1
|
Miao HJ, Zhang JH, Li W, Yang W, Xin H, Gao P, Duan XH, Guo LN. Aromatization-driven deconstructive functionalization of spiro dihydroquinazolinones via dual photoredox/nickel catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8993-8999. [PMID: 38873081 PMCID: PMC11168144 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01111b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Aromatization-driven deconstruction and functionalization of spiro dihydroquinazolinones via dual photoredox/nickel catalysis is developed. The aromatization effect was introduced to synergistically drive unstrained cyclic C-C bond cleavage, with the aim of overcoming the ring-size limitation of nitrogen-centered radical induced deconstruction of carbocycles. Herein, we demonstrate the synergistic photoredox/nickel catalyzed deconstructive cross-coupling of spiro dihydroquinazolinones with organic halides. Remarkably, structurally diverse organic halides including aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and alkyl bromides were compatible for the coupling. In addition, this protocol is also characterized by its mild and redox-neutral conditions, excellent functional group compatibility, high atom economy, and easy scalability. A telescoped procedure involving condensation and ring-opening/coupling was found to be accessible. This work provides a complementary strategy to the existing radical-mediated C-C bond cleavage of unstrained carbocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jie Miao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Wenke Li
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Wenpeng Yang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Hong Xin
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Pin Gao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huang H, Luan X, Zuo Z. Cooperative Photoredox and Cobalt-Catalyzed Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Functionalization of Cyclopropylamides towards Allylic N,O-Acyl-acetal Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401579. [PMID: 38609328 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We disclose herein a novel photoredox and cobalt co-catalyzed ring-opening/acceptorless dehydrogenative functionalization of mono-donor cyclopropanes. This sustainable and atom-economic approach allows the rapid assembly of a wide range of allylic N,O-acyl-acetal derivatives. The starting materials are readily available and the reaction features mild conditions, broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group compatibility. The optimized conditions accommodate assorted cycloalkylamides and primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, with applications in late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds, stimulating further utility in medicinal chemistry. Moreover, selective nucleophilic substitutions with various carbon nucleophiles were achieved in a one-pot fashion, offering a reliable avenue to access some cyclic and acyclic derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Xinjun Luan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Zhijun Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Fan S, Tang X. Nucleophilic Organocatalyst for Photochemical Carbon Radical Generation via S N2 Substitution. Org Lett 2024; 26:4002-4007. [PMID: 38691539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical generation of radicals is a powerful way to construct various molecules. But most of these methods rely on initiators or the redox properties of radical precursors. Herein, we report a photochemical organic catalyst that reacts with benzyl halide to generate carbon radical via an SN2 pathway. This nucleophilic catalyst can be easily prepared and is bench-stable. The SN2 process does not rely on the redox properties of halides, showing potential synthetic utility. Control experiments and UV-vis spectroscopic analysis indicate that the SN2 substitution adduct is the key intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhuo Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shiwen Fan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xinjun Tang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou 311305, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cuadros S, Paut J, Anselmi E, Dagousset G, Magnier E, Dell'Amico L. Light-Driven Synthesis and Functionalization of Bicycloalkanes, Cubanes and Related Bioisosteres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317333. [PMID: 38179801 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Bicycloalkanes, cubanes and their structural analogues have emerged as bioisosteres of (hetero)arenes. To meet increasing demand, the chemical community has developed a plethora of novel synthetic methods. In this review, we assess the progress made in the field of light-driven construction and functionalization of such relevant molecules. We have focused on diverse structural targets, as well as on reaction processes giving access to: (i) [1.1.1]-bicyclopentanes (BCPs); (ii) [2.2.1]-bicyclohexanes (BCHs); (iii) [3.1.1]-bicycloheptanes (BCHeps); and (iv) cubanes; as well as other structurally related scaffolds. Finally, future perspectives dealing with the identification of novel reaction manifolds to access new functionalized bioisosteric units are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cuadros
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Julien Paut
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Elsa Anselmi
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 37200, Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Dagousset
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, University of Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang T, Huang H. Photocatalyzed Aminomethylation of Alkyl Halides Enabled by Sterically Hindered N-Substituents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310114. [PMID: 37721856 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) coupling of alkyl halides and tertiary amines offers a promising tool for the rapid decoration of amine skeletons. However, this approach has not been well established, partially due to the challenges in precisely distinguishing and controlling the reactivity of amine-coupling partners and their product homologues. Herein, we developed a metal-free photocatalytic system for the aminomethylation of alkyl halides through radical-involved C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation, allowing for the synthesis of sterically congested tertiary amines that are of interest in organic synthesis but not easily prepared by other methods. Mechanistic studies disclosed that sterically hindered N-substituents are key to activate the amine coupling partners by tuning their redox potentials to drive the reaction forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, 235000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu Y, Gao HX, Pan C, Shi Y, Zhang C, Huang G, Feng C. Stereoselective Photoredox Catalyzed (3+3) Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrone with Aryl Cyclopropane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310671. [PMID: 37700683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
By resorting to the principle of remote activation, we herein demonstrate the first photoredox catalyzed (3+3) dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones with aryl cyclopropanes. Key to the fidelity of the reaction resides in a facile manner of substrate activation by single-electron transfer (SET) oxidation with photoredox catalysis, and the reaction takes place through a stepwise cascade encompassing a three-electron-type nucleophilic substitution triggered cyclopropane ring-opening and a diastereoselective 6-endo-trig radical cyclization manifold. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity, nicely complementing the well-developed Lewis acid catalyzed cycloaddition of donor-acceptor cyclopropanes. Other merits of the protocol include wide scope of aryl cyclopropanes with diversified substitution patterns and good functional-group compatibility. A mechanism involving an aryl radical cation promoted remote activation mode was also proposed and supported by mechanistic experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xu
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xiang Gao
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Chengkai Pan
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of chemistry, School of science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Genping Huang
- Department of chemistry, School of science and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Chao Feng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), State Key Laboratory of Material-Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheng QY, Wang T, Hu J, Chen HY, Xu JJ. In Situ Probing the Short-Lived Intermediates in Visible-Light Heterogeneous Photocatalysis by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14150-14157. [PMID: 37665645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-mediated heterogeneous photocatalysis has recently emerged as an environmentally friendly and energy-sustainable alternative for organic transformations. Despite the advancements in developing wide varieties of photocatalysts during the past decades, the accurate probing and identification of the photogenerated species, especially the short-lived radical intermediates, are still challenging. In this work, we reported a hybrid ion emitter that integrated with a pico-liter heterogeneous photocatalytic reactor, which was fabricated by depositing the photocatalyst (e.g., TiO2) into the front tip of a quartz micropipette. Benefited from the dual-function feature of the hybrid micropipette (i.e., a clog-free tip-confined pico-liter reactor for heterogeneous photocatalysis and an ion emitter for nanoelectrospray ionization), sensitized photoredox reactions at the catalyst-solution interface can be triggered upon visible-light irradiation using a cheap LED laser (453 nm), and the newly produced transient radical intermediates can be rapidly transformed into gaseous ions for mass spectrometric identification. Using this novel low-delay coupling device, photogenerated intermediates, including the cationic radicals produced during the photooxidation of anilines and the anionic radicals produced during the photoreduction of quinones, were successfully captured by mass spectrometry. We believe that our hybrid photochemical microreactor/ion emitter has provided a new and powerful tool for exploring the complicated heterogeneous photochemical processes, especially their ultrafast initial transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Yue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ma X, Zhang Q, Zhang W. Remote Radical 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6- and 1,7-Difunctionalization Reactions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073027. [PMID: 37049790 PMCID: PMC10095731 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Radical transformations are powerful in organic synthesis for the construction of molecular scaffolds and introduction of functional groups. In radical difunctionalization reactions, the radicals in the first functionalized intermediates can be relocated through resonance, hydrogen atom or group transfer, and ring opening. The resulting radical intermediates can undertake the following paths for the second functionalization: (1) couple with other radical groups, (2) oxidize to cations and then react with nucleophiles, (3) reduce to anions and then react with electrophiles, (4) couple with metal-complexes. The rearrangements of radicals provide the opportunity for the synthesis of 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,5-, 1,6-, and 1,7-difunctionalization products. Multiple ways to initiate the radical reaction coupling with intermediate radical rearrangements make the radical reactions good for difunctionalization at the remote positions. These reactions offer the advantages of synthetic efficiency, operation simplicity, and product diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, 1 Gehu Road, Changzhou 213164, China;
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, 99 Xuefu Road, Suzhou 215009, China;
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Green Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-287-6147
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun J, Cao M, Ge X, Ouyang J, Na N. Examination of electronically mismatched Diels-Alder reaction by on-line mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023:e9510. [PMID: 36946002 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electronically mismatched Diels-Alder reactions have gained much attention as an alternative pathway for C-C bond formation. To facilitate the development of facile organic transformations, mechanistic investigations are required. Spectroscopic methods (NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance and UV-visible) are normally adopted for mechanistic examinations, but further improvements in directly obtaining structural information of short-lived intermediates are encouraged. Herein, an electronically mismatched Diels-Alder reaction between indole and 1,3-cyclohexadiene was studied using in situ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (in situ ESI-MS). Based on direct sampling and detection of the in situ ESI-MS without sample pretreatment, the structures and dynamics of important intermediates were examined on-line. METHODS A syringe-based photocatalytic reactor and in situ ambient MS (AMS) evaluation system was constructed for mechanism studies. The role of oxygen was confirmed via control reaction employed in the N2 -bubbled system. The stepwise cation radical-based pathway and the [2 + 2] cycloaddition process were determined through a series of experiments, including solvent evaluation, MS/MS experiments and dynamic monitoring. RESULTS The dependence of the reaction on solvent polarity demonstrated that the reaction occurs via the formation of cation radicals, which were captured, identified and dynamically monitored via in situ ESI-MS. Without pre-separation, the intermediate of [2 + 2] cycloaddition was identified and the cycloaddition process was thereby determined to be the combination of [4 + 2] cycloaddition and [2 + 2] cycloaddition. In addition, oxygen was proved to act as an electron mediator for both catalyst Ru(bpz)3 (PF6 )2 and radical cations. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of an electronically mismatched Diels-Alder reaction was successfully deduced by in situ MS associated with a syringe-based photocatalytic reactor. The structures and dynamics of cation radicals, the effect of O2 for the reaction and the detailed process of [2 + 2] cycloaddition have been well demonstrated. This work could not only promote the understanding and development of facile photocatalytic transformations, but also enlarge the application range of AMS in on-line monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, 519087, China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Harmata AS, Roldan BJ, Stephenson CRJ. Formal Cycloadditions Driven by the Homolytic Opening of Strained, Saturated Ring Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213003. [PMID: 36239998 PMCID: PMC9852095 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The field of strain-driven, radical formal cycloadditions is experiencing a surge in activity motivated by a renaissance in free radical chemistry and growing demand for sp3 -rich ring systems. The former has been driven in large part by the rise of photoredox catalysis, and the latter by adoption of the "Escape from Flatland" concept in medicinal chemistry. In the years since these broader trends emerged, dozens of formal cycloadditions, including catalytic, asymmetric variants, have been developed that operate via radical mechanisms. While cyclopropanes have been studied most extensively, a variety of strained ring systems are amenable to the design of analogous reactions. Many of these processes generate lucrative, functionally decorated sp3 -rich ring systems that are difficult to access by other means. Herein, we summarize recent efforts in this area and analyze the state of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Harmata
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 N University Ave Ann Arbor MI, 48109-1055
| | - Bec. J. Roldan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 N University Ave Ann Arbor MI, 48109-1055
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan 930 N University Ave Ann Arbor MI, 48109-1055
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun J, Tan H, Gao Y, Li J, Wei J, Zhang S, Ouyang J, Na N. Confined surface-enhanced indole cation-radical cyclization studied by mass spectrometry. Analyst 2023; 148:262-268. [PMID: 36503912 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01719a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactions in confined spaces exhibit unique reactivity, while how the confinement effect enhances reactions remains unclear. Herein, the reaction in the confined space of a nanopipette reactor was examined by in situ nano-electrospray mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS). The indole cation-radical cyclization was selected as the model reaction, catalyzed by a common visible-light-harvesting complex Ru(bpz)3(PF6)2 (1% eq.) rather than traditional harsh reaction conditions (high temperature or pressure, etc.). As demonstrated by in situ nanoESI-MS, this reaction was readily promoted in the nanopipette under mild conditions, while it was inefficient in both normal flasks and microdroplets. Both experimental and theoretical evidence demonstrated the formation of concentrated Ru(II)-complexes on the inner surface of the nanopipette, which facilitated the accelerated reactions. As a result, dissociative reactive cation radicals with lower HOMO-LUMO gap were generated from the Ru(II)-complexes by ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). Furthermore, the crucial cation radical intermediates were captured and dynamically monitored via in situ nanoESI-MS, responsible for the electronically matched [4 + 2] cycloaddition and subsequent intramolecular dehydrogenation. This work inspires a deeper understanding of the unique reactions in confined spaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yixuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Juanjuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Shengxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng Y, Huang W, Dhungana RK, Granados A, Keess S, Makvandi M, Molander GA. Photochemical Intermolecular [3σ + 2σ]-Cycloaddition for the Construction of Aminobicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23685-23690. [PMID: 36523116 PMCID: PMC10413992 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of synthetic strategies for the preparation of bioisosteric compounds is a demanding undertaking in medicinal chemistry. Numerous strategies have been developed for the synthesis of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs), bridge-substituted BCPs, and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. However, progress on the synthesis of bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes, which serve as meta-substituted arene bioisosteres, has not been previously explored. Herein, we disclose the first photoinduced [3σ + 2σ] cycloaddition for the synthesis of trisubstituted bicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes using bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes and cyclopropylamines. This transformation not only uses mild and operationally simple conditions but also provides unique meta-substituted arene bioisosteres. The applicability of this method is showcased by simple derivatization reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Zheng
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Weichen Huang
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Roshan K. Dhungana
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Albert Granados
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Neuroscience Discovery Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Mehran Makvandi
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Gary A. Molander
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu M, Wang Z, Sun Z, Ouyang Y, Ding Z, Yu T, Xu L, Li P. Diboron(4)-Catalyzed Remote [3+2] Cycloaddition of Cyclopropanes via Dearomative/Rearomative Radical Transmission through Pyridine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214507. [PMID: 36344444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ring structures such as pyridine, cyclopentane or their combinations are important motifs in bioactive molecules. In contrast to previous cycloaddition reactions that necessitated a directly bonded initiating functional group, this work demonstrated a novel through-(hetero)arene radical transmission concept for selective activation of a remote bond. An efficient, metal-free and atom-economical [3+2] cycloaddition between 4-pyridinyl cyclopropanes and alkenes or alkynes has been developed for modular synthesis of pyridine-substituted cyclopentanes, cyclopentenes and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes that are difficult to access using known methods. This complexity-building reaction was catalyzed by a very simple and inexpensive diboron(4) compound and took place via dearomative/rearomative processes. The substrate scope was broad and more than 100 new compounds were prepared in generally high yields. Mechanistic experiments and density function theory (DFT) investigation supported a radical relay catalytic cycle involving alkylidene dihydropyridine radical intermediates and boronyl radical transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Yizhao Ouyang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zhengwei Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo Z, Cao B, Song T, Xing Z, Ren J, Wang Z. Visible-Light Organophotoredox-Mediated [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Arylcyclopropylamine with Structurally Diverse Olefins for the Construction of Cyclopentylamines and Spiro[4. n] Skeletons. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15511-15529. [PMID: 36318193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a visible-light-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition of arylcyclopropylamine with structurally diverse olefins using QXPT-NPh as a highly efficient organic photoredox catalyst. We first achieved the use of various alkyl-substituted alkenes in intermolecular [3 + 2] cycloadditions with cyclopropylamine. We also developed a general and efficient strategy for the construction of structurally diverse cyclopentane-based spiro[4.n] skeletons with 1,3-difunctional groups, which broadly exist in natural products and synthetic molecules. Furthermore, we proposed a hydrogen-bond mode between the arylcyclopropylamine and the photocatalyst QXPT-NPh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94# Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bowen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94# Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianhang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94# Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zequn Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94# Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94# Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhongwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94# Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen L, Li Y, Han M, Peng Y, Chen X, Xiang S, Gao H, Lu T, Luo SP, Zhou B, Wu H, Yang YF, Liu Y. P/ N-Heteroleptic Cu(I)-Photosensitizer-Catalyzed [3 + 2] Regiospecific Annulation of Aminocyclopropanes and Functionalized Alkynes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15571-15581. [PMID: 36322051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report here a regiospecific [3 + 2] annulation between aminocyclopropanes and various functionalized alkynes enabled by a P/N-heteroleptic Cu(I) photosensitizer under photoredox catalysis conditions. Thus, a divergent construction of 3-aminocyclopentene derivatives including methylsulfonyl-, arylsulfonyl-, chloro-, ester-, and trifluoromethyl-functionalized aminocyclopentenes could be achieved with advantages of high regioselectivity, broad substrate compatibility, and mild and environmentally benign reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lailin Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfeng Han
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiahe Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Gao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ping Luo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayue Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang MM, Nguyen TVT, Waser J. Activation of aminocyclopropanes via radical intermediates. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7344-7357. [PMID: 35938356 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00090c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aminocyclopropanes are versatile building blocks for accessing high value-added nitrogen-containing products. To control ring-opening promoted by ring strain, the Lewis acid activation of donor-acceptor substituted systems is now well established. Over the last decade, alternative approaches have emerged proceeding via the formation of radical intermediates, alleviating the need for double activation of the cyclopropanes. This tutorial review summarizes key concepts and recent progress in ring-opening transformations of aminocyclopropanes via radical intermediates, divided into formal cycloadditions and 1,3-difunctionalizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Chemical Biology, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tin V T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Burykina JV, Kobelev AD, Shlapakov NS, Kostyukovich AY, Fakhrutdinov AN, König B, Ananikov VP. Intermolecular Photocatalytic Chemo‐, Stereo‐ and Regioselective Thiol–Yne–Ene Coupling Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116888. [PMID: 35147284 PMCID: PMC9313788 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first example of an intermolecular thiol–yne–ene coupling reaction is reported for the one‐pot construction of C−S and C−C bonds. Thiol–yne–ene coupling opens a new dimension in building molecular complexity to access densely functionalized products. The employment of Eosin Y/DBU/MeOH photocatalytic system suppresses hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and associative reductant upconversion (via C−S three‐electron σ‐bond formation). Investigation of the reaction mechanism by combining online ESI‐UHRMS, EPR spectroscopy, isotope labeling, determination of quantum yield, cyclic voltammetry, Stern–Volmer measurements and computational modeling revealed a unique photoredox cycle with four radical‐involving stages. As a result, previously unavailable products of the thiol–yne–ene reaction were obtained in good yields with high selectivity. They can serve as stable precursors for synthesizing synthetically demanding activated 1,3‐dienes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia V. Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Andrey D. Kobelev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory GSP-1, 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Nikita S. Shlapakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Alexander Yu. Kostyukovich
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Artem N. Fakhrutdinov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Leninskie Gory GSP-1, 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Burykina JV, Kobelev AD, Shlapakov NS, Kostyukovich AY, Fakhrutdinov AN, König B, Ananikov VP. Intermolecular Photocatalytic Chemo‐, Stereo‐ and Regioselective Thiol‐yne‐ene Coupling Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia. V. Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Catalysis RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Andrey D. Kobelev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Catalysis RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Nikita S. Shlapakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Catalysis RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Alexander Yu. Kostyukovich
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Catalysis RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Artem N. Fakhrutdinov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry RAS: Institut organiceskoj himii imeni N D Zelinskogo RAN Catalysis RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| | - Burkhard König
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg Organic GERMANY
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospekt 47 119991 Moscow RUSSIAN FEDERATION
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mollari L, Valle-Amores MA, Martínez-Gualda AM, Marzo L, Fraile A, Aleman J. Asymmetric synthesis of cyclic β-amino carbonyl derivatives by a formal [3 + 2] photocycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1334-1337. [PMID: 34985053 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05867c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a visible-light mediated strategy unlocking a family of cyclic β-amino carbonyl derivatives bearing three contiguous stereogenic centres is introduced. The overall reactivity relies on the performance of the substrate-catalyst complex to assist both the enantiocontrol and the photoredox tasks. This transformation led to an enantioselective [3 + 2] photocycloaddition between coordinated α,β-unsaturated acyl imidazoles and cyclopropylamine derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mollari
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Valle-Amores
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana M Martínez-Gualda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Leyre Marzo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Fraile
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain. .,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Aleman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049-Madrid, Spain. .,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Wang MM, Nguyen TVT, Waser J. Diamine Synthesis via the Nitrogen-Directed Azidation of σ- and π-C-C Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11969-11975. [PMID: 34339216 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diamines are essential building blocks for the synthesis of agrochemicals, drugs, and organic materials, yet their synthesis remains challenging, as both nitrogens need to be differentiated and diverse substitution patterns (1,2, 1,3, or 1,4) are required. We report herein a new strategy giving access to 1,2, 1,3, and 1,4 amido azides as orthogonally protected diamines based on the nitrogen-directed diazidation of alkenes, cyclopropanes, and cyclobutanes. Commercially available copper thiophene-2-carboxylate (CuTc, 2 mol %) as catalyst promoted the diazidation of both π and σ C-C bonds within 10 min in the presence of readily available oxidants and trimethylsilyl azide. Selective substitution of the formed α-amino azide by carbon nucleophiles (electron-rich aromatic, malonate, organosilicon, organoboron, organozinc, and organomagnesium compounds) was then achieved in a one-pot fashion, leading to the formation of 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-diamines with the amino groups protected orthogonally as an amide/carbamate and an azide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tin V T Nguyen
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun J, Fan X, Lu H, Tan H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Ouyang J, Na N. Observation of intermediates by online mass spectrometry to demonstrate the multiple mechanisms of dye-sensitized photocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3921-3924. [PMID: 33871525 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00908g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Online mass spectrometry was applied to reveal multiple mechanisms of visible-light irradiated dye-sensitized photocatalysis for o-phenylenediamine oxidation. The reactants, products and short-lived intermediates were recorded and dynamically tracked. Dimer and unexpected trimer intermediates were observed to deduce the stepwise aerobic photooxidation mechanism with multiple routes, which was supported by theoretical calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Xuchan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Yunling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Okada Y. Synthetic Semiconductor Photoelectrochemistry. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2223-2238. [PMID: 33769685 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In the field of synthetic organic chemistry, photochemical and electrochemical approaches are often considered to be competing technologies that induce single electron transfer (SET). Recently, their fusion, i. e., the "photoelectrochemical" approach, has become the focus of attention. In this approach, both solar and electrical energy are used in creative combinations. Historically, the term "photoelectrochemistry" has been used in more inorganic fields, where a photovoltaic effect exhibited by semiconducting materials is employed. Semiconductors have also been studied intensively as photocatalysts; however, they recently have taken a back seat to molecular photocatalysts. In this account, we would like to revisit semiconductor photocatalysts in the field of synthetic organic chemistry to demonstrate that semiconductor "photoelectrochemical" approaches are more than mere alternatives to molecular photochemical and/or electrochemical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Okada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kimura Y, Uraguchi D, Ooi T. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of 5-membered alicyclic α-quaternary β-amino acids via [3 + 2]-photocycloaddition of α-substituted acrylates. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1744-1747. [PMID: 33555277 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00126d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The photocatalytically active salt of a cationic iridium polypyridyl complex and a chiral borate is competent to promote a highly stereoselective [3 + 2]-cycloaddition of cyclopropylurea with α-substituted acrylates. This protocol provides straightforward access to a variety of stereochemically defined 5-membered alicyclic α-quaternary β-amino acids, useful building blocks of β-peptides and peptidomimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Kimura
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Uraguchi
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM) and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Qian ZM, Zuo KL, Guan Z, He YH. Visible-light-induced sequential sulfonylation/hydroxylation of allylacetamides leading to β-tert-hydroxy sulfones. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.131999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
27
|
Li W, Sun J, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Ouyang J, Na N. Monitoring of electrochemical reactions on different electrode configurations by ambient mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
28
|
Cercola R, Wong NGK, Rhodes C, Olijnyk L, Mistry NS, Hall LM, Berenbeim JA, Lynam JM, Dessent CEH. A “one pot” mass spectrometry technique for characterizing solution- and gas-phase photochemical reactions by electrospray mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2021; 11:19500-19507. [PMID: 35479237 PMCID: PMC9033567 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02581c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of new photochemical pathways is important to progress the understanding of emerging areas of light-triggered inorganic and organic chemistry. In this context, the development of platforms to perform routine characterization of photochemical reactions remains an important goal for photochemists. Here, we demonstrate a new instrument that can be used to characterise both solution-phase and gas-phase photochemical reactions through electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The gas-phase photochemistry is studied by novel laser-interfaced mass spectrometry (LIMS), where the molecular species of interest is introduced to the gas-phase by ESI, mass-selected and then subjected to laser photodissociation in the ion-trap. On-line solution-phase photochemistry is initiated by LEDs prior to ESI-MS in the same instrument with ESI-MS again being used to monitor photoproducts. Two ruthenium metal carbonyls, [Ru(η5-C5H5)(PPh3)2CO][PF6] and [Ru(η5-C5H5)(dppe)CO][PF6] (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) are studied using this methodology. We show that the gas-phase photofragmentation pathways observed for the ruthenium complexes via LIMS (i.e. loss of CO + PPh3 ligands from [Ru(η5-C5H5)(PPh3)2CO]+ and loss of just CO from [Ru(η5-C5H5)(dppe)CO]+) mirror the solution-phase photochemistry at 3.4 eV. The advantages of performing the gas-phase and solution-phase photochemical characterisations in a single instrument are discussed. The solution and gas-phase dissociative photochemistry of two ruthenium half-sandwich complexes are analysed with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry in a novel instrument.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chris Rhodes
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | - Lorna Olijnyk
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | | | - Lewis M. Hall
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | | | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of Chemistry
- University of York
- York YO10 5DD
- UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu C, Wang Q, Hivick BE, Ai Y, Champagne PA, Pan Y, Chen H. Capture of Electrochemically Generated Fleeting Carbazole Radical Cations and Elucidation of Carbazole Dimerization Mechanism by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15291-15296. [PMID: 33084312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The capture of reactive intermediates is important for the elucidation of reaction mechanisms. We report the first observation of electrochemically generated, short-lived radical cations of carbazole (t1/2 ≈ 97 μs) and two N-substituted carbazole derivatives by mass spectrometry. In addition, online investigation of the reactivity of electrochemically generated carbazole radical cations supports that the carbazole dimerization mechanism involves the reaction of one radical cation with one neutral molecule rather than the previously proposed coupling of two radical cations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States.,National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Brian E Hivick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Papadopoulos GN, Kokotou MG, Spiliopoulou N, Nikitas NF, Voutyritsa E, Tzaras DI, Kaplaneris N, Kokotos CG. Phenylglyoxylic Acid: An Efficient Initiator for the Photochemical Hydrogen Atom Transfer C-H Functionalization of Heterocycles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5934-5944. [PMID: 32833347 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization at the α-position of heterocycles has become a rapidly growing area of research. Herein, a cheap and efficient photochemical method was developed for the C-H functionalization of heterocycles. Phenylglyoxylic acid (PhCOCOOH) could behave as an alternative to metal-based catalysts and organic dyes and provided a very general and wide array of photochemical C-H alkylation, alkenylation, and alkynylation, as well as C-N bond forming reaction methodologies. This novel, mild, and metal-free protocol was successfully employed in the functionalization of a wide range of C-H bonds, utilizing not only O- or N-heterocycles, but also the less studied S-heterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos N Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Errika Voutyritsa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I Tzaras
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang MM, Jeon S, Waser J. Synthesis of Thiochromans via [3+3] Annulation of Aminocyclopropanes with Thiophenols. Org Lett 2020; 22:9123-9127. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Seongmin Jeon
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Waser
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang Q, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Mohamed YM, Pacheco C, Zheng N, Zare RN, Chen H. Electrocatalytic redox neutral [3 + 2] annulation of N-cyclopropylanilines and alkenes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:969-975. [PMID: 34163863 PMCID: PMC8179209 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05665k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although synthetic organic electrochemistry (EC) has advanced significantly, net redox neutral electrosynthesis is quite rare. Two approaches have been employed to achieve this type of electrosynthesis. One relies on turnover of the product by the reactant in a chain mechanism. The other involves both oxidation on the anode and reduction on the cathode in which the radical cation or the radical anion of the product has to migrate between two electrodes. Herein, a home-built electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (EC/MS) platform was used to generate an N-cyclopropylaniline radical cation electrochemically and to monitor its reactivity toward alkenes by mass spectrometry (MS), which led to the discovery of a new redox neutral reaction of intermolecular [3 + 2] annulation of N-cyclopropylanilines and alkenes to provide an aniline-substituted 5-membered carbocycle via direct electrolysis (yield up to 81%). A chain mechanism, involving the regeneration of the substrate radical cation and the formation of the neutral product, is shown to be responsible for promoting such a redox neutral annulation reaction, as supported by experimental evidence of EC/MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Qile Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 USA
| | - Yuexiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens Ohio 45701 USA
| | - Yasmine M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Carlos Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas Fayetteville Arkansas 72701 USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford California 94305-5080 USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark New Jersey 07102 USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Uraguchi D, Kimura Y, Ueoka F, Ooi T. Urea as a Redox-Active Directing Group under Asymmetric Photocatalysis of Iridium-Chiral Borate Ion Pairs. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19462-19467. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Uraguchi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuto Kimura
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Fumito Ueoka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yin Y, Li Y, Gonçalves TP, Zhan Q, Wang G, Zhao X, Qiao B, Huang KW, Jiang Z. All-Carbon Quaternary Stereocenters α to Azaarenes via Radical-Based Asymmetric Olefin Difunctionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19451-19456. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
- College of Bioengineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P. R. of China
- Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yunqiang Li
- Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Théo P. Gonçalves
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Guanghui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Baokun Qiao
- Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
- Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ai W, Yang Q, Gao Y, Liu X, Liu H, Bai Y. In Situ Laser Scattering Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Its Application in the Mechanism Study of Photoinduced Direct C-H Arylation of Heteroarenes. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11967-11972. [PMID: 32786502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An in situ laser scattering electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LS-ESI-MS) was developed, where the laser scattering was simply achieved through the laser radiation of the "media" modified on the capillary. The laser scattering extended the reaction window and powerfully promoted the reaction yield of the photoinduced organic reaction, which enables the trace intermediates to be efficiently tracked in real time. For instance, the key radical cation in the photoinduced direct C-H arylation of heteroarenes was captured inventively, which provided direct experimental evidence for the verification of the reaction mechanism. Together with the characterization of oxidative photocatalytic Ru(III) intermediate, the integral insight into the process of visible-light-mediated direct C-H arylation of heteroarenes was confirmed. This approach is facile, powerful, and promising in the mechanism study of organic reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Ai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qirong Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Burykina JV, Shlapakov NS, Gordeev EG, König B, Ananikov VP. Selectivity control in thiol-yne click reactions via visible light induced associative electron upconversion. Chem Sci 2020; 11:10061-10070. [PMID: 34094267 PMCID: PMC8162103 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An associative electron upconversion is proposed as a key step determining the selectivity of thiol-yne coupling. The developed synthetic approach provided an efficient tool to access a comprehensive range of products - four types of vinyl sulfides were prepared in high yields and selectivity. We report practically important transition-metal-free regioselective thiol-yne addition and formation of the demanding Markovnikov-type product by a radical photoredox process. The photochemical process was directly monitored by mass-spectrometry in a specially designed ESI-MS device with green laser excitation in the spray chamber. The proposed reaction mechanism is supported by experiments and DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Nikita S Shlapakov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Burkhard König
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg Universitätstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sokolova OO, Bower JF. Selective Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage of Cyclopropylamine Derivatives. Chem Rev 2020; 121:80-109. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga O. Sokolova
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Brahmachari G, Karmakar I. Visible Light-Induced and Singlet Oxygen-Mediated Photochemical Conversion of 4-Hydroxy-α-benzopyrones to 2-Hydroxy-3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-carboxamides/carboxylates Using Rose Bengal as a Photosensitizer. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8851-8864. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India
| | - Indrajit Karmakar
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, West Bengal 731 235, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wang P, Zhao Q, Xiao W, Chen J. Recent advances in visible-light photoredox-catalyzed nitrogen radical cyclization. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
40
|
Yu XY, Chen JR, Xiao WJ. Visible Light-Driven Radical-Mediated C–C Bond Cleavage/Functionalization in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2020; 121:506-561. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ye Yu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sun J, Jiang Y, Liu H, Huang X, Xiong C, Nie Z. Ultrafast Photocatalytic Reaction Screening by Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6564-6570. [PMID: 32286049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a semiconductor-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SA-LDI MS) platform to monitor photocatalytic reactions online and apply it for ultrafast reaction screening. In this method, we use photocatalytic nanomaterials as the substrate for LDI and then initiate and monitor the reactions simultaneously. The features of our method include the following: (i) It has a reaction acceleration effect: only seconds are needed in our interfacial reactions vs hours in conventional bulk phase. (ii) The reaction trend in our system agrees with that in bulk phase. (iii) By adding a stable analogue of reactant as internal standard, a quantification of the reaction can be achieved. (iv) The sensitivity is high: for 500 amol of reactant, the photocatalytic reaction can still be initiated and detected. This platform has advantages in ultrafast reaction screening (e.g., screening of nine catalysts requires 24 h by the UPLC-MS system but only 10 min by SA-LDI MS). Furthermore, the high specificity of MS enables the screening of catalytic selectivity of A-TiO2 nanoparticles for a methyl red (MR) and acid yellow (AY) mixture, whose absorption wavelengths are overlapped and thus cannot be discriminated by conventional optical methods. Furthermore, by using SA-LDI MS, we also monitored reductive debrominations during the degradation process of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which is a type of important pollutant that is difficult to degrade and detect in liquid phase, and the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. Overall, SA-LDI MS realizes ultrafast photocatalytic reaction screening for the first time and provides practical analytical value in the field of catalyst screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuming Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caiqiao Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zelenka J, Roithová J. Mechanistic Investigation of Photochemical Reactions by Mass Spectrometry. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2232-2240. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zelenka
- Department of Spectroscopy and CatalysisInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen (The Netherlands
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and CatalysisInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen (The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhang JW, Wang YR, Pan JH, He YH, Yu W, Han B. Deconstructive Oxygenation of Unstrained Cycloalkanamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3900-3904. [PMID: 31869508 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A deconstructive oxygenation of unstrained primary cycloalkanamines has been developed for the first time using an auto-oxidative aromatization promoted C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond cleavage strategy. This metal-free method involves the substitution reaction of cycloalkanamines with hydrazonyl chlorides and subsequent auto-oxidative annulation to in situ generate pre-aromatics, followed by N-radical-promoted ring-opening and further oxygenation by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and m-cholorperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA). Consequently, a series of 1,2,4-triazole-containing acyclic carbonyl compounds were efficiently produced. This protocol features a one-pot operation, mild reaction conditions, high regioselectivity and ring-opening efficiency, broad substrate scope, and is compatible with alkaloids, osamines, and peptides, as well as steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Hao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Heng He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li HF, Cao W, Ma X, Xie X, Xia Y, Ouyang Z. Visible-Light-Driven [2 + 2] Photocycloadditions between Benzophenone and C═C Bonds in Unsaturated Lipids. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3499-3505. [PMID: 31994883 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of alkenes and carbonyls is of fundamental interest and practical importance, as this process is extensively involved in oxetane-ring constructions. Although individual carbonyl group or alkene moiety has been utilized as photoactive species for oxetane formations upon ultraviolet photoexcitation, direct excitation of the entire noncovalent complex involving alkene and carbonyl substrates to achieve [2 + 2] photocycloadditions is rarely addressed. Herein, complexes with noncovalent interactions between benzophenone and C═C bonds in unsaturated lipids have been successfully characterized, and for the first time a [2 + 2] cycloaddition leading to the formation of oxetanes has been identified under visible-light irradiation. The mechanism of this reaction is distinctly different from the well-studied Paternò-Büchi reaction. The entire complexes characterized as dimeric proton-bonded alkene and carbonyl substrates can be excited under visible light, leading to electron transfer from the alkene moiety in fatty acyls to the carbonyl group within the complex. These results provide new insight into utilizing noncovalent complexes for the synthesis of oxetanes in which the excitation wavelength becomes independent of each individual substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang J, Wang Y, Pan J, He Y, Yu W, Han B. Deconstructive Oxygenation of Unstrained Cycloalkanamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian‐Wu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yuan‐Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Hao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Heng He
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ai W, Gao Y, Xue J, Liu X, Liu H, Wang J, Bai Y. Tracing and elucidating visible-light mediated oxidation and C-H functionalization of amines using mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2163-2166. [PMID: 31970374 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09629a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The co-existing mechanism of visible light mediated direct oxidation and C-H functionalization of amines was investigated by capturing all the intermediates using online mass spectrometry. The two-step dehydrogenation of amine involving a proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) process was revealed for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Ai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Jinjuan Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hu F, Wang L, Xu L, Li SS. Aromatization-driven deconstruction/refunctionalization of unstrained rings. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aromatization-driven ring-opening/functionalization of common unstrained rings has been developed with the in situ generation of pre-aromatic fused spiro heterocycles as the key step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao 266109
- China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao 266109
- China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Lubin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao 266109
- China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao 266109
- China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhao P, Zare RN, Chen H. Absolute Quantitation of Oxidizable Peptides by Coulometric Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2398-2407. [PMID: 31429055 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02299-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitation methods for peptides using mass spectrometry have advanced rapidly. These methods rely on using standard and/or isotope-labeled peptides, which might be difficult or expensive to synthesize. To tackle this challenge, we present a new approach for absolute quantitation without the use of standards or calibration curves based on coulometry combined with mass spectrometry (MS). In this approach, which we call coulometric mass spectrometry (CMS), the mass spectrum of a target peptide containing one or more tyrosine residues is recorded before and after undergoing electrochemical oxidation. We record the total integrated oxidation current from the electrochemical measurement, which according to the Faraday's Law of coulometry, provides the number of moles of oxidized peptide. The ion intensity ratio of the target peptide before and after oxidation provides an excellent estimate of the fraction of the peptide that has been oxidized, from which the total amount of peptide is calculated. The striking strength of CMS is that it needs no standard peptide, but CMS does require the peptide to contain a known number of oxidizable groups. To illustrate the power of this method, we analyzed various tyrosine-containing peptides such as GGYR, DRVY, oxytocin, [Arg8]-vasotocin and angiotensinogen 1-14 with a quantification error ranging from - 7.5 to + 2.4%. This approach is also applicable to quantifying phosphopeptides and could be useful in proteomics research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5080, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nilsson SME, Henschel H, Scotti G, Haapala M, Kiriazis A, Boije Af Gennäs G, Kotiaho T, Yli-Kauhaluoma J. Mechanism of the Oxidation of Heptafulvenes to Tropones Studied by Online Mass Spectrometry and Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13975-13982. [PMID: 31560537 PMCID: PMC7076690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
have identified the most likely reaction mechanism for oxidizing
heptafulvenes to the corresponding tropones by experimental and theoretical
investigations. The experimental studies were done by coupling a three-dimensional
printed miniaturized reactor with an integrated electrospray ionization
needle to a mass spectrometer. Using the experimentally observed ions
as a basis, nine alternative reaction pathways were investigated with
density functional theory calculations. The lowest energy reaction
pathway starts with the formation of an epoxide that is opened upon
the addition of a second equivalent of the oxidizing species meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The adduct formed then undergoes
a Criegee-like rearrangement to yield a positively charged hemiketal,
which on deprotonation dissociates into acetone and tropone. Overall,
the reaction mechanism resembles a Hock-like rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M E Nilsson
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Henning Henschel
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology , University of Oulu , P.O. Box 5000 (Aapistie 5 A), FI-90220 Oulu , Finland.,Medical Research Center , University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital , P.O. Box 5000 (Aapistie 5 A), FI-90220 Oulu , Finland
| | - Gianmario Scotti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Markus Haapala
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Alexandros Kiriazis
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Gustav Boije Af Gennäs
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zelenka J, Cibulka R, Roithová J. Flavinium Catalysed Photooxidation: Detection and Characterization of Elusive Peroxyflavinium Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15412-15420. [PMID: 31364790 PMCID: PMC6852162 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-based catalysts are photoactive in the visible range which makes them useful in biology and chemistry. Herein, we present electrospray-ionization mass-spectrometry detection of short-lived intermediates in photooxidation of toluene catalysed by flavinium ions (Fl+ ). Previous studies have shown that photoexcited flavins react with aromates by proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) on the microsecond time scale. For Fl+ , PCET leads to FlH.+ with the H-atom bound to the N5 position. We show that the reaction continues by coupling between FlH.+ and hydroperoxy or benzylperoxy radicals at the C4a position of FlH.+ . These results demonstrate that the N5-blocking effect reported for alkylated flavins is also active after PCET in these photocatalytic reactions. Structures of all intermediates were fully characterised by isotopic labelling and by photodissociation spectroscopy. These tools provide a new way to study reaction intermediates in the sub-second time range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zelenka
- Department of Spectroscopy and CatalysisInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of organic chemistryFaculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PragueTechnická 5166 28Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and CatalysisInstitute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University NijmegenHeyendaalseweg 1356525AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|