changed significantly upon adding >3 equivalents of MB. Details of the electronic structures of the experimentally obtained radical cations were generated from theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirara Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of EngineeringGifu University, YanagidoGifu501–1193Japan
| | - Toshiaki Murai
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of EngineeringGifu University, YanagidoGifu501–1193Japan
| | - Shoichi Kutsumizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of EngineeringGifu University, YanagidoGifu501–1193Japan
| | - Yohei Miwa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of EngineeringGifu University, YanagidoGifu501–1193Japan
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of EngineeringGifu University, YanagidoGifu501–1193Japan
| | - Jing‐Dong Guo
- Institute for Chemical ResearchKyoto University, Gokasho UjiKyoto611-0011Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical ResearchKyoto University, Gokasho UjiKyoto611-0011Japan
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37
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Ivanov MV, Chebny VJ, Talipov MR, Rathore R. Poly-p-hydroquinone Ethers: Isoenergetic Molecular Wires with Length-Invariant Oxidation Potentials and Cation Radical Excitation Energies. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4334-4337. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V. Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University,
P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Vincent J. Chebny
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University,
P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Marat R. Talipov
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University,
P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
| | - Rajendra Rathore
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University,
P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-1881, United States
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38
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Kiran V, Cohen SR, Naaman R. Structure dependent spin selectivity in electron transport through oligopeptides. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4966237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vankayala Kiran
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot NA 76100, Israel
| | - Sidney R. Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot NA 76100, Israel
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39
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Vilan A, Aswal D, Cahen D. Large-Area, Ensemble Molecular Electronics: Motivation and Challenges. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4248-4286. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Vilan
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - David Cahen
- Department
of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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40
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Gryn'ova G, Ollitrault PJ, Corminboeuf C. Guidelines and diagnostics for charge carrier tuning in thiophene-based wires. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:23254-23259. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04295g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Reported experimental trends in charge carrier tuning in single molecule junctions of oligothiophene-based wires are rationalized by means of frontier molecular orbital theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Gryn'ova
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Pauline J. Ollitrault
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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41
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Sethi S, Das PK, Behera N. The chemistry of aminoferrocene, Fe{(η5-C5H4NH2)(η5-Cp)}: Synthesis, reactivity and applications. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Vela S, Bauroth S, Atienza C, Molina-Ontoria A, Guldi DM, Martín N. Determining the Attenuation Factor in Molecular Wires Featuring Covalent and Noncovalent Tectons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Vela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Stefan Bauroth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Carmen Atienza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia; C/ Faraday 9, Campus UAM 28049 Madrid Spain
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43
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Vela S, Bauroth S, Atienza C, Molina-Ontoria A, Guldi DM, Martín N. Determining the Attenuation Factor in Molecular Wires Featuring Covalent and Noncovalent Tectons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15076-15080. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Vela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Stefan Bauroth
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Carmen Atienza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | | | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and; Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; University of Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia; C/ Faraday 9, Campus UAM 28049 Madrid Spain
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44
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Marrocchi A, Facchetti A, Lanari D, Santoro S, Vaccaro L. Click-chemistry approaches to π-conjugated polymers for organic electronics applications. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6298-6308. [PMID: 28567241 PMCID: PMC5450439 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01832g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the wide utility of click-chemistry reactions for the preparation of simple moieties within large architecturally complex materials, this minireview article aims at surveying papers exploring their scope in the area of π-conjugated polymers for application in organic electronics to enable advanced functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Marrocchi
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry , CEMIN - Dipartimento di Chimica , Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università di Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto, 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ;
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Polyera Corporation , 8045 Lamon Avenue , Skokie , IL 60077 , USA
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
- Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , IL 60208 , USA
| | - Daniela Lanari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Università di Perugia , Via del Liceo, 1 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Stefano Santoro
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry , CEMIN - Dipartimento di Chimica , Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università di Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto, 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ;
| | - Luigi Vaccaro
- Laboratory of Green Synthetic Organic Chemistry , CEMIN - Dipartimento di Chimica , Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università di Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto, 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy . ;
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45
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Morteza Najarian A, Szeto B, Tefashe UM, McCreery RL. Robust All-Carbon Molecular Junctions on Flexible or Semi-Transparent Substrates Using "Process-Friendly" Fabrication. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8918-8928. [PMID: 27529117 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Large area molecular junctions were fabricated on electron-beam deposited carbon (eC) surfaces with molecular layers in the range of 2-5.5 nm between conducting, amorphous carbon contacts. Incorporating eC as an interconnect between Au and the molecular layer improves substrate roughness, prevents electromigration and uses well-known electrochemistry to form a covalent C-C bond to the molecular layer. Au/eC/anthraquinone/eC/Au junctions were fabricated on Si/SiOx with high yield and reproducibility and were unchanged by 10(7) current-voltage cycles and temperatures between 80 and 450 K. Au/eC/AQ/eC/Au devices fabricated on plastic films were unchanged by 10(7) current density vs bias voltage (J-V) cycles and repeated bending of the entire assembled junction. The low sheet resistance of Au/eC substrates permitted junctions with sufficiently transparent electrodes to conduct Raman or UV-vis absorption spectroscopy in either reflection or transmission geometries. Lithographic patterning of Au/eC substrates permitted wafer-scale integration yielding 500 devices on 20 chips on a 100 mm diameter wafer. Collectively, eC on Au provides a platform for fabrication and operation of chemically stable, optically and electrically functional molecules on rigid or flexible materials. The relative ease of processing and the robustness of molecular junctions incorporating eC layers should help address the challenge of economic fabrication of practical, flexible molecular junctions for a potentially wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Morteza Najarian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Bryan Szeto
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ushula M Tefashe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Richard L McCreery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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46
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Dong S, Herng TS, Gopalakrishna TY, Phan H, Lim ZL, Hu P, Webster RD, Ding J, Chi C. Extended Bis(benzothia)quinodimethanes and Their Dications: From Singlet Diradicaloids to Isoelectronic Structures of Long Acenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9316-20. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201603135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Dong
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Hoa Phan
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Zheng Long Lim
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Pan Hu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry & Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical & Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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47
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Dong S, Herng TS, Gopalakrishna TY, Phan H, Lim ZL, Hu P, Webster RD, Ding J, Chi C. Extended Bis(benzothia)quinodimethanes and Their Dications: From Singlet Diradicaloids to Isoelectronic Structures of Long Acenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201603135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiang Dong
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Tun Seng Herng
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | | | - Hoa Phan
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Zheng Long Lim
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Pan Hu
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
| | - Richard D. Webster
- Division of Chemistry & Biological ChemistrySchool of Physical & Mathematical SciencesNanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational University of Singapore 119260 Singapore Singapore
| | - Chunyan Chi
- Department of ChemistryNational University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 117543 Singapore Singapore
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48
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Sangeeth CSS, Demissie AT, Yuan L, Wang T, Frisbie CD, Nijhuis CA. Comparison of DC and AC Transport in 1.5-7.5 nm Oligophenylene Imine Molecular Wires across Two Junction Platforms: Eutectic Ga-In versus Conducting Probe Atomic Force Microscope Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:7305-14. [PMID: 27172452 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have utilized DC and AC transport measurements to measure the resistance and capacitance of thin films of conjugated oligophenyleneimine (OPI) molecules ranging from 1.5 to 7.5 nm in length. These films were synthesized on Au surfaces utilizing the imine condensation chemistry between terephthalaldehyde and 1,4-benzenediamine. Near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy yielded molecular tilt angles of 33-43°. To probe DC and AC transport, we employed Au-S-OPI//GaOx/EGaIn junctions having contact areas of 9.6 × 10(2) μm(2) (10(9) nm(2)) and compared to previously reported DC results on the same OPI system obtained using Au-S-OPI//Au conducting probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) junctions with 50 nm(2) areas. We found that intensive observables agreed very well across the two junction platforms. Specifically, the EGaIn-based junctions showed: (i) a crossover from tunneling to hopping transport at molecular lengths near 4 nm; (ii) activated transport for wires >4 nm in length with an activation energy of 0.245 ± 0.008 eV for OPI-7; (iii) exponential dependence of conductance with molecular length with a decay constant β = 2.84 ± 0.18 nm(-1) (DC) and 2.92 ± 0.13 nm(-1) (AC) in the tunneling regime, and an apparent β = 1.01 ± 0.08 nm(-1) (DC) and 0.99 ± 0.11 nm(-1) (AC) in the hopping regime; (iv) previously unreported dielectric constant of 4.3 ± 0.2 along the OPI wires. However, the absolute resistances of Au-S-OPI//GaOx/EGaIn junctions were approximately 100 times higher than the corresponding CP-AFM junctions due to differences in metal-molecule contact resistances between the two platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Suchand Sangeeth
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Abel T Demissie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543.,Centre for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore , 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546
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49
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Garrigues AR, Wang L, Del Barco E, Nijhuis CA. Electrostatic control over temperature-dependent tunnelling across a single-molecule junction. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11595. [PMID: 27211787 PMCID: PMC4879245 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the mechanism of charge transport through molecular tunnel junctions depends on temperature is crucial to control electronic function in molecular electronic devices. With just a few systems investigated as a function of bias and temperature so far, thermal effects in molecular tunnel junctions remain poorly understood. Here we report a detailed charge transport study of an individual redox-active ferrocene-based molecule over a wide range of temperatures and applied potentials. The results show the temperature dependence of the current to vary strongly as a function of the gate voltage. Specifically, the current across the molecule exponentially increases in the Coulomb blockade regime and decreases at the charge degeneracy points, while remaining temperature-independent at resonance. Our observations can be well accounted for by a formal single-level tunnelling model where the temperature dependence relies on the thermal broadening of the Fermi distributions of the electrons in the leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvar R Garrigues
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Lejia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Enrique Del Barco
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Christian A Nijhuis
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore.,Centre for Advanced 2D Materials, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
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50
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Taherinia D, Smith CE, Ghosh S, Odoh SO, Balhorn L, Gagliardi L, Cramer CJ, Frisbie CD. Charge Transport in 4 nm Molecular Wires with Interrupted Conjugation: Combined Experimental and Computational Evidence for Thermally Assisted Polaron Tunneling. ACS NANO 2016; 10:4372-4383. [PMID: 27017971 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b08126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, transport measurements, and electronic structure of conjugation-broken oligophenyleneimine (CB-OPI 6) molecular wires with lengths of ∼4 nm. The wires were grown from Au surfaces using stepwise aryl imine condensation reactions between 1,4-diaminobenzene and terephthalaldehyde (1,4-benzenedicarbaldehyde). Saturated spacers (conjugation breakers) were introduced into the molecular backbone by replacing the aromatic diamine with trans-1,4-diaminocyclohexane at specific steps during the growth processes. FT-IR and ellipsometry were used to follow the imination reactions on Au surfaces. Surface coverages (∼4 molecules/nm(2)) and electronic structures of the wires were determined by cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis spectroscopy, respectively. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the wires were acquired using conducting probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) in which an Au-coated AFM probe was brought into contact with the wires to form metal-molecule-metal junctions with contact areas of ∼50 nm(2). The low bias resistance increased with the number of saturated spacers, but was not sensitive to the position of the spacer within the wire. Temperature dependent measurements of resistance were consistent with a localized charge (polaron) hopping mechanism in all of the wires. Activation energies were in the range of 0.18-0.26 eV (4.2-6.0 kcal/mol) with the highest belonging to the fully conjugated OPI 6 wire and the lowest to the CB3,5-OPI 6 wire (the wire with two saturated spacers). For the two other wires with a single conjugation breaker, CB3-OPI 6 and CB5-OPI 6, activation energies of 0.20 eV (4.6 kcal/mol) and 0.21 eV (4.8 kcal/mol) were found, respectively. Computational studies using density functional theory confirmed the polaronic nature of charge carriers but predicted that the semiclassical activation energy of hopping should be higher for CB-OPI molecular wires than for the OPI 6 wire. To reconcile the experimental and computational results, we propose that the transport mechanism is thermally assisted polaron tunneling in the case of CB-OPI wires, which is consistent with their increased resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Taherinia
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher E Smith
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Soumen Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Samuel O Odoh
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Luke Balhorn
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and §Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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