1
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Kfoury J, Oláh J. Role of Lewis acid/base anchor atoms in catalyst regeneration: a comprehensive study on biomimetic EP 3Fe nitrogenases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:12520-12529. [PMID: 38605679 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00483c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In the quest for sustainable ammonia synthesis routes, biomimetic complexes have been intensively studied. Here we focus on the Peter's group Fe-nitrogenase catalyst with EPPP scorpionate ligands, and explore the effect of anchor atom selection (B, Al, Ga, N and P) and the impact of chloro substitution on the phenyl rings on nitrogen fixation. The reaction profiles of complexes with Lewis basic anchor atoms exhibited energy-demanding reduction steps, with more exergonic protonation steps compared to the smoother reaction profiles observed for catalysts with Lewis acid anchor atoms, also implying that catalyst regeneration is especially challenging for catalysts with Lewis basic anchor atoms. The binding affinities of N2 and H2 to the complexes suggest that the autocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which ultimately leads to consumption of reactants and catalyst deactivation, is likely to become more prevalent for heavier anchor atoms and be more significant for Lewis basic anchor atom complexes. Out of the studied complexes, boron showed the smoothest reaction profile and the smallest affinity for H2, which supports its superiour role as an anchor atom in accordance with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kfoury
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Julianna Oláh
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
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2
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Einsle O. Catalysis and structure of nitrogenases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 83:102719. [PMID: 37802004 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
In providing bioavailable nitrogen as building blocks for all classes of biomacromolecules, biological nitrogen fixation is an essential process for all organismic life. Only a single enzyme, nitrogenase, performs this task at ambient conditions and with ATP as an energy source. The assembly of the complex iron-sulfur enzyme nitrogenase and its catalytic mechanism remains a matter of intense study. Recent progress in the structural analysis of the three known isoforms of nitrogenase-differentiated primarily by the heterometal in their active site cofactor-has revealed a degree of structural plasticity of these clusters that suggest two distinct binding sites for substrates and reaction intermediates. A mechanistic proposal based on this finding integrates most of the available experimental data. Furthermore, the first applications of high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy have highlighted further dynamic conformational changes. Structures obtained under turnover conditions support the proposed alternating half-site reactivity in the C2-symmetric nitrogenase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Einsle
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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3
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Wandzilak A, Grubel K, Skubi KL, McWilliams SF, Bessas D, Rana A, Hugenbruch S, Dey A, Holland PL, DeBeer S. Mössbauer and Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy Studies of Iron Species Involved in N-N Bond Cleavage. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18449-18464. [PMID: 37902987 PMCID: PMC10647920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Diketiminate-supported iron complexes are capable of cleaving the strong triple bond of N2 to give a tetra-iron complex with two nitrides (Rodriguez et al., Science, 2011, 334, 780-783). The mechanism of this reaction has been difficult to determine, but a transient green species was observed during the reaction that corresponds to a potential intermediate. Here, we describe studies aiming to identify the characteristics of this intermediate, using a range of spectroscopic techniques, including Mössbauer spectroscopy, electronic absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We successfully elucidated the nature of the starting iron(II) species and the bis(nitride) species in THF solution, and in each case, THF breaks up the multiiron species. Various observations on the green intermediate species indicate that it has one N2 per two Fe atoms, has THF associated with it, and has NRVS features indicative of bridging N2. Computational models with a formally diiron(0)-N2 core are most consistent with the accumulated data, and on this basis, a mechanism for N2 splitting is suggested. This work shows the power of combining NRVS, Mössbauer, NMR, and vibrational spectroscopies with computations for revealing the nature of transient iron species during N2 cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wandzilak
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
- Faculty
of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grubel
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Kazimer L. Skubi
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota 55057, United States
| | - Sean F. McWilliams
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Dimitrios Bessas
- European
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble F-38043, France
| | - Atanu Rana
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
- School of
Chemical Science, Indian Association for
the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Stefan Hugenbruch
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of
Chemical Science, Indian Association for
the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Patrick L. Holland
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
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4
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Ravel-Massol R, Munshi S, Pujol A, Garcia-Serres R, Saffon-Merceron N, Mézailles N, Fustier-Boutignon M. One Ligand to Bind them All: S~C~S 2- Carbon- and Sulfur-Based Gem-Dianion as Structuring Ligand for Iron Polymetallic Assemblies. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302130. [PMID: 37681691 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Numerous synthetic models of the FeMo-co cluster of nitrogenases have been proposed to find the simplest structure with relevant reactivity. Indeed, such structures are able to perform multi-electrons reduction processes, such as the conversion of N2 to ammonia, and of CO2 into methane and alkenes. The most challenging parameter to imitate is indeed the central carbide ligand, which is believed to maintain the integrity of iron sulfide assembly during the course of catalytic cycles. The study proposes the use of bis(diphenylthiophosphinoyl)methanediide (SCS)2- as an ideal platform for the synthesis of bi- and tetra-metallic iron complexes, in which the iron-carbon interaction is maintained upon structural diversification and redox state changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Ravel-Massol
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandip Munshi
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Pujol
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Ricardo Garcia-Serres
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Nathalie Saffon-Merceron
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse ICT-UAR2599, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Mézailles
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Fustier-Boutignon
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, LHFA UMR CNRS 5069, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France
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5
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Montgomery CL, Amtawong J, Jordan AM, Kurtz DA, Dempsey JL. Proton transfer kinetics of transition metal hydride complexes and implications for fuel-forming reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7137-7169. [PMID: 37750006 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00355h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Proton transfer reactions involving transition metal hydride complexes are prevalent in a number of catalytic fuel-forming reactions, where the proton transfer kinetics to or from the metal center can have significant impacts on the efficiency, selectivity, and stability associated with the catalytic cycle. This review correlates the often slow proton transfer rate constants of transition metal hydride complexes to their electronic and structural descriptors and provides perspective on how to exploit these parameters to control proton transfer kinetics to and from the metal center. A toolbox of techniques for experimental determination of proton transfer rate constants is discussed, and case studies where proton transfer rate constant determination informs fuel-forming reactions are highlighted. Opportunities for extending proton transfer kinetic measurements to additional systems are presented, and the importance of synergizing the thermodynamics and kinetics of proton transfer involving transition metal hydride complexes is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Jaruwan Amtawong
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Aldo M Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Daniel A Kurtz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA.
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6
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Zhao C, Wu R, Zhang S, Hong X. Benchmark Study of Density Functional Theory Methods in Geometry Optimization of Transition Metal-Dinitrogen Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6791-6803. [PMID: 37530446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The current benchmark study is focused on determining the most precise theoretical method for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. To accomplish this goal, seven density functional (DF) methods from five distinct classes of density functional theory (DFT) have been selected, including B3LYP-D3(BJ), BP86-D3(BJ), PBE0-D3(BJ), ωB97X-D, M06, M06-L, and TPSSh-D3(BJ). These DFs will be utilized with the Karlsruhe basis set (def2-SVP). To carry out this benchmark study, a total of forty-two structurally diverse transition metal-dinitrogen compounds with experimentally known X-ray data have been selected from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC). Based on a comparison of the theoretical data with experimental values (X-ray) of the selected transition metal-dinitrogen compounds, statistical parameters such as root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) and N-N and M-N bond lengths are obtained to evaluate the performance of the seven chosen DFs. According to the obtained results, among all DFT methods used in the study, Minnesota functionals (M06 and M06-L) and TPSSh-D3(BJ) show good performance, with lower RMSD values. This suggests that these three methods are the most reliable for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen complexes. Based on the absolute errors of the N-N and M-N bond lengths relative to the X-ray data, further analysis is conducted, and it is determined that M06-L is the best functional for optimizing the geometry of transition metal-dinitrogen compounds. Additionally, the influence of using a high-level basis set (def2-TZVP) compared to def2-SVP on the calculated RMSD among the seven chosen methods is found to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyue Zhao
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Rongkai Wu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shuoqing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, No. 2, Zhongguancun North First Street, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, No. 2, Zhongguancun North First Street, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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7
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Wang KY, Zhang J, Hsu YC, Lin H, Han Z, Pang J, Yang Z, Liang RR, Shi W, Zhou HC. Bioinspired Framework Catalysts: From Enzyme Immobilization to Biomimetic Catalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5347-5420. [PMID: 37043332 PMCID: PMC10853941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic catalysis has fueled considerable interest from chemists due to its high efficiency and selectivity. However, the structural complexity and vulnerability hamper the application potentials of enzymes. Driven by the practical demand for chemical conversion, there is a long-sought quest for bioinspired catalysts reproducing and even surpassing the functions of natural enzymes. As nanoporous materials with high surface areas and crystallinity, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent an exquisite case of how natural enzymes and their active sites are integrated into porous solids, affording bioinspired heterogeneous catalysts with superior stability and customizable structures. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the advances of bioinspired MOFs for catalysis, discuss the design principle of various MOF-based catalysts, such as MOF-enzyme composites and MOFs embedded with active sites, and explore the utility of these catalysts in different reactions. The advantages of MOFs as enzyme mimetics are also highlighted, including confinement, templating effects, and functionality, in comparison with homogeneous supramolecular catalysts. A perspective is provided to discuss potential solutions addressing current challenges in MOF catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST),
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST),
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu-Chuan Hsu
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Hengyu Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zongsu Han
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST),
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiandong Pang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metal
and Molecule-Based Material Chemistry, Nankai
University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhentao Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST),
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rong-Ran Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Wei Shi
- Department
of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry
(MOE) and Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST),
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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8
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Yadav I, Prakash V, Maurya MR, Sankar M. Oxido-Molybdenum(V) Corroles as Robust Catalysts for Oxidative Bromination and Selective Epoxidation Reactions in Aqueous Media under Mild Conditions. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5292-5301. [PMID: 36958040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Two new meso-substituted oxido-molybdenum corroles were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. In the thermogram, MoO[TTC] (1) exhibited excellent thermal stability up to 491 °C while MoO[TNPC] (2) exhibited good stability up to 318 °C. The oxidation states of the molybdenum(V) were verified by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and exhibited an axial compression with dxy1 configuration. Oxido-molybdenum(V) complexes were utilized for the selective epoxidation of various olefins with high TOF values (2066-3287 h-1) in good yields in a CH3CN/H2O (3:2, v/v) mixture in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as a green oxidant and NaHCO3 as a promoter. The oxidative bromination catalytic activity of oxido-molybdenum(V) complexes in an aqueous medium has been reported for the first time. Surprisingly, MoO[TNPC] (2) biomimics of the vanadium bromoperoxidase (VBPO) enzyme activity exhibited remarkably high TOF values (36 988-61 646 h-1) for the selective oxidative bromination of p-cresol and other phenol derivatives. Catalyst MoO[TNPC] (2) exhibited higher TOF values and better catalytic activity than catalyst MoO[TTC] (1) due to the presence of electron-withdrawing nitro groups evident from cyclic voltammetric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderpal Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Mannar R Maurya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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9
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Yogendra S, Wilson DWN, Hahn AW, Weyhermüller T, Van Stappen C, Holland P, DeBeer S. Sulfur-Ligated [2Fe-2C] Clusters as Synthetic Model Systems for Nitrogenase. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2663-2671. [PMID: 36715662 PMCID: PMC9930126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metal clusters featuring carbon and sulfur donors have coordination environments comparable to the active site of nitrogenase enzymes. Here, we report a series of di-iron clusters supported by the dianionic yldiide ligands, in which the Fe sites are bridged by two μ2-C atoms and four pendant S donors.The [L2Fe2] (L = {[Ph2P(S)]2C}2-) cluster is isolable in two oxidation levels, all-ferrous Fe2II and mixed-valence FeIIFeIII. The mixed-valence cluster displays two peaks in the Mössbauer spectra, indicating slow electron transfer between the two sites. The addition of the Lewis base 4-dimethylaminopyridine to the Fe2II cluster results in coordination with only one of the two Fe sites, even in the presence of an excess base. Conversely, the cluster reacts with 8 equiv of isocyanide tBuNC to give a monometallic complex featuring a new C-C bond between the ligand backbone and the isocyanide. The electronic structure descriptions of these complexes are further supported by X-ray absorption and resonant X-ray emission spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivathmeehan Yogendra
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Daniel W. N. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Anselm W. Hahn
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Casey Van Stappen
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Patrick Holland
- Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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10
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Molecular Fe, CO and Ni carbide carbonyl clusters and Nanoclusters†. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Regenauer NI, Wadepohl H, Roşca D. Terminal N 2 Dissociation in [(PNN)Fe(N 2 )] 2 (μ-N 2 ) Leads to Local Spin-State Changes and Augmented Bridging N 2 Activation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202172. [PMID: 35916757 PMCID: PMC9804668 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation at iron centres is a fundamental catalytic step for N2 utilisation, relevant to biological (nitrogenase) and industrial (Haber-Bosch) processes. This step is coupled with important electronic structure changes which are currently poorly understood. We show here for the first time that terminal dinitrogen dissociation from iron complexes that coordinate N2 in a terminal and bridging fashion leaves the Fe-N2 -Fe unit intact but significantly enhances the degree of N2 activation (Δν≈180 cm-1 , Raman spectroscopy) through charge redistribution. The transformation proceeds with local spin state change at the iron centre (S= 1 / 2 ${{ 1/2 }}$ →S=3 /2 ). Further dissociation of the bridging N2 can be induced under thermolytic conditions, triggering a disproportionation reaction, from which the tetrahedral (PNN)2 Fe could be isolated. This work shows that dinitrogen activation can be induced in the absence of external chemical stimuli such as reducing agents or Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas I. Regenauer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 276Germany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 276Germany
| | - Dragoş‐Adrian Roşca
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 276Germany
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12
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Gorantla SMNVT, Karnamkkott HS, Arumugam S, Mondal S, Mondal KC. Stability and bonding of carbon(0)-iron-N 2 complexes relevant to nitrogenase co-factor: EDA-NOCV analyses. J Comput Chem 2022; 44:43-60. [PMID: 36169176 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The factors/structural features which are responsible for the binding, activation and reduction of N2 to NH3 by FeMoco of nitrogenase have not been completely understood well. Several relevant model complexes by Holland et al. and Peters et al. have been synthesized, characterized and studied by theoretical calculations. For a matter of fact, those complexes are much different than real active N2 -binding Fe-sites of FeMoco, which possesses a central C(4-) ion having an eight valence electrons as an μ6 -bridge. Here, a series of [(S3 C(0))Fe(II/I/0)-N2 ]n- complexes in different charged/spin states containing a coordinated σ- and π-donor C(0)-atom which possesses eight outer shell electrons [carbone, (Ph3 P)2 C(0); Ph3 P→C(0)←PPh3 ] and three S-donor sites (i.e. - S-Ar), have been studied by DFT, QTAIM, and EDA-NOCV calculations. The effect of the weak field ligand on Fe-centres and the subsequent N2 -binding has been studied by EDA-NOCV analysis. The role of the oxidation state of Fe and N2 -binding in different charged and spin states of the complex have been investigated by EDA-NOCV analyses. The intrinsic interaction energies of the Fe-N2 bond are in the range from -42/-35 to -67 kcal/mol in their corresponding ground states. The S3 C(0) donor set is argued here to be closer to the actual coordination environment of one of the six Fe-centres of nitrogenase. In comparison, the captivating model complexes reported by Holland et al. and Peter et al. possess a stronger π-acceptor C-ring (S2 Cring donor, π-C donor) and stronger donor set like CP3 (σ-C donor) ligands, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Selvakumar Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Sangita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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13
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Chauhan A, Karnamkkott HS, Gorantla SMNV, Mondal KC. Dinitrogen Binding and Activation: Bonding Analyses of Stable V(III/I)-N 2-V(III/I) Complexes by the EDA-NOCV Method from the Perspective of Vanadium Nitrogenase. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31577-31590. [PMID: 36092593 PMCID: PMC9453968 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The FeVco cofactor of nitrogenase (VFe7S8(CO3)C) is an alternative in the molybdenum (Mo)-deficient free soil living azotobacter vinelandii. The rate of N2 reduction to NH3 by FeVco is a few times higher than that by FeMoco (MoFe7S9C) at low temperature. It provides a N source in the form of ammonium ions to the soil. This biochemical NH3 synthesis is an alternative to the industrial energy-demanding production of NH3 by the Haber-Bosch process. The role of vanadium has not been clearly understood yet, which has led chemists to come up with several stable V-N2 complexes which have been isolated and characterized in the laboratory over the past three decades. Herein, we report the EDA-NOCV analyses of dinitrogen-bonded stable complexes V(III/I)-N2 (1-4) to provide deeper insights into the fundamental bonding aspects of V-N2 bond, showing the interacting orbitals and corresponding pairwise orbital interaction energies (ΔE orb(n)). The computed intrinsic interaction energy (ΔE int) of V-N2-V bonds is significantly higher than those of the previously reported Fe-N2-Fe bonds. Covalent interaction energy (ΔE orb) is more than double the electrostatic interaction energy (ΔE elstat) of V-N2-V bonds. ΔE int values of V-N2-V bonds are in the range of -172 to -204 kcal/mol. The V → N2 ← V π-backdonation is four times stronger than V ← N2 → V σ-donation. V-N2 bonds are much more covalent in nature than Fe-N2 bonds.
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Guo L, Li F, Liu J, Jia Z, Li R, Yu Z, Wang Y, Fan C. Improved visible light photocatalytic nitrogen fixation activity using a Fe II-rich MIL-101(Fe): breaking the scaling relationship by photoinduced Fe II/Fe III cycling. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13085-13093. [PMID: 35975572 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01215d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scaling relations between nitrogen adsorption and NHx destabilization are key challenges to the widespread adoption of the photocatalytic synthesis of ammonia. In this work, a FeII-rich MIL-101(Fe) (MIL-101(FeII/FeIII)) was synthesized using a one-step solvent thermal method with ethylene glycol (EG) as a reducing agent, which can break the scaling relationship by photoinduced FeII (high nitrogen adsorption ability) and FeIII (high NHz destabilization ability) cycling. XPS was used to detect the change in iron valence state in the MIL-101(FeII/FeIII) material. The photocatalytic nitrogen fixation efficiency of MIL-101(FeII/FeIII) under visible light without any sacrificial agent was 466.8 μmol h-1 g-1, five times that of MIL-101(Fe). After photocatalytic experiments, MIL-101(FeII/FeIII) retained an unchanged FeII/FeIII rate, indicating that this FeII/FeIII cycling can be maintained. DFT modeling of the FeII-rich MOF material showed that a FeII1 FeIII2 system has a higher N2 activation capacity than a FeIII3 system. The catalytic mechanism was further proved by in situ infrared spectra and N15 isotopic tracers. Therefore, the improvement of photocatalytic activity was mainly attributed to the change in the nitrogen adsorption capacity during the photoinduced FeII/FeIII cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, PR China
| | - Feifei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
| | - Zehui Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
| | - Rui Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
| | - Zhuobin Yu
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Yawen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
| | - Caimei Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
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15
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G Jafari M, Fehn D, Reinholdt A, Hernández-Prieto C, Patel P, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Krzystek J, Liu C, Ozarowski A, Telser J, Delferro M, Meyer K, Mindiola DJ. Tale of Three Molecular Nitrides: Mononuclear Vanadium (V) and (IV) Nitrides As Well As a Mixed-Valence Trivanadium Nitride Having a V 3N 4 Double-Diamond Core. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10201-10219. [PMID: 35652694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transmetallation of [VCl3(THF)3] and [TlTptBu,Me] afforded [(TptBu,Me)VCl2] (1, TptBu,Me = hydro-tris(3-tert-butyl-5-methylpyrazol-1-yl)borate), which was reduced with KC8 to form a C3v symmetric VII complex, [(TptBu,Me)VCl] (2). Complex 1 has a high-spin (S = 1) ground state and displays rhombic high-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR) spectra, while complex 2 has an S = 3/2 4A2 ground state observable by conventional EPR spectroscopy. Complex 1 reacts with NaN3 to form the VV nitride-azide complex [(TptBu,Me)V≡N(N3)] (3). A likely VIII azide intermediate en route to 3, [(TptBu,Me)VCl(N3)] (4), was isolated by reacting 1 with N3SiMe3. Complex 4 is thermally stable but reacts with NaN3 to form 3, implying a bis-azide intermediate, [(TptBu,Me)V(N3)2] (A), leading to 3. Reduction of 3 with KC8 furnishes a trinuclear and mixed-valent nitride, [{(TptBu,Me)V}2(μ4-VN4)] (5), conforming to a Robin-Day class I description. Complex 5 features a central vanadium ion supported only by bridging nitride ligands. Contrary to 1, complex 2 reacts with NaN3 to produce an azide-bridged dimer, [{(TptBu,Me)V}2(1,3-μ2-N3)2] (6), with two antiferromagnetically coupled high-spin VII ions. Complex 5 could be independently produced along with [(κ2-TptBu,Me)2V] upon photolysis of 6 in arene solvents. The putative {VIV≡N} intermediate, [(TptBu,Me)V≡N] (B), was intercepted by photolyzing 6 in a coordinating solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), yielding [(TptBu,Me)V≡N(THF)] (B-THF). In arene solvents, B-THF expels THF to afford 5 and [(κ2-TptBu,Me)2V]. A more stable adduct (B-OPPh3) was prepared by reacting B-THF with OPPh3. These adducts of B are the first neutral and mononuclear VIV nitride complexes to be isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrafshan G Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Dominik Fehn
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Cristina Hernández-Prieto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Prajay Patel
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - J Krzystek
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Cong Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Andrew Ozarowski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Joshua Telser
- Department of Biological, Physical and Health Sciences, Roosevelt University, Chicago, Illinois 60605, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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16
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Jiang W, Zhang H, An Y, Mao Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Wang P, Zheng Z, Wei W, Dai Y, Cheng H, Huang B. Free-Standing Nanoarrays with Energetic Electrons and Active Sites for Efficient Plasmon-Driven Ammonia Synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2201269. [PMID: 35567335 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct ammonia (NH3 ) synthesis from water and atmospheric nitrogen using sunlight provides an energy-sustainable and carbon-neutral alternative to the Haber-Bosch process. However, the development of such a route with high performance is impeded by the lack of effective charge transfer and abundant active sites to initiate the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). Here, the authors report efficient plasmon-induced photoelectrochemical (PEC) NH3 synthesis on the hierarchical free-standing Au/Kx MoO3 /Mo/Kx MoO3 /Au nanoarrays. Endowed with energetically hot electrons and catalytically active sites, the plasmonic nanoarrays exhibit an efficient PEC NH3 synthesis rate of 9.6 µg cm-2 h-1 under visible light irradiation, which is among the highest PEC NRR systems. This work demonstrates the rationally designed plasmonic nanoarrays for highly efficient NH3 synthesis, which paves a new path for PEC catalytic reactions driven by surface plasmons and future monolithic PEC devices for direct artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Haona Zhang
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yang An
- Institute for Innovative Materials and Energy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Yuyin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zeyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zhaoke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ying Dai
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hefeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Baibiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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17
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Mei T, Yang D, Di K, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Wang B, Qu J. Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Reactivity of Dithiolate-Bridged Diiron Complexes Supported by Bulky Cyclopentadienyl Ligands. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Kai Di
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai,200231, P. R. China
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18
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Gurti JI, Ding X, Wang YY, Chen Y, Li W, Wang X. Comparison of Nitrogen Activation on Trinuclear Niobium and Tungsten Sulfide Clusters Nb3Sn and W3Sn (n = 0-3): A DFT Study. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200124. [PMID: 35478374 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of N 2 with trinuclear niobium and tungsten sulfide clusters Nb 3 S n and W 3 S n ( n = 0-3) was systematically studied by density functional theory calculations . Dissociations of N-N bonds on these clusters are all thermodynamically allowed but with different reactivity in kinetics. The reactivity of Nb 3 S n is generally higher than that of W 3 S n . In the favorite reaction pathways, the adsorbed N 2 changes the adsorption sites from one metal atom to the bridge site of two metal atoms, then on the hollow site of three metal atoms, and at that place, the N-N bond dissociates. As the number of ligand S atoms increases, the reactivity of Nb 3 S n decreases because of the hindering effect of S atoms, while W 3 S and W 3 S 2 have the highest reactivity among four W 3 S n clusters. The Mayer bond order, bond length, vibrational frequency, and electronic charges of the adsorbed N 2 are analyzed along the reaction pathways to show the activation process of the N-N bond in reactions. The charge transfer from the clusters to the N 2 antibonding orbitals plays an essential role in N-N bond activation, which is more significant in Nb 3 S n than in W 3 S n , leading to the higher reactivity of Nb 3 S n . The reaction mechanisms found in this work may provide important theoretical guidance for the further rational design of related catalytic systems for nitrogen reduction reactions (NRR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Israel Gurti
- North China Electric Power University - Beijing Campus: North China Electric Power University, School of Mathematics and Physics, TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF
| | - Xunlei Ding
- North China Electric Power University, School of Mathematics and Physics, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, Beijing, CHINA
| | - Ya-Ya Wang
- North China Electric Power University - Beijing Campus: North China Electric Power University, School of New Energy, CHINA
| | - Yan Chen
- North China Electric Power University - Beijing Campus: North China Electric Power University, School of New Energy, CHINA
| | - Wei Li
- North China Electric Power University - Beijing Campus: North China Electric Power University, School of Mathematics and Physics, CHINA
| | - Xin Wang
- North China Electric Power University - Beijing Campus: North China Electric Power University, School of Mathematics and Physics, CHINA
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19
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Devi K, Gorantla SMNVT, Mondal KC. EDA-NOCV analysis of carbene-borylene bonded dinitrogen complexes for deeper bonding insight: A fair comparison with a metal-dinitrogen system. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:757-777. [PMID: 35289411 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Binding of dinitrogen (N2 ) to a transition metal center (M) and followed by its activation under milder conditions is no longer impossible; rather, it is routinely studied in laboratories by transition metal complexes. In contrast, binding of N2 by main group elements has been a challenge for decades, until very recently, an exotic cAAC-borylene (cAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene) species showed similar binding affinity to kinetically inert and non-polar dinitrogen (N2 ) gas under ambient conditions. Since then, N2 binding by short lived borylene species has made a captivating news in different journals for its unusual features and future prospects. Herein, we carried out different types of DFT calculations, including EDA-NOCV analysis of the relevant cAAC-boron-dinitrogen complexes and their precursors, to shed light on the deeper insight of the bonding secret (EDA-NOCV = energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence). The hidden bonding aspects have been uncovered and are presented in details. Additionally, similar calculations have been carried out in comparison with a selected stable dinitrogen bridged-diiron(I) complex. Singlet cAAC ligand is known to be an exotic stable species which, combined with the BAr group, produces an intermediate singlet electron-deficient (cAAC)(BAr) species possessing a high lying HOMO suitable for overlapping with the high lying π*-orbital of N2 via effective π-backdonation. The BN2 interaction energy has been compared with that of the FeN2 bond. Our thorough bonding analysis might answer the unasked questions of experimental chemists about how boron compounds could mimic the transition metal of dinitrogen binding and activation, uncovering hidden bonding aspects. Importantly, Pauling repulsion energy also plays a crucial role and decides the binding efficiency in terms of intrinsic interaction energy between the boron-center and the N2 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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20
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Kuriyama S, Kato T, Tanaka H, Konomi A, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y. Catalytic Reduction of Dinitrogen to Ammonia and Hydrazine Using Iron–Dinitrogen Complexes Bearing Anionic Benzene-Based PCP-type Pincer Ligands. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kuriyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656
| | - Takeru Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Daido University, Minami-ku, Nagoya 457-8530
| | - Asuka Konomi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656
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21
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He J, Wei J, Xu G, Chen XD. Stepwise Construction of Mo-Fe-S Clusters Using a LEGO Strategy. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4150-4158. [PMID: 35200007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The rational synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters with excellent control of the core ligands has been a significant challenge in biomimetic chemistry. In this work, the rational construction of versatile Mo-Fe-S cubane clusters was realized using a LEGO strategy. (LEGO is a line of plastic construction toys consisting of various interlocking plastic bricks which can be assembled and connected in different ways to construct versatile objects. Herein we use "LEGO strategy" as an analogy for the stepwise synthetic methodology, and we use "brick" to represent a corner atom of the cubane structure.) Through careful synthetic control, the ⟨Fe⟩, ⟨S⟩, and ⟨Cl⟩ bricks were mounted piece-by-piece onto the basic ⟨MoS3⟩ frame to stepwise construct the incomplete cubane core ⟨MoFe2S3Cl⟩ and the complete cubane core ⟨MoFe3S3Cl⟩. The significantly elongated Fe-Cl bonds for the bridging chlorides in the ⟨MoFe2S3Cl⟩ and ⟨MoFe3S3Cl⟩ cores permit ligand metatheses to introduce 2p donors at the bridging sites, which used to be a challenge in traditional iron-sulfur chemistry. Therefore, in subsequent controlled reactions, the bridging ⟨Cl⟩ bricks of the ⟨MoFe2S3Cl⟩ and ⟨MoFe3S3Cl⟩ frames could be easily replaced by ⟨N⟩ , ⟨O⟩, or ⟨S⟩ bricks to generate the ⟨MoFe2S3N⟩, ⟨MoFe2S3O⟩, ⟨MoFe3S3N⟩, and ⟨MoFe3S4⟩ cluster cores, demonstrating more choices for the LEGO synthetic strategy. The series of Mo-Fe-S clusters and their derivatives, together with related synthetic strategies, offers a good platform and methodology for biomimetic chemistry in relation to nitrogenase, especially the FeMo cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gan Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu-Dong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, China
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22
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Karnamkkott HS, Gorantla SMNVT, Devi K, Tiwari G, Mondal KC. Bonding and stability of dinitrogen-bonded donor base-stabilized Si(0)/Ge(0) species [(cAAC Me-Si/Ge) 2(N 2)]: EDA-NOCV analysis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4081-4093. [PMID: 35425464 PMCID: PMC8981037 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07714g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, dinitrogen (N2) binding and its activation have been achieved by non-metal compounds like intermediate cAAC-borylene as (cAAC)2(B-Dur)2(N2) [cAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene; Dur = aryl group, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl; B-Dur = borylene]. It has attracted a lot of scientific attention from different research areas because of its future prospects as a potent species towards the metal free reduction of N2 into ammonia (NH3) under mild conditions. Two (cAAC)(B-Dur) units, each of which possesses six valence electrons around the B-centre, are shown to accept σ-donations from the N2 ligand (B ← N2). Two B-Dur further provide π-backdonations (B → N2) to a central N2 ligand to strengthen the B–N2–B bond, providing maximum stability to the compound (cAAC)2(B-Dur)2(N2) since the summation of each pair wise interaction accounted for the total stabilization energy of the molecule. (cAAC)(B-Dur) unit is isolobal to cAAC–E (E = Si, Ge) fragment. Herein, we report on the stability and bonding of cAAC–E bonded N2-complex (cAAC–E)2(N2) (1–2; Si, Ge) by NBO, QTAIM and EDA-NOCV analyses (EDA-NOCV = energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence; QTAIM = quantum theory of atoms in molecule). Our calculation suggested that syntheses of elusive (cAAC–E)2(N2) (1–2; Si, Ge) species may be possible with cAAC ligands having bulky substitutions adjacent to the CcAAC atom by preventing the homo-dimerization of two (cAAC)(E) units which can lead to the formation of (cAAC–E)2. The formation of E
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E bond is thermodynamically more favourable (E = Si, Ge) over binding energy of N2 inbetween two cAAC–E units. Dinitrogen (N2) binding and its activation have been achieved by non-metal compounds like intermediate cAACborylene with the general formula of (cAAC)2(B-Dur)2(N2) [cAAC = cyclic alkyl(amino)carbene; Dur = aryl group, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenyl; B-Dur = aryl-borylene].![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha S Karnamkkott
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | | | - Kavita Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Geetika Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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23
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Skubi KL, Hooper RX, Mercado BQ, Bollmeyer MM, MacMillan SN, Lancaster KM, Holland PL. Iron Complexes of a Proton-Responsive SCS Pincer Ligand with a Sensitive Electronic Structure. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1644-1658. [PMID: 34986307 PMCID: PMC8792349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur/carbon/sulfur pincer ligands have an interesting combination of strong-field and weak-field donors, a coordination environment that is also present in the nitrogenase active site. Here, we explore the electronic structures of iron(II) and iron(III) complexes with such a pincer ligand, bearing a monodentate phosphine, thiolate S donor, amide N donor, ammonia, or CO. The ligand scaffold features a proton-responsive thioamide site, and the protonation state of the ligand greatly influences the reduction potential of iron in the phosphine complex. The N-H bond dissociation free energy, derived from the Bordwell equation, is 56 ± 2 kcal/mol. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry measurements show that the iron(III) complexes with S and N as the fourth donors have an intermediate spin (S = 3/2) ground state with a large zero field splitting, and X-ray absorption spectra show a high Fe-S covalency. The Mössbauer spectrum changes drastically with the position of a nearby alkali metal cation in the iron(III) amido complex, and density functional theory calculations explain this phenomenon through a change between having the doubly occupied orbital as dz2 or dyz, as the former is more influenced by the nearby positive charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazimer L. Skubi
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Reagan X. Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | | | - Melissa M. Bollmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Kyle M. Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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24
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Dinitrogen Binding Relevant to FeMoco of Nitrogenase: Clear Visualization of σ‐Donation and π‐Backdonation from Deformation Electron Densities around Carbon/Silicon‐Iron Site. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Gorantla SMNVT, Chandra Mondal K. Estimations of Fe0/−1–N2 interaction energies of iron(0)-dicarbene and its reduced analogue by EDA-NOCV analyses: crucial steps in dinitrogen activation under mild conditions. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3465-3475. [PMID: 35425364 PMCID: PMC8979315 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes containing low valence iron atoms are often experimentally observed to bind with the dinitrogen (N2) molecule. This phenomenon has attracted the attention of industrialists, chemists and bio-chemists since these N2-bonded iron complexes can produce ammonia under suitable chemical or electrochemical conditions. The higher binding affinity of the Fe-atom towards N2 is a bit ‘mysterious’ compared to that of the other first row transition metal atoms. Fine powders of α-Fe0 are even part of industrial ammonia production (Haber–Bosch process) which operates at high temperature and high pressure. Herein, we report the EDA-NOCV analyses of the previously reported dinitrogen-bonded neutral molecular complex (cAACR)2Fe0–N2 (1) and mono-anionic complex (cAACR)2Fe−1–N2 (2) to give deeper insight of the Fe–N2 interacting orbitals and corresponding pairwise intrinsic interaction energies (cAACR = cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene; R = Dipp or Me). The Fe0 atom of 1 prefers to accept electron densities from N2via σ-donation while the comparatively electron rich Fe−1 centre of 2 donates electron densities to N2via π-backdonation. However, major stability due to the formation of an Fe–N2 bond arises due to Fe → N2 π-backdonation in both 1 and 2. The cAACR ligands act as a charge reservoir around the Fe centre. The electron densities drift away from cAAC ligands during the binding of N2 molecules mostly via π-backdonation. EDA-NOCV analysis suggests that N2 is a stronger π-acceptor rather than a σ-donor. The stable Fe–N2 bond of stable complex should have a sufficiently high interaction energy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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26
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Yuan C, Jin WT, Zhou ZH. Statistical analysis of PN clusters in Mo/VFe protein crystals using a bond valence method toward their electronic structures. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5214-5224. [PMID: 35425536 PMCID: PMC8981338 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08507g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron valences of 129 P-clusters from FeMo/V proteins were analyzed using a bond valence method, supposing the existence of Fe3+ in a generally considered all-ferrous PN cluster in solution with excess reducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Ting Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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27
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Gorantla SMVT, Mondal KC. EDA-NOCV Calculation for Efficient N 2 Binding to the Reduced Ni 3S 8 Complex: Estimation of Ni-N 2 Intrinsic Interaction Energies. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33389-33397. [PMID: 34926888 PMCID: PMC8674922 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The binding of the dinitrogen molecule to the metal center is the first and crucial step toward dinitrogen activation. Favorable interaction energies are desired by chemists and biochemists to study model complexes in the laboratory. An electrochemically reduced form of a previously isolated sulfur-bridged Ni3S8 complex is inferred to bind N2 at multiple Ni centers, and this bonded N2 undergoes reductive protonation to produce hydrazine (N2H4) as the product in the presence of a proton donor. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis have been carried out to shed light on the nature of N2 binding to an anionic trinuclear Ni3S8 complex. Additionally, energy decomposition analysis with the combination of natural orbital for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) analysis has been performed to estimate the pairwise interaction energies between the Ni center and the N2 molecule under experimental conditions.
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28
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Gorantla SMVT, Mondal KC. Estimations of Fe-N 2 Intrinsic Interaction Energies of Iron-Sulfur/Nitrogen-Carbon Sites: A Deeper Bonding Insight by EDA-NOCV Analysis of a Model Complex of the Nitrogenase Cofactor. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33932-33942. [PMID: 34926940 PMCID: PMC8675039 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The MoFe7S9C1- unit of the nitrogenase cofactor (FeMoco) attracts chemists and biochemists due to its unusual ability to bind aerial dinitrogen (N2) at ambient condition and catalytically convert it into ammonia (NH3). The mode of N2 binding and its reaction pathways are yet not clear. An important conclusion has been made based on the very recent synthesis and isolation of model Fe(I/0)-complexes with sulfur-donor ligands under the cleavage of one Fe-S bond followed by binding of N2 at the Fe(0) center. These complexes are structurally relevant to the nitrogenase cofactor (MoFe7S9C1-). Herein, we report the EDA-NOCV analyses and NICS calculations of the dinitrogen-bonded dianionic complex Fe0-N2 (1) (having a CAr ← Fe π-bond) and monoanionic complex FeI-N2 (2) (having a CAr-Fe σ-bond) to provide a deeper insight into the Fe-N2 interacting orbitals and corresponding pairwise interaction energies (EDA-NOCV = energy decomposition analysis coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence; NICS = nucleus-independent chemical shifts). The orbital interaction in the Fe-N2 bond is significantly larger than Coulombic interactions, with major pairwise contributions coming from d(Fe) orbitals to the empty π* orbitals of N2 (three Fe → N2). ΔE int values are in the range of -61 to -77 kcal mol-1. Very interestingly, NICS calculations have been carried out for the fragments before and after binding of the N2 molecule. The computed σ- and π-aromaticity values are attributed to the position of the Fe atoms, oxidation states of Fe centers, and Fe-C bond lengths of these two complexes.
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29
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Partial synthetic models of FeMoco with sulfide and carbyne ligands: Effect of interstitial atom in nitrogenase active site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109241118. [PMID: 34857636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109241118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-fixing organisms perform dinitrogen reduction to ammonia at an Fe-M (M = Mo, Fe, or V) cofactor (FeMco) of nitrogenase. FeMco displays eight metal centers bridged by sulfides and a carbide having the MFe7S8C cluster composition. The role of the carbide ligand, a unique motif in protein active sites, remains poorly understood. Toward addressing how the carbon bridge affects the physical and chemical properties of the cluster, we isolated synthetic models of subsite MFe3S3C displaying sulfides and a chelating carbyne ligand. We developed synthetic protocols for structurally related clusters, [Tp*M'Fe3S3X]n-, where M' = Mo or W, the bridging ligand X = CR, N, NR, S, and Tp* = Tris(3,5-dimethyl-1-pyrazolyl)hydroborate, to study the effects of the identity of the heterometal and the bridging X group on structure and electrochemistry. While the nature of M' results in minor changes, the chelating, μ3-bridging carbyne has a large impact on reduction potentials, being up to 1 V more reducing compared to nonchelating N and S analogs.
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30
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Abstract
Carbide complexes remain a rare class of molecules. Their paucity does not reflect exceptional instability but is rather due to the generally narrow scope of synthetic procedures for constructing carbide complexes. The preparation of carbide complexes typically revolves around generating LnM-CEx fragments, followed by cleavage of the C-E bonds of the coordinated carbon-based ligands (the alternative being direct C atom transfer). Prime examples involve deoxygenation of carbonyl ligands and deprotonation of methyl ligands, but several other p-block fragments can be cleaved off to afford carbide ligands. This Review outlines synthetic strategies toward terminal carbide complexes, bridging carbide complexes, as well as carbide-carbonyl cluster complexes. It then surveys the reactivity of carbide complexes, covering stoichiometric reactions where the carbide ligands act as C1 reagents, engage in cross-coupling reactions, and enact Fischer-Tropsch-like chemistry; in addition, we discuss carbide complexes in the context of catalysis. Finally, we examine spectroscopic features of carbide complexes, which helps to establish the presence of the carbide functionality and address its electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Reinholdt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Ali H, Masar M, Guler AC, Urbanek M, Machovsky M, Kuritka I. Heterojunction-based photocatalytic nitrogen fixation: principles and current progress. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6358-6372. [PMID: 36133492 PMCID: PMC9417957 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00565k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation is considered one of the grand challenges of the 21st century for achieving the ultimate vision of a green and sustainable future. It is crucial to develop and design sustainable nitrogen fixation techniques with minimal environmental impact as an alternative to the energy-cost intensive Haber-Bosch process. Heterojunction-based photocatalysis has recently emerged as a viable solution for the various environmental and energy issues, including nitrogen fixation. The primary advantages of heterojunction photocatalysts are spatially separated photogenerated charge carriers while retaining high oxidation and reduction potentials of the individual components, enabling visible light-harvesting. This review summarises the fundamental principles of photocatalytic heterostructures, the reaction mechanism of the nitrogen reduction reaction, ammonia detection methods, and the current progress of heterostructured photocatalysts for nitrogen fixation. Finally, future challenges and prospects are briefly discussed for the emerging field of heterostructured photocatalytic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ali
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Milan Masar
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Ali Can Guler
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Michal Urbanek
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Michal Machovsky
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Kuritka
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Tr. T. Bati 5678 76001 Zlin Czech Republic
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32
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Zeinalipour-Yazdi CD, Hargreaves JSJ, Laassiri S, Catlow CRA. A comparative analysis of the mechanisms of ammonia synthesis on various catalysts using density functional theory. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210952. [PMID: 34737878 PMCID: PMC8564627 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the recent progress in ammonia synthesis research using density functional theory (DFT) calculations on various industrial catalysts, metal nitrides and nano-cluster-supported catalysts. The mechanism of ammonia synthesis on the industrial Fe catalyst is generally accepted to be a dissociative mechanism. We have recently found, using DFT techniques, that on Co3Mo3N (111) surfaces, an associative mechanism in the synthesis of ammonia can offer a new low-energy pathway that was previously unknown. In particular, we have shown that metal nitrides that are also known to have high activity for ammonia synthesis can readily form nitrogen vacancies which can activate dinitrogen, thereby promoting the associative mechanism. These fundamental studies suggest that a promising route to the discovery of low-temperature ammonia synthesis catalysts will be to identify systems that proceed via the associative mechanism, which is closer to the nitrogen-fixation mechanism occurring in nitrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos D. Zeinalipour-Yazdi
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, Stratford Campus, Water Lane, London E15 4LZ, UK
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon Campus, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | | | - Said Laassiri
- Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, Green Process Engineering (CBS), Mohamed VI Polytechnic University, UM6P, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - C. Richard A. Catlow
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF 10 1AD, UK
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33
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Kerns SA, Seo J, Lynch VM, Shearer J, Goralski ST, Sullivan ER, Rose MJ. Scaffold-based [Fe]-hydrogenase model: H 2 activation initiates Fe(0)-hydride extrusion and non-biomimetic hydride transfer. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12838-12846. [PMID: 34703571 PMCID: PMC8494020 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03154b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and reactivity of a model of [Fe]-hydrogenase derived from an anthracene-based scaffold that includes the endogenous, organometallic acyl(methylene) donor. In comparison to other non-scaffolded acyl-containing complexes, the complex described herein retains molecularly well-defined chemistry upon addition of multiple equivalents of exogenous base. Clean deprotonation of the acyl(methylene) C–H bond with a phenolate base results in the formation of a dimeric motif that contains a new Fe–C(methine) bond resulting from coordination of the deprotonated methylene unit to an adjacent iron center. This effective second carbanion in the ligand framework was demonstrated to drive heterolytic H2 activation across the Fe(ii) center. However, this process results in reductive elimination and liberation of the ligand to extrude a lower-valent Fe–carbonyl complex. Through a series of isotopic labelling experiments, structural characterization (XRD, XAS), and spectroscopic characterization (IR, NMR, EXAFS), a mechanistic pathway is presented for H2/hydride-induced loss of the organometallic acyl unit (i.e. pyCH2–C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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O → pyCH3+C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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O). The known reduced hydride species [HFe(CO)4]− and [HFe3(CO)11]− have been observed as products by 1H/2H NMR and IR spectroscopies, as well as independent syntheses of PNP[HFe(CO)4]. The former species (i.e. [HFe(CO)4]−) is deduced to be the actual hydride transfer agent in the hydride transfer reaction (nominally catalyzed by the title compound) to a biomimetic substrate ([TolIm](BArF) = fluorinated imidazolium as hydride acceptor). This work provides mechanistic insight into the reasons for lack of functional biomimetic behavior (hydride transfer) in acyl(methylene)pyridine based mimics of [Fe]-hydrogenase. We report the synthesis and reactivity of a model of [Fe]-hydrogenase derived from an anthracene-based scaffold that includes the endogenous, organometallic acyl(methylene) donor.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer A Kerns
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Junhyeok Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Jason Shearer
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University One Trinity Place San Antonio Texas 78212 USA
| | - Sean T Goralski
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Eileen R Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Michael J Rose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas 78712 USA
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34
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Ye TN, Park SW, Lu Y, Li J, Wu J, Sasase M, Kitano M, Hosono H. Dissociative and Associative Concerted Mechanism for Ammonia Synthesis over Co-Based Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12857-12866. [PMID: 34369762 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current catalytic reaction mechanism for ammonia synthesis relies on either dissociative or associative routes, in which adsorbed N2 dissociates directly or is hydrogenated step-by-step until it is broken upon the release of NH3 through associative adsorption. Here, we propose a concerted mechanism of associative and dissociative routes for ammonia synthesis over a cobalt-loaded nitride catalyst. Isotope exchange experiments reveal that the adsorbed N2 can be activated on both Co metal and the nitride support, which leads to superior low-temperature catalytic performance. The cooperation of the surface low work function (2.6 eV) feature and the formation of surface nitrogen vacancies on the CeN support gives rise to a dual pathway for N2 activation with much reduced activation energy (45 kJ·mol-1) over that of Co-based catalysts reported so far, which results in efficient ammonia synthesis under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Nan Ye
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yangfan Lu
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Jiazhen Wu
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd., Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Masato Sasase
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitano
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hideo Hosono
- Materials Research Center for Element Strategy, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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35
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Wang CH, DeBeer S. Structure, reactivity, and spectroscopy of nitrogenase-related synthetic and biological clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8743-8761. [PMID: 34159992 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00381j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of dinitrogen (N2) is essential for its incorporation into nucleic acids and amino acids, which are vital to life on earth. Nitrogenases convert atmospheric dinitrogen to two ammonia molecules (NH3) under ambient conditions. The catalytic active sites of these enzymes (known as FeM-cofactor clusters, where M = Mo, V, Fe) are the sites of N2 binding and activation and have been a source of great interest for chemists for decades. In this review, recent studies on nitrogenase-related synthetic molecular complexes and biological clusters are discussed, with a focus on their reactivity and spectroscopic characterization. The molecular models that are discussed span from simple mononuclear iron complexes to multinuclear iron complexes and heterometallic iron complexes. In addition, recent work on the extracted biological cofactors is discussed. An emphasis is placed on how these studies have contributed towards our understanding of the electronic structure and mechanism of nitrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hao Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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36
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Wang YY, Ding XL, Israel Gurti J, Chen Y, Li W, Wang X, Wang WJ, Deng JJ. Non-Dissociative Activation of Chemisorbed Dinitrogen on One or Two Vanadium Atoms Supported by a Mo 6 S 8 Cluster. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1645-1654. [PMID: 34050588 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of N2 on Mo6 S8 q _Vx clusters (x=0, 1, 2; q=0, ±1) were systematically studied by density functional theory calculations with dispersion corrections. It was found that the N2 can be chemisorbed and undergo non-dissociative activation on single or double metal atoms. The adsorption and activation are influenced by metal types (V or Mo), N2 coordination modes and charge states of the clusters. Particularly, anionic Mo6 S8 - _V2 clusters have remarkable ability to fix and activate N2 . In Mo6 S8 - _V2 , two V atoms prefer to adsorb on two adjacent S-Mo-S hollow sites, leading to the formation of a supported V…V unit. The N2 is bridged side-on coordinated with these two V atoms with high adsorption energy and significant charge transfer. The bond order, bond length and vibration frequency of the adsorbed N2 are close to those of a N-N single bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ya Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Joseph Israel Gurti
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Jie Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Jun Deng
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China.,Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing, 102206, P. R. China
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37
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Pérez-González A, Yang ZY, Lukoyanov DA, Dean DR, Seefeldt LC, Hoffman BM. Exploring the Role of the Central Carbide of the Nitrogenase Active-Site FeMo-cofactor through Targeted 13C Labeling and ENDOR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9183-9190. [PMID: 34110795 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mo-dependent nitrogenase is a major contributor to global biological N2 reduction, which sustains life on Earth. Its multi-metallic active-site FeMo-cofactor (Fe7MoS9C-homocitrate) contains a carbide (C4-) centered within a trigonal prismatic CFe6 core resembling the structural motif of the iron carbide, cementite. The role of the carbide in FeMo-cofactor binding and activation of substrates and inhibitors is unknown. To explore this role, the carbide has been in effect selectively enriched with 13C, which enables its detailed examination by ENDOR/ESEEM spectroscopies. 13C-carbide ENDOR of the S = 3/2 resting state (E0) is remarkable, with an extremely small isotropic hyperfine coupling constant, Ca = +0.86 MHz. Turnover under high CO partial pressure generates the S = 1/2 hi-CO state, with two CO molecules bound to FeMo-cofactor. This conversion surprisingly leaves the small magnitude of the 13C carbide isotropic hyperfine-coupling constant essentially unchanged, Ca = -1.30 MHz. This indicates that both the E0 and hi-CO states exhibit an exchange-coupling scheme with nearly cancelling contributions to Ca from three spin-up and three spin-down carbide-bound Fe ions. In contrast, the anisotropic hyperfine coupling constant undergoes a symmetry change upon conversion of E0 to hi-CO that may be associated with bonding and coordination changes at Fe ions. In combination with the negligible difference between CFe6 core structures of E0 and hi-CO, these results suggest that in CO-inhibited hi-CO the dominant role of the FeMo-cofactor carbide is to maintain the core structure, rather than to facilitate inhibitor binding through changes in Fe-carbide covalency or stretching/breaking of carbide-Fe bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pérez-González
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Dmitriy A Lukoyanov
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dennis R Dean
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Wang C, Liu Z, Hu T, Li J, Dong L, Du F, Li C, Guo C. Metasequoia-like Nanocrystal of Iron-Doped Copper for Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction into Ammonia in Neutral Media. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1825-1829. [PMID: 33624381 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is of significance to design catalysts for achieving high-performance electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia (NRA) in mild neutral media. However, the faradaic efficiency and selectivity are still far from satisfactory. Here, the fabrication of an efficient catalyst was achieved by rationally doping Fe to Cu into a metasequoia-like nanocrystal of CuFe for NRA in neutral media. Fe doping was found to deepen energy level of the Cu 3d band, favorably tuning adsorption energies of reaction intermediates to promote the NRA. At an applied potential of -0.7 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode, the CuFe with approximately 2 % Fe doping content delivered a catalytic current density of 55.6 mA cm-2 , which was 2.1 times that of the Cu material. The CuFe also exhibited a faradaic efficiency up to 94.5 %, and a good selectivity of 86.8 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, P. R. China
| | - Zhengyang Liu
- Institute of Advanced Cross-field Science, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
| | - Tao Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, P. R. China
| | - Jingsha Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, P. R. China
| | - Liuqi Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, P. R. China
| | - Feng Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, P. R. China
| | - Changming Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, P. R. China
- Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Chunxian Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215011, P. R. China
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Kuriyama S, Nishibayashi Y. Development of catalytic nitrogen fixation using transition metal complexes not relevant to nitrogenases. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Genome-Driven Discovery of Enzymes with Industrial Implications from the Genus Aneurinibacillus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030499. [PMID: 33652876 PMCID: PMC7996765 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Aneurinibacillus within the family Paenibacillaceae are Gram-positive, endospore-forming, and rod-shaped bacteria inhabiting diverse environments. Currently, there are eight validly described species of Aneurinibacillus; however, several unclassified species have also been reported. Aneurinibacillus spp. have shown the potential for producing secondary metabolites (SMs) and demonstrated diverse types of enzyme activities. These features make them promising candidates with industrial implications. At present, genomes of 9 unique species from the genus Aneurinibacillus are available, which can be utilized to decipher invaluable information on their biosynthetic potential as well as enzyme activities. In this work, we performed the comparative genome analyses of nine Aneurinibacillus species representing the first such comprehensive study of this genus at the genome level. We focused on discovering the biosynthetic, biodegradation, and heavy metal resistance potential of this under-investigated genus. The results indicate that the genomes of Aneurinibacillus contain SM-producing regions with diverse bioactivities, including antimicrobial and antiviral activities. Several carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and genes involved in heavy metal resistance were also identified. Additionally, a broad range of enzyme classes were also identified in the Aneurinibacillus pan-genomes, making this group of bacteria potential candidates for future investigations with industrial applications.
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Wang M, Zhao CY, Zhou HY, Zhao Y, Li YK, Ma JB. The sequential activation of H 2 and N 2 mediated by the gas-phase Sc 3N + clusters: Formation of amido unit. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054307. [PMID: 33557555 DOI: 10.1063/5.0029180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation and hydrogenation of nitrogen are central in industry and in nature. Through a combination of mass spectrometry and quantum chemical calculations, this work reports an interesting result that scandium nitride cations Sc3N+ can activate sequentially H2 and N2, and an amido unit (NH2) is formed based on density functional theory calculations, which is one of the inevitable intermediates in the N2 reduction reactions. If the activation step is reversed, i.e., sequential activation of first N2 and then H2, the reactivity decreases dramatically. An association mechanism, prevalent in some homogeneous catalysis and enzymatic mechanisms, is adopted in these gas-phase H2 and N2 activation reactions mediated by Sc3N+ cations. The mechanistic insights are important to understand the mechanism of the conversion of H2 and N2 to NH3 synthesis under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Chong-Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ke Li
- Wilhelm-Ostwald Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie Universität Leipzig Linnéstr. 2, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
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Speelman AL, Skubi KL, Mercado BQ, Holland PL. Synthesis and Reactivity of Iron Complexes with a Biomimetic SCS Pincer Ligand. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:1965-1974. [PMID: 33443404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental evidence suggests that the FeMoco of nitrogenase undergoes structural rearrangement during N2 reduction, which may result in the generation of coordinatively unsaturated iron sites with two sulfur donors and a carbon donor. In an effort to synthesize and study small-molecule model complexes with a one-carbon/two-sulfur coordination environment, we have designed two new SCS pincer ligands containing a central NHC donor accompanied by thioether- or thiolate-functionalized aryl groups. Metalation of the thioether ligand with Fe(OTf)2 gives 6-coordinate complexes in which the SCS ligand binds meridionally. In contrast, metalation of the thiolate ligand with Fe(HMDS)2 gives a four-coordinate pseudotetrahedral amide complex in which the ligand binds facially, illustrating the potential structural flexibility of these ligands. Reaction of the amide complex with a bulky monothiol gives a four-coordinate complex with a one-carbon/three-sulfur coordination environment that resembles the resting state of nitrogenase. Reaction of the amide complex with phenylhydrazine gives a product with a rare κ1-bound phenylhydrazido group which undergoes N-N cleavage to give a phenylamido complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Speelman
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Kazimer L Skubi
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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Ghosh AC, Duboc C, Gennari M. Synergy between metals for small molecule activation: Enzymes and bio-inspired complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wei N, Yang D, Zhang Y, Wang B, Qu J. Synthesis, Structure, and Oxidative Reactivity of a Class of Thiolate‐Bridged Dichromium Complexes Featuring Antiferromagnetic Coupling Interactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nianmin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Shanghai 200237 P. R. China
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Arnett CH, Bogacz I, Chatterjee R, Yano J, Oyala PH, Agapie T. Mixed-Valent Diiron μ-Carbyne, μ-Hydride Complexes: Implications for Nitrogenase. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18795-18813. [PMID: 32976708 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Binding of N2 by the FeMo-cofactor of nitrogenase is believed to occur after transfer of 4 e- and 4 H+ equivalents to the active site. Although pulse EPR studies indicate the presence of two Fe-(μ-H)-Fe moieties, the structural and electronic features of this mixed valent intermediate remain poorly understood. Toward an improved understanding of this bioorganometallic cluster, we report herein that diiron μ-carbyne complex (P6ArC)Fe2(μ-H) can be oxidized and reduced, allowing for the first time spectral characterization of two EPR-active Fe(μ-C)(μ-H)Fe model complexes linked by a 2 e- transfer which bear some resemblance to a pair of En and En+2 states of nitrogenase. Both species populate S = 1/2 states at low temperatures, and the influence of valence (de)localization on the spectroscopic signature of the μ-hydride ligand was evaluated by pulse EPR studies. Compared to analogous data for the {Fe2(μ-H)}2 state of FeMoco (E4(4H)), the data and analysis presented herein suggest that the hydride ligands in E4(4H) bridge isovalent (most probably FeIII) metal centers. Although electron transfer involves metal-localized orbitals, investigations of [(P6ArC)Fe2(μ-H)]+1 and [(P6ArC)Fe2(μ-H)]-1 by pulse EPR revealed that redox chemistry induces significant changes in Fe-C covalency (-50% upon 2 e- reduction), a conclusion further supported by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 57Fe Mössbauer studies, and DFT calculations. Combined, our studies demonstrate that changes in covalency buffer against the accumulation of excess charge density on the metals by partially redistributing it to the bridging carbon, thereby facilitating multielectron transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Arnett
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Isabel Bogacz
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ruchira Chatterjee
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul H Oyala
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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Kondo M, Masaoka S. Pentanuclear Scaffold: A Molecular Platform for Small-Molecule Conversions. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2140-2151. [PMID: 32870647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule conversions involving multielectron transfer processes enable the conversion of earth-abundant materials into valuable chemicals and are regarded as a solution for environmental and energy shortage problems. In this context, the development of artificial catalysts that promote these reactions is an important research target. In nature, metalloenzymes that contain multinuclear metal complexes as active sites are known to efficiently catalyze reactions under mild conditions. Therefore, using multinuclear metal complexes as artificial catalysts can be an attractive strategy for small-molecule conversions involving multielectron transfer processes. However, multinuclear-metal-complex-based catalysts for these reactions have not been well established. In this Account, we describe our recent advances in the development of multinuclear metal complexes as catalysts for small-molecule conversion, mainly focusing on water oxidation. As small-molecule conversions involving multielectron transfer processes consists of two essential processes, (1) the transfer of multiple electrons and (2) the formation/cleavage of covalent bond(s), catalysts for these reactions should facilitate both steps. Therefore, we assumed that the assembly of redox-active metal ions and the cooperative effect of neighboring coordinatively unsaturated metal ions can promote these processes. On the basis of this assumption, we employed a pentanuclear metal complex as a molecular scaffold for the catalyst. The scaffold has a pentanuclear structure with quasi-D3 symmetry and consists of a [M3(μ3-X)] core (X = O2- or OH-) wrapped by two [M(μ-bpp)3] units (Hbpp = 3,5-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazole). The metal ions in the triangular core are coordinatively unsaturated, whereas the metal ions at the apical positions are coordinatively saturated. In other words, the pentanuclear scaffold possesses multiple redox-active centers and coordinatively unsaturated sites. It should also be noted that the electron transfer ability of the complex changes dramatically depending on the identity of the constituent metal ions. The iron derivative of the pentanuclear scaffold was found to serve as an electrocatalyst for water oxidation (2H2O → O2 + 4e- + 4H+) with a high reaction rate and excellent robustness. The substitution of metal ions in the pentanuclear scaffold to cobalt ions resulted in the development of a catalyst for CO2 reduction. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of substituents on the ligands of the pentanuclear iron complex and succeeded in precisely manipulating the electron transfer possess. These results clearly demonstrate that the pentanuclear scaffold is an attractive platform for catalysts for small-molecule conversions. Additionally, the intrinsic features of the multinuclear catalytic system, which are totally different from those of conventional mononuclear-metal-complex-based catalysts, are disclosed. In reactions mediated by multinuclear complexes, the multinuclear core can initially accumulate the charge required for catalysis to reach the catalytically active state. Subsequently, the catalyst in the active state reacts with the substrate, initiating electron transfer to the substrate and rearrangement of covalent bonds in the substrate to afford the product. In such a mechanism, the desired number of electrons can be transferred to the substrates in an on-demand fashion, and the formation of undesired chemical species in the targeted catalysis may be prevented. This feature of multinuclear-metal-complex-based catalysts will achieve demanding small-molecule conversions with a high reaction rate, selectivity, and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Kondo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Masaoka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Liu L, Woods TJ, Rauchfuss TB. Reactions of [Fe 6C(CO) 14(S)] 2-: Cluster Growth, Redox, Sulfiding. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020; 2020:3460-3465. [PMID: 33883972 PMCID: PMC8054992 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox reactions, substitutions, and metalations are reported for the iron carbido sulfide [Fe6C(CO)14(S)]2- ([1]2-). Dianion [1]2- oxidized to [Fe6C(CO)16(S)]0 ([2]0) upon treatment with of [Fe(C5H5)2]BF4 or HBF4 (H2 formation) under an atmosphere of CO. Reaction of [2]0 with tBuNC gave [Fe6C(S)(CO)13(tBuNC)5], consisting of Fe5C(CO)13 and [Fe(tBuNC)5]2+ subunits linked by a μ3-S2-. The Fe7CS cluster [Fe7C(CO)17(S)]2- formed upon treatment of (Ph4P)2[1] with Fe(benzylideneacetone)(CO)3. The Fe7 species is an edge-fused cluster with [Fe6C(CO)10(μ-CO)4] and Fe(CO)3 subunits joined by μ3-S and two Fe-Fe bonds. The analogous reaction using Mo(CO)4(norbornadiene) gave [MoFe6C(CO)18(S)]2-. In this cluster, the Mo center is located in the octahedral subunit. Treatment of [1]2- with SO2 afforded [Fe6C(S)(SO2)(CO)13]2-. This cluster features an Fe6C core decorated with μ3-S and μ2-SO2 ligands. These experiments were undertaken in an effort to connect organometallic clusters to FeMoco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Toby J Woods
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Thomas B Rauchfuss
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Jiang GD, Mou LH, Chen JJ, Li ZY, He SG. Reactivity of Neutral Tantalum Sulfide Clusters Ta 3S n ( n = 0-4) with N 2. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7749-7755. [PMID: 32840105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N2) fixation is a challenging and vital issue in chemistry. Inspired by the fact that the active sites of nitrogenases are polynuclear metal sulfide clusters, the reactivity of gas-phase metal sulfide clusters toward N2 has received considerable attention to gain fundamental insights into nitrogen fixation. Herein, neutral tantalum sulfide clusters have been prepared and their reactivity toward N2 has been investigated by mass spectrometry in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The experimental results showed that Ta3Sn (n = 0-3) could adsorb N2, while Ta3S4 was inert to N2. The DFT calculations revealed that the complete cleavage of the N≡N bond on the trinuclear metal center in the Ta3S0-3/N2 reaction systems was overall barrierless under thermal collision conditions. The sulfur ligands can facilitate the approaching of N2 toward the metal center but weaken the electron-donating ability of the metal center. The inertness of Ta3S4 is ascribed to the electron-deficient state of Ta3 in Ta3S4 and the least effective orbital interaction in the Ta3S4/N2 couple. This study provides new insights into the ligand effect on the interaction of the metal clusters with N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Duo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Li-Hui Mou
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences and CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Van Stappen C, Decamps L, Cutsail GE, Bjornsson R, Henthorn JT, Birrell JA, DeBeer S. The Spectroscopy of Nitrogenases. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5005-5081. [PMID: 32237739 PMCID: PMC7318057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenases are responsible for biological nitrogen fixation, a crucial step in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. These enzymes utilize a two-component protein system and a series of iron-sulfur clusters to perform this reaction, culminating at the FeMco active site (M = Mo, V, Fe), which is capable of binding and reducing N2 to 2NH3. In this review, we summarize how different spectroscopic approaches have shed light on various aspects of these enzymes, including their structure, mechanism, alternative reactivity, and maturation. Synthetic model chemistry and theory have also played significant roles in developing our present understanding of these systems and are discussed in the context of their contributions to interpreting the nature of nitrogenases. Despite years of significant progress, there is still much to be learned from these enzymes through spectroscopic means, and we highlight where further spectroscopic investigations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Van Stappen
- Max Planck Institute for
Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Laure Decamps
- Max Planck Institute for
Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - George E. Cutsail
- Max Planck Institute for
Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ragnar Bjornsson
- Max Planck Institute for
Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Justin T. Henthorn
- Max Planck Institute for
Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - James A. Birrell
- Max Planck Institute for
Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for
Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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