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Chen F, Bai CW, Duan PJ, Zhang ZQ, Sun YJ, Chen XJ, Yang Q, Yu HQ. Merging semi-crystallization and multispecies iodine intercalation at photo-redox interfaces for dual high-value synthesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7783. [PMID: 39237589 PMCID: PMC11377564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The artificial photocatalytic synthesis based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for H2O2 production is evolving rapidly. However, the simultaneous production of high-value products at electron and hole sites remains a great challenge. Here, we use transformable potassium iodide to obtain semi-crystalline g-C3N4 integrated with the I-/I3- redox shuttle mediators for efficient generation of H2O2 and benzaldehyde. The system demonstrates a prominent catalytic efficiency, with a benzaldehyde yield of 0.78 mol g-1 h-1 and an H2O2 yield of 62.52 mmol g-1 h-1. Such a constructed system can achieve an impressive 96.25% catalytic selectivity for 2e- oxygen reduction, surpassing previously reported systems. The mechanism study reveals that the strong crystal electric field from iodized salt enhances photo-generated charge carrier separation. The I-/I3- redox mediators significantly boost charge migration and continuous electron and proton supply for dual-channel catalytic synthesis. This groundbreaking work in photocatalytic co-production opens neoteric avenues for high-value synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
| | - Chang-Wei Bai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Pi-Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Zhi-Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yi-Jiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Xin-Jia Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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2
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Lyons RJ, Sprick RS. Processing polymer photocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:3764-3791. [PMID: 38895815 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00482e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated materials have emerged as competitive photocatalysts for the production of sustainable hydrogen from water over the last decade. Interest in these polymer photocatalysts stems from the relative ease to tune their electronic properties through molecular engineering, and their potentially low cost. However, most polymer photocatalysts have only been utilised in rudimentary suspension-based photocatalytic reactors, which are not scalable as these systems can suffer from significant optical losses and often require constant agitation to maintain the suspension. Here, we will explore research performed to utilise polymeric photocatalysts in more sophisticated systems, such as films or as nanoparticulate suspensions, which can enhance photocatalytic performance or act as a demonstration of how the polymer can be scaled for real-world applications. We will also discuss how the systems were prepared and consider both the benefits and drawbacks of each system before concluding with an outlook on the field of processable polymer photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jack Lyons
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3NY, UK
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3
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Nie Y, Ma YA, Wei L, Wu M, Zhao X, Liu L, Wan J. Engineering S-scheme mCN@mPDIP molecular heterojunction with highly efficient interface charge transfer for photocatalytic aerobic oxidation synthesis. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 677:873-882. [PMID: 39126805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The construction of S-scheme heterojunctions, which offers a promising approach for spatially separating photogenerated charge carriers with high redox potentials and multimolecular activation, represents a viable modification strategy in photocatalytic applications. However, the prevalent insufficient contact areas between two components result in low interface charge transfer efficiency, thereby impeding the photocatalytic performance of such heterostructures. Herein, we address this limitation by introducing a unique mCN@mPDIP molecular heterojunction through a pH-triggered molecule self-assembly eutectoid technique, enabling intimate interface contact and promoting highly efficient interfacial charge transfer following an S-scheme mechanism. Consequently, the mCN@mPDIP molecular heterojunction achieves significantly improved charge separation efficiency and higher concentration of active carriers compared to typical bCN-bPDIP bulk heterojunction and nCN/nPDIP nano heterojunction. Combined with the effective sulfide activation on mPDIP sites and O2 activation on mCN sites, the resulting mCN@mPDIP demonstrates outstanding activity in the photocatalytic aerobic oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides without any redox mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Nie
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yang-Ai Ma
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Lele Wei
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Mingxia Wu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Jun Wan
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Research Institute of Comprehensive Energy Industrial Technology, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China.
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4
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Wang W, Zhou T, Yang Y, Du L, Xia R, Shang C, Phillips DL, Guo Z. Sub-Band Assisted Z-Scheme for Effective Non-Sacrificial H 2O 2 Photosynthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2312022. [PMID: 38698610 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202312022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthesis of H2O2 from earth-abundant O2 and H2O molecules offers an eco-friendly route for solar-to-chemical conversion. The persistent challenge is to tune the photo-/thermo- dynamics of a photocatalyst toward efficient electron-hole separation while maintaining an effective driving force for charge transfer. Such a case is achieved here by way of a synergetic strategy of sub-band-assisted Z-Scheme for effective H2O2 photosynthesis via direct O2 reduction and H2O oxidation without a sacrificial agent. The optimized SnS2/g-C3N4 heterojunction shows a high reactivity of 623.0 µmol g-1 h-1 for H2O2 production under visible-light irradiation (λ > 400 nm) in pure water, ≈6 times higher than pristine g-C3N4 (100.5 µmol g-1 h-1). Photodynamic characterizations and theoretical calculations reveal that the enhanced photoactivity is due to a markedly promoted lifetime of trapped active electrons (204.9 ps in the sub-band and >2.0 ns in a shallow band) and highly improved O2 activation, as a result of the formation of a suitable sub-band and catalytic sites along with a low Gibbs-free energy for charge transfer. Moreover, the Z-Scheme heterojunction creates and sustains a large driving force for O2 and H2O conversion to high value-added H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Jiangyin, 214443, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hangzhou, 311305, P. R. China
| | - Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqin Xia
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Congxiao Shang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxiao Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Hangzhou, 311305, P. R. China
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5
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Zhang J, Yang X, Xu G, Biswal BK, Balasubramanian R. Accumulation of Long-Lived Photogenerated Holes at Indium Single-Atom Catalysts via Two Coordinate Nitrogen Vacancy Defect Engineering for Enhanced Photocatalytic Oxidation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309205. [PMID: 38733334 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxidation by photogenerated holes has immense potential for environmental remediation applications. While the electron-mediated photoreduction reactions are often at the spotlight, active holes possess a remarkable oxidation capacity that can degrade recalcitrant organic pollutants, resulting in nontoxic byproducts. However, the random charge transfer and rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs hinder the accumulation of long-lived holes at the reaction center. Herein, a novel method employing defect-engineered indium (In) single-atom photocatalysts with nitrogen vacancy (Nv) defects, dispersed in carbon nitride foam (In-Nv-CNF), is reported to overcome these challenges and make further advances in photocatalysis. This Nv defect-engineered strategy produces a remarkable extension in the lifetime and an increase in the concentration of photogenerated holes in In-Nv-CNF. Consequently, the optimized In-Nv-CNF demonstrates a remarkable 50-fold increase in photo-oxidative degradation rate compared to pristine CN, effectively breaking down two widely used antibiotics (tetracycline and ciprofloxacin) under visible light. The contaminated water treated by In-Nv-CNF is completely nontoxic based on the growth of Escherichia coli. Structural-performance correlations between defect engineering and long-lived hole accumulation in In-Nv-CNF are established and validated through experimental and theoretical agreement. This work has the potential to elevate the efficiency of overall photocatalytic reactions from a hole-centric standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Guofang Xu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Basanta Kumar Biswal
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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6
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Wang X, Wang Y, Ma M, Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhang F. P-N Bonds-Mediated Atomic-Level Charge-Transfer Channel Fabricated between Violet Phosphorus and Carbon Nitride Favors Charge Separation and Water Splitting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311841. [PMID: 38368255 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Heterostructures are widely employed in photocatalysis to promote charge separation and photocatalytic activity. However, their benefits are limited by the linkages and contact environment at the interface. Herein, violet phosphorus quantum dots (VPQDs) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) are employed as model materials to form VPQDs/g-C3N4 heterostructures by a simple ultrasonic pulse excitation method. The heterostructure contains strong interfacial P-N bonds that mitigate interfacial charge-separation issues. P-P bond breakage occurs in the distinctive cage-like [P9] VPQD units during longitudinal disruption, thereby exposing numerous active P sites that bond with N atoms in g-C3N4 under ultrasonic pulse excitation. The atomic-level interfacial P-N bonds of the Z-scheme VPQDs/g-C3N4 heterostructure serve as photogenerated charge-transfer channels for improved electron-hole separation efficiency. This results in excellent photocatalytic performance with a hydrogen evolution rate of 7.70 mmol g-1 h-1 (over 9.2 and 8.5 times greater than those of pure g-C3N4 and VPQDs, respectively) and apparent quantum yield of 11.68% at 400 nm. Using atomic-level chemical bonds to promote interfacial charge separation in phosphorene heterostructures is a feasible and effective design strategy for photocatalytic water-splitting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuewen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Jinying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Fuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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7
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Zheng Y, Cui Y, Ruan Q, Zhao Y, Hou H, Zhou Y, Ling C, Wang J, Chen Z, Guo X. Heavily Doped Carbon Nitride Nanocrystal Promotes Visible-Near-Infrared Photosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide with Near-Unit Photon Utilization. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14583-14594. [PMID: 38722840 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Direct photosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from water and oxygen represents an intriguing alternative to the current indirect process involving the reduction and oxidation of quinones. However, limited light utilization and sluggish charge transfer largely impede overall photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, we present a heavily doped carbon nitride (CNKLi) nanocrystal for efficient and selective photoproduction of H2O2 via a two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathway. CNKLi induces metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and electron trapping, which broadens the light absorption to the visible-near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectrum and prolongs the photoelectron lifetime to the microsecond time scale with an exceptional charge diffusion length of ∼1200 nm. Near-unit photoutilization with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) of 100% for H2O2 generation is achieved below 420 nm. Impressively, CNKLi exhibits an appreciable AQY of 16% at 700 nm, which reaches the absorption capacity (∼16%), thus suggesting a near-unit photon utilization <700 nm. In situ characterization and theoretical calculations reveal the facilitated charge transfer from K+ to the heptazine ring skeleton. These findings provide an approach to improve the photosynthetic efficiency of direct H2O2 preparation in the vis-NIR region and expand applications for driving kinetically slow and technologically desirable oxidations or high-value chemical generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yu Cui
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qiushi Ruan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yuhong Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Hua Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Chongyi Ling
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jinlan Wang
- School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zupeng Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinli Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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8
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Fang Y, Yang H, Hou Y, Li W, Shen Y, Liu S, Zhang Y. Timescale correlation of shallow trap states increases electrochemiluminescence efficiency in carbon nitrides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3597. [PMID: 38678039 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient interconversion of different types of energy plays a crucial role in both science and technology. Among them, electrochemiluminescence, an emission of light excited by electrochemical reactions, has drawn attention as a powerful tool for bioassays. Nonetheless, the large differences in timescale among diverse charge-transfer pathways from picoseconds to seconds significantly limit the electrochemiluminescence efficiency and hamper their broad applications. Here, we report a timescale coordination strategy to improve the electrochemiluminescence efficiency of carbon nitrides by engineering shallow electron trap states via Au-N bond functionalization. Quantitative electrochemiluminescence kinetics measurements and theoretic calculations jointly disclose that Au-N bonds endow shallow electron trap states, which coordinate the timescale of the fast electron transfer in the bulk emitter and the slow redox reaction of co-reagent at diffusion layers. The shallow electron trap states ultimately accelerate the rate and kinetics of emissive electron-hole recombination, setting a new cathodic electrochemiluminescence efficiency record of carbon nitrides, and empowering a visual electrochemiluminescence sensor for nitrite ion, a typical environmental contaminant, with superior detection range and limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Fang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuhua Hou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Wang Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Carbon-Rich Materials and Devices, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, 211189, China.
- Department of Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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9
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Ma L, Guan R, Kang W, Sun Z, Li H, Li Q, Shen Q, Chen C, Liu X, Jia H, Xue J. Preparation of highly dispersed Ni single-atom doped ultrathin g-C 3N 4 nanosheets by metal vapor exfoliation for efficient photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 660:381-392. [PMID: 38244504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom photocatalysts can modulate the utilization of photons and facilitate the migration of photogenerated carriers. However, the preparation of single-atom uniformly doped photocatalysts is still a challenging topic. Herein, we propose the preparation of Ni single-atom doped g-C3N4 photocatalysts by metal vapor exfoliation. The Ni vapor produced by calcining nickel foam at high temperature accumulates in between g-C3N4 layers and poses a certain vapor pressure to destroy the interlayer van der Waals forces of g-C3N4. Individual metal atoms are doped into the structure while exfoliating g-C3N4 into nanosheets by metal vapor. Upon optimization of Ni content, the Ni single atom doped g-C3N4 nanosheets with 2.81 wt% Ni exhibits the highest CO2 reduction performance in the absence of sacrificial agents. The generation rates of CO and CH4 are 19.85 and 1.73 μmol g-1h-1, respectively. The improved photocatalytic performance is attributed to the anchoring Ni of single atoms on g-C3N4 nanosheets, which increases both carrier separation efficiency and reaction sites. This work provides insight into the design of photocatalysts with highly dispersed single-atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Rongfeng Guan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Wenxiang Kang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Huimin Li
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Qiurong Li
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Qianqian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Chaoqiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Xuguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Husheng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China
| | - Jinbo Xue
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, PR China; College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, PR China.
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10
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Yang X, Ren L, Jiang D, Yin L, Li Z, Yuan Y. Strong Interfacial Chemical Bonding in Regulating Electron Transfer and Stabilizing Catalytic Sites in a Metal-Semiconductor Schottky Junction for Enhanced Photocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308408. [PMID: 38032173 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The weak electronic interaction at metal-photocatalyst heterointerfaces often compromises solar-to-fuel performance. Here, a trifunctional Schottky junction, involving chemically stabilized ultrafine platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs, ≈3 nm in diameter) on graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (CNs) is proposed. The Pt-CN electronic interaction induces a 1.5% lattice compressive strain in Pt NPs and maintains their ultrafine size, effectively preventing their aggregation during photocatalytic reactions. Density functional theory calculations further demonstrate a significant reduction in the Schottky barrier at the chemically bonded CN-Pt heterointerface, facilitating efficient interfacial electron transfer, as supported by femtosecond transient absorption spectra (fs-TAS) measurements. The combined effects of lattice strain, stabilized Pt NPs, and efficient interfacial charge transport collaboratively enhance the photocatalytic performance, leading to over an 11-fold enhancement in visible light H2 production (8.52 mmol g-1 h-1) compared to the CN nanosheets with the in situ photo-deposited Pt NPs (0.76 mmol g-1 h-1). This study highlights the effectiveness of strong metal-semiconductor electronic interactions and underscores the potential for developing high-efficiency photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Liteng Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Daochuan Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Lisha Yin
- Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhongjun Li
- School of Physics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Yupeng Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance of Functional Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
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11
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Baranowska D, Zielinkiewicz K, Mijowska E, Zielinska B. Sugars induced exfoliation of porous graphitic carbon nitride for efficient hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic water-splitting reaction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1998. [PMID: 38263348 PMCID: PMC10805789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution holds great promise for addressing critical energy and environmental challenges, making it an important area in scientific research. One of the most popular photocatalysts is graphitic carbon nitride (gCN), which has emerged as a noteworthy candidate for hydrogen generation through water splitting. However, ongoing research aims to enhance its properties for practical applications. Herein, we introduce a green approach for the fabrication of porous few-layered gCN with surface modifications (such as oxygen doping, carbon deposition, nitrogen defects) with promoted performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction. The fabrication process involves a one-step solvothermal treatment of bulk graphitic carbon nitride (bulk-gCN) in the presence of different sugars (glucose, sucrose, and fructose). Interestingly, the conducted time-dependent process revealed that porous gCN exfoliated in the presence of fructose at 180 °C for 6 h (fructose_6h) exhibits a remarkable 13-fold promotion of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution compared to bulk-gCN. The studied materials were extensively characterized by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, allowing us to propose a reaction mechanism for hydrogen evolution during water-splitting over fructose_6h. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential of employing a facile and environmentally friendly fructose-assisted solvothermal process to improve the efficiency and stability of catalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Baranowska
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065, Szczecin, Poland.
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Process Engineering (CAMMPE), West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Zielinkiewicz
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065, Szczecin, Poland
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Process Engineering (CAMMPE), West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Mijowska
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065, Szczecin, Poland
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Process Engineering (CAMMPE), West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Zielinska
- Department of Nanomaterials Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastow Ave. 42, 71-065, Szczecin, Poland.
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Process Engineering (CAMMPE), West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland.
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12
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Yue X, Cheng L, Guan C, Liao Y, Xu Z, Ostrikov KK, Xiang Q. In-Plane Palladium and Interplanar Copper Dual Single-Atom Catalyst in Bulk-Like Carbon Nitride for Cascade CO 2 Photoreduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2308767. [PMID: 37949814 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Dual single-atom catalysts (DSACs) are promising for breaking the scaling relationships and ensuring synergistic effects compared with conventional single-atom catalysts (SACs). Nevertheless, precise synthesis and optimization of DSACs with specific locations and functions remain challenging. Herein, dual single-atoms are specifically incorporated into the layer-stacked bulk-like carbon nitride, featuring in-plane three-coordinated Pd and interplanar four-coordinated Cu (Pd1 -Cu1 /b-CN) atomic sites, from both experimental results and DFT simulations. Using femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy, it is found that the in-plane Pd features a charge decay lifetime of 95.6 ps which is much longer than that of the interplanar Cu (3.07 ps). This finding indicates that the in-plane Pd can provide electrons for the reaction as the catalytically active site in both structurally and dynamically favorable manners. Such a well-defined bi-functional cascade system ensures a 3.47-fold increase in CO yield compared to that of bulk-like CN (b-CN), while also exceeding the effects of single Pd1 /b-CN and Cu1 /b-CN sites. Furthermore, DFT calculations reveal that the inherent transformation from s-p coupling to d-p hybridization between the Pd site and CO2 molecule occurs during the initial CO2 adsorption and hydrogenation processes and stimulates the preferred CO2 -to-CO reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Chen Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, P. R. China
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Australia
| | - Quanjun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
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13
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Zhang Y, Cao Q, Meng A, Wu X, Xiao Y, Su C, Zhang Q. Molecular Heptazine-Triazine Junction over Carbon Nitride Frameworks for Artificial Photosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306831. [PMID: 37775094 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the photocatalytic mechanism between various junctions and catalytic activities has become a hotspot in photocatalytic systems. Herein, an internal molecular heptazine/triazine (H/T) junction in crystalline carbon nitride (HTCN) is constructed and devoted to selective two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) for efficient hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) production. In-situ X-ray diffraction spectra under various temperatures authenticate the successful formation of molecular H/T junction in HTCN during the calcining process rather than physically mixing. The increased surface photovoltage and transient photovoltage signals, and the decreased exciton binding energy undoubtably elucidate that an obvious increasement of carrier density and diffusion capability of photogenerated electrons are realized over HTCN. Additionally, the analyses of in situ photoirradiated Kelvin probe force microscopy and femto-second transient absorption spectra reveal the successful construction of the strong internal built-in-electric field and the existence of the majority of long-lived shallow trapped electrons associated with molecular H/T junction over HTCN, respectively. Benefiting from these, the photocatalytic results exhibit an incredible improvement (96.5-fold) for H2 O2 production. This novel work provides a comprehensive understanding of the long-lived reactive charges in molecular H/T junctions for strengthening the driving-force for photocatalytic H2 O2 production, which opens potential applications for enhancing PCN-based photocatalytic redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- College of Light Chemical Industry and Materials Engineering, Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Qingxiang Cao
- College of Light Chemical Industry and Materials Engineering, Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan, 528300, P. R. China
| | - Aiyun Meng
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, P. R. China
| | - Xuelian Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yonghao Xiao
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Su
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qitao Zhang
- International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
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14
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Kuzkova N, Kiyan IY, Wilkinson I, Merschjann C. Ultrafast dynamics in polymeric carbon nitride thin films probed by time-resolved EUV photoemission and UV-Vis transient absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27094-27113. [PMID: 37807824 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03191h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The ground- and excited-state electronic structures of four polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) materials have been investigated using a combination of photoemission and optical absorption spectroscopy. To establish the driving forces for photocatalytic water-splitting reactions, the ground-state data was used to produce a band diagram of the PCN materials and the triethanolamine electron scavenger, commonly implemented in water-splitting devices. The ultrafast charge-carrier dynamics of the same PCN materials were also investigated using two femtosecond-time-resolved pump-probe techniques: extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) photoemission and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) transient absorption spectroscopy. The complementary combination of these surface- and bulk-sensitive methods facilitated photoinduced kinetic measurements spanning the sub-picosecond to few nanosecond time range. The results show that 400 nm (3.1 eV) excitation sequentially populates a pair of short-lived transient species, which subsequently produce two different long-lived excited states on a sub-picosecond time scale. Based on the spectro-temporal characteristics of the long-lived signals, they are assigned to singlet-exciton and charge-transfer states. The associated charge-separation efficiency was inferred to be between 65% and 78% for the different studied materials. A comparison of results from differently synthesized PCNs revealed that the early-time processes do not differ qualitatively between sample batches, but that materials of more voluminous character tend to have higher charge separation efficiencies, compared to exfoliated colloidal materials. This finding was corroborated via a series of experiments that revealed an absence of any pump-fluence dependence of the initial excited-state decay kinetics and characteristic carrier-concentration effects that emerge beyond few-picosecond timescales. The initial dynamics of the photoinduced charge carriers in the PCNs are correspondingly determined to be spatially localised in the immediate vicinity of the lattice-constituting motif, while the long-time behaviour is dominated by charge-transport and recombination processes. Suppressing the latter by confining excited species within nanoscale volumes should therefore affect the usability of PCN materials in photocatalytic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Kuzkova
- Institute of Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Igor Yu Kiyan
- Institute of Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Institute of Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Merschjann
- Department Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Liu M, Zhang G, Liang X, Pan Z, Zheng D, Wang S, Yu Z, Hou Y, Wang X. Rh/Cr 2 O 3 and CoO x Cocatalysts for Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting by Poly (Triazine Imide) Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304694. [PMID: 37162371 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In situ photo-deposition of both Pt and CoOx cocatalysts on the facets of poly (triazine imide) (PTI) crystals has been developed for photocatalytic overall water splitting. However, the undesired backward reaction (i.e., water formation) on the noble Pt surface is a spontaneously down-hill process, which restricts their efficiency to run the overall water splitting reaction. Herein, we demonstrate that the efficiency for photocatalytic overall water splitting could be largely promoted by the decoration of Rh/Cr2 O3 and CoOx as H2 and O2 evolution cocatalysts, respectively. Results reveal that the dual cocatalysts greatly extract charges from bulk to surface, while the Rh/Cr2 O3 cocatalyst dramatically restrains the backward reaction, achieving an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 20.2 % for the photocatalytic overall water splitting reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xiaocong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
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16
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Zhu L, Liang Z, Li H, Xu Q, Jiang D, Du H, Zhu C, Li H, Lu Z, Yuan Y. A π-Conjugated Van der Waals Heterostructure Between Single-Atom Ni-Anchored Salphen-Based Covalent Organic Framework and Polymeric Carbon Nitride for High-Efficiency Interfacial Charge Separation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301017. [PMID: 37066713 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor-based heterostructures have exhibited great promise as a photocatalyst to convert solar energy into sustainable chemical fuels, however, their solar-to-fuel efficiency is largely restricted by insufficient interfacial charge separation and limited catalytically active sites. Here the integration of high-efficiency interfacial charge separation and sufficient single-atom metal active sites in a 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure between ultrathin polymeric carbon nitride (p-CN) and Ni-containing Salphen-based covalent organic framework (Ni-COF) nanosheets is illustrated. The results reveal a NiN2 O2 chemical bonding in NiCOF nanosheets, leading to a highly separated single-atom Ni sites, which will function as the catalytically active sites to boost solar fuel production, as confirmed by X-ray absorption spectra and density functional theory calculations. Using ultrafast femtosecond transient adsorption (fs-TA) spectra, it shows that the vdW p-CN/Ni-COF heterostructure exhibits a faster decay lifetime of the exciton annihilation (τ = 18.3 ps) compared to that of neat p-CN (32.6 ps), illustrating an efficiently accelerated electron transfer across the vdW heterointerface from p-CN to Ni-COF, which thus allows more active electrons available to participate in the subsequent reduction reactions. The photocatalytic results offer a chemical fuel generation rate of 2.29 mmol g-1 h-1 for H2 and 6.2 µmol g-1 h-1 for CO, ≈127 and three times higher than that of neat p-CN, respectively. This work provides new insights into the construction of a π-conjugated vdW heterostructure on promoting interfacial charge separation for high-efficiency photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Zhifu Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Information and the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education and Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, P. R. China
| | - Qiunian Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Daochuan Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Haiwei Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chuhong Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Huiquan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Information and the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education and Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Information and the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education and Anhui Engineering Research Center of Carbon Neutrality, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
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17
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Hwang D, Wrigley LM, Lee M, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W, Schlenker CW. Local Hydrogen Bonding Determines Branching Pathways in Intermolecular Heptazine Photochemistry. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37471476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Heptazine is the molecular core of the widely studied photocatalyst carbon nitride. By analyzing the excited-state intermolecular proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reaction between a heptazine derivative and a hydrogen-atom donor substrate, we are able to spectroscopically identify the resultant heptazinyl reactive radical species on a picosecond time scale. We provide detailed spectroscopic characterization of the tri-anisole heptazine:4-methoxyphenol hydrogen-bonded intermolecular complex (TAHz:MeOPhOH), using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and global analysis, to reveal distinct product absorption signatures at ∼520, 1250, and 1600 nm. We assign these product peaks to the hydrogenated TAHz radical (TAHzH•) based on control experiments utilizing 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (DMB), which initiates electron transfer without concomitant proton transfer, i.e., no excited-state PCET. Additional control experiments with radical quenchers, protonation agents, and UV-vis-NIR spectroelectrochemistry also corroborate our product peak assignments. These spectral assignments allowed us to monitor the influence of the local hydrogen-bonding environment on the resulting evolution of photochemical products from excited-state PCET of heptazines. We observe that the preassociation of heptazine with the substrate in solution is extremely sensitive to the hydrogen-bond-accepting character of the solvent. This sensitivity directly influences which product signatures we detect with time-resolved spectroscopy. The spectral signature of the TAHzH• radical assigned in this work will facilitate future in-depth analysis of heptazine and carbon nitride photochemistry. Our results may also be utilized for designing improved PCET-based photochemical systems that will require precise control over local molecular environments. Examples include applications such as preparative synthesis involving organic photoredox catalysis, on-site solar water purification, as well as photocatalytic water splitting and artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyk Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Liam M Wrigley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Micah Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Cody W Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1652, United States
- Clean Energy Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653, United States
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18
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Wang X, Tang X, Liu T, Li Y, Ling F, Jing C, Yao L, Zhou X, Xiang G. Constructing C-rich polymeric carbon nitride homojunctions for enhanced storage capacity of photo-rechargeable batteries. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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19
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Che H, Wang J, Wang P, Ao Y, Chen J, Gao X, Zhu F, Liu B. Simultaneously Achieving Fast Intramolecular Charge Transfer and Mass Transport in Holey D-π-A Organic Conjugated Polymers for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Pollutant Degradation. JACS AU 2023; 3:1424-1434. [PMID: 37234118 PMCID: PMC10206595 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously realizing efficient intramolecular charge transfer and mass transport in metal-free polymer photocatalysts is critical but challenging for environmental remediation. Herein, we develop a simple strategy to construct holey polymeric carbon nitride (PCN)-based donor-π-acceptor organic conjugated polymers via copolymerizing urea with 5-bromo-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (PCN-5B2T D-π-A OCPs). The resultant PCN-5B2T D-π-A OCPs extended the π-conjugate structure and introduced abundant micro-, meso-, and macro-pores, which greatly promoted intramolecular charge transfer, light absorption, and mass transport and thus significantly enhanced the photocatalytic performance in pollutant degradation. The apparent rate constant of the optimized PCN-5B2T D-π-A OCP for 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT) removal is ∼10 times higher than that of the pure PCN. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the photogenerated electrons in PCN-5B2T D-π-A OCPs are much easier to transfer from the donor tertiary amine group to the benzene π-bridge and then to the acceptor imine group, while 2-MBT is more easily adsorbed on π-bridge and reacts with the photogenerated holes. A Fukui function calculation on the intermediates of 2-MBT predicted the real-time changing of actual reaction sites during the entire degradation process. Additionally, computational fluid dynamics further verified the rapid mass transport in holey PCN-5B2T D-π-A OCPs. These results demonstrate a novel concept toward highly efficient photocatalysis for environmental remediation by improving both intramolecular charge transfer and mass transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Che
- Key
Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow
Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow
Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow
Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Yanhui Ao
- Key
Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow
Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow
Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key
Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow
Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhu
- Shanghai
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, City
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong-SAR 999077, China
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20
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Zhang Z, Ren L, Li H, Jiang D, Fang Y, Du H, Xu G, Zhu C, Li H, Lu Z, Yuan Y. π-Conjugated In-Plane Heterostructure Enables Long-Lived Shallow Trapping in Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Increased Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207173. [PMID: 36740721 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The relatively short-lived excited states, such as the nascent electron-hole pairs (excitons) and the shallow trapping states, in semiconductor-based photocatalysts produce an exceptionally high charge carrier recombination rate, dominating a low solar-to-fuel performance. Here, a π-conjugated in-plane heterostructure between graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) and carbon rings (Crings ) (labeling g-CN/Crings ) is effectively synthesized from the thermolysis of melamine-citric acid aggregates via a microwave-assisted heating process. The g-CN/Crings in-plane heterostructure shows remarkably suppressed excited-state decay and increased charge carrier population in photocatalysis. Kinetics analysis from the femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy illustrates that the g-CN/Crings π-conjugated heterostructure produces slower exciton annihilation (τ1 = 7.9 ps) and longer shallow electron trapping (τ2 = 407.1 ps) than pristine g-CN (τ1 = 3.6 ps, τ2 = 264.1 ps) owing to Crings incorporation, both of which enable more photoinduced electrons to participate in the photocatalytic reactions, thereby realizing photoactivity enhancement. As a result, the photocatalytic activity exhibits an eightfold enhancement in visible-light-driven H2 generation. This work provides a viable route of constructing π-conjugated in-plane heterostructures to suppress the excited-state decay and improve the photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Liteng Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Information, and the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, P. R. China
| | - Daochuan Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yuetong Fang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Information, and the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Haiwei Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Gengsheng Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Chuhong Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Huiquan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Information, and the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, 236037, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Science and Technology, School of Physics and Electronic Information, and the Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials (Anhui University), Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
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21
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Li X, Tang C, Zhang L, Song M, Zhang Y, Wang S. Porphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks: Design, Synthesis, Photoelectric Conversion Mechanism, and Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020171. [PMID: 37092423 PMCID: PMC10123739 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis occurs in high plants, and certain organisms show brilliant technology in converting solar light to chemical energy and producing carbohydrates from carbon dioxide (CO2). Mimicking the mechanism of natural photosynthesis is receiving wide-ranging attention for the development of novel materials capable of photo-to-electric, photo-to-chemical, and photocatalytic transformations. Porphyrin, possessing a similar highly conjugated core ring structure to chlorophyll and flexible physical and chemical properties, has become one of the most investigated photosensitizers. Chemical modification and self-assembly of molecules as well as constructing porphyrin-based metal (covalent) organic frameworks are often used to improve its solar light utilization and electron transfer rate. Especially porphyrin-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) in which porphyrin molecules are connected by covalent bonds combine the structural advantages of organic frameworks with light-capturing properties of porphyrins and exhibit great potential in light-responsive materials. Porphyrin-based COFs are expected to have high solar light utilization, fast charge separation/transfer performance, excellent structural stability, and novel steric selectivity by special molecular design. In this paper, we reviewed the research progress of porphyrin-based COFs in the design, synthesis, properties, and applications. We focused on the intrinsic relationship between the structure and properties, especially the photoelectric conversion properties and charge transfer mechanism of porphyrin-based COFs, and tried to provide more valuable information for the design of advanced photosensitizers. The applications of porphyrin-based COFs in photocatalysis and phototherapy were emphasized based on their special structure design and light-to-electric (or light-to-heat) conversion control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Chuanyin Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Mingyang Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Shengjie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
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22
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Orcutt EK, Varapragasam SJ, Peterson ZC, Andriolo JM, Skinner JL, Grumstrup EM. Ultrafast Charge Injection in Silver-Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitride. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15478-15485. [PMID: 36926802 PMCID: PMC10064998 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) is a promising organic platform for driving light-activated charge-transfer reactions in a number of valuable photocatalytic cycles. A primary limitation of gCN as a photocatalyst is its short excited-state lifetime, which is mediated by a high density of trap and defect sites that result in rapid excited-state decay and low photocatalytic efficiency. To enhance the catalytic activity, gCN is often functionalized with a metal co-catalyst; however, the mechanism by which metal co-catalysts enhance the reactivity has not been clearly established. In this work, the excited-state dynamics of gCN and silver-modified gCN are compared using ultrafast transient absorption and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopies. In silver-modified gCN, an ultrafast spectral shift in the silver plasmon resonance provides direct spectral evidence of electron transfer from gCN to the silver nanoparticles. The electron-transfer rate is competitive with other non-radiative relaxation pathways, with electron-transfer yields approaching 50%, thus providing an effective strategy for mitigating losses associated with defects and trap sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Orcutt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United
States
| | - Shelton J. Varapragasam
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United
States
| | - Zöe C. Peterson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United
States
| | - Jessica M. Andriolo
- Montana
Tech Nanotechnology Laboratory, Montana
Technological University, Butte, Montana 59701, United States
| | - Jack L. Skinner
- Montana
Tech Nanotechnology Laboratory, Montana
Technological University, Butte, Montana 59701, United States
| | - Erik M. Grumstrup
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State
University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United
States
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23
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Zhao Y, Gao J, Yang Z, Li L, Cui J, Zhang P, Hu C, Diao C, Choi W. Efficient Exciton Dissociation in Ionically Interacted Methyl Viologen and Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Superior H 2O 2 Photoproduction. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Gao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhenchun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Cui
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Caozheng Diao
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, 117603 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wonyong Choi
- KENTECH Institute for Environmental and Climate Technology, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), 58330 Naju, Korea
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24
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Schneider J, Curti M. Spectroscopic and kinetic characterization of photogenerated charge carriers in photocatalysts. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023; 22:195-217. [PMID: 36208411 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The catastrophic consequences of increased power consumption, such as drastically rising CO2 levels, natural disasters, environmental pollution and dependence on fossil fuels supplied by countries with totalitarian regimes, illustrate the urge to develop sustainable technologies for energy generation. Photocatalysis presents eco-friendly means for fuels production via solar-to-chemical energy conversion. The conversion efficiency of a photocatalyst critically depends on charge carrier processes taking place in the ultrafast time regime. Transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) serves as a perfect tool to track those processes. The spectral and kinetic characterization of charge carriers is indispensable for the elucidation of photocatalytic mechanisms and for the development of new materials. Hence, in this review, we will first present the basics of TAS and subsequently discuss the procedure required for the interpretation of the transient absorption spectra and transient kinetics. The discussion will include specific examples for charge carrier processes occurring in conventional and plasmonic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Butenandtstraße 1-11, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mariano Curti
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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25
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Xiao H, Wei T, Ren X, Lin B, Yang G. PtS quantum dots/Nb 2O 5 nanosheets with accelerated charge transfer for boosting photocatalytic H 2 production. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12403-12408. [PMID: 35971973 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03112d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid recombination rate of charges limits the improvement of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance related to semiconductor photocatalysts. An effective strategy to accelerate charge separation and transfer is the design and construction of new high-efficiency cocatalysts on photocatalysts. Herein, a system of PtS quantum dots/Nb2O5 nanosheets (PtS/Nb2O5) was constructed via the in situ vapor phase (ISVP) synthesis process. The conclusions from ultrafast femtosecond-resolved TA spectroscopy indicated that the lifetime of the photogenerated charges of PtS/Nb2O5 (6073.75 ps) was shortened markedly in contrast to that of Nb2O5 (6634.05 ps), manifesting the facilitated separation and transfer of photogenerated charges caused by the quantum-dot-structured PtS cocatalyst. The enhanced charge separation and transfer capacity contributes to an excellent H2 production rate of 182.5 μmol h-1 for PtS/Nb2O5, which is up to 3.4 and 12.2 times that of Pt/Nb2O5 and Nb2O5, respectively. This work brings up new avenues for constructing unique and effective photocatalysts via the cocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xiao
- XJTU-Oxford International Joint Laboratory for Catalysis, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Tian Wei
- XJTU-Oxford International Joint Laboratory for Catalysis, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Xin Ren
- XJTU-Oxford International Joint Laboratory for Catalysis, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Bo Lin
- XJTU-Oxford International Joint Laboratory for Catalysis, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Guidong Yang
- XJTU-Oxford International Joint Laboratory for Catalysis, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
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26
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Han D, Yang H, Zhou Z, Wu K, Ma J, Fang Y, Hong Q, Xi G, Liu S, Shen Y, Zhang Y. Photoelectron Storages in Functionalized Carbon Nitrides for Colorimetric Sensing of Oxygen. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2328-2337. [PMID: 35912931 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetric sensors have been widely used for centuries across diverse fields, thanks to their easy operation and uncompromisingly high sensitivity with no need for electricity. However, it is still a great challenge for conventional chromogenic systems to perform multiple measurements meanwhile maintaining high robustness. Here, we reported that carbon nitrides (CNs), the raw materials that are abundant, structure-tunable, and stable semiconductors with photoelectron storage capability, can be developed as a chromogenic system for colorimetric sensors. Beyond conventional metal oxides that only demonstrated a single blue-color switch after photoelectron storage, CN exhibited a multicolor switch under identical conditions owing to the unusual multiple photoelectron storage pathways. Mechanism studies revealed cyano and carbonyl groups in CN crucially elongated the centroid distance of electrons/holes, which exclusively stabilized the specific excited states that have different light absorption; meanwhile, the counter cations strengthened these processes. As a result, O2, a proof-of-concept analyte, was quantitatively detected by the CN-derived colorimetric sensor, showing high reversibility in hundreds of cycles and adaptable sensitivity/detection range, outperforming most reported and commercial oxygen sensors. These intriguing features of CN are highly envisioned for the next generation of colorimetric sensors, especially in developing countries or fieldworks, to improve the detection reliability and lower the sensing cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Han
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhixin Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Kaiqing Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jin Ma
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yanfeng Fang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qing Hong
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Guangcheng Xi
- Institute of Industrial and Consumer Product Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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27
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Ma J, Miao TJ, Tang J. Charge carrier dynamics and reaction intermediates in heterogeneous photocatalysis by time-resolved spectroscopies. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5777-5794. [PMID: 35770623 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01164b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight as the most abundant renewable energy holds the promise to make our society sustainable. However, due to its low power density and intermittence, efficient conversion and storage of solar energy as a clean fuel are crucial. Apart from solar fuel synthesis, sunlight can also be used to drive other reactions including organic conversion and air/water purification. Given such potential of photocatalysis, the past few decades have seen a surge in the discovery of photocatalysts. However, the current photocatalytic efficiency is still very moderate. To address this challenge, it is important to understand fundamental factors that dominate the efficiency of a photocatalytic process to enable the rational design and development of photocatalytic systems. Many recent studies highlighted transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) and time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy as powerful approaches to characterise charge carrier dynamics and reaction pathways to elucidate the reasons behind low photocatalytic efficiencies, and to rationalise photocatalytic activities exhibited by closely related materials. Accordingly, as a fast-moving area, the past decade has witnessed an explosion in reports on charge carrier dynamics and reaction mechanisms on a wide range of photocatalytic materials. This critical review will discuss the application of TAS and TRIR in a wide range of heterogeneous photocatalytic systems, demonstrating the variety of ways in which these techniques can be used to understand the correlation between materials design, charge carrier behaviour, and photocatalytic activity. Finally, it provides a comprehensive outlook for potential developments in the area of time-resolved spectroscopies with an aim to provide design strategies for photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, and the Energy and Catalysis Hub, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Tina Jingyan Miao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), WC1E 7JE, London, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University College London (UCL), WC1H 0AJ, London, UK.
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), WC1E 7JE, London, UK
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28
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Cheng L, Yue X, Fan J, Xiang Q. Site-Specific Electron-Driving Observations of CO 2 -to-CH 4 Photoreduction on Co-Doped CeO 2 /Crystalline Carbon Nitride S-Scheme Heterojunctions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200929. [PMID: 35476265 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoexcited dynamic modulation, maximizing the effective utilization of photoinduced electron-hole pairs, dominates the multiple electrons-involving reduction pathways for terminal CH4 evolution during CO2 photoreduction. Yet, the site-specific regulation of directional charge transfer by modification of an S-scheme heterojunction has seldom been discussed. Herein, an atomic-level tailoring strategy by anchoring single-atomic Co into CeO2 co-catalyst rather than carbon nitride supports, which can selectively favor CO2 -to-CH4 photoreduction, is reported. Through in situ dynamic tracking investigations, this study identifies that surface Co-embedded bimetallic CeCo conjunction is the key feature driving a strong interconnection of dynamical charge states through S-scheme heterojunctions. The Co-embedded modification into CeO2 co-catalysts is demonstrated to have a critical effect on directional charge control, accelerating the driving of electrons from the carbon nitride donations to site-specific Co hubs, which thereby promotes electronic transferability for electrons-involving CH4 formation. As a result, an unprecedented CH4 yield (181.7 µmol g-1 ) is obtained with a high turnover number (411.4) through a fully gas-solid reaction, demonstrating its potential toward targeted CH4 formation without adding any sacrificial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Quanjun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P. R. China
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29
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Wang L, Yang Y, Cui Q, Liu X. Time-resolved spectroscopy of oligomerized phenyl modified carbon nitride. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Xiao X, Ruan Z, Li Q, Zhang L, Meng H, Zhang Q, Bao H, Jiang B, Zhou J, Guo C, Wang X, Fu H. A Unique Fe-N 4 Coordination System Enabling Transformation of Oxygen into Superoxide for Photocatalytic CH Activation with High Efficiency and Selectivity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200612. [PMID: 35543386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of CH bonds is one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis. However, activation of the α-CH bond of ethylbenzene by use of photocatalysis-generated superoxide anions (O2 •- ) remains a challenge. Herein, the formation of individual Fe atoms on polymeric carbon nitride (CN), that activates O2 to create O2 •- for facilitating the reaction of ethylbenzene to form acetophenone, is demonstrated. By utilizing density functional theory and materials characterization techniques, it is shown that individual Fe atoms are coordinated to four N atoms of CN and the resultant low-spin Fe-N4 system (t2g 6 eg 0 ) is not only a great adsorption site for oxygen molecules, but also allows for fast transfer of electrons generated in the CN framework to adsorbed O2 , producing O2 •- . The oxidation reaction of ethylbenzene triggered by O2 •- ions turns out to have a high conversion rate of 99% as well as an acetophenone selectivity of 99%, which can be ascribed to a novel reaction pathway that is different from the conventional route involving hydroxyl radicals and the production of phenethyl alcohol. Furthermore, it possesses great potential for other CH activation reactions besides ethylbenzene oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, China
| | - Zhoushilin Ruan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Huiyuan Meng
- School of Safety Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150022, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Bao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Baojiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Chuanyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, China
| | - Honggang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150080, China
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31
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Domcke W, Sobolewski AL. Water Oxidation and Hydrogen Evolution with Organic Photooxidants: A Theoretical Perspective. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:2777-2788. [PMID: 35385277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we discuss a novel water-splitting scenario, namely the direct oxidation of water molecules by organic photooxidants in hydrogen-bonded chromophore-water complexes. In comparison with the established scenario of semiconductor-based water splitting, the distance of electron transfer processes is thereby reduced from mesoscopic scales to the Ångström scale, and the time scale is reduced from milliseconds to femtoseconds, which suppresses competing loss processes. The concept is illustrated by computational studies for the heptazine-H2O complex. The excited-state landscape of this complex has been characterized with ab initio electronic-structure methods and the proton-coupled electron-transfer dynamics has been explored with nonadiabatic dynamics simulations. A unique feature of the heptazine chromophore is the existence of a low-lying and exceptionally long-lived 1ππ* state in which a substantial part of the photon energy can be stored for hundreds of nanoseconds and is available for the oxidation of water molecules. The calculations reveal that the absorption spectra and the photochemical functionalities of heptazine chromophores can be systematically tailored by chemical substitution. The options of harvesting hydrogen and the problems posed by the high reactivity of OH radicals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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Deng X, Kuang X, Zeng J, Zi B, Ma Y, Yan R, Zhang J, Xiao B, Liu Q. Silver nanoparticles embedded 2D g-C 3N 4nanosheets toward excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:175401. [PMID: 34996055 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac493d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting is considered to be a feasible method to replace traditional energy. However, most of the catalysts have unsatisfactory performance. In this work, we used a hydrothermal process to grow Ag nanoparticlesin situon g-C3N4nanosheets, and then a high performance catalyst (Ag-g-C3N4) under visible light was obtained. The Ag nanoparticles obtained by this process are amorphous and exhibit excellent catalytic activity. At the same time, the local plasmon resonance effect of Ag can effectively enhance the absorption intensity of visible light by the catalyst. The hydrogen production rate promote to 1035μmol g-1h-1after loaded 0.6 wt% of Ag under the visible light, which was 313 times higher than that of pure g-C3N4(3.3μmol g-1h-1). This hydrogen production rate is higher than most previously reported catalysts which loaded with Ag or Pt. The excellent activity of Ag-g-C3N4is benefited from the Ag nanoparticles and special interaction in each other. Through various analysis and characterization methods, it is shown that the synergy between Ag and g-C3N4can effectively promote the separation of carriers and the transfer of electrons. Our work proves that Ag-g-C3N4is a promising catalyst to make full use of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Deng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinya Kuang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyang Zeng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoye Zi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihan Yan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingju Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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33
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Perylene diimide supermolecule (PDI) as a novel and highly efficient cocatalyst for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline in water: A case study of PDI decorated graphitic carbon nitride/bismuth tungstate composite. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 615:849-864. [PMID: 35182855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Employing perylene diimide supermolecule (PDI) as metal-free cocatalyst, a novel PDI/g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 (PCB) photocatalyst was constructed for the effective degradation of antibiotics. Both the photocatalytic activity and photostability of g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 (gCB) were further improved after loading PDI. Under simulated sunlight illumination, the apparent rate constant of tetracycline (TC) degradation by PCB reached 2.6 times that of gCB. The photocatalytic activity of PCB still kept over 80% after 4 cycle experiments, while gCB only remained around 21%. The superior activity of PCB was ascribed to the synergism between the extended visible light absorption range through the participation of PDI cocatalyst and facilitated gCB-to-PDI photoelectron transfer. TC would finally be transformed into non-toxic ring opening products and mineralized. This work demonstrated that PDI was an excellent metal-free cocatalyst and exhibited great potential to boost the activity of photocatalysts.
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34
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Goswami T, Bhatt H, Yadav DK, Ghosh HN. Interfacing g-C 3N 4 Nanosheets with CdS Nanorods for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution: An Ultrafast Investigation. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:572-580. [PMID: 34994569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Effective separation of electron-hole and utilization of hot charge carriers are known to be the most important factors influencing the activity of a good photocatalyst. Herein, we developed a 1D/2D heterojunction in the composite of CdS nanorod and g-C3N4 (CN) nanosheets. These two form a quasi-type-II junction at the heterointerface. The photoexcited electrons are supposed to be transferred from CN to CdS, as observed from the enhanced photoluminescence of CdS. Transient studies revealed an absolute dominance of CdS exciton formation even in the composite system, although the dynamics were substantially modified in the presence of CN. The rise time of CdS band edge excitons were increased in the composite material, owing to the migration of hot electrons from CN to CdS. The hot electron transfer time was found to be ∼0.5 ps (rate constant ∼1.98 ps-1). The excitons decay in a much slower manner than that of the pristine CdS, confirming enhanced electron population in CdS. This migration of charge carriers was found to be immensely dependent on the applied excitation photon energy. Efficient migration of charge carriers leads to enhanced photocatalytic activity in the composite and an increased evolution of H2 evolution rate was witnessed. This detailed spectroscopic study toward the mechanistic pathway of the catalytic activity of an 1D/2D heterocomposite would be immensely helpful in fabricating many other effective heterojunctions which will advance the catalysis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Goswami
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Himanshu Bhatt
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India.,Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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35
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Ghosh HNATH, Goswami T, Bhatt H, Yadav DK. Atomically Thin 2D Photocatalysts for Boosted H2 Production from the perspective of Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19121-19143. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Excited state photophysical processes play the most important role in deciding the efficiency of any photonic applications like solar light driven H2 evolution, which is considered to be the next...
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36
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Ren X, Shi J, Duan R, Di J, Xue C, Luo X, Liu Q, Xia M, Lin B, Tang W. Construction of high-efficiency CoS@Nb2O5 heterojunctions accelerating charge transfer for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Bhatt H, Goswami T, Yadav DK, Ghorai N, Shukla A, Kaur G, Kaur A, Ghosh HN. Ultrafast Hot Electron Transfer and Trap-State Mediated Charge Carrier Separation toward Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity in g-C 3N 4/ZnIn 2S 4 Heterostructure. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11865-11872. [PMID: 34874742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive understanding of charge carrier dynamics in the heterostructure based photocatalytic materials will strengthen their candidature as future solar energy harvesting resources. Here, in this work, the g-C3N4(CN)/ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) heterostructure was successfully synthesized and a direct spectroscopic correlation was established between excited-state charge carrier dynamics and enhanced photocatalytic activity using ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. TA analysis demonstrated the dominance of hot electron transfer over the band edge one. The photogenerated hot electrons migrated from the high-energy excitonic states of CN toward ZIS in the subpicosecond time scale. Broad-band (UV to NIR) ultrafast transient pump-probe spectroscopy revealed the collective effect of hot electron transfer as well as trap-state mediated electron delocalization in the enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution. This work reveals the role of photogenerated carriers in the photocatalytic performance of the CN/ZIS heterostructure and would create a new avenue toward the advancement of CN based heterostructure in photocatalytic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Bhatt
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Tanmay Goswami
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Nandan Ghorai
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Ayushi Shukla
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Arshdeep Kaur
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Hirendra N Ghosh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Punjab 140306, India
- Radiation and Photochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
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38
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Cheng L, Yue X, Wang L, Zhang D, Zhang P, Fan J, Xiang Q. Dual-Single-Atom Tailoring with Bifunctional Integration for High-Performance CO 2 Photoreduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105135. [PMID: 34622513 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom photocatalysis has been demonstrated as a novel strategy to promote heterogeneous reactions. There is a diversity of monoatomic metal species with specific functions; however, integrating representative merits into dual-single-atoms and regulating cooperative photocatalysis remain a pressing challenge. For dual-single-atom catalysts, enhanced photocatalytic activity would be realized through integrating bifunctional properties and tuning the synergistic effect. Herein, dual-single-atoms supported on conjugated porous carbon nitride polymer are developed for effective photocatalytic CO2 reduction, featuring the function of cobalt (Co) and ruthenium (Ru). A series of in situ characterizations and theoretical calculations are conducted for quantitative analysis of structure-performance correlation. It is concluded that the active Co sites facilitate dynamic charge transfer, while the Ru sites promote selective CO2 surface-bound interaction during CO2 photoreduction. The combination of atom-specific traits and the synergy between Co and Ru lead to the high photocatalytic CO2 conversion with corresponding apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 2.8% at 385 nm, along with a high turnover number (TON) of more than 200 without addition of any sacrificial agent. This work presents an example of identifying the roles of different single-atom metals and regulating the synergy, where the two metals with unique properties collaborate to further boost the photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P. R. China
| | - Linxi Wang
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Quanjun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313001, P. R. China
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39
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Wang G, Huang R, Zhang J, Mao J, Wang D, Li Y. Synergistic Modulation of the Separation of Photo-Generated Carriers via Engineering of Dual Atomic Sites for Promoting Photocatalytic Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105904. [PMID: 34664332 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The separation efficiency of photo-generated carriers is still a great challenge that restricts the practical application of photocatalytic technology. The design of spatial separation path for photo-generated carriers at atomic level provides an innovative approach to address this challenge. Herein, a facile dual atomic sites strategy, consisting of Cu-N4 and C-S-C active moieties decorated on polymeric carbon nitride (Cu SAs/p-CNS) is reported to simultaneously achieve the highly efficient separation of photo-generated electrons and holes for boosting photocatalytic performance. As a proof of concept, the Cu SAs/p-CNS is successfully applied to the photo-oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF), which exhibits 77.1% HMF conversion and 85.6% DFF selectivity under visible light irradiation. The activity is considerably higher than that of bulk p-CN, S doped p-CN, and p-CN supported Cu single atom catalysts. Theoretical calculations and experimental results suggest that, during photocatalytic reaction, the isolated Cu-N4 sites directly capture photo-generated electrons, while the surrounding S atoms bear photo-generated holes, which synergistically facilitates the separation of photo-generated carriers and thus results in enhanced photocatalytic activity. This study provides a new perspective for the rational design of high performance photocatalysts at atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Junjie Mao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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40
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Pan Z, Zhao M, Zhuzhang H, Zhang G, Anpo M, Wang X. Gradient Zn-Doped Poly Heptazine Imides Integrated with a van der Waals Homojunction Boosting Visible Light-Driven Water Oxidation Activities. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Hangyu Zhuzhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Masakazu Anpo
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
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41
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Lin B, Chen H, Zhou Y, Luo X, Tian D, Yan X, Duan R, Di J, Kang L, Zhou A, Yang G, Li Y, Zhou J, Liu Z, Liu F. 2D/2D atomic double-layer WS2/Nb2O5 shell/core nanosheets with ultrafast interfacial charge transfer for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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42
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Hwang D, Schlenker CW. Photochemistry of carbon nitrides and heptazine derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9330-9353. [PMID: 34528956 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02745j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We explore the photochemistry of polymeric carbon nitride (C3N4), an archetypal organic photocatalyst, and derivatives of its structural monomer unit, heptazine (Hz). Through spectroscopic studies and computational analysis, we have observed that Hz derivatives can engage in non-innocent hydrogen bonding interactions with hydroxylic species. The photochemistry of these complexes is influenced by intermolecular nπ*/ππ* mixing of non-bonding orbitals of each component and the relative energy of intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) states. Coupling of the former to the latter appears to facilitate proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), resulting in biradical products. We have also observed that Hz derivatives exhibit an extremely rare inverted singlet/triplet energy splitting (ΔEST). In violation of Hund's multiplicity rules, the lowest energy singlet (S1) is stabilized relative to the lowest triplet (T1) electronic excited state. Exploiting this unique inverted ΔEST character has obvious implications for transformational discoveries in solid-state OLED lighting and photovoltaics. Harnessing this inverted ΔEST, paired with light-driven intermolecular PCET reactions, may enable molecular transformations relevant for applications ranging from solar energy storage to new classes of non-triplet photoredox catalysts for pharmaceutical development. To this end, we have explored the possibility of optically controlling the photochemistry of Hz derivatives using ultrafast pump-push-probe spectroscopy. In this case, the excited state branching ratios among locally excited states of the chromophore and the reactive intermolecular CT state can be manipulated with an appropriate secondary "push" excitation pulse. These results indicate that we can predictively redirect chemical reactivity with light in this system, which is an avidly sought achievement in the field of photochemistry. Looking forward, we anticipate future opportunities for controlling heptazine photochemistry, including manipulating PCET reactivity with a diverse array of substrates and optically delivering reducing equivalents with, for example, water as a partial source of electrons and protons. Furthermore, we wholly expect that, over the next decade, materials such as Hz derivatives, that exhibit inverted ΔEST character, will spawn a significant new research effort in the field of thin-film optoelectronics, where controlling recombination via triplet excitonic states can play a critical role in determining device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyk Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Cody W Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1652, USA.,Clean Energy Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653, USA.
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43
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Wang Y, Godin R, Durrant JR, Tang J. Efficient Hole Trapping in Carbon Dot/Oxygen-Modified Carbon Nitride Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Enhanced Methanol Production from CO 2 under Neutral Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20811-20816. [PMID: 34288316 PMCID: PMC8519127 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis of alcohols from CO2 is still unsatisfactory owing to the rapid charge relaxation compared to the sluggish photoreactions and the oxidation of alcohol products. Here, we demonstrate that CO2 is reduced to methanol with 100 % selectivity using water as the only electron donor on a carbon nitride-like polymer (FAT) decorated with carbon dots. The quantum efficiency of 5.9 % (λ=420 nm) is 300 % higher than the previously reported carbon nitride junction. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we observed that holes in FAT could be extracted by the carbon dots with nearly 75 % efficiency before they become unreactive by trapping. Extraction of holes resulted in a greater density of photoelectrons, indicative of reduced recombination of shorter-lived reactive electrons. This work offers a strategy to promote photocatalysis by increasing the amount of reactive photogenerated charges via structure engineering and extraction before energy losses by deep trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiou Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUCLTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute MunichLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenKöniginstr. 1080539MunichGermany
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonExhibition RoadLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Department of ChemistryThe University of British ColumbiaKelownaBCV1V 1V7Canada
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic ElectronicsImperial College LondonExhibition RoadLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUCLTorrington PlaceLondonWC1E 7JEUK
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44
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Wang Y, Godin R, Durrant JR, Tang J. Efficient Hole Trapping in Carbon Dot/Oxygen‐Modified Carbon Nitride Heterojunction Photocatalysts for Enhanced Methanol Production from CO
2
under Neutral Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiou Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering UCL Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Königinstr. 10 80539 Munich Germany
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia Kelowna BC V1V 1V7 Canada
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Junwang Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering UCL Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK
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45
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Chen G, Zhang ZD, Liao YX, Zhang Z, You YZ. Modulating Local Charge Distribution of Carbon Nitride for Promoting Exciton Dissociation and Charge-Induced Reactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100698. [PMID: 34197025 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable light can generate reduction and oxidation centers in situ through the generation of photoexcited electrons and holes in the presence of photocatalyst. However, the photoexcited electrons and holes have huge Coulombic attraction and high exciton binding energy due to the weak screening effect and dielectric properties in many low-dimensional conjugated polymers, such as carbon nitride. Reducing the exciton binding energy of carbon nitride and promoting the conversion of excitons into free charge carriers are necessary for improving the activity of photocatalytic reactions but still very challenging. Here, by introducing amino-cyano functional groups into carbon nitride, it is demonstrated that excitons can be effectively dissociated into electrons and holes by finely controlling the charge distribution of heptazine ring. It is found that carbon nitride with heptazine rings of positive charge distribution can greatly reduce the exciton binding energy to 24 from 71 meV. Compared with heptazine ring having negative charge distribution, heptazine ring with positive charge distribution can increase photocatalytic hydrogen production of carbon nitride by up to ten times. This work provides an easy way to promote the dissociation of excitons in carbon nitride by regulating the charge distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zi-Dan Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Ya-Xian Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ye-Zi You
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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46
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Preparation, Characterization of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Photo-Catalytic Nanocomposites and Their Application in Wastewater Remediation: A Review. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11070723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Energy crisis and environmental pollution are the major problems of human survival and development. Photocatalytic technology can effectively use solar energy and is prospective to solve the above-mentioned problems. Carbon nitride is a two-dimensional polymer material with a graphite-like structure. It has good physical and chemical stabilities, unique chemical and electronic energy band structures, and is widely used in the field of photocatalysis. Graphitic carbon nitride has a conjugated large π bond structure, which is easier to be modified with other compounds. thereby the surface area and visible light absorption range of carbon nitride-based photocatalytic composites can be insignificantly increased, and interface electron transmission and corresponding photogenerated carriers separation of streams are simultaneously promoted. Therefore, the present study systematically introduced the basic catalytic principles, preparation and modification methods, characterization and calculation simulation of carbon nitride-based photocatalytic composite materials, and their application in wastewater treatment. We also summarized their application in wastewater treatment with the aid of artificial intelligence tools. This review summarized the frontier technology and future development prospects of graphite phase carbon nitride photocatalytic composites, which provide a theoretical reference for wastewater purification.
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Zhao Y, Zhang P, Yang Z, Li L, Gao J, Chen S, Xie T, Diao C, Xi S, Xiao B, Hu C, Choi W. Mechanistic analysis of multiple processes controlling solar-driven H 2O 2 synthesis using engineered polymeric carbon nitride. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3701. [PMID: 34140505 PMCID: PMC8211848 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar-driven hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production presents unique merits of sustainability and environmental friendliness. Herein, efficient solar-driven H2O2 production through dioxygen reduction is achieved by employing polymeric carbon nitride framework with sodium cyanaminate moiety, affording a H2O2 production rate of 18.7 μmol h -1 mg-1 and an apparent quantum yield of 27.6% at 380 nm. The overall photocatalytic transformation process is systematically analyzed, and some previously unknown structural features and interactions are substantiated via experimental and theoretical methods. The structural features of cyanamino group and pyridinic nitrogen-coordinated soidum in the framework promote photon absorption, alter the energy landscape of the framework and improve charge separation efficiency, enhance surface adsorption of dioxygen, and create selective 2e- oxygen reduction reaction surface-active sites. Particularly, an electronic coupling interaction between O2 and surface, which boosts the population and prolongs the lifetime of the active shallow-trapped electrons, is experimentally substantiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhenchun Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Gao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Tengfeng Xie
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Caozheng Diao
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shibo Xi
- Singapore Synchrotron Light Source, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beibei Xiao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P. R. China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education & Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wonyong Choi
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea.
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Li C, Hofmeister E, Krivtsov I, Mitoraj D, Adler C, Beranek R, Dietzek B. Photodriven Charge Accumulation and Carrier Dynamics in a Water-Soluble Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1728-1736. [PMID: 33586917 PMCID: PMC8048561 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Charge accumulation in photoactive molecules and materials holds great promise in solar energy conversion as it allows for decoupling solar-driven charging from (dark) redox reactions. In this contribution, light-driven charge accumulation was investigated for a recently reported novel water-soluble carbon nitride [K,Na-poly(heptazine imide); K,Na-PHI] photocatalyst, which exhibits excellent activity and stability in highly selective photocatalytic oxidation of alcohols and concurrent reduction of dioxygen to H2 O2 under quasi-homogeneous conditions. An excellent charge storage ability of the K,Na-PHI material was demonstrated, showing an optimal density of accumulated electrons (32.2 μmol of electrons per gram) in the presence of 10 vol % MeOH as a sacrificial electron donor. The long-lived electrons accumulated under anaerobic conditions as K,Na-PHI.- radical ions were utilized in interfacial electron transfer to O2 or methyl viologen in a subsequent dark reaction. Ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy was employed to reveal the kinetics of charge-carrier recombination and methanol oxidation. Geminate recombination of electrons and holes within approximately 100 ps was followed by trap-assisted recombination. The presence of methanol as a sacrificial electron donor accelerated the decay of the transient absorption signal when a static sample was used. This behavior was ascribed to the faster charge recombination in the presence of the radical anions generated after hole extraction. The work suggests that photodriven electron storage in the water-soluble carbon nitride is enabled by localized trap states, and highlights the importance of the effective electron donor for creating long-lived photo-generated carbon nitride radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Li
- Department Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich-Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Elisabeth Hofmeister
- Department Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich-Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Igor Krivtsov
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Dariusz Mitoraj
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Christiane Adler
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Radim Beranek
- Institute of ElectrochemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 4789081UlmGermany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Department Functional InterfacesLeibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical ChemistryFriedrich-Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich-Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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Xie W, Tian L, Wu K, Guo B, Gong JR. Understanding and modulating exciton dynamics of organic and low-dimensional inorganic materials in photo(electro)catalysis. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pei GX, Dzade NY, Zhang Y, Hofmann JP, Leeuw NH, Weckhuysen BM. Identification of Photoexcited Electron Relaxation in a Cobalt Phosphide Modified Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Xian Pei
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Nelson Y. Dzade
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place CF10 3AT Cardiff United Kingdom
| | - Yue Zhang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials Chemistry Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Surface Science Laboratory Department of Materials and Earth Sciences Technical University of Darmstadt Otto-Berndt-Strasse 3 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Nora H. Leeuw
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place CF10 3AT Cardiff United Kingdom
- Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University Princetonlaan 8 A 3584 CB Utrecht The Netherlands
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds LT2 9JT Leeds United Kingdom
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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