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Sowa K, Okuda-Shimazaki J, Fukawa E, Sode K. Direct Electron Transfer-Type Oxidoreductases for Biomedical Applications. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 26:357-382. [PMID: 38424090 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Among the various types of enzyme-based biosensors, sensors utilizing enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) are recognized as the most ideal. However, only a limited number of redox enzymes are capable of DET with electrodes, that is, dehydrogenases harboring a subunit or domain that functions specifically to accept electrons from the redox cofactor of the catalytic site and transfer the electrons to the external electron acceptor. Such subunits or domains act as built-in mediators for electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes; consequently, such enzymes enable direct electron transfer to electrodes and are designated as DET-type enzymes. DET-type enzymes fall into several categories, including redox cofactors of catalytic reactions, built-in mediators for DET with electrodes and by their protein hierarchic structures, DET-type oxidoreductases with oligomeric structures harboring electron transfer subunits, and monomeric DET-type oxidoreductases harboring electron transfer domains. In this review, we cover the science of DET-type oxidoreductases and their biomedical applications. First, we introduce the structural biology and current understanding of DET-type enzyme reactions. Next, we describe recent technological developments based on DET-type enzymes for biomedical applications, such as biosensors and biochemical energy harvesting for self-powered medical devices. Finally, after discussing how to further engineer and create DET-type enzymes, we address the future prospects for DET-type enzymes in biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisei Sowa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Kogane, Tokyo, Japan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Eole Fukawa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA;
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2
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He J, Liu X, Li C. Engineering Electron Transfer Pathway of Cytochrome P450s. Molecules 2024; 29:2480. [PMID: 38893355 PMCID: PMC11173547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s), a superfamily of heme-containing enzymes, existed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. P450s can catalyze various regional and stereoselective oxidation reactions, which are widely used in natural product biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and biotechnology. In a typical catalytic cycle, P450s use redox proteins or domains to mediate electron transfer from NAD(P)H to heme iron. Therefore, the main factors determining the catalytic efficiency of P450s include not only the P450s themselves but also their redox-partners and electron transfer pathways. In this review, the electron transfer pathway engineering strategies of the P450s catalytic system are reviewed from four aspects: cofactor regeneration, selection of redox-partners, P450s and redox-partner engineering, and electrochemically or photochemically driven electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting He
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832003, China;
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Sankar K, Kuzmanović U, Schaus SE, Galagan JE, Grinstaff MW. Strategy, Design, and Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensors: A Tutorial. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2254-2274. [PMID: 38636962 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Advanced healthcare requires novel technologies capable of real-time sensing to monitor acute and long-term health. The challenge relies on converting a real-time quantitative biological and chemical signal into a desired measurable output. Given the success in detecting glucose and the commercialization of glucometers, electrochemical biosensors continue to be a mainstay of academic and industrial research activities. Despite the wealth of literature on electrochemical biosensors, reports are often specific to a particular application (e.g., pathogens, cancer markers, glucose, etc.), and most fail to convey the underlying strategy and design, and if it is transferable to detection of a different analyte. Here we present a tutorial review for those entering this research area that summarizes the basic electrochemical techniques utilized as well as discusses the designs and optimization strategies employed to improve sensitivity and maximize signal output.
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4
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Smith CO, Moran GR. Elucidation of the Catalytic Sequence of Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase B from Lactoccocus lactis: Evidence for Accumulation of a Flavin Bisemiquinone State in Catalysis. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1347-1358. [PMID: 38691339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The physiological role of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHOD) enzymes is to catalyze the oxidation of dihydroorotate to orotate in pyrimidine biosynthesis. DHOD enzymes are structurally diverse existing as both soluble and membrane-associated forms. The Family 1 enzymes are soluble and act either as conventional single subunit flavin-dependent dehydrogenases known as Class 1A (DHODA) or as unusual heterodimeric enzymes known as Class 1B (DHODB). DHODBs possess two active sites separated by ∼20 Å, each with a noncovalently bound flavin cofactor. NAD is thought to interact at the FAD containing site, and the pyrimidine substrate is known to bind at the FMN containing site. At the approximate center of the protein is a single Fe2S2 center that is assumed to act as a conduit, facilitating one-electron transfers between the flavins. We present anaerobic transient state analysis of a DHODB enzyme from Lactoccocus lactis. The data presented primarily report the exothermic reaction that reduces orotate to dihydroorotate. The reductive half reaction reveals rapid two-electron reduction that is followed by the accumulation of a four-electron reduced state when NADH is added in excess, suggesting that the initial two electrons acquired reside on the FMN cofactor. Concomitant with the first reduction is the accumulation of a long-wavelength absorption feature consistent with the blue form of a flavin semiquinone. Spectral deconvolution and fitting to a model that includes reversibility for the second electron transfer reveals equilibrium accumulation of a flavin bisemiquinone state that has features of both red and blue semiquinones. Single turnover reactions with limiting NADH and excess orotate reveal that the flavin bisemiquinone accumulates with reduction of the enzyme by NADH and decays with reduction of the pyrimidine substrate, establishing the bisemiquinone as a fractional state of the two-electron reduced intermediate observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corine O Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 W Sheridan Rd Chicago Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Graham R Moran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, 1068 W Sheridan Rd Chicago Illinois 60660, United States
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5
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Lu J, Zhuang X, Wei H, Liu R, Ji W, Yu P, Ma W, Mao L. Enzymatic Galvanic Redox Potentiometry for In Vivo Biosensing. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3672-3678. [PMID: 38361229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Redox potentiometry has emerged as a new platform for in vivo sensing, with improved neuronal compatibility and strong tolerance against sensitivity variation caused by protein fouling. Although enzymes show great possibilities in the fabrication of selective redox potentiometry, the fabrication of an enzyme electrode to output open-circuit voltage (EOC) with fast response remains challenging. Herein, we report a concept of novel enzymatic galvanic redox potentiometry (GRP) with improved time response coupling the merits of the high selectivity of enzyme electrodes with the excellent biocompatibility and reliability of GRP sensors. With a glucose biosensor as an illustration, we use flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase as the recognition element and carbon black as the potential relay station to improve the response time. We find that the enzymatic GRP biosensor rapidly responds to glucose with a good linear relationship between EOC and the logarithm of glucose concentration within a range from 100 μM to 2.65 mM. The GRP biosensor shows high selectivity over O2 and coexisting neurochemicals, good reversibility, and sensitivity and can in vivo monitor glucose dynamics in rat brain. We believe that this study will pave a new platform for the in vivo potentiometric biosensing of chemical events with high reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Lu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Xuming Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Huan Wei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ran Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Xinjiekouwai Street 19, Beijing 100875, China
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6
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Boyarski A, Shlush N, Paz S, Eichler J, Alfonta L. Electrochemical characterization of a dual cytochrome-containing lactate dehydrogenase. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108406. [PMID: 36931144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of L-lactate to L-pyruvate. In this study, four different enzymatic constructs were generated, and their catalytic and electrochemical properties were compared. Specifically, a truncated form of the native enzyme that includes only the catalytic domain, the native enzyme that includes an intrinsic electron-transferring cytochrome b2, a novel artificial enzyme containing a minimal cytochrome c and a version of the enzyme containing a fusion between two cytochromes were designed. All four variants were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and presented properly matured heme domains. Assessing in vitro biocatalytic performance as reflected by lactate oxidation revealed the fusion-containing enzyme to be ∼ 12 times more active than the native enzyme. Electrochemical studies of electrode drop-casted enzyme variants also showed the superior performance of the dual-cytochrome construct, which displayed a lower average redox-potential for lactate oxidation, oxygen insensitivity in the lactate oxidation potential range and a wider dynamic range for lactate sensing, relative to the native enzyme. Moreover, product inhibition of this variant occurred at much higher lactate concentrations than with the native enzyme. In addition, when lower potentials were scanned using cyclic voltammetry, lactate-dependent oxygen reduction was measured for the dual-cytochrome fusion enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasya Boyarski
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Noam Shlush
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Shiraz Paz
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Jerry Eichler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Lital Alfonta
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.Box 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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7
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Bollella P. Enzyme-based amperometric biosensors: 60 years later … Quo Vadis? Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1234:340517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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An Oxygen-Insensitive Biosensor and a Biofuel Cell Device based on FMN L-lactate Dehydrogenase. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 149:108316. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Chen YY, Yang FQ, Xu N, Wang XQ, Xie PC, Wang YZ, Fang Z, Yong YC. Engineered cytochrome fused extracellular matrix enabled efficient extracellular electron transfer and improved performance of microbial fuel cell. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154806. [PMID: 35341857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial fuel cell (MFC) was a promising technology for energy harvesting from wastewater. However, inefficient bacterial extracellular electron transfer (EET) limited the performance as well as the applications of MFC. Here, a new strategy to reinforce the EET by engineering synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM) with cytochrome fused curli was developed. By genetically fusing a minimal cytochrome domain (MCD) with the curli protein CsgA and heterogeneously expressing in model exoelectrogen of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, the cytochrome fused electroactive curli network was successfully constructed and assembled. Interestingly, the strain with the MCD fused synthetic ECM delivered about 2.4 times and 2.0 times higher voltage and power density output than these of wild type MR-1 in MFC. More impressively, electrochemical analysis suggested that this synthetic ECM not only introduced cytochrome of MCD, but also attracted more self-secreted electrochemically active substances, which might facilitate the EET and improve the MFC performance. This work demonstrated the possibility to manipulation the EET with ECM engineering, which opened up new path for exoelectrogen design and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Chen
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Fu-Qiao Yang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xing-Qiang Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Xie
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yan-Zhai Wang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yang-Chun Yong
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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10
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Protein engineering for electrochemical biosensors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 76:102751. [PMID: 35777077 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of electrochemical biosensors has gained tremendous attention. Protein engineering has been applied for enhancing properties of native redox enzymes, such as selectivity, sensitivity, and stability required for applicable biosensors. This review highlights recent advances of protein engineering to improve enzymatic catalysis of biosensors, facilitate electron transfer and enzyme immobilization, and construct allosteric protein biosensors. The pros and cons of different protein engineering strategies are briefly discussed, and perspectives are further provided.
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11
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Reginald SS, Lee H, Fazil N, Sharif B, Lee M, Kim MJ, Beyenal H, Chang IS. Control of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase orientation by site-specific immobilization enables direct electrical contact between enzyme cofactor and solid surface. Commun Biol 2022; 5:390. [PMID: 35474238 PMCID: PMC9042819 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the orientation of redox enzymes on electrode surfaces is essential in the development of direct electron transfer (DET)-based bioelectrocatalytic systems. The electron transfer (ET) distance varies according to the enzyme orientation when immobilized on an electrode surface, which influences the interfacial ET rate. We report control of the orientation of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) as a model enzyme through the fusion of gold-binding peptide (gbp) at either the N- or the C-terminus, and at both termini to strengthen the binding interactions between the fusion enzyme and the gold surface. Key factors influenced by the gbp fusion site are described. Collectively, our data show that control of the CODH orientation on an electrode surface is achieved through the presence of dual tethering sites, which maintains the enzyme cofactor within a DET-available distance (<14 Å), thereby promoting DET at the enzyme-electrode interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Simai Reginald
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryeong Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Nabilah Fazil
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Basit Sharif
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Mungyu Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Haluk Beyenal
- The Gene and Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, United States of America
| | - In Seop Chang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Algov I, Alfonta L. Use of Protein Engineering to Elucidate Electron Transfer Pathways between Proteins and Electrodes. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:78-90. [PMID: 36785727 PMCID: PMC9836065 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we review protein engineering tools for electron transfer enhancement and investigation in bioelectrochemical systems. We present recent studies in the field while focusing on how electron transfer investigation and measurements were performed and discuss the use of protein engineering to interpret electron transfer mechanisms.
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13
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Viehauser MC, Breslmayr E, Scheiblbrandner S, Schachinger F, Ma S, Ludwig R. A cytochrome b-glucose dehydrogenase chimeric enzyme capable of direct electron transfer. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 196:113704. [PMID: 34695687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of third generation biosensors depends on the availability of direct electron transfer (DET) capable enzymes. A successful strategy is to fuse a cytochrome domain to an enzyme to fulfil the function of a built-in redox mediator between the catalytic center and the electrode. In this study, we fused the cytochrome domain of Neurospora crassa CDH IIA (NcCYT) N-terminally to glucose dehydrogenase from Glomerella cingulata (GcGDH) to generate the chimeric enzyme NcCYT-GcGDH in a large amount for further studies. Heterologous expression in P. pastoris and chromatographic purification resulted in 1.8 g of homogeneous chimeric enzyme. Biochemical and electrochemical characterization confirmed that the chimeric enzyme is catalytically active, able to perform interdomain electron transfer (IET) and direct electron transfer (DET) via the fused cytochrome domain. The midpoint redox potential of the fused b-type cytochrome is 91 mV vs. SHE at pH 6.5 and the specific current obtained on a porous graphite electrode is 2.3 μA cm-2. The high current obtained on this simple, unmodified electrode at a rather low redox potential is a promising starting point for further optimization. The high yield of NcCYT-GcGDH and its high specific activity supports the application of the chimeric enzyme in bioelectrocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christin Viehauser
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Breslmayr
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Schachinger
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Su Ma
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Tian R, Wang S, Qiu Y, Zong Z, Han T, Zhang Y. DNA tweezers-controlled direct electrical contact of horseradish peroxidase on porous carbon nanotube substrate. TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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15
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Cohen R, Bitton RE, Herzallh NS, Cohen Y, Yehezkeli O. Utilization of FAD-Glucose Dehydrogenase from T. emersonii for Amperometric Biosensing and Biofuel Cell Devices. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11585-11591. [PMID: 34383460 PMCID: PMC8631703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent glucose dehydrogenases (FAD-GDH) are oxygen-independent enzymes with high potential to be used as biocatalysts in glucose biosensing applications. Here, we present the construction of an amperometric biosensor and a biofuel cell device, which are based on a thermophilic variant of the enzyme originated from Talaromyces emersonii. The enzyme overexpression in Escherichia coli and its isolation and performance in terms of maximal bioelectrocatalytic currents were evaluated. We examined the biosensor's bioelectrocatalytic activity in 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol-, thionine-, and dichloro-naphthoquinone-mediated electron transfer configurations or in a direct electron transfer one. We showed a negligible interference effect and good stability for at least 20 h for the dichloro-naphthoquinone configuration. The constructed biosensor was also tested in interstitial fluid-like solutions to show high bioelectrocatalytic current responses. The bioanode was coupled with a bilirubin oxidase-based biocathode to generate 270 μW/cm2 in a biofuel cell device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Cohen
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Rachel E. Bitton
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Nidaa S. Herzallh
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yifat Cohen
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Omer Yehezkeli
- Faculty
of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Russell
Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The
Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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16
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Schachinger F, Chang H, Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R. Amperometric Biosensors Based on Direct Electron Transfer Enzymes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154525. [PMID: 34361678 PMCID: PMC8348568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate determination of analyte concentrations with selective, fast, and robust methods is the key for process control, product analysis, environmental compliance, and medical applications. Enzyme-based biosensors meet these requirements to a high degree and can be operated with simple, cost efficient, and easy to use devices. This review focuses on enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) to electrodes and also the electrode materials which can enable or enhance the DET type bioelectrocatalysis. It presents amperometric biosensors for the quantification of important medical, technical, and environmental analytes and it carves out the requirements for enzymes and electrode materials in DET-based third generation biosensors. This review critically surveys enzymes and biosensors for which DET has been reported. Single- or multi-cofactor enzymes featuring copper centers, hemes, FAD, FMN, or PQQ as prosthetic groups as well as fusion enzymes are presented. Nanomaterials, nanostructured electrodes, chemical surface modifications, and protein immobilization strategies are reviewed for their ability to support direct electrochemistry of enzymes. The combination of both biosensor elements-enzymes and electrodes-is evaluated by comparison of substrate specificity, current density, sensitivity, and the range of detection.
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Kitova A, Tarasov S, Plekhanova Y, Bykov A, Reshetilov A. Direct Bioelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Glucose by Gluconobacter oxydans Membrane Fractions in PEDOT:PSS/TEG-Modified Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11050144. [PMID: 34066417 PMCID: PMC8148135 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an ever-increasing interest in developing electrochemical biosensors based on direct electron transfer-type bioelectrocatalysis. This work investigates the bioelectrocatalytic oxidation of glucose by membrane fractions of Gluconobacter oxydans cells on screen-printed electrodes modified with thermally expanded graphite and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Electrooxidation of glucose was shown to occur without the presence of electron transport mediators. Chronoamperometric and cyclic voltametric characteristics showed an increase of anodic currents at electrode potentials of 0–500 mV relative to the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl). The direct electron transfer effect was observed for non-modified PEDOT:PSS as well as for PEDOT:PSS linked with crosslinkers and conductive fillers such as polyethylene glycol diglycidyl or dimethyl sulfoxide. Bioelectrodes with this composite can be successfully used in fast reagent-free glucose biosensors.
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Algov I, Feiertag A, Alfonta L. Site-specifically wired and oriented glucose dehydrogenase fused to a minimal cytochrome with high glucose sensing sensitivity. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 180:113117. [PMID: 33677358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct electron transfer based enzymatic biosensors are highly efficient systems where electrons are transferred directly from the enzyme's electroactive site to the electrode. One way of achieving it is by 'wiring' the enzyme to the electrode surface. The wiring of enzymes to electrode surfaces can be reached in many different ways but controlling its orientation towards the electrode surface is still a challenge. In this study we have designed a Flavin-adenine dinucleotide dependent glucose dehydrogenase that is fused to a minimal cytochrome with a site-specifically incorporated unnatural amino acid to control its orientation towards the electrode. Several site-specifically wired mutant enzymes were compared to each other and to a non-specifically wired enzyme using atomic force microscopy and electrochemical techniques. The surface and activity analyses suggest that the site-specific wiring through different sites maintains the correct folding of the enzyme and have a positive effect on the apparent electrochemical electron transfer rate constant kETapp. Electrochemical analysis revealed an efficient electron transfer rate with more than 15 times higher imax and 10-fold higher sensitivity of the site-specifically wired enzyme variants compared to the non-specifically wired ones. This approach can be utilized to control the orientation of other redox enzymes on electrodes to allow a significant improvement of their electron transfer communication with electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Algov
- Departments of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Ilse Katz institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PoBox 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Aviv Feiertag
- Departments of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Ilse Katz institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PoBox 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Lital Alfonta
- Departments of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Ilse Katz institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PoBox 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Alfonta
- Departments of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Ben-Gurion University of the Negev P.O. Box 653 Beer-Sheva 8410501 Israel
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Cohen R, Cohen Y, Mukha D, Yehezkeli O. Oxygen insensitive amperometric glucose biosensor based on FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenase co-entrapped with DCPIP or DCNQ in a polydopamine layer. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Bioelectrocatalysis has become one of the most important research fields in electrochemistry and provided a firm base for the application of important technology in various bioelectrochemical devices, such as biosensors, biofuel cells, and biosupercapacitors. The understanding and technology of bioelectrocatalysis have greatly improved with the introduction of nanostructured electrode materials and protein-engineering methods over the last few decades. Recently, the electroenzymatic production of renewable energy resources and useful organic compounds (bioelectrosynthesis) has attracted worldwide attention. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the applications of enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis.
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Chen H, Simoska O, Lim K, Grattieri M, Yuan M, Dong F, Lee YS, Beaver K, Weliwatte S, Gaffney EM, Minteer SD. Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Directions of Bioelectrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12903-12993. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Olja Simoska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Koun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matteo Grattieri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mengwei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Fangyuan Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yoo Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Kevin Beaver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Erin M. Gaffney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Lee H, Lee YS, Reginald SS, Baek S, Lee EM, Choi IG, Chang IS. Biosensing and electrochemical properties of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-Dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) fused to a gold binding peptide. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112427. [PMID: 32729543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, direct electron transfer (DET) based biosensing system for the determination of glucose has been fabricated by utilizing gold binding peptide (GBP) fused flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) from Burkholderia cepacia. The GBP fused FAD-GDH was immobilized on the working electrode surface of screen-printed electrode (SPE) which consists of gold working electrode, a silver pseudo-reference electrode and a platinum counter electrode, to develop the biosensing system with compact design and favorable sensing ability. The bioelectrochemical and mechanical properties of GBP fused FAD-GDH (GDH-GBP) immobilized SPE (GDH-GBP/Au) were investigated. Here, the binding affinity of GDH-GBP on Au surface, was highly increased after fusion of gold binding peptide and its uniform monolayer was formed on Au surface. In the cyclic voltammetry (CV), GDH-GBP/Au displayed significantly high oxidative peak currents corresponding to glucose oxidation which is almost c.a. 10-fold enhanced value compared with that from native GDH immobilized SPE (GDH/Au). As well, GDH-GBP/Au has shown 92.37% of current retention after successive potential scans. In the chronoamperometry, its steady-state catalytic current was monitored in various conditions. The dynamic range of GDH-GBP/Au was shown to be 3-30 mM at 30 °C and exhibits high selectivity toward glucose in whole human blood. Additionally, temperature dependency of GDH-GBP/Au on DET capability was also investigated at 30-70 °C. Considering this efficient and stable glucose sensing with simple and easy sensor fabrication, GDH-GBP based sensing platform can provide new insight for future biosensor in research fields that rely on DET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeryeong Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Seok Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Stacy Simai Reginald
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Geol Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - In Seop Chang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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Kobayashi R, Sato K, Takahashi T, Asaki K, Iwanuma S, Ohashi N, Hashiguchi T. Effects of a short-term increase in physical activity on arterial stiffness during hyperglycemia. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 66:238-244. [PMID: 32523251 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of increasing physical activity on arterial stiffness during hyperglycemia. Nineteen glucose-intolerant elderly participated in the study. We randomly assigned 10 participants to increase their daily activity in everyday life, regardless of the time or intensity, for 1 month (PAI group) (age, 74.6 ± 1.3 years; mean ± SE) and nine participants to maintain their level of activity (CON group) (age, 79.2 ± 2.1 years; mean ± SE). The 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was conducted in each participant in both groups before and after the start of the intervention to confirm glucose intolerance. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity and cardio-ankle vascular index significantly increased from baseline at 30, 60, and 90 min after the 75-g glucose ingestion after the intervention in the CON group (p<0.05), but not in the PAI group. Heart-brachial pulse wave velocity did not change compared to baseline after the 75-g glucose ingestion in either group and did not change from baseline at 30, 60, and 90 min after the 75-g glucose ingestion before and after the intervention in both groups. The present findings indicate that a short-term increase in physical activity suppresses the increase in arterial stiffness after glucose intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kobayashi
- Center for Fundamental Education, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju, Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Kaori Sato
- College of Liberal Arts, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takahashi
- Adachi-ku Track and Field Association, 1-33-22 Yanaka, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0006, Japan
| | - Kenji Asaki
- Department of Tokyo Judo Therapy, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju, Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Soichiro Iwanuma
- Department of School Education, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju, Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ohashi
- Department of School Education, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju, Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Takeo Hashiguchi
- Department of School Education, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju, Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
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Lee YS, Yuan M, Cai R, Lim K, Minteer SD. Nitrogenase Bioelectrocatalysis: ATP-Independent Ammonia Production Using a Redox Polymer/MoFe Protein System. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mengwei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Rong Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Koun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Surface charge-controlled electron transfer and catalytic behavior of immobilized cytochrome P450 BM3 inside dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4703-4712. [PMID: 32483647 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the influencing factors on the reaction kinetics of P450 BM3 within confined spaces is essential for developing efficient P450 BM3 bioreactors. Herein, two dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH-DMSNs and NH2-DMSNs) with similar pore size but opposite surface charge have been prepared and served as the vehicle to immobilize P450 BM3. With the help of the film-forming material of chitosan, P450 BM3/OH-DMSN and P450 BM3/NH2-DMSN composites were immobilized on GC electrode and characterized with electrochemical measurements. Compared with P450 BM3/OH-DMSNs/GCE, P450 BM3/NH2-DMSNs/GCE showed higher electron transfer efficiency with higher current charge and lower ks value. Besides, the generated catalytic current towards testosterone on P450 BM3/NH2-DMSNs/GCE was 1.81 times larger than P450 BM3/OH-DMSNs/GCE. Furthermore, P450 BM3 inside NH2-DMSNs displayed higher affinity towards testosterone with the lower Kmapp value of 244.82 μM. These results are attributed to the positively charged internal walls of NH2-DMSNs so that P450 BM3 adapts to an orientation favorable for electron exchange with electrodes and substrate binding with the active sites. The present study provides fundamentals for regulating the surface charge to optimize redox process and catalytic behavior in CYP bioreactors through electrostatic interactions.
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27
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Direct Electron Transfer-Type Bioelectrocatalysis of Redox Enzymes at Nanostructured Electrodes. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET)-type bioelectrocatalysis, which couples the electrode reactions and catalytic functions of redox enzymes without any redox mediator, is one of the most intriguing subjects that has been studied over the past few decades in the field of bioelectrochemistry. In order to realize the DET-type bioelectrocatalysis and improve the performance, nanostructures of the electrode surface have to be carefully tuned for each enzyme. In addition, enzymes can also be tuned by the protein engineering approach for the DET-type reaction. This review summarizes the recent progresses in this field of the research while considering the importance of nanostructure of electrodes as well as redox enzymes. This review also describes the basic concepts and theoretical aspects of DET-type bioelectrocatalysis, the significance of nanostructures as scaffolds for DET-type reactions, protein engineering approaches for DET-type reactions, and concepts and facts of bidirectional DET-type reactions from a cross-disciplinary viewpoint.
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Okuda-Shimazaki J, Yoshida H, Sode K. FAD dependent glucose dehydrogenases - Discovery and engineering of representative glucose sensing enzymes. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 132:107414. [PMID: 31838457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The history of the development of glucose sensors goes hand-in-hand with the history of the discovery and the engineering of glucose-sensing enzymes. Glucose oxidase (GOx) has been used for glucose sensing since the development of the first electrochemical glucose sensor. The principle utilizing oxygen as the electron acceptor is designated as the first-generation electrochemical enzyme sensors. With increasing demand for hand-held and cost-effective devices for the "self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)", second-generation electrochemical sensor strips employing electron mediators have become the most popular platform. To overcome the inherent drawback of GOx, namely, the use of oxygen as the electron acceptor, various glucose dehydrogenases (GDHs) have been utilized in second-generation principle-based sensors. Among the various enzymes employed in glucose sensors, GDHs harboring FAD as the redox cofactor, FADGDHs, especially those derived from fungi, fFADGDHs, are currently the most popular enzymes in the sensor strips of second-generation SMBG sensors. In addition, the third-generation principle, employing direct electron transfer (DET), is considered the most elegant approach and is ideal for use in electrochemical enzyme sensors. However, glucose oxidoreductases capable of DET are limited. One of the most prominent GDHs capable of DET is a bacteria-derived FADGDH complex (bFADGDH). bFADGDH has three distinct subunits; the FAD harboring the catalytic subunit, the small subunit, and the electron-transfer subunit, which makes bFADGDH capable of DET. In this review, we focused on the two representative glucose sensing enzymes, fFADGDHs and bFADGDHs, by presenting their discovery, sources, and protein and enzyme properties, and the current engineering strategies to improve their potential in sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hiromi Yoshida
- Life Science Research Center and Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Koji Sode
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Kobayashi R, Sato K, Takahashi T, Asaki K, Iwanuma S, Ohashi N, Hashiguchi T. Arterial stiffness during hyperglycemia in older adults with high physical activity vs low physical activity. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 65:146-152. [PMID: 31592209 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared arterial stiffness after glucose intake in active and inactive elderly people with impaired glucose tolerance and clarified whether physical activity was associated with arterial stiffness after ingestion of glucose. Twenty older adults with impaired glucose tolerance were analyzed in a cross-sectional design. Based on the international physical activity questionnaire, participants were divided into the active group (daily step count: 10,175.9 ± 837.8 steps/day, n = 10) or the inactive group (daily step count: 4,125.6 ± 485.9 steps/day, n = 10). Brachial-ankle (systemic) and heart-brachial (aortic) pulse wave velocity and cardio-ankle vascular index (systemic) were increased at 30, 60, and 90 min compared to baseline after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in the inactive but not the active group. Heart-brachial pulse wave velocity did not change compared to baseline after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in either group. The area under the curve for brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity was associated with daily living activity (r = -0.577, p = 0.008), daily step activity (r = -0.546, p = 0.013), and the daily step count (r = -0.797, p = 0.0001). The present findings indicate that physical activity or inactivity is associated with arterial stiffness following glucose ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kobayashi
- Center for Fundamental Education, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju, Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Kaori Sato
- College of Liberal Arts, International Christian University, 3-10-2 Osawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8585, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takahashi
- Adachi-ku Track and Field Association, 1-33-22 Yanaka, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0006, Japan
| | - Kenji Asaki
- Department of Tokyo Judo Therapy, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju, Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Soichiro Iwanuma
- Department of School Education, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju, Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ohashi
- Department of School Education, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju, Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
| | - Takeo Hashiguchi
- Department of School Education, Teikyo University of Science, 2-2-1 Senju, Sakuragi, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-0045, Japan
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Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R. Cellobiose dehydrogenase: Bioelectrochemical insights and applications. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 131:107345. [PMID: 31494387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is a flavocytochrome with a history of bioelectrochemical research dating back to 1992. During the years, it has been shown to be capable of mediated electron transfer (MET) and direct electron transfer (DET) to a variety of electrodes. This versatility of CDH originates from the separation of the catalytic flavodehydrogenase domain and the electron transferring cytochrome domain. This uncoupling of the catalytic reaction from the electron transfer process allows the application of CDH on many different electrode materials and surfaces, where it shows robust DET. Recent X-ray diffraction and small angle scattering studies provided insights into the structure of CDH and its domain mobility, which can change between a closed-state and an open-state conformation. This structural information verifies the electron transfer mechanism of CDH that was initially established by bioelectrochemical methods. A combination of DET and MET experiments has been used to investigate the catalytic mechanism and the electron transfer process of CDH and to deduce a protein structure comprising of mobile domains. Even more, electrochemical methods have been used to study the redox potentials of the FAD and the haem b cofactors of CDH or the electron transfer rates. These electrochemical experiments, their results and the application of the characterised CDHs in biosensors, biofuel cells and biosupercapacitors are combined with biochemical and structural data to provide a thorough overview on CDH as versatile bioelectrocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Ma S, Ludwig R. Direct Electron Transfer of Enzymes Facilitated by Cytochromes. ChemElectroChem 2019; 6:958-975. [PMID: 31008015 PMCID: PMC6472588 DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The direct electron transfer (DET) of enzymes has been utilized to develop biosensors and enzymatic biofuel cells on micro- and nanostructured electrodes. Whereas some enzymes exhibit direct electron transfer between their active-site cofactor and an electrode, other oxidoreductases depend on acquired cytochrome domains or cytochrome subunits as built-in redox mediators. The physiological function of these cytochromes is to transfer electrons between the active-site cofactor and a redox partner protein. The exchange of the natural electron acceptor/donor by an electrode has been demonstrated for several cytochrome carrying oxidoreductases. These multi-cofactor enzymes have been applied in third generation biosensors to detect glucose, lactate, and other analytes. This review investigates and classifies oxidoreductases with a cytochrome domain, enzyme complexes with a cytochrome subunit, and covers designed cytochrome fusion enzymes. The structurally and electrochemically best characterized proponents from each enzyme class carrying a cytochrome, that is, flavoenzymes, quinoenzymes, molybdenum-cofactor enzymes, iron-sulfur cluster enzymes, and multi-haem enzymes, are featured, and their biochemical, kinetic, and electrochemical properties are compared. The cytochromes molecular and functional properties as well as their contribution to the interdomain electron transfer (IET, between active-site and cytochrome) and DET (between cytochrome and electrode) with regard to the achieved current density is discussed. Protein design strategies for cytochrome-fused enzymes are reviewed and the limiting factors as well as strategies to overcome them are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Ma
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory Department of Food Science and TechnologyBOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory Department of Food Science and TechnologyBOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
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Significant enhancement of direct electric communication across enzyme-electrode interface via nano-patterning of synthetic glucose dehydrogenase on spatially tunable gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-modified electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:170-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ito Y, Okuda-Shimazaki J, Tsugawa W, Loew N, Shitanda I, Lin CE, La Belle J, Sode K. Third generation impedimetric sensor employing direct electron transfer type glucose dehydrogenase. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 129:189-197. [PMID: 30721794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (faradaic EIS) is an attractive measurement principle for biosensors. However, there have been no reports on sensors employing direct electron transfer (DET)-type redox enzymes based on faradaic EIS principle. In this study, we have attempted to construct the 3rd-generation faradaic enzyme EIS sensor, which used DET-type flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) dependent glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) complex, to elucidate its characteristic properties as well as to investigate its potential application as the future immunosensor platform. The gold disk electrodes (GDEs) with DET-type FADGDH prepared using self-assembled monolayer (SAM) showed the glucose concentration dependent impedance change, which was confirmed by the change in the charge transfer resistance (Rct). The Δ(1/Rct) values were also affected by DC bias potential and the length of SAM. Based on the Nyquist plot and Bode plot simulations, glucose sensing by imaginary impedance monitoring under fixed frequency (5 mHz) was carried out, revealing the higher sensitivity at low glucose concentration with wider linear range (0.02-0.2 mM). Considering this high sensitivity toward glucose, the 3rd-generation faradaic enzyme EIS sensor would provide alternative platform for future impedimetric immunosensing system, which does not use redox probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Junko Okuda-Shimazaki
- Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Wakako Tsugawa
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Noya Loew
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Isao Shitanda
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Chi-En Lin
- School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O.Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9719, USA
| | - Jeffrey La Belle
- School of Biological and Health System Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, P.O.Box 879709, Tempe, AZ 85287-9719, USA
| | - Koji Sode
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan; Ultizyme International Ltd., 1-13-16, Minami, Meguro, Tokyo 152-0013, Japan; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Lee YS, Baek S, Lee H, Reginald SS, Kim Y, Kang H, Choi IG, Chang IS. Construction of Uniform Monolayer- and Orientation-Tunable Enzyme Electrode by a Synthetic Glucose Dehydrogenase without Electron-Transfer Subunit via Optimized Site-Specific Gold-Binding Peptide Capable of Direct Electron Transfer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28615-28626. [PMID: 30067023 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET) between enzymes and electrodes is a key issue for practical use of bioelectrocatalytic devices as a bioenergy process, such as enzymatic electrosynthesis, biosensors, and enzyme biofuel cells. To date, based on the DET of bioelectrocatalysis, less than 1% of the calculated theoretical current was transferred to final electron acceptor due to energy loss at enzyme-electrode interface. This study describes the design and construction of a synthetic glucose dehydrogenase (GDH; α and γ subunits) combined with a gold-binding peptide at its amino or carboxy terminus for direct contact between enzyme and electrode. The fused gold-binding peptide facilitated stable immobilization of GDH and constructed uniform monolayer of GDH onto a Au electrode. Depending on the fused site of binding peptide to the enzyme complex, nine combinations of recombinant GDH proteins on the electrode show significantly different direct electron-transfer efficiency across the enzyme-electrode interface. The fusion of site-specific binding peptide to the catalytic subunit (α subunit, carboxy terminus) of the enzyme complex enabled apparent direct electron transfer (DET) across the enzyme-electrode interface even in the absence of the electron-transfer subunit (i.e., β subunit having cytochrome domain). The catalytic glucose oxidation current at an onset potential of ca. (-)0.46 V vs Ag/AgCl was associated with the appearance of an flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)/FADH2 redox wave and a stabilized bioelectrocatalytic current of more than 100 μA, determined from chronoamperometric analysis. Electron recovery was 7.64%, and the catalytic current generation was 249 μA per GDH enzyme loading unit (U), several orders of magnitude higher than the values reported previously. These observations corroborated that the last electron donor facing to electrode was controlled to be in close proximity without electron-transfer intermediates and the native affinity for glucose was preserved. The design and construction of the site-specific "sticky-ended" proteins without loss of catalytic activity could be applied to other redox enzymes having a buried active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Seok Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seungwoo Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeryeong Lee
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Stacy Simai Reginald
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongeun Kim
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - In-Geol Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , Korea University , Seoul 02841 , Republic of Korea
| | - In Seop Chang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro , Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
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Bollella P, Gorton L, Antiochia R. Direct Electron Transfer of Dehydrogenases for Development of 3rd Generation Biosensors and Enzymatic Fuel Cells. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1319. [PMID: 29695133 PMCID: PMC5982196 DOI: 10.3390/s18051319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrogenase based bioelectrocatalysis has been increasingly exploited in recent years in order to develop new bioelectrochemical devices, such as biosensors and biofuel cells, with improved performances. In some cases, dehydrogeases are able to directly exchange electrons with an appropriately designed electrode surface, without the need for an added redox mediator, allowing bioelectrocatalysis based on a direct electron transfer process. In this review we briefly describe the electron transfer mechanism of dehydrogenase enzymes and some of the characteristics required for bioelectrocatalysis reactions via a direct electron transfer mechanism. Special attention is given to cellobiose dehydrogenase and fructose dehydrogenase, which showed efficient direct electron transfer reactions. An overview of the most recent biosensors and biofuel cells based on the two dehydrogenases will be presented. The various strategies to prepare modified electrodes in order to improve the electron transfer properties of the device will be carefully investigated and all analytical parameters will be presented, discussed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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