1
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Yang Y, Zhang W, Pang S, Huang H, Sun C. 2,2'-Bisdinitromethyl-5,5'-bistetrazole: A High-Performance, Multi-Nitro Energetic Material with Excellent Oxygen Balance. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39129560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Bistetrazoles are highly sought after for developing innovative high-energy density materials. The 1,1'-substituted bistetrazoles, exemplified by TKX-50, have outstanding performance. However, the research of high-perfomance 2,2'-substituted bistetrazoles remains limited. In this work, dinitromethyl groups were introduced into bistetrazole structures as 2,2'-substituted bistetrazoles (BDBTZ), which was extensively characterized through NMR, thermal analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction, exhibiting excellent oxygen balance, moderate sensitivity, acceptable thermal stability, high crystal density, and excellent detonation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Yang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenjin Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - He Huang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenghui Sun
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Zhang H, Du X, Liu Y, Lei G, Yin P, Pang S. Fused Triazole-Tetrazine Assembled with Different Functional Moieties: Construction of Multipurpose Energetic Materials. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33557-33562. [PMID: 39130562 PMCID: PMC11307276 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Azido, amino, and azo functionalities were introduced into tetrazine backbones to access multifunctional energetic materials. AzNTT demonstrates effective initiation capability (MPC = 50 mg), whereas NTTA balances well between the energy and stability. Azo-functionalized BNTTD has a high density of 1.908 g cm-3, with performance comparable to that of the benchmark material HMX. This work underscores the scope of energetic functionalization and the outstanding comprehensive performance of polycyclic tetrazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing
Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xinyu Du
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongjiang Liu
- Beijing
Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Guorong Lei
- State
Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ping Yin
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing
Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School
of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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3
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Chen L, Hu W, Lei C, Zhu T, Li C, Tang J, Cheng G, Xiao C, Yang H. Advanced tetracyclic heat-resistant energetic materials based on bis(4-nitropyrazole) bridged 1,2,4-triazole. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12641-12648. [PMID: 39011720 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01627k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, with the development of deep coal mines and petroleum resources and the expansion of the aerospace industry, the pursuit of heat-resistant energetic materials with high thermal stability and high energy has been increasing. Bis(4-nitropyrazole) was employed as an energy bridge to link 1,2,4-triazole, thereby constructing a sophisticated tetracyclic framework in this study. A tetracyclic heat-resistant explosive 5,5'-(4,4'-dinitro-2H,2'H-[3,3'-bipyrazole]-5,5'-diyl)bis(4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diamine) (3) and its derivatives 6-8 with excellent comprehensive performance have been successfully prepared. Particularly noteworthy is that compound 3 has a detonation velocity of 8604 m s-1, which exceeds that of the conventional heat-resistant explosive HNS with a velocity of 7164 m s-1. Furthermore, compound 3 has higher thermal stability (Td = 340 °C) than HNS (Td = 318 °C). In addition, the tetracyclic compound 3 also exhibited extraordinarily low sensitivity (IS > 40 J; FS > 360 N). These unique characteristics make it a potential candidate for novel heat-resistant and insensitive energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Caijin Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Teng Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chengchuang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guangbin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chuan Xiao
- China Northern Industries Group Co., Ltd (NORINCO GROUP), Beijing 100089, P. R. China.
| | - Hongwei Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Gong W, Guo B, Hu L, Pang S, Shreeve JM. Host-Guest Technique for Designing Highly Energetic Compounds with the Nitroamino Group. Org Lett 2024; 26:4417-4421. [PMID: 38330149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
A new energetic material, 2-azido-4,7-nitroamino-1H-imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine (ANIP) with a highly sensitive azido group and its host-guest compounds (ANIP/H2O and ANIP/H2O2), and energetic salts were obtained. With the guest and protons in host molecules, an abundant hydrogen bond system can be formed. This results in high crystal density and good sensitivity, which suggests that the host-guest strategy is a promising way to balance the contradiction between energy and sensitivity and provides a new path to obtain a new generation of high energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Gong
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Benyue Guo
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Lu Hu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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5
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Kumar P, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Single Step Synthesis of gem-Dinitro Methyl-1,2,4-triazole and Its Hydroxylamine Salt: An Alternative to the FOX-7 and Other Benchmark Explosives. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38809597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
gem-Dinitro methyl based high-energy-density material 5-(dinitromethylene)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole (2) and its hydroxylamine salt (4) were synthesized for the first time in a single step and characterized. Further, the structure of 2 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) studies. Interestengly, both the compounds show excellent density (> 1.83 g cm-3), detonation velocity (> 8700 m s-1), pressure (> 30 GPa) and are insensitive toward mechanical stimuli such as impact and friction sensitivity. Considering their synthetic fesibility and balanced energetic performance, compounds 2 and 4 show future prospects as potential next-generation energetic materials for the replacenent of many presently used benchmark high energy density materials such as RDX, FOX-7 and highly insensitive H-FOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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6
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Jujam M, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Elaborating NH-Bridged Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials via Base-Mediated Dimroth Rearrangement: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Study. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38781553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of heat-resistant energetic materials featuring high thermostability and energy has gained keen interest in recent years owing to their use in coal mining and aerospace domains. In this study, we synthesized 4-((4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) amino)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-carbonitrile (6) and its perchlorate and nitrate energetic salts (6a and 6b) by incorporating amino bridging (-NH-) using the Dimroth rearrangement (DR) from inexpensive starting materials as a heat-resistant energetic materials. All of the compounds were thoroughly characterized by infrared (IR), NMR, elemental analysis (EA), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) studies. Compounds 6a and 6b showed good densities (1.81 and 1.80 g cm-3), detonation performance (VOD = 7505 and 8257 m s-1, DP = 23.47 and 24.41 GPa), insensitivity to mechanical stimuli (IS = 40 J and FS = >360 N), and excellent thermal stability (Td = 307 and 334 °C), surpassing presently used heat-resistant explosive HNS (318 °C). The molecular electrostatic potentials and noncovalent interactions were pursued to understand possible interaction sites and structure-directing interactions in these salts. Their facile synthetic approach, good energetic performance, and outstanding thermal stability indicate that they are the ideal combination for replacing current benchmark heat-resistant explosive HNS. Additionally, this study highlights the use of classical DR for making new energetic materials with fine-tuned properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manojkumar Jujam
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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7
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Rajak R, Kumar N, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Highly Dense N-N-Bridged Dinitramino Bistriazole-Based 3D Metal-Organic Frameworks with Balanced Outstanding Energetic Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38598691 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Due to the inherent conflict between energy and safety, the construction of energetic materials or energetic metal-organic frameworks (E-MOFs) with balanced thermal stability, sensitivity, and high detonation performance is challenging for chemists worldwide. In this regard, in recent times self-assembly of energetic ligands (high nitrogen- and oxygen-containing small molecules) with alkali metals were probed as a promising strategy to build high-energy materials with excellent density, insensitivity, stability, and detonation performance. Herein, based on the nitrogen-rich N,N'-([4,4'-bi(1,2,4-triazole)]-3,3'-dial)dinitramide (H2BDNBT) energetic ligand, two new environmentally benign E-MOFs including potassium [K2BDNBT]n (K-MOF) and sodium [Na2BDNBT]n (Na-MOF) have been introduced and characterized by NMR, IR, TGA-DSC, ICP-MS, PXRD, elemental analyses, and SCXRD. Interestingly, Na-MOF and K-MOF demonstrate solvent-free 3D dense frameworks having crystal densities of 2.16 and 2.14 g cm-3, respectively. Both the E-MOFs show high detonation velocity (VOD) of 8557-9724 m/s, detonation pressure (DP) of 30.41-36.97 GPa, positive heat of formation of 122.52-242.25 kJ mol-1, and insensitivity to mechanical stimuli such as impact and friction (IS = 30-40 J, FS > 360 N). Among them, Na-MOF has a detonation velocity (9724 m/s) superior to that of conventional explosives. Additionally, both the E-MOFs are highly heat-resistant, having higher decomposition (319 °C for K-MOF and 293 °C for Na-MOF) than the traditional explosives RDX (210 °C), HMX (279 °C), and CL-20 (221 °C). This stability is ascribed to the extensive structure and strong covalent interactions between BDNBT2- and K(I)/Na(I) ions. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we report dinitramino-based E-MOFs as highly stable secondary explosives, and Na-MOF may serve as a promising next-generation high-energy-density material for the replacement of presently used secondary thermally stable energetic materials such as RDX, HNS, HMX, and CL-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rajak
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Navaneet Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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8
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Kumar P, Kumar N, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Zwitterionic fused pyrazolo-triazole based high performing energetic materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1646-1649. [PMID: 38236126 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05920k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A series of nitrogen-rich fused energetic materials were synthesized from commercially available inexpensive starting materials and fully characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and DSC. The structure of zwitterionic compound 2 was supported by SCXRD data. Among all, 3 and 4 possess excellent detonation velocity (8956 and 9163 m s-1) and are insensitive towards friction (>360 N) and impact (10 J), having moderate to excellent thermal stability (171-262 °C). It is worth mentioning that the zwitterionic fused pyrazolo-triazole compound 2 and its energetic salts offer remarkable performance as new-generation thermally stable energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Navaneet Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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9
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Sharma K, Maan A, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Azo-Bridged Triazole Macrocycles: Computational Design, Energy Content, Performance, and Stability Assessment. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10128-10138. [PMID: 38015623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxadiazole and triazole are extensively investigated heterocyclic scaffolds in the development of energetic materials. New energetic molecules were designed by replacing 1,2,5-oxadiazole with 2H-1,2,3-triazole in the reported conjugated macrocyclic systems to assess the influence on the energetic properties and stability. In addition, nitro groups were introduced in triazole units (N-functionalization) to improve the energetic performance. Energetic properties, including heat of formation, oxygen balance, density, detonation pressure and velocity, and impact sensitivity, were estimated for these triazole-based macrocycles. The replacement of 1,2,5-oxadiazole with 2H-1,2,3-triazole and 2-nitro-1,2,3-triazole significantly enhances the energy content, detonation performance, and noncovalent interactions. The theoretically computed energetic properties of triazole-based macrocycles reveal high positive heats of formation (1507-2761 kJ/mol), oxygen balance (-88.8 to -22.8%), high densities (1.87-1.90 g/cm3), superior detonation velocities (8.41-9.52 km/s), pressures (26.64-40.55 GPa), acceptable impact sensitivity (27-40 cm), and safety factor (51-290). The overall energetic assessment highlights triazole-based macrocycles as a potential framework that will be useful for developing advanced energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Anjali Maan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Yadav AK, Kumar N, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Synthesis of Advanced Pyrazole and N-N-Bridged Bistriazole-Based Secondary High-Energy Materials. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38018907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have synthesized 3,5-dihydrazinyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (2), 9-nitro-1H-pyrazolo[3,2-c:5,1-c']bis([1,2,4]triazole)-3,6-diamine (3), and N-N-bonded N,N'-{[4,4'-bi(1,2,4-triazole)]-3,3'-diyl}dinitramide (5) and its stable nitrogen-rich energetic salts in one and two steps in quantitative yields from commercially available inexpensive starting material 4,6-dichloro-5-nitropyrimidine (1). Along with characterization via nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, and elemental analysis, the structures of 2 and 4-8 were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Interestingly, 5-8 show excellent thermal stability (242, 221, 250, and 242 °C, respectively) compared to that of RDX (210 °C). Detonation velocities of 2, 4, 6, and 7 range from 8992 to 9069 m s-1, which are better than that of RDX (8878 m s-1) and close to that of HMX (9221 m s-1). All of these compounds are insensitive to impact (10-35 J) and friction (360 N) sensitivity. These excellent energetic performances, stabilities, and synthetic feasibilities make compounds 2, 4, 6, and 7 promising candidates as secondary explosives and potential replacements for the presently used benchmark explosives RDX and HMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Yadav
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Navaneet Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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11
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Singh J, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Manipulating nitration and stabilization to achieve high energy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadk3754. [PMID: 37967187 PMCID: PMC10651134 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitro groups have played a central and decisive role in the development of the most powerful known energetic materials. Highly nitrated compounds are potential oxidizing agents, which could replace the environmentally hazardous used materials such as ammonium perchlorate. The scarcity of azole compounds with a large number of nitro groups is likely due to their inherent thermal instability and the limited number of ring sites available for bond formation. Now, the formation of the first azole molecule bonded to seven nitro groups, 4-nitro-3,5-bis(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazole (4), by the stepwise nitration of 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole is reported. Compound 4 exhibits exceptional physicochemical properties with a positive oxygen balance (OBCO2 = 13.62%) and an extremely high calculated density (2.04 g cm-3 at 100 K). This is impressively high for a C, H, N, O compound. This work is a giant step forward to highly nitrated and dense azoles and will accelerate further exploration in this challenging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343 USA
| | - Richard J. Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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12
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Chen S, Yi Z, Jia C, Li Y, Chen H, Zhu S, Zhang L. Periodate-Based Perovskite Energetic Materials: A Strategy for High-Energy Primary Explosives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302631. [PMID: 37329207 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The requirements for high energy and green primary explosives are more and more stringent because of the rising demand in the application of micro initiation explosive devices. Four new energetic compounds with powerful initiation ability are reported and their performances are experimentally proven as designed, including non-perovskites ([H2 DABCO](H4 IO6 )2 ·2H2 O, named TDPI-0) and perovskitoid energetic materials (PEMs) ([H2 DABCO][M(IO4 )3 ]; DABCO=1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, M=Na+ , K+ , and NH4 + for TDPI-1, -2, and -4, respectively). The tolerance factor is first introduced to guide the design of perovskitoid energetic materials (PEMs). In conjunction with [H2 DABCO](ClO4 )2 ·H2 O (DAP-0) and [H2 DABCO][M(ClO4 )3 ] (M=Na+ , K+ , and NH4 + for DAP-1, -2, and -4), the physiochemical properties of the two series are investigated between PEMs and non-perovskites (TDPI-0 and DAP-0). The experimental results show that PEMs have great advantages in improving the thermal stability, detonation performance, initiation capability, and regulating sensitivity. The influence of X-site replacement is illustrated by hard-soft-acid-base (HSAB) theory. Especially, TDPIs possess much stronger initiation capability than DAPs, which indicates that periodate salts are in favor of deflagration-to-detonation transition. Therefore, PEMs provide a simple and feasible method for designing advanced high energy materials with adjustable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Zhenxin Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Chongwei Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Houhe Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Shunguan Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei, Xuanwu, Nanjing, 210094, China
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13
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Miao X, Yang X, Li Y, Pang S. Thermal stability of azole-rich energetic compounds: their structure, density, enthalpy of formation and energetic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37409442 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Energetic compounds, as a type of special material, are widely used in the fields of national defense, aerospace and exploration. Their research and production have received growing attention. Thermal stability is a crucial factor for the safety of energetic materials. Azole-rich energetic compounds have emerged as a research hotspot in recent years owing to their excellent properties. Due to the aromaticity of unsaturated azoles, many azole-rich energetic compounds have significant thermal stability, which is one of the properties that researchers focus on. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the physicochemical and energetic properties of various energetic materials, highlighting the relationship between thermal stability and the structural, physicochemical, and energetic properties of azole-rich energetic compounds. To improve the thermal stability of compounds, five aspects can be considered, including functional group modification, bridging, preparation of energetic salts, energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs) and co-crystals. It was demonstrated that increasing the strength and number of hydrogen bonds of azoles and expanding the π-π stacking area are the key factors to improve thermal stability, which provides a valuable way to develop energetic materials with higher energy and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Miao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xinbo Yang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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14
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Rajak R, Kumar P, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Poly Tetrazole Containing Thermally Stable and Insensitive Alkali Metal-Based 3D Energetic Metal-Organic Frameworks. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:8389-8396. [PMID: 37192156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Poly tetrazole-containing thermally stable and insensitive alkali metal-based 3D energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs) are promising high energy density materials to balance the sensitivity, stability, and detonation performance of explosives in defense, space, and civilian applications. Herein, the self-assembly of L3- ligand with alkali metals Na(I) and K(I) was prepared at ambient conditions, introducing two new EMOFs, [Na3(L)3(H2O)6]n (1) and [K3(L)3(H2O)3]n (2). Single crystal analysis reveals that Na-MOF (1) exhibited a 3D wave-like supramolecular structure with significant hydrogen bonding among the layers, while K-MOF (2) also featured a 3D framework. Both EMOFs were thoroughly characterized by NMR, IR, PXRD, and TGA/DSC analyses. Compounds 1 and 2 show excellent thermal decomposition Td = 344 and 337 °C, respectively, compared to the presently used benchmark explosives RDX (210 °C), HMX (279 °C), and HNS (318 °C), which is attributed to structural reinforcement induced by extensive coordination. They also show remarkable detonation performance (VOD = 8500 m s-1, 7320 m s-1, DP = 26.74 GPa, 20 GPa for 1 and 2, respectively) and insensitivity toward impact and friction (IS ≥ 40 J, FS ≥ 360 N for 1; IS ≥ 40 J, FS ≥ 360 N for 2). Their excellent synthetic feasibility and energetic performance suggest that they are the perfect blend for the replacement of present benchmark explosives such as HNS, RDX, and HMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Rajak
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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15
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Xia LH, Yang YZ, Wang YN, Yang XM, Li ZM, Zhang TL. Novel energetic salts of N-methylene-C-bridged nitrogen-rich heterocycle 5-((5-amino-tetrazol-1-yl)methyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diamine: syntheses, characterization, and properties. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
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16
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Yadav AK, Jujam M, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. High-performing, insensitive and thermally stable energetic materials from zwitterionic gem-dinitromethyl substituted C-C bonded 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4324-4327. [PMID: 36929389 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00615h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of gem-dinitromethyl substituted zwitterionic C-C bonded azole based energetic materials (3-8) were designed, synthesized, and characterized through NMR, IR, EA, and DSC studies. Further, the structure of 5 was confirmed with SCXRD and those of 6 and 8 with 15N NMR. All the newly synthesized energetic molecules exhibited higher density, good thermal stability, excellent detonation performance, and low mechanical sensitivity to external stimuli such as impact and friction. Among all, compounds 6 and 7 may serve as ideal secondary high energy density materials due to their remarkable thermal decomposition (200 °C and 186 °C), insensitivity to impact (>30 J), velocity of detonation (9248 m s-1 and 8861 m s-1) and pressure (32.7 GPa and 32.1 GPa). Additionally, the melting and decomposition temperatures of 3 (Tm = 92 °C, Td = 242 °C) indicate that it can be used as a melt-cast explosive. The novelty, synthetic feasibility, and energetic performance of all the molecules suggest that they can be used as potential secondary explosives in defence and civilian fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Yadav
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Manojkumar Jujam
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India.
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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17
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Feng S, Zhang B, Luo C, Liu Y, Zhu S, Gou R, Zhang S, Yin P, Pang S. Challenging the Limitations of Tetranitro Biimidazole through Introducing a gem-Dinitromethyl Scaffold. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 36795059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A gem-dinitromethyl group was successfully introduced into the TNBI·2H2O structure (TNBI: 4,4',5,5'-tetranitro-2,2'-bi-1H-imidazole) to obtain 1-(dinitromethyl)-4,4',5,5'-tetranitro-1H,1'H-2,2'-biimidazole (DNM-TNBI). Benefiting from the transformation of an N-H proton into a gem-dinitromethyl group, the current limitations of TNBI were well solved. More importantly, DNM-TNBI has high density (1.92 g·cm-3, 298 K), good oxygen balance (15.3%), and excellent detonation properties (Dv = 9102 m·s-1, P = 37.6 GPa), suggesting that it has great potential as an oxidizer or a high-performance energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbiao Feng
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.,School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baoseng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Chunwang Luo
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Ruijun Gou
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Shuhai Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Ping Yin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.,Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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18
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Ding N, Sun Q, Xu X, Li Y, Zhao C, Li S, Pang S. Can a heavy trinitromethyl group always result in a higher density? Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1939-1942. [PMID: 36722983 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc07077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Density is an important property of energetic materials and is believed to increase with the addition of heavy trinitromethyl groups, as shown in previous literature. However, this study determined that the introduction of these groups produced a decrease in density, as evidenced by the lower density of 1-trinitromethyl-4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole ((TN-116), 1.899 g cm-3) compared to that of its precursor (4-amino-3,5-dinitropyrazole (LLM-116), 1.900 g cm-3). Mechanistic studies indicated that the reduced density was due to the significantly weaker H-bonding and π-π interactions of TN-116, which produced looser stacking compared to that of LLM-116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xudong Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yaqiong Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China. .,Yangtz Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Chaofeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Shenghua Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China. .,Yangtz Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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19
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Kumar P, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Facile synthesis of thermally stable tetrazolo[1,5- b][1,2,4]triazine substituted energetic materials: synthesis and characterization. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:747-753. [PMID: 36562432 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03814e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various thermally stable energetic materials with high nitrogen content, low sensitivity and better detonation performance were synthesized. The versatile functionalization of 1,2,4-triazine involving the introduction of oxadiazole and tetrazole is discussed. All the compounds were fully characterized using IR, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Compounds 2, 3, 9 and 12 were further verified using single-crystal X-ray analysis. Compound 9 can be considered a melt-cast explosive due to its lower onset melting temperature (112 °C). The detonation velocity, pressure, density, and heat of formation of all the synthesized compounds range between 7056 and 8212 m s-1, 17.57 and 23.78 GPa, 1.70 and 1.81 g cm-1, and 43 and 644 kJ mol-1, respectively. Due to the high nitrogen percentage (53 to >72%), these molecules can be used in car airbag applications. Due to the high thermal stability (>220 °C) and lower sensitivity, these compounds can be potentially used as high-performing thermally stable secondary energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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20
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Lu Z, Qin J, Wu J, Cao W, Kuang B, Zhang J. Advances in the Synthesis of Energetic Compounds Based on 1,2,3-Triazoles. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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21
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Yin Z, Yi Z, Tang Y, Wei H, Huang W. Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Halogen-substituted 1,1-Diamino-2-nitro-2-(1-amino-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) Ethene Derivatives as Energetic Materials. FIREPHYSCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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22
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Yadav AK, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Promising Thermally Stable Energetic Materials with the Combination of Pyrazole-1,3,4-Oxadiazole and Pyrazole-1,2,4-Triazole Backbones: Facile Synthesis and Energetic Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49898-49908. [PMID: 36287099 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermally stable energetic materials have broad applications in the deep mining, oil and natural exploration, and aerospace industries. The quest for thermally stable (heat-resistant) energetic materials with high energy output and low sensitivity has fascinated many researchers worldwide. In this study, two different series of thermally stable energetic materials and salts based on pyrazole-oxadiazole and pyrazole-triazole (3-23) with different explosophoric groups have been synthesized in a simple and straightforward manner. All the newly synthesized compounds were fully characterized by IR, ESI-MS, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The structures of 3, 7, and 22 were supported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The density, heat of formation, and energetic properties (detonation velocity and detonation pressure) of all the compounds range between 1.75 and 1.94 g cm-3, 0.73 to 2.44 kJ g-1, 7689 to 9139 m s-1, and 23.3 to 31.5 GPa, respectively. All the compounds are insensitive to impact (>30 J) and friction (>360 N). In addition, compounds 4, 6, 10, 14, 17, 21, 22, and 23 show high onset decomposition temperature (Td between 238 and 397 °C) than the benchmark energetic materials RDX (Td = 210 °C), HMX (279 °C), and thermally stable HNS (318 °C). It is noteworthy that the pyrazole-oxadiazole and pyrazole-triazole backbones greatly influence their physicochemical and energetic properties. Overall, this study offers a perspective on insensitive and thermally stable nitrogen-rich materials and explores the relationship between the structure and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Yadav
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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23
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Yin Z, Huang W, Zeng Z, Liu Y, Shreeve JM, Tang Y. Toward Advanced High-Performance Insensitive FOX-7-like Energetic Materials via Positional Isomerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49847-49853. [PMID: 36264561 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For an energetic molecule with a definite elemental composition, the substituent type and position are the most important factors to influence its detonation performance and mechanical sensitivities. In this work, two pairs of FOX-7-like energetic isomers based on (2 and HTz-FOX; 5 and 6) were synthesized and characterized. Through positional isomerization, advanced high-performance insensitive explosives were obtained. Compounds 2 and 5 with an amino group adjacent to the electron-withdrawing side of the ethene bridge show both higher thermal stability and lower mechanical sensitivities (2: Td = 258 °C, impact sensitivity (IS) = 25 J, and friction sensitivity (FS) = 300 N; 5: Td = 264 °C, IS = 30 J, and FS = 320 N). In addition, 2 shows ultrahigh detonation performance (Dv = 9224 m s-1 and P = 31.1 GPa). These promising physicochemical properties are comparable to those of HMX (Dv = 9193 m s-1, P = 37.8 GPa, Td = 275 °C, IS = 7.4 J, and FS = 120 N), which suggests that 2 may be a promising energetic material in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Yuji Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho83844-2343, United States
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
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24
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Lang Q, Lin Q, Wang P, Xu Y, Lu M. Density functional theory studies on N4 and N8 species: Focusing on various structures and excellent energetic properties. Front Chem 2022; 10:993036. [PMID: 36157040 PMCID: PMC9492962 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.993036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
All-nitrogen materials, as a unique branch of energetic materials, have gained huge attentions, of which cyclo-N5− derivatives are the representative synthetically reported materials. However, the energetic performance of cyclo-N5− compounds has certain limitations and cannot go beyond that of CL-20. In order to reach the higher energy, in this work, we presented two kinds of polynitrogen species, N4 and N8. Two isomers of N4 and four isomers of N8 were fully calculated by using density functional theory (DFT). Theoretical results show that all these polynitrogen materials exhibit excellent heats of formation (7.92–16.60 kJ g−1), desirable detonation performance (D: 9766–11620 m s−1; p: 36.8–61.1 GPa), as well as the remarkable specific impulses (330.1–436.2 s), which are much superior to CL-20. Among them, N4-2 (tetraazahedrane) (D: 10037 m s−1; p: 40.1 GPa; Isp: 409.7 s) and cube N8-4 (D: 11620 m s−1; p: 61.1 GPa; Isp: 436.2 s) have the highest energetic properties, which are expected to become promising high-energy-density-materials. Moreover, electrostatic surface potentials, Frontier molecular orbitals, infrared spectra, natural bond orbital charges, and weak interactions were also investigated to further understand their relationship between structure and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ming Lu
- *Correspondence: Yuangang Xu, ; Ming Lu,
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25
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Hu L, He C, Pang S. Energetic Gem-dinitro Salts with Improved Thermal Stability by Incorporating with A Fused Building Block. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37975-37981. [PMID: 35952662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermal stability is one of the most significant properties for the safety of energetic materials, finding a stable skeleton with suitable energetic groups is always a primary test. In this work, an unusual aminohydrazone cyclization strategy was used in the synthesis of a new series of gem-dinitro 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b][1,2,4,5]-tetrazine compounds with desirable thermal stability (≥197 °C). All of the new compounds were fully characterized by infrared (IR), NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. The decomposition temperature of potassium salt 2 is 288 °C, reaching the level of HMX. All of these performances have demonstrated the effective synthesis strategy for innovatively combining geminal dinitro groups with fused rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yubing Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
| | - Lu Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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26
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Energetic material derivatives of insoluble 3,4,5-triamino-1-tetrazolyl-1,2,4-triazole (TATT). J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Khakimov DV, Pivina TS. New Method for Predicting the Enthalpy of Salt Formation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5207-5214. [PMID: 35905437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new efficient method for calculating the enthalpies of salt formation is proposed. The method is based on a fundamentally new cocrystal model, consisting of a mixture of cations and anions and a "quasi-salt" of neutral components, in fact, of the salt itself, and the enthalpy of formation is calculated as the average value between the enthalpies of formation of these two structural components. Unlike correlation and additive schemes, this method is based on the construction of a real physical model of a salt crystal, for which the molecular geometry of the ions and neutral salt components is preliminarily optimized by quantum chemistry methods. Further, based on the obtained data, the initial models of crystal lattices in the statistically most probable structural classes are constructed with their subsequent optimization by the method of Atom-Atom potentials. For a number of compounds of various chemical classes, the effectiveness of the method for estimating the enthalpy of salts is shown, which surpasses the known methods in terms of calculation accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V Khakimov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana S Pivina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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28
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Kumar P, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. 1,3,5-Tris[(2 H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl]isocyanurate and Its Tricationic Salts as Thermostable and Insensitive Energetic Materials. Org Lett 2022; 24:3555-3559. [PMID: 35521794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various energetic salts (3a-f) were obtained from 1,3,5-tris[(2H-tetrazol-5-yl)methyl]isocyanurate (3), while N2,N4,N6-tri(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine (5) and N,N'-{6-[(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl}bis[N-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)nitramide] (6) were obtained from cyanuric chloride via a simple, efficient two-step synthetic route from inexpensive starting materials. Compounds 3a-f and 6 show excellent detonation properties (VOD = 7876-8832 m s-1, and DP = 20.73-30.0 GPa), a high nitrogen content (>62%), and high positive heats of formation (205.2-1888.9 kJ mol-1) with excellent thermostability and remarkable insensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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29
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30
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Singh J, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Pushing the Limit of Nitro Groups on a Pyrazole Ring with Energy-Stability Balance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:61357-61364. [PMID: 34920662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polynitro compounds exhibit high density and good oxygen balance, which are desirable for energetic material applications, but their syntheses are often very challenging. Now, the design and syntheses of a new three-dimensional (3D) energetic metal-organic framework (EMOF) and high-energy-density materials (HEDMs) with good thermal stabilities and detonation properties based on a polynitro pyrazole are reported. Dipotassium 3,5-bis(dinitromethyl)-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (5) exhibits a 3D EMOF structure with good thermal stability (202 °C), a high density of 2.15 g cm-3 at 100 K (2.10 g cm-3 at 298 K) in combination with superior detonation performance (Dv = 7965 m s-1, P = 29.3 GPa). Dihydrazinium 3,5-bis(dinitromethyl)-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (7) exhibits a good density of 1.88 g cm-3 at 100 K (1.83 g cm-3 at 298 K) and superior thermal stability (218 °C), owing to the presence of 3D hydrogen-bonding networks. Its detonation velocity (8931 m s-1) and detonation pressure (35.9 GPa) are considerably superior to those of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The results highlight the syntheses of a 3D EMOF (5) and HEDM (7) with five nitro groups as potential energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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31
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Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. 1,2-Bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)diazene: a water stable, high-performing green oxidizer. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16929-16932. [PMID: 34766612 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03496k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trinitromethane moieties are very important for the design and development of high performing dense green oxidizers. The novel oxidizer 1,2-bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)diazene, 14 is stable in water in contrast to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles with other electron withdrawing substituents at the C5-position. Compound 14 is a CNO-based oxidizer with positive oxygen balance (+6.9%), moderate thermostability, and mechanical insensitivity that may find useful applications in the field of green rocket propallant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2343, USA.
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32
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33
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Recent Synthetic Efforts towards High Energy Density Materials: How to Design High-Performance Energetic Structures? FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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34
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Yin Z, Huang W, Tang Y. Synthesis and Properties of Lead‐Free Primary Explosive: Potassium 5‐(2,2‐Diamino‐1‐nitrovinyl)tetrazolate. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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35
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Zhang J, Huo H, Yu T, Zhou J, Wang Z, Wang B. Comparative thermal research on chlorodinitromethyl and fluorodinitromethyl explosophoric groups based insensitive energetic materials. FIREPHYSCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpc.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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36
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Mathpati RS, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Nitrogen‐rich Compounds with Multiple Azole Rings: Gas Generant, Enthalpy Enhancer and Applicable Cationic Component. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramling S. Mathpati
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana India
| | - Vikas D. Ghule
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra Kurukshetra 136119, Haryana India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh India
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37
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Lu T, He Y, Song J, Hou Z, Yin H, Fan G, Chen FX. Synthesis and properties of gem-dinitro energetic salts based on 1,2,4-oxadiazole with low impact sensitivity. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The compounds in this study are insensitive to impact and more energetic than TNT, giving new insights into gem-dinitro-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Yuna He
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Jia Song
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Zhengwen Hou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Hongquan Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- CAEP
- Mianyang 621050
- China
| | - Fu-Xue Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
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38
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Chen X, Guo Z, Zhang C, Zhang J, Ma H. Boosting intermolecular interactions of fused cyclic explosives: the way to thermostable and insensitive energetic materials with high density. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00924a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving the packing efficiency of explosives by strong intermolecular interactions can acquire high density while avoiding the expense of stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials
- Northwest University
- Xi’an 710069
- P. R. China
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39
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Wang Y, Ye J, Yang N, Ma H, Zhang Y, Guo Z. Strong intermolecular interaction induced methylene-bridged asymmetric heterocyclic explosives. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01083b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylene-bridged asymmetric heterocyclic explosives were designed and synthesized to attempt the possibility of realizing energetic materials with high-energy and adequate sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jin Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Na Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haixia Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering/Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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40
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Yin Z, Dong Y, Zeng Z, Huang W, Tang Y. Crystal structures and properties of high-nitrogen energetic salts based on ( Z)-1,1-diamino-2-nitro-2-(1 H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethene. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01751a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Forming hydrogen bond interactions between a nitro group (Tz-FOX), a tetrazole moiety (Tz-FOX), and amino groups (G, AG, and TAG) led to three nitrogen-rich energetic salts (2, 3, and 5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yaqun Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhiwei Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing
- China
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41
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Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. HFOX-1-Amino-1-hydrazino-2,2-Dinitroethylene as a Precursor to Trifluoromethyl, Dinitro, or Trinitro-Based Energetic 1,2,4-Triazoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:76-80. [PMID: 33326241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity of 1-amino-1-hydrazino-2,2-dinitroethylene with a carboxylic acid for the construction of structurally interesting energetic triazoles and their energetic salts is reported. All new compounds were fully characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Crystal analysis, good detonation properties, and low sensitivities of these trifluoromethyl and dinitro- or trinitro-based triazoles suggest their role as potential candidates for insensitive high-energy-density materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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42
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Lang Q, Wang Q, Lin Q, Xu Y, Lu M. C 5H 2N 14O 6: achieving azido-based materials with zero oxygen balance and good energetic performance. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04188f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through introducing nitro groups, a high-nitrogen–oxygen compound (4) was prepared. The OBco of compound 4 was improved to the value of zero, and it also exhibits good detonation performance (9018 m s−1 and 34.5 GPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Xiaolingwei 200, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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43
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Gettings ML, Thoenen MT, Byrd EFC, Sabatini JJ, Zeller M, Piercey DG. Tetrazole Azasydnone (C
2
N
7
O
2
H) And Its Salts: High‐Performing Zwitterionic Energetic Materials Containing A Unique Explosophore. Chemistry 2020; 26:14530-14535. [PMID: 32567079 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Gettings
- Departments of Materials Engineering & Mechanical Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center Purdue University 205 Gates Road West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science U.S. Military Academy West Point NY 10996 USA
| | - Michael T. Thoenen
- Departments of Materials Engineering & Mechanical Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center Purdue University 205 Gates Road West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Edward F. C. Byrd
- Detonation Sciences & Modeling Branch CCDC U.S. Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21005 USA
| | - Jesse J. Sabatini
- Energetics Synthesis & Formulation Branch CCDC U.S. Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21005 USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Davin G. Piercey
- Departments of Materials Engineering & Mechanical Engineering Purdue Energetics Research Center Purdue University 205 Gates Road West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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44
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Mei H, Yang J, Cao W, Hu Y, He P, Zhang JG. A new oxygen-rich energetic salt dihydrazine tetranitroethide: a promising explosive alternative with high density and good performance. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23250-23253. [PMID: 35520354 PMCID: PMC9054708 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04167j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel high-energy salt with good oxygen balance, dihydrazine tetranitroethide (5), has been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Compound 5 exhibits high crystal density (1.81 g cm-3) and impressive detonation velocity (9508 m s-1) and detonation pressure (37.9 GPa), showing potential applications as a high performance explosive and a promising additive of propellants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Junqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Wenli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Yong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha 410083 Hunan P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86-10-68918091
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45
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Tang Y, Huang W, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Enforced Planar FOX-7-like Molecules: A Strategy for Thermally Stable and Insensitive π-Conjugated Energetic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7153-7160. [PMID: 32227996 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring new energetic derivatives of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) is still a key aspect in the field of energetic materials. However, so far most of the attention has been focused on modification of FOX-7 via different reaction strategies. Now we report the design of three new FOX-7-like compounds (3-5) where one nitro group in FOX-7 is replaced by a nitrogen-rich heterocyclic ring. Each of them is characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Electronic structures are studied through computational methods in comparison with FOX-7. In addition, the chemical reactivity of 3 was also investigated. Its hydroxylammonium (7), hydrazinium (8), and ammonium (9) salts were prepared, and the nitrate product (10) was also isolated. Compound 10 has a C-N bond length of 1.577 Å that is one of the longest values found for the C-NO2 bond. It was found that the incorporation of a tetrazole or triazole ring into the backbone of a conjugated nitroenamine does lead to a planar structure, which not only enhances the thermal stability but also improves the sensitivity of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Tang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Wei Huang
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C., 20375, United States
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C., 20375, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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46
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Zhang W, Xia H, Yu R, Zhang J, Wang K, Zhang Q. Synthesis and Properties of 3,6‐Dinitropyrazolo[4,3‐c]‐pyrazole (DNPP) Derivatives. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201900205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Honglei Xia
- Institute of Chemical MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Rujing Yu
- Sichuan Co–Innovation Center for New Energetic MaterialsSouthwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Kangcai Wang
- Institute of Chemical MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) Mianyang 621900 China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical MaterialsChina Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) Mianyang 621900 China
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47
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Cao S, Ma X, Ma X, Cen P, Wu Y, Yang J, Liu X, Xie G, Chen S. Modulating energetic performance through decorating nitrogen-rich ligands in high-energy MOFs. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:2300-2307. [PMID: 32016242 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04803k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the presence of different nitrogen-rich ligands, two energetic MOFs with formulas [Ag(tza)]n (1) and [Ag(atza)]n (2) (Htza = tetrazole-1-acetic acid and Hatza = (5-amino-1H-tetrazole-1-yl) acetic acid) were successfully synthesized and characterized. X-ray single crystal structure analysis shows that both 1 and 2 have 2D layer-like topologies. The experimental and theoretical evaluations reveal the promising properties of both energetic compounds, such as prominent heats of detonation, high thermal stabilities, good sensitivities and excellent detonation performances. In contrast to 1, interestingly, the introduction of the amino group in 2 leads to various coordination modes of the ligands and different stacking patterns of the frameworks, resulting in the observation of the shorter Ag-O, Ag-Ag, C-N, N-N, and N[double bond, length as m-dash]N bond lengths in 2. Consequently, 2 features superior heats of detonation and thermostability compared to 1. The nonisothermal thermokinetic parameters are obtained by using the Kissinger and Ozawa methods, while the standard molar enthalpies of formation are calculated from the determination of constant volume combustion energies. In addition, both compounds were explored as practical additives to promote the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). This work may provide an effective approach for manipulating the energetic properties and thermostability of high-energy compounds via the perturbation of energetic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senni Cao
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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48
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Yang X, Wang Y, Zhang W, Yin Y, Li Z, Zhang T. New nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds to build 3D energetic metal complexes. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
By introducing hydroxymethyl into nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds, we designed and synthesized a new ligand. The three dimensional (3D) energetic metal complexes sodium and potassium salts of new ligand were investigated for heat-resistant energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yanna Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Weijing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yanli Yin
- National Key Laboratory for Remanufacturing
- Army of Armored Force
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Tonglai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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49
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Yavari I, Khaledian O. A formal [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of N-methylimidazole as a masked hydrogen cyanide: access to 1,3-disubstitued-1H-1,2,4-triazoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9150-9153. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01065k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Methylimidazole (NMI) can act as a masked HCN in the synthesis of 1,3-disubstitued-1H-1,2,4-triazoles via a formal cycloaddition reaction of hydrazonoyl chloride with NMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Yavari
- Department of Chemistry
- Tarbiat Modares University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Omid Khaledian
- Department of Chemistry
- Tarbiat Modares University
- Tehran
- Iran
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50
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Zhao G, Yin P, Kumar D, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. Bis(3-nitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methanone: An Applicable and Very Dense Green Oxidizer. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19581-19584. [PMID: 31775510 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is most often used as a practical solid rocket propellant because of its excellent performance. However, AP has many shortcomings, including instability, high negative enthalpy of formation, and claimed health and environmental issues resulting from its combustion products. The pursuit of highly dense, high-performance, and environmentally friendly oxidizers as solid propellants has long attracted scientists around the world. In this work, bis(3-nitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methanone (3) was obtained from bis(3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methane (1) with chloroacetone followed by nitration. The structure of 3 was confirmed by elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. By introducing the carbonyl moiety, the density of 3 was increased to 1.945 g/cm3 and the decomposition temperature increased to 164 °C. Compound 3 is a green energetic oxidizer that has a positive oxygen balance (+8.7%), a high specific impulse (218 s), and an acceptable sensitivity (9 J, 240 N), making it a practical replacement for AP in solid rocket propellant formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , Moscow , Idaho 83844-2343 , United States
| | - Ping Yin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , China
| | - Dheeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology , Roorkee , Uttarakhand 247667 , India
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory , 4555 Overlook Avenue , Washington , D.C. 20375 , United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry , University of Idaho , Moscow , Idaho 83844-2343 , United States
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