1
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Polynski MV, Vlasova YS, Solovev YV, Kozlov SM, Ananikov VP. Computational analysis of R-X oxidative addition to Pd nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9977-9986. [PMID: 38966374 PMCID: PMC11220582 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative addition (OA) is a necessary step in mechanisms of widely used synthetic methodologies such as the Heck reaction, cross-coupling reactions, and the Buchwald-Hartwig amination. This study pioneers the exploration of OA of aryl halide to palladium nanoparticles (NPs), a process previously unaddressed in contrast to the activity of well-studied Pd(0) complexes. Employing DFT modeling and semi-empirical metadynamics simulations, the oxidative addition of phenyl bromide to Pd nanoparticles was investigated in detail. Energy profiles of oxidative addition to Pd NPs were analyzed and compared to those involving Pd(0) complexes forming under both ligand-stabilized (phosphines) and ligandless (amine base) conditions. Metadynamics simulations highlighted the edges of the (1 1 1) facets of Pd NPs as the key element of oxidative addition activity. We demonstrate that OA to Pd NPs is not only kinetically facile at ambient temperatures but also thermodynamically favorable. This finding accentuates the necessity of incorporating OA to Pd NPs in future investigations, thus providing a more realistic view of the involved catalytic mechanisms. These results enhance the understanding of aryl halide (cross-)coupling reactions, reinforcing the concept of a catalytic "cocktail". This concept posits dynamic interconversions between diverse active and inactive centers, collectively affecting the outcome of the reaction. High activity of Pd NPs in direct C-X activation paves the way for novel approaches in catalysis, potentially enhancing the field and offering new catalytic pathways to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Polynski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Yulia S Vlasova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University Leninskiye Gory 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Yaroslav V Solovev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Sergey M Kozlov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University Leninskiye Gory 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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2
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Deng KZ, Sukowski V, Fernández-Ibáñez MÁ. Non-Directed C-H Arylation of Anisole Derivatives via Pd/S,O-Ligand Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400689. [PMID: 38401127 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Non-directed C-H arylation is one of the most efficient methods to synthesize biaryl compounds without the need of the prefuctionalization of starting materials, or the installment and removal of directing groups on the substrate. A direct C-H arylation of simple arenes as limiting reactants remains a challenge. Here we disclose a non-directed C-H arylation of anisole derivatives as limiting reagents with aryl iodides under mild reaction conditions. The arylated products are obtained in synthetically useful yields and the arylation of bioactive molecules is also demonstrated. Key to the success of this methodology is the use of a one-step synthesized S,O-ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Zuan Deng
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Verena Sukowski
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Ángeles Fernández-Ibáñez
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Waddell PM, Tian L, Scavuzzo AR, Venigalla L, Scholes GD, Carrow BP. Visible light-induced palladium-carbon bond weakening in catalytically relevant T-shaped complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14217-14228. [PMID: 38098701 PMCID: PMC10717500 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering one-electron redox processes during palladium catalysis holds the potential to unlock new reaction mechanisms and synthetic methods not previously accessible in the typical two-electron reaction manifolds that dominate palladium catalysis. We report that T-shaped organopalladium(ii) complexes coordinated by a bulky monophosphine, a class of organometallic intermediate featured in a range of contemporary catalytic reactions, undergo blue light-promoted bond weakening leading to mild and efficient homolytic cleavage of strong Pd(ii)-C(sp3) bonds under ambient conditions. The origin of light-triggered radical formation in these systems, which lack an obvious ligand-based chromophore (i.e., π-systems), was investigated using a combination of DFT calculations, photoactinometry, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The available data suggest T-shaped organopalladium(ii) complexes manifest unusual blue light-accessible Pd-to-C(sp3) transition. The quantum efficiency and excited state lifetime of this process were unexpectedly superior compared to a prototypical (α-diimine)Pd(ii) complex featuring a low-lying, ligand-centered LUMO (π*). These results suggest coordinatively-unsaturated organopalladium(ii) compounds, catalysts in myriad catalytic processes, have untapped potential for one-electron reactivity under visible light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Waddell
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | | | - Lalu Venigalla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Brad P Carrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
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4
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Zhang P, Newhouse TR. Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Difunctionalization of Unactivated Alkenes Initiated by Unstabilized Enolates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307455. [PMID: 37319375 PMCID: PMC11090370 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the first example of palladium-catalyzed carbonylative difunctionalization of unactivated alkenes initiated by enolate nucleophiles. The approach involves initiation by an unstabilized enolate nucleophile under an atmospheric pressure of CO and termination with a carbon electrophile. This process is compatible with a diverse range of electrophiles, including aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl iodides to yield synthetically useful 1,5-diketone products, which were demonstrated to be precursors for multi-substituted pyridines. A PdI -dimer complex with two bridging CO units was observed although its role in catalysis is not yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT, 06511
| | - Timothy R. Newhouse
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, PO Box 208107, New Haven, CT, 06511
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5
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Karl TM, Bouayad-Gervais S, Hueffel JA, Sperger T, Wellig S, Kaldas SJ, Dabranskaya U, Ward JS, Rissanen K, Tizzard GJ, Schoenebeck F. Machine Learning-Guided Development of Trialkylphosphine Ni (I) Dimers and Applications in Site-Selective Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37411044 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the unknown correlation of a metal's ligand and its resulting preferred speciation in terms of oxidation state, geometry, and nuclearity, a rational design of multinuclear catalysts remains challenging. With the goal to accelerate the identification of suitable ligands that form trialkylphosphine-derived dihalogen-bridged Ni(I) dimers, we herein employed an assumption-based machine learning approach. The workflow offers guidance in ligand space for a desired speciation without (or only minimal) prior experimental data points. We experimentally verified the predictions and synthesized numerous novel Ni(I) dimers as well as explored their potential in catalysis. We demonstrate C-I selective arylations of polyhalogenated arenes bearing competing C-Br and C-Cl sites in under 5 min at room temperature using 0.2 mol % of the newly developed dimer, [Ni(I)(μ-Br)PAd2(n-Bu)]2, which is so far unmet with alternative dinuclear or mononuclear Ni or Pd catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Karl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Samir Bouayad-Gervais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian A Hueffel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Wellig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sherif J Kaldas
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Jas S Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, FIN40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, FIN40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southhampton, U.K
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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6
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Dey S, Ghosh P. Accessing Heteroannular Benzoxazole and Benzimidazole Scaffolds via Carbodiimides Using Azide-Isocyanide Cross-Coupling as Catalyzed by Mesoionic Singlet Palladium Carbene Complexes Derived from a Phenothiazine Moiety. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:11039-11064. [PMID: 37008148 PMCID: PMC10061513 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The coupling of aryl and aliphatic azides with isocyanides yielding carbodiimides (8-17) were efficiently catalyzed by well-defined structurally characterized trans-(MIC)PdI2(L) [MIC = 1-CH2Ph-3-Me-4-(CH2N(C6H4)2S)-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene, L = NC5H5 (4), MesNC (5)], trans-(MIC)2PdI2 (6), and cis-(MIC)Pd(PPh3)I2 (7) type palladium complexes, which incidentally mark the first instances of the use of mesoionic singlet palladium carbene complexes for the said application. As observed from the product yields, the catalytic activity varied in the order 4 > 5 ∼ 6 > 7 for these complexes. A detailed mechanistic studies indicated that the catalysis proceeded via a palladium(0) (4a-7 a) species. Using a representative palladium precatalyst (4), the azide-isocyanide coupling was successfully extended to synthesizing two different bioactive heteroannular benzoxazole (18-22) and benzimidazole (23-27) derivatives, thereby broadening the scope of the catalytic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyata Dey
- Department
of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Prasenjit Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology
Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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7
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Yamamoto Y, Fujiwara K, Ogawa A. Palladium-Catalyzed Hydrophosphination of Terminal Alkynes with Diphenylphosphine Oxide in the Presence of Tetraphenyldiphosphine Monoxide. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akiya Ogawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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8
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Sahharova LT, Burykina JV, Kostyukovich AY, Eremin DB, Boiko DA, Fakhrutdinov AN, Ananikov VP. Expanding the Role of Dimeric Species: On-Cycle Involvement, Improved Stability, and Control of Stereo-Specificity. A Case Study of Atom-Economic Catalytic Hydrothiolation. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliya T. Sahharova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Julia V. Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu. Kostyukovich
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry B. Eremin
- The Bridge@USC, University of Southern California, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, California 90089-3502, United States
| | - Daniil A. Boiko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Artem N. Fakhrutdinov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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9
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Firsan S, Sivakumar V, Colacot TJ. Emerging Trends in Cross-Coupling: Twelve-Electron-Based L 1Pd(0) Catalysts, Their Mechanism of Action, and Selected Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16983-17027. [PMID: 36190916 PMCID: PMC9756297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Monoligated palladium(0) species, L1Pd(0), have emerged as the most active catalytic species in the cross-coupling cycle. Today, there are methods available to generate the highly active but unstable L1Pd(0) catalysts from stable precatalysts. While the size of the ligand plays an important role in the formation of L1Pd(0) during in situ catalysis, the latter can be precisely generated from the precatalyst by various technologies. Computational, kinetic, and experimental studies indicate that all three steps in the catalytic cycle─oxidative addition, transmetalation, and reductive elimination─contain monoligated Pd. The synthesis of precatalysts, their mode of activation, application studies in model systems, as well as in industry are discussed. Ligand parametrization and AI based data science can potentially help predict the facile formation of L1Pd(0) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharbil
J. Firsan
- Science
and Lab Solutions−Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 North Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin53209, United States
| | - Vilvanathan Sivakumar
- Merck
Life Science Pvt Ltd, No-12, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Industrial Area, Bangalore560100, India
| | - Thomas J. Colacot
- Science
and Lab Solutions−Chemistry, MilliporeSigma, 6000 North Teutonia Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin53209, United States,
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10
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Krishnaraj C, Jena HS, Rawat KS, Schmidt J, Leus K, Van Speybroeck V, Van Der Voort P. Linker Engineering of 2D Imine Covalent Organic Frameworks for the Heterogeneous Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling Reaction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:50923-50931. [PMID: 36342965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of porous organic polymers that have been utilized as scaffolds for anchoring metal active species to act as heterogeneous catalysts. Though several examples of such COFs exist, a thorough experimental and computational analysis on such catalysts is limited. In this work, a series of two-dimensional (2D) imine COFs (TTA-DFB COF (N), TTA-TBD COF (N∧O), and TTA-DFP COF(N∧N)) were synthesized by using suitable building units to obtain three different coordination sites (N, N∧O, and N∧N). These were post-modified with Pd(II) to catalyze the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Pd@TTA-DFB COF, where Pd(II) was coordinated to N sites, showed the fastest reactivity and lower stability. Pd@TTA-DFP COF showed highest stability but slowest reactivity. Pd@TTA-TBD COF was the best among the three with both high stability and fast reactivity. By combining both experimental and computational results, we conclude that the Pd(II) to Pd(0) reduction is a key step in the difference between the catalytic reactivities of the three COFs. This study demonstrates the importance of the building block approach to design COFs for efficient heterogeneous catalysis and to understand the fate of the reaction profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidharth Krishnaraj
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Jena
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kuber Singh Rawat
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Leus
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- COMOC-Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Maurya NK, Yadav S, Chaudhary D, Kumar D, Ishu K, Kuram MR. Palladium-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Biarylation of 8-Methyl Quinolines with Cyclic Diaryliodonium Salts to Access Functionalized Biaryls and Fluorene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13744-13749. [PMID: 36198197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have developed the cyclic diaryliodonium salts as biarylating agents in the C(sp3)-H functionalization using 8-methyl quinoline as the intrinsic directing group. The oxidant-free reaction produces a vast array of the biarylated products with iodo functionality that can be further functionalized. Additionally, intramolecular C(sp3)-H functionalization in a stepwise manner under palladium-catalyzed conditions produced the fluorene derivatives in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Maurya
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Suman Yadav
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Dhananjay Chaudhary
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Km Ishu
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Malleswara Rao Kuram
- Medicinal & Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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12
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Tran GN, Bouley BS, Mirica LM. Isolation and Characterization of Heteroleptic Mononuclear Palladium(I) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20008-20015. [PMID: 36257056 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic transformations involving Pd(0)/Pd(II) catalytic cycles are very well known, and processes involving high-valent Pd(III) and Pd(IV) and low-valent Pd(I) intermediates have also gained interest in recent years. Although low-valent Pd(I) intermediates are proposed in these catalytic cycles, isolated and characterized mononuclear Pd(I) species are very rare. Herein, we report the isolation of two heteroleptic mononuclear Pd(I) complexes stabilized by dithiapyridinophane ligands that were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction; EPR, IR, UV-vis spectroscopies; and computational studies. Excitingly, one of these Pd(I) complexes shows Kumada Csp3-Csp2 cross-coupling competency, and initial studies of the other shows direct evidence for Csp3-H bond activation proposed to occur at the Pd(I) center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang N Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bailey S Bouley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Liviu M Mirica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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13
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Santamaría N, Velasco C, Marín M, Maya C, Nicasio MC. LPdCl 2(amine) complexes supported by terphenyl phosphanes: applications in aryl amination reactions. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15734-15740. [PMID: 36178081 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the excellent catalytic properties display by NHC-Pd-PEPPSI complexes in cross-coupling, phosphane analogs have been barely screened. In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of LPdCl2(amine) complexes bearing dialkylterphenyl phosphanes (PR2Ar') and pyridine or morpholine ligands. The novel compounds have been tested as precatalysts in aryl amination reactions. The complex [(PCyp2ArXyl2)PdCl2(morpholine)] shows the best catalytic activity allowing the room-temperature coupling of aryl bromides and chlorides with aniline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazaret Santamaría
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Aptdo 1203, 41071 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Clara Velasco
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Aptdo 1203, 41071 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Mario Marín
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Aptdo 1203, 41071 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Celia Maya
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Carmen Nicasio
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Aptdo 1203, 41071 Sevilla, Spain.
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14
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Jeddi N, Scott NWJ, Fairlamb IJS. Well-Defined Pd n Clusters for Cross-Coupling and Hydrogenation Catalysis: New Opportunities for Catalyst Design. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Neil W. J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
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15
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Fey N, Lynam JM. Computational mechanistic study in organometallic catalysis: Why prediction is still a challenge. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fey
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol, Cantock's Close Bristol UK
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16
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Kreisel T, Mendel M, Queen AE, Deckers K, Hupperich D, Riegger J, Fricke C, Schoenebeck F. Modular Generation of (Iodinated) Polyarenes Using Triethylgermane as Orthogonal Masking Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201475. [PMID: 35263493 PMCID: PMC9314983 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the modular construction of molecules from suitable building blocks is a powerful means to more rapidly generate a diversity of molecules than through customized syntheses, the further evolution of the underlying coupling methodology is key to realize widespread applications. We herein disclose a complementary modular coupling approach to the widely employed Suzuki coupling strategy of boron containing precursors, which relies on organogermane containing building blocks as key orthogonal functionality and an electrophilic (rather than nucleophilic) unmasking event paired with air‐stable PdI dimer based bond construction. This allows to significantly shorten the reaction times for the iterative coupling steps and/or to close gaps in the accessible compound space, enabling straightforward access also to iodinated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kreisel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marvin Mendel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adele E Queen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hupperich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Riegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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17
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Kreisel T, Mendel M, Queen AE, Deckers K, Hupperich D, Riegger J, Fricke C, Schoenebeck F. Modular Generation of (Iodinated) Polyarenes Using Triethylgermane as Orthogonal Masking Group. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Kreisel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Marvin Mendel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Adele E. Queen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Daniel Hupperich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Julian Riegger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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18
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Chen X, Wei Z, Huang KH, Uehling M, Wleklinski M, Krska S, Makarov AA, Nowak T, Cooks RG. Pd Reaction Intermediates in Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Characterized by Mass Spectrometry. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202100545. [PMID: 35112808 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) coupling is widely utilized in the construction of carbon-carbon bonds. In this study, nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) is applied to simultaneously monitor precatalysts, catalytic intermediates, reagents, and products of the SM cross-coupling reaction of 3-Br-5-Ph-pyridine and phenylboronic acid. A set of Pd cluster ions related to the monoligated Pd (0) active catalyst is detected, and its deconvoluted isotopic distribution reveals contributions from two neutral molecules. One is assigned to the generally accepted Pd(0) active catalyst, seen in MS as the protonated molecule, while the other is tentatively assigned to an oxidized catalyst which was found to increase as the reaction proceeds. Oxidative stress testing of a synthetic model catalyst 1,5-cyclooctadiene Pd XPhos (COD-Pd-XPhos) performed using FeCl3 supported this assignment. The formation and conversion of the oxidative addition intermediate during the catalytic cycle was monitored to provide information on the progress of the transmetalation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuo Chen
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kai-Hung Huang
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - R Graham Cooks
- Chemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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19
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Jin SH, Ko W, Lee S, Hwang YJ. Combining flow synthesis and heterogeneous catalysis for the preparation of conjugated polymers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00362g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the first successful synthesis of a conjugated polymer using a heterogeneous palladium catalyst in a flow system. The resulting polymer with an Mn of 13.6 kDa and high reproducibility shows the great potential of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwan Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonyoung Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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20
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Zhang J, Li T, Li X, Zhang G, Fang S, Yan W, Li X, Yang X, Ma Y, Szostak M. Air-Stable, Well-Defined Palladium–BIAN–NHC Chloro Dimer: Fast-Activating, Highly Efficient Catalyst for Cross-Coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7404-7407. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02253b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization and reactivity of an air-stable, well-defined acenaphthoimidazolylidene palladium–BIAN–NHC chloro dimer complex, [Pd(BIAN–IPr)(μ-Cl)Cl]2. This rapidly activating catalyst merges the reactive properties of palladium chloro dimers, [Pd(NHC)(μ-Cl)Cl]2,...
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21
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Zhang XL, Guo RL, Wang MY, Zhao BY, Jia Q, Yang JH, Wang YQ. Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Regioselective Dehydrogenative Coupling of Indoles, 2-Methylbut-2-ene, and Carboxylic Acids. Org Lett 2021; 23:9574-9579. [PMID: 34854691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Five-carbon (C5) structural units are the fundamental building blocks of many natural products. An unprecedented palladium-catalyzed three-component dehydrogenative cascade coupling of indoles, 2-methylbut-2-ene, and carboxylic acids has been developed. The approach enables the straightforward introduction of a C3'-bonded five-carbon structural unit with a tertiary alcohol quaternary carbon center into indoles. The protocol employs 2-methylbut-2-ene as the C5 source and is featured by a broad substrate scope, atom and step economies, and high chemo- and regioselectivies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Yin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, People's Republic of China
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22
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D'Alterio MC, Casals-Cruañas È, Tzouras NV, Talarico G, Nolan SP, Poater A. Mechanistic Aspects of the Palladium-Catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction. Chemistry 2021; 27:13481-13493. [PMID: 34269488 PMCID: PMC8518397 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The story of C-C bond formation includes several reactions, and surely Suzuki-Miyaura is among the most outstanding ones. Herein, a brief historical overview of insights regarding the reaction mechanism is provided. In particular, the formation of the catalytically active species is probably the main concern, thus the preactivation is in competition with, or even assumes the role of the rate determining step (rds) of the overall reaction. Computational chemistry is key in identifying the rds and thus leading to milder conditions on an experimental level by means of predictive catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo C D'Alterio
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli, Federico II Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Èric Casals-Cruañas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Building S3, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli, Federico II Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Building S3, Krijgslaan 281, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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23
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Scott NWJ, Ford MJ, Husbands DR, Whitwood AC, Fairlamb IJS. Reactivity of a Dinuclear Pd I Complex [Pd 2(μ-PPh 2)(μ 2-OAc)(PPh 3) 2] with PPh 3: Implications for Cross-Coupling Catalysis Using the Ubiquitous Pd(OAc) 2/nPPh 3 Catalyst System. Organometallics 2021; 40:2995-3002. [PMID: 34539028 PMCID: PMC8441971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
[PdI2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] is
the reduction product
of PdII(OAc)2(PPh3)2,
generated by reaction of ‘Pd(OAc)2’ with
two equivalents of PPh3. Here, we report that the reaction
of [PdI2(μ-PPh2)(μ2-OAc)(PPh3)2] with PPh3 results
in a nuanced disproportionation reaction, forming [Pd0(PPh3)3] and a phosphinito-bridged PdI-dinuclear
complex, namely [PdI2(μ-PPh2){κ2-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph2}(κ-PPh3)2]. The latter complex is proposed to form by
abstraction of an oxygen atom from an acetate ligand at Pd. A mechanism
for the formal reduction of a putative PdII disproportionation
species to the observed PdI complex is postulated. Upon
reaction of the mixture of [Pd0(PPh)3] and [PdI2(μ-PPh2){κ2-P,O-μ-P(O)Ph2}(κ-PPh3)2] with 2-bromopyridine,
the former Pd0 complex undergoes a fast oxidative addition
reaction, while the latter dinuclear PdI complex converts
slowly to a tripalladium cluster, of the type [Pd3(μ-X)(μ-PPh2)2(PPh3)3]X, with an overall
4/3 oxidation state per Pd. Our findings reveal complexity
associated with the precatalyst activation step for the ubiquitous
‘Pd(OAc)2’/nPPh3 catalyst system,
with implications for cross-coupling catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil W J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Ford
- Bayer AG, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - David R Husbands
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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24
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Ence CC, Martinez EE, Himes SR, Nazari SH, Moreno MR, Matu MF, Larsen SG, Gassaway KJ, Valdivia-Berroeta GA, Smith SJ, Ess DH, Michaelis DJ. Experiment and Theory of Bimetallic Pd-Catalyzed α-Arylation and Annulation for Naphthalene Synthesis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe C. Ence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Erin E. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Samuel R. Himes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - S. Hadi Nazari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mariur Rodriguez Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Manase F. Matu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Samantha G. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Kyle J. Gassaway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | | | - Stacey J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - David J. Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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25
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Martinez EE, Moreno MR, Barksdale CA, Michaelis DJ. Effect of Precatalyst Oxidation State in C–N Cross-Couplings with 2-Phosphinoimidazole-Derived Bimetallic Pd(I) and Pd(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mariur Rodriguez Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Caleb A. Barksdale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - David J. Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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26
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Lin SCA, Su BK, Liu YH, Peng SM, Liu ST. Tetra- and Dinuclear Palladium Complexes Based on a Ligand of 2,8-Di-2-pyridinylanthyridine: Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo-Kai Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shie-Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Shiuh-Tzung Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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27
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Sanhueza IA, Klauck FJR, Senol E, Keaveney ST, Sperger T, Schoenebeck F. Base‐Free Cross‐Couplings of Aryl Diazonium Salts in Methanol: Pd
II
–Alkoxy as Reactivity‐Controlling Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Italo A. Sanhueza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Felix J. R. Klauck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Erdem Senol
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Sinead T. Keaveney
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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28
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Sanhueza IA, Klauck FJR, Senol E, Keaveney ST, Sperger T, Schoenebeck F. Base-Free Cross-Couplings of Aryl Diazonium Salts in Methanol: Pd II -Alkoxy as Reactivity-Controlling Intermediate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7007-7012. [PMID: 33543508 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of aryl diazonium salts are generally assumed to proceed via cationic PdII intermediates which in turn would be highly reactive in the subsequent transmetalation step. Contrary to this belief, we herein report our observation and rationalization of opposing reactivities of ArN2 + in Suzuki (=effective) and Stille (=ineffective) cross-couplings in MeOH. Our systematic experimental and computational studies on the roles of transmetalating agent, solvent, base and the likely involvement of in situ formed diazoether derivatives challenge the currently accepted mechanism. Our data suggest that the observed solvent dichotomy is primarily due to PdII -methoxy intermediates being formed, which are unreactive with arylstannanes, but highly reactive with arylboronic acids, complementing the Suzuki "Pd-oxy" mechanism with the direct demonstration of transmetalation of a PdII -alkoxy complex. Lewis acids were found to circumvent this reactivity divergence, promoting efficient couplings regardless of the employed conditions or coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo A Sanhueza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix J R Klauck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Erdem Senol
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sinead T Keaveney
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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29
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Kudo E, Sasaki K, Kawamata S, Yamamoto K, Murahashi T. Selective E to Z isomerization of 1,3-Dienes Enabled by A Dinuclear Mechanism. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1473. [PMID: 33674574 PMCID: PMC7935995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The E/Z stereocontrol in a C=C bond is a fundamental issue in olefin synthesis. Although the thermodynamically more stable E geometry is readily addressable by thermal Z to E geometric isomerization through equilibrium, it has remained difficult to undergo thermal geometric isomerization to the reverse E to Z direction in a selective manner, because it requires kinetic trapping of Z-isomer with injection of chemical energy. Here we report that a dinuclear PdI-PdI complex mediates selective isomerization of E-1,3-diene to its Z-isomer without photoirradiation, where kinetic trapping is achieved through rational sequences of dinuclear elementary steps. The chemical energy required for the E to Z isomerization can be injected from an organic conjugate reaction through sharing of common Pd species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kudo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Sasaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Kawamata
- Research Center of Integrative Molecular Science (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Murahashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
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30
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Gómez-Orellana P, Lledós A, Ujaque G. Computational Analysis on the Pd-Catalyzed C-N Coupling of Ammonia with Aryl Bromides Using a Chelate Phosphine Ligand. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4007-4017. [PMID: 33592146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Buchwald-Hartwig amination of arylhalides with the Pd-Josiphos complex is a very useful process for the generation of primary amines using ammonia as a reactant. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out to examine the reaction mechanism for this process. Although the general mechanism for the C-N cross-coupling reaction is known, there are still some open questions regarding the effect of a chelate phosphine ligand and the role of the base in the process. Reaction pathways involving the release of one of the arms of the phosphine ligand are compared with those where the chelate phosphine remains fully coordinated. Conformational analysis for the complex with the open chelate phosphine is required to properly evaluate the proposed pathways. The role played by the added base (t-BuO-) as a possible ligand or just as a base was also evaluated. The understanding of all of these aspects allowed us to propose a complete reaction mechanism for the Pd-catalyzed C-N coupling of arylhalides with ammonia using the chelate Josiphos ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gómez-Orellana
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gregori Ujaque
- Departament de Química and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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31
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32
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Fricke C, Sperger T, Mendel M, Schoenebeck F. Catalysis with Palladium(I) Dimers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:3355-3366. [PMID: 33058375 PMCID: PMC7898807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dinuclear PdI complexes have found widespread applications as diverse catalysts for a multitude of transformations. Initially their ability to function as pre-catalysts for low-coordinated Pd0 species was harnessed in cross-coupling. Such PdI dimers are inherently labile and relatively sensitive to oxygen. In recent years, more stable dinuclear PdI -PdI frameworks, which feature bench-stability and robustness towards nucleophiles as well as recoverability in reactions, were explored and shown to trigger privileged reactivities via dinuclear catalysis. This includes the predictable and substrate-independent, selective C-C and C-heteroatom bond formations of poly(pseudo)halogenated arenes as well as couplings of arenes with relatively weak nucleophiles, which would not engage in Pd0 /PdII catalysis. This Minireview highlights the use of dinuclear PdI complexes as both pre-catalysts for the formation of highly active Pd0 and PdII -H species as well as direct dinuclear catalysts. Focus is set on the mechanistic intricacies, the speciation and the impacts on reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Marvin Mendel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
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33
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Appa RM, Lakshmidevi J, Naidu BR, Venkateswarlu K. Pd-catalyzed oxidative homocoupling of arylboronic acids in WEPA: A sustainable access to symmetrical biaryls under added base and ligand-free ambient conditions. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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34
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Cheng Y, Yu S, He Y, An G, Li G, Yang Z. C4-arylation and domino C4-arylation/3,2-carbonyl migration of indoles by tuning Pd catalytic modes: Pd(i)-Pd(ii) catalysis vs. Pd(ii) catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3216-3225. [PMID: 34164090 PMCID: PMC8179361 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05409g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient C4-arylation and domino C4-arylation/3,2-carbonyl migration of indoles have been developed. The former route enables C4-arylation in a highly efficient and mild manner and the latter route provides an alternative straightforward protocol for synthesis of C2/C4 disubstituted indoles. The mechanism studies imply that the different reaction pathways were tuned by the distinct acid additives, which led to either the Pd(i)-Pd(ii) pathway or Pd(ii) catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University No. 74, Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University No. 74, Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University No. 74, Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui An
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University No. 74, Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University No. 74, Xuefu Road, Nangang District Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University 1139 Shifu Avenue Taizhou 318000 China
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35
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Sadeghi S, Karimi M, Radfar I, Gavinehroudi RG, Saberi D, Heydari A. Efficient strategy for interchangeable roles in a green and sustainable redox catalytic system: IL/Pd II-decorated SBA-15 as a mesoporous nanocatalyst. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Green synthesis of catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of alcohols using air as a green oxidant, and efficient and straightforward synthesis method for amine formation using formic acid as a green reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iman Radfar
- Chemistry Department
- Tarbiat Modare University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Dariush Saberi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University
- Bushehr 75169
- Iran
| | - Akbar Heydari
- Chemistry Department
- Tarbiat Modare University
- Tehran
- Iran
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36
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Kim ST, Baik MH. Reductive activation of Pd II-precatalysts via decarboxylation of pivalate in direct C-H arylation reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13868-13871. [PMID: 33090141 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06085b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the reductive activation of PdII pre-catalysts has been extensively studied, but remains poorly understood. Herein, a combined computational and experimental approach is employed to clearly identify a PdII reduction process that has not been considered thus far. Pivalate, assumed to be a general base, was found to decarboxylate and act as a reductant, suggesting an alternative explanation for the superior performance of pivalic acid as an additive in Pd-catalyzed direct C-H arylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Zhang Y, Torker S, Sigrist M, Bregović N, Dydio P. Binuclear Pd(I)–Pd(I) Catalysis Assisted by Iodide Ligands for Selective Hydroformylation of Alkenes and Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18251-18265. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sebastian Torker
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Michel Sigrist
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nikola Bregović
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Paweł Dydio
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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38
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Ahmadvand Z, Bayat M, Zolfigol MA. Toward prediction of the precatalyst activation mechanism through the cross-coupling reactions: Reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) in precatalyst of the type Pd-PEPPSI. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:2296-2309. [PMID: 32757323 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pd-PEPPSI type complexes are widely used as precatalyst in a variety of organic reactions, including the Negishi, Kumada and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. The aim of this research is to determine potential proposed reaction pathways 1, 2, or 2' (See Schemes 1 and S1-S4) for Pd-PEPPSI precatalyst activation in the presence of ethylene glycol as a solvent also in the gas phase at Cam-B3LYP-D3 method nominated among eight DFT methods examined. There is also investigation into the impact of promoter bases (NaOEt, NaOi Pr, NaOt Bu) on precatalyst activation of Pd-PEPPSI. Eventually, the most favorable proposed reaction pathway and promoter base for reducing Pd(II) to Pd(0) are predicted computationally. Notably, our findings are consistent with the organ Pd-PEPPSI type complexes that offer increased catalytic activity and provide basic information in the presence of solvents designing the monoligated Pd(0)-solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ahmadvand
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bayat
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zolfigol
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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39
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Zhou T, Ma S, Nahra F, Obled AMC, Poater A, Cavallo L, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP, Szostak M. [Pd(NHC)(μ-Cl)Cl] 2: Versatile and Highly Reactive Complexes for Cross-Coupling Reactions that Avoid Formation of Inactive Pd(I) Off-Cycle Products. iScience 2020; 23:101377. [PMID: 32759055 PMCID: PMC7404551 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of more reactive, general, easily accessible, and readily available Pd(II)–NHC precatalysts remains a key challenge in homogeneous catalysis. In this study, we establish air-stable NHC–Pd(II) chloro-dimers, [Pd(NHC)(μ-Cl)Cl]2, as the most reactive Pd(II)–NHC catalysts developed to date. Most crucially, compared with [Pd(NHC)(allyl)Cl] complexes, replacement of the allyl throw-away ligand with chloride allows for a more facile activation step, while effectively preventing the formation of off-cycle [Pd2(μ-allyl)(μ-Cl)(NHC)2] products. The utility is demonstrated via broad compatibility with amide cross-coupling, Suzuki cross-coupling, and the direct, late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. Computational studies provide key insight into the NHC–Pd(II) chloro-dimer activation pathway. A facile synthesis of NHC–Pd(II) chloro-dimers in one-pot from NHC salts is reported. Considering the tremendous utility of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and the overwhelming success of [Pd(NHC)(allyl)Cl] precatalysts, we believe that NHC–Pd(II) chloro-dimers, [Pd(NHC)(μ-Cl)Cl]2, should be considered as go-to precatalysts of choice in cross-coupling processes. Highly reactive, air-stable PdII–NHC chloro-dimer catalysts for cross-coupling reactions Broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance, and chemoselectivity Rapid one-step catalyst synthesis and facile catalyst activation DFT studies provide key insights into PdII–NHC chloro-dimer activation pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Siyue Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Fady Nahra
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Separation and Conversion Technology Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Alan M C Obled
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, c/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), 23955-6900 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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40
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Tappen J, Rodstein I, McGuire K, Großjohann A, Löffler J, Scherpf T, Gessner VH. Palladium Complexes Based on Ylide-Functionalized Phosphines (YPhos): Broadly Applicable High-Performance Precatalysts for the Amination of Aryl Halides at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2020; 26:4281-4288. [PMID: 31971642 PMCID: PMC7186839 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Palladium allyl, cinnamyl, and indenyl complexes with the ylide-substituted phosphines Cy3 P+ -C- (R)PCy2 (with R=Me (L1) or Ph (L2)) and Cy3 P+ -C- (Me)PtBu2 (L3) were prepared and applied as defined precatalysts in C-N coupling reactions. The complexes are highly active in the amination of 4-chlorotoluene with a series of different amines. Higher yields were observed with the precatalysts in comparison to the in situ generated catalysts. Changes in the ligand structures allowed for improved selectivities by shutting down β-hydride elimination or diarylation reactions. Particularly, the complexes based on L2 (joYPhos) revealed to be universal precatalysts for various amines and aryl halides. Full conversions to the desired products are reached mostly within 1 h reaction time at room temperature, thus making L2 to one of the most efficient ligands in C-N coupling reactions. The applicability of the catalysts was demonstrated for aryl chlorides, bromides and iodides together with primary and secondary aryl and alkyl amines, including gram-scale applications also with low catalyst loadings of down to 0.05 mol %. Kinetic studies further demonstrated the outstanding activity of the precatalysts with TOF over 10.000 h-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tappen
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Katie McGuire
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Angela Großjohann
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Julian Löffler
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
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41
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Scharf LT, Rodstein I, Schmidt M, Scherpf T, Gessner VH. Unraveling the High Activity of Ylide-Functionalized Phosphines in Palladium-Catalyzed Amination Reactions: A Comparative Study with CyJohnPhos and P tBu 3. ACS Catal 2020; 10:999-1009. [PMID: 32030314 PMCID: PMC6996648 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Comprehensive mechanistic insights into the activity
of different
catalysts based on different ligands are important for further ligand
design and catalyst improvement. Herein, we report a combined computational
and experimental study on the mechanism and catalytic activity of
the ylide-substituted phosphine Cy3P–C(Me)PCy2 (keYPhos, L1) in C–N coupling reactions
including a comparison with the established and often-applied phosphines CyJohnPhos (L2) and P(tBu)3 (L3). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations
together with the possible isolation of several intermediates within
the catalytic cycle demonstrate that L1 readily forms
low-coordinated palladium complexes [such as L1·Pd(dba)], which easily undergo oxidative addition and subsequent amine coordination
as well as reductive elimination. Due to the possible opening and
closing of the P–C–P angle in L1, the steric
bulk can be adjusted to the metal environment so that L1 retains its conformation throughout the whole catalytic cycle, thus
leading to fast catalysis at room temperature. Comparative studies
of the three ligands with Pd2dba3 as a Pd source
show that only L1 efficiently allows for the coupling
of aryl chlorides at room temperature. DFT studies suggest that this
is mainly due to the reluctance/inability of L2 and L3 to form the catalytically active species under these reaction
conditions. In contrast, the YPhos ligand readily forms the prereactive
complex and undergoes the first oxidative addition reaction. These
observations are confirmed by kinetic studies, which indicate a short
induction period for the formation of the catalytically active species
of L1, followed by fast catalysis. This behavior of L1 is due to its unique electronic and steric properties,
which support low activation barriers and fast catalyst generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart T. Scharf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michelle Schmidt
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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42
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Pohorilets I, Tracey MP, LeClaire MJ, Moore EM, Lu G, Liu P, Koide K. Kinetics and Inverse Temperature Dependence of a Tsuji–Trost Reaction in Aqueous Buffer. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Pohorilets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Matthew P. Tracey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Michael J. LeClaire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Emily M. Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kazunori Koide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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43
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Shaughnessy KH. Development of Palladium Precatalysts that Efficiently Generate LPd(0) Active Species. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487-0336 USA
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44
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Chapuis C, Skuy D, Richard C. A Concise Synthesis of
rac
‐
Ambrox
®
via
the Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed Carboalkoxylation of an Allylic Ammonium Salt, as Compared to a Formaldehyde Hetero
Diels–Alder
Approach. Helv Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201900097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chapuis
- Firmenich SACorporate R & D DivisionSynthesis Department Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland
| | - David Skuy
- Firmenich SACorporate R & D DivisionSynthesis Department Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland
| | - Claude‐Alain Richard
- Firmenich SACorporate R & D DivisionSynthesis Department Route des Jeunes 1 CH-1211 Geneva 8 Switzerland
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45
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Jaworski JN, Kozack CV, Tereniak SJ, Knapp SMM, Landis CR, Miller JT, Stahl SS. Operando Spectroscopic and Kinetic Characterization of Aerobic Allylic C-H Acetoxylation Catalyzed by Pd(OAc) 2/4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10462-10474. [PMID: 31184479 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Allylic C-H acetoxylations are among the most widely studied palladium(II)-catalyzed C-H oxidation reactions. While the principal reaction steps are well established, key features of the catalytic mechanisms are poorly characterized, including the identity of the turnover-limiting step and the catalyst resting state. Here, we report a mechanistic study of aerobic allylic acetoxylation of allylbenzene with a catalyst system composed of Pd(OAc)2 and 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF). The DAF ligand is unique in its ability to support aerobic catalytic turnover, even in the absence of benzoquinone or other co-catalysts. Herein, we describe operando spectroscopic analysis of the catalytic reaction using X-ray absorption and NMR spectroscopic methods that allow direct observation of the formation and decay of a palladium(I) species during the reaction. Kinetic studies reveal the presence of two distinct kinetic phases: (1) a burst phase, involving rapid formation of the allylic acetoxylation product and formation of the dimeric PdI complex [PdI(DAF)(OAc)]2, followed by (2) a post-burst phase that coincides with evolution of the catalyst resting state from the PdI dimer into a π-allyl-PdII species. The data provide unprecedented insights into the role of ancillary ligands in supporting catalytic turnover with O2 as the stoichiometric oxidant and establish an important foundation for the development of improved catalysts for allylic oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Jaworski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Caitlin V Kozack
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Stephen J Tereniak
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Spring Melody M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Clark R Landis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- David School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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46
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Takallou A, Habibi A, Halimehjani AZ, Balalaie S. Bis(imidazolium) chloride based on 1,2-phenylenediamine as efficient ligand precursor for palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reaction. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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47
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Wagschal S, Perego LA, Simon A, Franco-Espejo A, Tocqueville C, Albaneze-Walker J, Jutand A, Grimaud L. Formation of XPhos-Ligated Palladium(0) Complexes and Reactivity in Oxidative Additions. Chemistry 2019; 25:6980-6987. [PMID: 30920694 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of the intermediate species operating within a palladium catalytic cycle is crucial for developing efficient cross-coupling reactions. Even though the XPhos/Pd(OAc)2 catalytic system has found numerous applications, the nature of the active catalytic species remains elusive. A Pd0 complex ligated to XPhos has been detected and characterized in situ for the first time using cyclic voltammetry and NMR techniques. In the presence of XPhos, Pd(OAc)2 initially associates with the ligand to form a complex in solution, which has been characterized as PdII (OAc)2 (XPhos). This PdII center is then reduced to the Pd0 (XPhos)2 species by an intramolecular process. This study also sheds light on the formation of PdI -PdI dimers. Finally, a kinetic study probes a dissociative mechanism for the oxidative addition with aryl halides involving Pd0 (XPhos) as the reactive species in equilibrium with the unreactive Pd0 (XPhos)2 . Remarkably, the reportedly poorly reactive PhCl reacts at room temperature in the oxidative addition, which confirms the crucial role of the XPhos ligand in the activation of aryl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wagschal
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Luca Alessandro Perego
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Simon
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aida Franco-Espejo
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Chanelle Tocqueville
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Albaneze-Walker
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Anny Jutand
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Grimaud
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
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48
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Correa-Ayala E, Campos-Alvarado C, Chávez D, Hernández-Ortega S, Morales-Morales D, Miranda-Soto V, Parra-Hake M. Dipalladium(I) complexes of ortho- and para-functionalized 1,3-bis(aryl)triazenide ligands: Synthesis, structure and catalytic activity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Polynski MV, Ananikov VP. Modeling Key Pathways Proposed for the Formation and Evolution of “Cocktail”-Type Systems in Pd-Catalyzed Reactions Involving ArX Reagents. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V. Polynski
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect, 26, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
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de Aguirre A, Funes‐Ardoiz I, Maseras F. Four Oxidation States in a Single Photoredox Nickel‐Based Catalytic Cycle: A Computational Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3898-3902. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adiran de Aguirre
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Catalonia Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes‐Ardoiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Catalonia Spain
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Avgda. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Catalonia Spain
- Department de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Catalonia Spain
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