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Farcaş AA, Bende A. Theoretical insights into dopamine photochemistry adsorbed on graphene-type nanostructures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14937-14947. [PMID: 38738904 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The equilibrium geometry structures and light absorption properties of the dopamine (DA) and dopamine-o-quinone (DAQ) adsorbed on the graphene surface have been investigated using the ground state and linear-response time-dependent density functional theories. Two types of graphene systems were considered, a rectangular form of hexagonal lattice with optimized C-C bond length as the model system for graphene nanoparticles (GrNP) and a similar system but with fixed C-C bond length (1.42 Å) as the model system for graphene 2D sheet (GrS). The analysis of the vertical excitations showed that three types of electronic transitions are possible, namely, localized on graphene, localized on the DA or DAQ, and charge transfer (CT). In the case of the graphene-DA complex, the charge transfer excitations were characterized by the molecule-to-surface (MSCT) character, whereas the graphene-DAQ was characterized by the reverse, i.e. surface-to-molecule (SMCT). The difference between the two cases is given by the presence of an energetically low-lying unoccupied orbital (LUMO+1) that allows charge transfer from the surface to the molecule in the case of DAQ. However, it was also shown that the fingerprints of excited electronic states associated with the adsorbed molecules cannot be seen in the spectrum, as they are mostly suppressed by the characteristic spectral shape of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex-Adrian Farcaş
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat Street, No. 67-103, Ro-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Attila Bende
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat Street, No. 67-103, Ro-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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2
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Wawra SE, Onishchukov G, Maranska M, Eigler S, Walter J, Peukert W. A multiwavelength emission detector for analytical ultracentrifugation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4422-4432. [PMID: 36134402 PMCID: PMC9419176 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00487d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new detector for multiwavelength emission analytical ultracentrifugation (MWE-AUC) is presented, which allows measuring size- or composition-dependent fluorescence properties of nanoparticle ensembles. Validation of the new setup is carried out via comparison to a benchtop photoluminescence spectrometer and the established extinction-based multiwavelength analytical ultracentrifuge (MWL-AUC). The results on fluorescent proteins and silica particles demonstrate that the new device not only correctly reproduces sedimentation and diffusion coefficients of the particles but provides also meaningful fluorescence spectra. As an application example for a sample exhibiting a broad particle size distribution, spectra and size of graphene oxide nanoplatelets are extracted simultaneously. Narrowly distributed CdSe/ZnS quantum dots showing size- and structure-dependent shifts of their fluorescence spectra are analyzed as well. The combination of MWE- and MWL-AUC provides a comprehensive framework for the optical characterization for nanoparticles and macromolecules in terms of their extinction and emission properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Wawra
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Georgy Onishchukov
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Maria Maranska
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Johannes Walter
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Haberstrasse 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Cauerstrasse 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Haberstrasse 9a 91058 Erlangen Germany
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3
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Cadranel A, Margraf JT, Strauss V, Clark T, Guldi DM. Carbon Nanodots for Charge-Transfer Processes. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:955-963. [PMID: 30882201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, carbon nanodots (CNDs) have emerged as an environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and inexpensive class of material, whose features sparked interest for a wide range of applications. Most notable is their photoactivity, as exemplified by their strong luminescence. Consequently, CNDs are currently being investigated as active components in photocatalysis, sensing, and optoelectronics. Charge-transfer interactions are common to all these areas. It is therefore essential to be able to fine-tune both the electronic structure of CNDs and the electronic communication in CND-based functional materials. The complex, but not completely deciphered, structure of CNDs necessitates, however, a multifaceted strategy to investigate their fundamental electronic structure and to establish structure-property relationships. Such investigations require a combination of spectroscopic methods, such as ultrafast transient absorption and fluorescence up-conversion techniques, electrochemistry, and modeling of CNDs, both in the absence and presence of other photoactive materials. Only a sound understanding of the dynamics of charge transfer, charge shift, charge transport, etc., with and without light makes much-needed improvements in, for example, photocatalytic processes, in which CNDs are used as either photosensitizers or catalytic centers, possible. This Account addresses the structural, photophysical, and electrochemical properties of CNDs, in general, and the charge-transfer chemistry of CNDs, in particular. Pressure-synthesized CNDs (pCNDs), for which citric acid and urea are used as inexpensive and biobased precursor materials, lie at the center of attention. A simple microwave-assisted thermolytic reaction, performed in sealed vessels, yields pCNDs with a fairly homogeneous size distribution of ∼1-2 nm. The narrow and excitation-independent photoluminescence of pCNDs contrasts with that seen in CNDs synthesized by other techniques, making pCNDs optimal for in-depth physicochemical analyses. The atomistic and electronic structures of CNDs were also analyzed by quantum chemical modeling approaches that led to a range of possible structures, ranging from heavily functionalized, graphene-like structures to disordered amorphous particles containing small sp2 domains. Both the electron-accepting and -donating performances of CNDs make the charge-transfer chemistry of CNDs rather versatile. Both covalent and noncovalent synthetic approaches have been explored, resulting in architectures of various sizes. CNDs, for example, have been combined with molecular materials ranging from electron-donating porphyrins and extended tetrathiafulvalenes to electron-accepting perylendiimides, or nanocarbon materials such as polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes. In every case, charge-separated states formed as part of the reaction cascades initiated by photoexcitation. Charge-transfer assemblies including CNDs have also played a role in technological applications: for example, a proof-of-concept dye-sensitized solar cell was designed and tested, in which CNDs were adsorbed on the surface of mesoporous anatase TiO2. The wide range of reported electron-donor-acceptor systems documents the versatility of CNDs as molecular building blocks, whose electronic properties are tunable for the needs of emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cadranel
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johannes T. Margraf
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Sun Z, Talreja N, Tao H, Texter J, Muhler M, Strunk J, Chen J. Katalyse der Kohlenstoffdioxid-Photoreduktion an Nanoschichten: Grundlagen und Herausforderungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Peking 100029 China
| | - Neetu Talreja
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Peking 100029 China
| | - Hengcong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Peking 100029 China
| | - John Texter
- School of Engineering Technology; Eastern Michigan University; Ypsilanti MI 48197 USA
| | - Martin Muhler
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Jennifer Strunk
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Peking 100029 China
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5
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Sun Z, Talreja N, Tao H, Texter J, Muhler M, Strunk J, Chen J. Catalysis of Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction on Nanosheets: Fundamentals and Challenges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7610-7627. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Neetu Talreja
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Hengcong Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - John Texter
- School of Engineering Technology; Eastern Michigan University; Ypsilanti MI 48197 USA
| | - Martin Muhler
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Jennifer Strunk
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock; 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
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Hirsch A, Hauke F. Post-Graphene 2D Chemistry: The Emerging Field of Molybdenum Disulfide and Black Phosphorus Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4338-4354. [PMID: 29024321 PMCID: PMC5901039 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The current state of the chemical functionalization of three types of single sheet 2D materials, namely, graphene, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ), and black phosphorus (BP) is summarized. Such 2D sheet polymers are currently an emerging field at the interface of synthetic chemistry, physics, and materials science. Both covalent and non-covalent functionalization of sheet architectures allows a systematic modification of their properties, that is, an improvement of solubility and processability, the prevention of re-aggregation, or band-gap tuning. Next to successful functionalization concepts, fundamental challenges are also addressed. These include the insolubility and polydispersity of most 2D sheet polymers, the development of suitable characterization tools, the identification of effective binding strategies, the chemical activation of the usually rather unreactive basal planes for covalent addend binding, and the regioselectivity of plane addition reactions. Although a number of these questions remain elusive in this Review, the first promising concepts to overcome such hurdles are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hirsch
- Department for Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, ZMPFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, FAUHenkestraße 4291054ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes, ZMPFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, FAUDr.-Mack-Str. 8190762FürthGermany
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7
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Zhu C, Yun J, Wang Q, Hu Q, Yang G. Facile and Direct Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol over Graphene-Based Catalysts: Integrated Utilization of Greenhouse Nitrous Oxide. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhu
- College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Jiena Yun
- College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Qiaoli Hu
- College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Resources and Environment; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
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8
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Hirsch A, Hauke F. Zweidimensionale Chemie jenseits von Graphen: das aufstrebende Gebiet der Funktionalisierung von Molybdändisulfid und schwarzem Phosphor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hirsch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie &, Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik, ZMP; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, FAU; Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Frank Hauke
- Zentralinstitut für Neue Materialien und Prozesstechnik, ZMP; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, FAU; Dr.-Mack-Straße 81 90762 Fürth Deutschland
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9
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Holzwarth J, Amsharov KY, Sharapa DI, Reger D, Roshchyna K, Lungerich D, Jux N, Hauke F, Clark T, Hirsch A. Highly Regioselective Alkylation of Hexabenzocoronenes: Fundamental Insights into the Covalent Chemistry of Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12184-12190. [PMID: 28782166 PMCID: PMC5638083 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronides (HBC) was successfully used as a model system for investigating the complex mechanism of the reductive functionalization of graphene. The well-defined molecular HBC system enabled deeper insights into the mechanism of the alkylation of reductively activated nanographenes. The separation and complete characterization of alkylation products clearly demonstrate that nanographene functionalization proceeds with exceptionally high regio- and stereoselectivities on the HBC scaffold. Experimental and theoretical studies lead to the conclusion that the intact basal graphene plane is chemically inert and addend binding can only take place at either preexisting defects or close to the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Holzwarth
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack-Str. 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
| | - Konstantin Yu Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dmitry I Sharapa
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Reger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kateryna Roshchyna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack-Str. 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack-Str. 81, 90762, Fürth, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Bouša D, Huber Š, Sedmidubský D, Pumera M, Sofer Z. Planar Polyolefin Nanostripes: Perhydrogenated Graphene. Chemistry 2017. [PMID: 28639289 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Graphene hydrogenation gives an opportunity to introduce a band gap into the graphene electronic structure. Complete hydrogenation may lead to the graphane, a fully hydrogenated counterpart of graphene. However, pure graphane has not been successfully prepared to this day. Here, we show that hydrogenation of single-walled carbon nanotubes by means of Birch reduction leads to graphene-based carbon nanostripes with uniform dimensions. Such a material exhibits interesting electrocatalytic and magnetic properties as well huge potential for hydrogen storage since the weight concentration of hydrogen is 8.78 wt.% corresponding to the composition of C1 H1.22 O0.05 and thus exceeding the theoretical concentration in pure graphane (7.74 wt.%). The obtained concentration of hydrogen is the highest value ever reported for any graphene-based material and significantly exceeds the ultimate goal of the U.S. Department of Energy for a hydrogen storage material of 7.5 wt.%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bouša
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Štěphán Huber
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmidubský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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11
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Holzwarth J, Amsharov KY, Sharapa DI, Reger D, Roshchyna K, Lungerich D, Jux N, Hauke F, Clark T, Hirsch A. Highly Regioselective Alkylation of Hexabenzocoronenes: Fundamental Insights into the Covalent Chemistry of Graphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Holzwarth
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Dr. Mack-Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Konstantin Yu. Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dmitry I. Sharapa
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstraße 25 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - David Reger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Kateryna Roshchyna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Norbert Jux
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Dr. Mack-Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Nägelsbachstraße 25 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP); Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; Dr. Mack-Str. 81 90762 Fürth Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
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12
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Vecera P, Chacón-Torres JC, Pichler T, Reich S, Soni HR, Görling A, Edelthalhammer K, Peterlik H, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Precise determination of graphene functionalization by in situ Raman spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15192. [PMID: 28480893 PMCID: PMC5424145 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The verification of a successful covalent functionalization of graphene and related carbon allotropes can easily be carried out by Raman spectroscopy. Nevertheless, the unequivocal assignment and resolution of individual lattice modes associated with the covalent binding of addends was elusive up to now. Here we present an in situ Raman study of a controlled functionalization of potassium intercalated graphite, revealing several new bands appearing in the D-region of the spectrum. The evolution of these bands with increasing degree of functionalization from low to moderate levels provides a basis for the deconvolution of the different components towards quantifying the extent of functionalization. By complementary DFT calculations we were able to identify the vibrational changes in the close proximity of the addend bearing lattice carbon atoms and to assign them to specific Raman modes. The experimental in situ observation of the developing functionalization along with the reoxidation of the intercalated graphite represents an important step towards an improved understanding of the chemistry of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Vecera
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio C. Chacón-Torres
- Institut für Experimental Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Yachay Tech University, School of Physical Sciences and Nanotechnology, Urcuquí 100119, Ecuador
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Institut für Experimental Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Himadri R. Soni
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Edelthalhammer
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank Hauke
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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13
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Vecera P, Eigler S, Koleśnik-Gray M, Krstić V, Vierck A, Maultzsch J, Schäfer RA, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Degree of functionalisation dependence of individual Raman intensities in covalent graphene derivatives. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45165. [PMID: 28345640 PMCID: PMC5366877 DOI: 10.1038/srep45165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent functionalisation of graphene is a continuously progressing field of research. The optical properties of such derivatives attract particular attention. In virtually all optical responses, however, an enhancement in peak intensity with increase of sp3 carbon content, and a vanishing of the peak position shift in monolayer compared to few-layer systems, is observed. The understanding of these seemingly connected phenomena is lacking. Here we demonstrate, using Raman spectroscopy and in situ electrostatic doping techniques, that the intensity is directly modulated by an additional contribution from photoluminescent π-conjugated domains surrounded by sp3 carbon regions in graphene monolayers. The findings are further underpinned by a model which correlates the individual Raman mode intensities to the degree of functionalisation. We also show that the position shift in the spectra of solvent-based and powdered functionalised graphene derivatives originates predominantly from the presence of edge-to-edge and edge-to-basal plane interactions and is by large functionalisation independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Vecera
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Koleśnik-Gray
- Chair for Applied Physics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vojislav Krstić
- Chair for Applied Physics, Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Asmus Vierck
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Eugene-Wigner-Building EW 5-4, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Maultzsch
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Berlin, Eugene-Wigner-Building EW 5-4, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricarda A Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Bottari G, Herranz MÁ, Wibmer L, Volland M, Rodríguez-Pérez L, Guldi DM, Hirsch A, Martín N, D'Souza F, Torres T. Chemical functionalization and characterization of graphene-based materials. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4464-4500. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review offers an overview on the chemical functionalization, characterization and applications of graphene-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
| | - Ma Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Leonie Wibmer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Michel Volland
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- 91054 Erlangen
- Germany
| | - Nazario Martín
- IMDEA-Nanociencia
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
| | | | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences
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16
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Zhang X, Huang Y, Chen S, Kim NY, Kim W, Schilter D, Biswal M, Li B, Lee Z, Ryu S, Bielawski CW, Bacsa WS, Ruoff RS. Birch-Type Hydrogenation of Few-Layer Graphenes: Products and Mechanistic Implications. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14980-14986. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Center
for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuan Huang
- Center
for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department
of Physics, Renming University of China, Beijing 100782, P. R. China
| | - Na Yeon Kim
- School
of
Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Wontaek Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - David Schilter
- Center
for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Mandakini Biswal
- Center
for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Baowen Li
- Center
for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- Center
for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School
of
Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmin Ryu
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Division
of Advanced Materials Science, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center
for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Energy Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Wolfgang S. Bacsa
- CEMES-CNRS and University of Toulouse, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse, France
| | - Rodney S. Ruoff
- Center
for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School
of
Materials Science and Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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17
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Efficient Energy-Conversion Materials for the Future: Understanding and Tailoring Charge-Transfer Processes in Carbon Nanostructures. Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Schäfer RA, Dasler D, Mundloch U, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Basic Insights into Tunable Graphene Hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1647-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda A. Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dasler
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo Mundloch
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and
Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Bouša D, Luxa J, Sedmidubský D, Huber Š, Jankovský O, Pumera M, Sofer Z. Nanosized graphane (C1H1.14)n by hydrogenation of carbon nanofibers by Birch reduction method. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22077g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fully hydrogenated graphane nanostructures were prepared from graphite nanofibers by Birch reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bouša
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- 166 28 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- 166 28 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmidubský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- 166 28 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Huber
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- 166 28 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Jankovský
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- 166 28 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague
- 166 28 Prague 6
- Czech Republic
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