1
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Wang XX, Jiao L. Dual Ligand Enabled Pd-Catalyzed Ortho-Alkylation of Iodoarenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25552-25561. [PMID: 39236317 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of complex polysubstituted aromatic molecules from simple precursors is a central goal in organic chemistry. In this study, we developed an approach for the ortho-alkylation of iodoarenes utilizing a dual ligand catalytic system. By combining Pd/olefin ligand cooperative catalysis with bulky trialkylphosphine ligand-promoted C(sp2)-I reductive elimination, we have established an ortho-alkylative Catellani-type reaction with the aryl-iodine bond reconstruction as the final step, which opens new synthetic opportunities within the Catellani-type reactions. Through in-depth mechanistic investigations, we have isolated and characterized key organopalladium intermediates, revealing the synergistic interaction of the dual ligands in merging the Catellani-type process with C(sp2)-I reductive elimination. The present study showcases the unique advantages of Pd/olefin ligand catalysis and emphasizes the effectiveness of the dual ligand system in expanding the chemical space of the Catellani chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Wang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Li R, Zhan R, Lang Y, Li CJ, Zeng H. Intermolecular C-C/C-N σ-bond metathesis enabled by visible light. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12900-12905. [PMID: 39148768 PMCID: PMC11323325 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02412e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed double/triple bond metathesis reactions have been well-established due to the ability of transition-metal catalysts to readily interact with π bonds, facilitating the progression of the entire reaction. However, activating σ-bonds to induce σ-bond metathesis is more challenging due to the absence of π bonds and the high bond energy of σ bonds. In this study, we present a novel photo-induced approach that does not rely on transition metals or photosensitizers to drive C-C and C-N σ-bond metathesis reactions. This method enables the cross-coupling of tertiary amines with α-diketones via C-C and C-N single bonds cleavage and recombination. Notably, our protocol exhibits good compatibility with various functional groups in the absence of transition metals and external photosensitizers, resulting in the formation of aryl alkyl ketones and aromatic amides in good to high yields. To gain insights into the mechanism of this pathway, we conducted controlled experiments, intermediate trapping experiments, and DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations. This comprehensive approach allowed us to elucidate the detailed mechanism underlying this transformative reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University 222 Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Renqin Zhan
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University 222 Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yatao Lang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University 222 Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, and FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Huiying Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University 222 Tianshui Road Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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3
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Kubo M, Yamaguchi J. Divergent Transformations of Aromatic Esters: Decarbonylative Coupling, Ester Dance, Aryl Exchange, and Deoxygenative Coupling. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1747-1760. [PMID: 38819671 PMCID: PMC11191398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusAromatic esters are cost-effective, versatile, and commonly used scaffolds that are readily synthesized or encountered as synthetic intermediates. While most conventional reactions involving these esters are nucleophilic acyl substitutions or 1,2-nucleophilic additions─where a nucleophile attacks the carbonyl group, decarbonylative transformations offer an alternative pathway by using the carbonyl group as a leaving group. This transition-metal-catalyzed process typically begins with oxidative addition of the C(acyl)-O bond to the metal. Subsequently, the reaction involves the migration of CO to the metal center, the reaction with a nucleophile, and reductive elimination to yield the final product. Pioneering work by Yamamoto on nickel complexes and the development of decarbonylative reactions (such as Mizoroki-Heck-type olefination) using aromatic carboxylic anhydrides catalyzed by palladium were conducted by de Vries and Stephan. Furthermore, reports have surfaced of decarbonylative hydrogenation of pyridyl methyl esters by Murai using ruthenium catalysts as well as Mizoroki-Heck-type reactions of nitro phenyl esters by Gooßen under palladium catalysis. Our group has been at the forefront of developing decarbonylative C-H arylations of phenyl esters with 1,3-azoles and aryl boronic acids using nickel catalysts. The key to this reaction is the use of phenyl esters, which are easy to synthesize, stabilize, and handle, allowing oxidative addition of the C(acyl)-O bond; nickel, which facilitates oxidative addition of the C(acyl)-O bond; and suitable bidentate phosphine ligands that can stabilize the intermediate. By modification of the nucleophiles, esters have been effectively utilized as electrophiles in cross-coupling reactions, encouraging the development of these nucleophiles among researchers. This Account summarizes our advancements in nucleophile development for decarbonylative coupling reactions, particularly highlighting the utilization of aromatic esters in diverse reactions such as alkenylation, intramolecular etherification, α-arylation of ketones, C-H arylation, methylation, and intramolecular C-H arylation for dibenzofuran synthesis, along with cyanation and reductive coupling. We also delve into reaction types that are distinct from typical decarbonylative reactions, including ester dance reactions, aromatic ring exchanges, and deoxygenative transformations, by focusing on the oxidative addition of the C(acyl)-O bond of the aromatic esters to the metal complex. For example, the ester dance reaction is hypothesized to undergo 1,2-translocation starting with oxidative addition to a palladium complex, leading to a sequence of ortho-deprotonation/decarbonylation, followed by protonation, carbonylation, and reductive elimination. The aromatic exchange reaction likely involves oxidative addition of complexes of different aryl electrophiles with a nickel complex. In deoxygenative coupling, an oxidative addition complex with palladium engages with a nucleophile, forming an acyl intermediate that undergoes reductive elimination in the presence of an appropriate reducing agent. These methodologies are poised to captivate the interest of synthetic chemists by offering unconventional and emerging approaches for transforming aromatic esters. Moreover, we demonstrated the potential to transform readily available basic chemicals into new compounds through organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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4
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Wang Y, Tian B, Li Y, Li W, Chen Z, Liu S, Li S. A Sustainable and Versatile Cellulose-based CO Surrogate for Carbonylative Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301324. [PMID: 38199959 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The highly toxic and flammable nature of CO lead to high handling demand for its use and storage, undoubtedly constricting its further academic exploration for carbonylative reactions in laboratory. Although many CO surrogates have been developed and applied in carbonylative reactions instead of CO gas, exploration of more versatile CO surrogates for diverse carbonylations is still highly desirable. Here we report a cellulose-based CO surrogate (cellulose-CO), which prepared from cheap and abundant cellulose through a simple and green process. The very mild and efficient CO release makes this reagent a highly competitive candidate for providing CO in carbonylation. This surrogate is compatible with a wide variety of functional groups in various carbonylative reactions due to the excellent compatibility of cellulose-CO. Moreover, the cellulose-CO exhibits excellent chemical stability which can be stored exposed to air for 12 months, making this CO surrogate a robust and general reagent in CO chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
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5
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Liu M, Yan N, Tian H, Li B, Zhao D. Ring Expansion toward Disila-carbocycles via Highly Selective C-Si/C-Si Bond Cross-Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319187. [PMID: 38388782 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we successfully inhibited the preferential homodimerization and C-Si/Si-H bond cross-exchange of benzosilacyclobutenes and monohydro-silacyclobutanes and achieved the first highly selective C-Si/C-Si bond cross-exchange reaction by deliberately tuning the Ni-catalytic system, which constitutes a powerful and atom-economical ring expansion method for preparing medium-sized cyclic compounds bearing two silicon atoms at the ring junction, which are otherwise inaccessible. The DFT calculation explicitly elucidated the pivotal role of Si-H bond at silacyclobutanes and the high ring strain of two substrates in realizing the two C-Si bonds cleavage and reformation in the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Nuo Yan
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haowen Tian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dongbing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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6
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Kinney RG, Zgheib J, Lagueux-Tremblay PL, Zhou C, Yang H, Li J, Gauthier DR, Arndtsen BA. A metal-catalysed functional group metathesis approach to the carbon isotope labelling of carboxylic acids. Nat Chem 2024; 16:556-563. [PMID: 38374455 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The distribution, metabolism and ultimate fate of molecules within the body is central to the activity of pharmaceuticals. However, the introduction of radioisotopes into the metabolically stable carbon sites on drugs to probe these features typically requires toxic, radioactive gases such as [14C]CO and [14C]CO2. Here we describe an approach to directly carbon-label carboxylic-acid-containing pharmaceuticals via a metal-catalysed functional group exchange reaction, forming 14C-labelled carboxylic-acid-containing drugs without radioactive gases, in one pot, using an easily available and handled carboxylic acid 14C source. To enable this process, a functional group metathesis of carbon-carbon covalent bonds in acid chloride functionalities is developed, exploiting the ability of nickel catalysts to both reversibly activate carbon-chloride bonds and exchange functionalities between organic molecules. The drug development applicability is illustrated by the direct incorporation of the 14C label or 13C label into an array of complex aryl, alkyl, vinyl and heterocyclic carboxylic acid drugs or drug candidates without gases or a special apparatus, at ambient conditions and without loss of the radiolabel.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garrison Kinney
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - José Zgheib
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Cuihan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Donald R Gauthier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
| | - Bruce A Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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7
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Carbon isotope exchange for pharmaceutical radiolabelling through metal-catalysed functional group metathesis. Nat Chem 2024; 16:489-490. [PMID: 38378949 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
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8
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Wang T, Guan Y, Zhang T, Liang Y. Ligand Relay for Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Alkylation of Aroyl Chlorides. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306923. [PMID: 38088530 PMCID: PMC10916626 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed direct decarboxylative transformations of aromatic carboxylic acids usually require high temperatures, which limit the substrate's scope, especially for late-stage applications. The development of the selective decarbonylative of carboxylic acid derivatives, especially the most fundamental aroyl chlorides, with stable and cheap electrophiles under mild conditions is highly desirable and meaningful, but remains challenging. Herein, a strategy of nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative alkylation of aroyl chlorides via phosphine/nitrogen ligand relay is reported. The simple phosphine ligand is found essential for the decarbonylation step, while the nitrogen ligand promotes the cross-electrophile coupling. Such a ligand relay system can effectively and orderly carry out the catalytic process at room temperature, utilizing easily available aroyl chlorides as an aryl electrophile for reductive alkylation. This discovery provides a new strategy for direct decarbonylative coupling, features operationally simple, mild conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance. The mild approach is applied to the late-stage methylation of various pharmaceuticals. Extensive experiments are carried out to provide insights into the reaction pathway and support the ligand relay process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Yu‐Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Tian‐Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Yu‐Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
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9
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Liang YF, Bilal M, Tang LY, Wang TZ, Guan YQ, Cheng Z, Zhu M, Wei J, Jiao N. Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage for Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12313-12370. [PMID: 37942891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) introduces functional group or structural modification at the final stage of the synthesis of natural products, drugs, and complex compounds. It is anticipated that late-stage functionalization would improve drug discovery's effectiveness and efficiency and hasten the creation of various chemical libraries. Consequently, late-stage functionalization of natural products is a productive technique to produce natural product derivatives, which significantly impacts chemical biology and drug development. Carbon-carbon bonds make up the fundamental framework of organic molecules. Compared with the carbon-carbon bond construction, the carbon-carbon bond activation can directly enable molecular editing (deletion, insertion, or modification of atoms or groups of atoms) and provide a more efficient and accurate synthetic strategy. However, the efficient and selective activation of unstrained carbon-carbon bonds is still one of the most challenging projects in organic synthesis. This review encompasses the strategies employed in recent years for carbon-carbon bond cleavage by explicitly focusing on their applicability in late-stage functionalization. This review expands the current discourse on carbon-carbon bond cleavage in late-stage functionalization reactions by providing a comprehensive overview of the selective cleavage of various types of carbon-carbon bonds. This includes C-C(sp), C-C(sp2), and C-C(sp3) single bonds; carbon-carbon double bonds; and carbon-carbon triple bonds, with a focus on catalysis by transition metals or organocatalysts. Additionally, specific topics, such as ring-opening processes involving carbon-carbon bond cleavage in three-, four-, five-, and six-membered rings, are discussed, and exemplar applications of these techniques are showcased in the context of complex bioactive molecules or drug discovery. This review aims to shed light on recent advancements in the field and propose potential avenues for future research in the realm of late-stage carbon-carbon bond functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Le-Yu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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Xie Q, Wei A, Liu Z, Yan Q, Zhang X, Gao B. Nickel-Catalyzed Metathesis between Carboxylic Acids and Thioesters: A Direct Access to Thioesters. Org Lett 2023; 25:7035-7039. [PMID: 37712637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe a unique strategy for generating thioesters from carboxylic acids and thioesters. This transformation features operational simplicity and high step-economy, wherein the -SR moiety of thioesters was smoothly transferred to carboxylic acid from thioacetates as the starting material. Various substrates with different levels of electronic nature were all applicable to this reaction, furnishing thioesters in moderate to outstanding yields. According to the preliminary mechanistic studies, the anhydride intermediates may be involved in the present reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumin Xie
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Anhui Wei
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Ziding Liu
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Qian Yan
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
| | - Bao Gao
- School of Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China
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11
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Zhang J, Wei R, Ren C, Liu LL, Wu L. Si-B Functional Group Exchange Reaction Enabled by a Catalytic Amount of BH 3: Scope, Mechanism, and Application. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37411027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Functional group exchanges based on single-bond transformation are rare and challenging. In this regard, functional group exchange reactions of hydrosilanes proved to be more problematic. This is because this exchange requires the cleavage of the C-Si bond, while the Si-H bond is relatively easily activated for hydrosilanes. Herein, we report the first Si-B functional group exchange reactions of hydrosilanes with hydroboranes simply enabled by BH3 as a catalyst. Our methodology works for various aryl and alkyl hydrosilanes and different hydroboranes with the tolerance of general functional groups (up to 115 examples). Control experiments and density functional theory (DFT) studies reveal a distinct reaction pathway that involves consecutive C-Si/B-H and C-B/B-H σ-bond metathesis. Further investigations of using more readily available chlorosilanes, siloxane, fluorosilane, and silylborane for Si-B functional group exchanges, Ge-B functional group exchanges, and depolymerizative Si-B exchanges of polysilanes are also demonstrated. Moreover, the regeneration of MeSiH3 from polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) is achieved. Notably, the formal hydrosilylation of a wide range of alkenes with SiH4 and MeSiH3 to selectively produce (chiral)trihydrosilanes and (methyl)dihydrosilanes is realized using inexpensive and readily available PhSiH3 and PhSiH2Me as gaseous SiH4 and MeSiH3 surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chunping Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lipeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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12
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Botla V, Fontana M, Voronov A, Maggi R, Motti E, Maestri G, Della Ca' N. Closing the Cycle as It Begins: Synthesis of
ortho
‐Iodobiaryls via Catellani Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202218928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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13
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Lagueux-Tremblay PL, Augereau C, Nair P, Tam KM, Arndtsen BA. Palladium Catalyzed Conversion of Aryl Triflates to Acyl-DMAP Salts: A Mild and Versatile Approach to Carbonylations. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Célestin Augereau
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Pranav Nair
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Kwan Ming Tam
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Bruce A. Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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14
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Muto K, Isshiki R, Kurosawa MB, Yamaguchi J. Aryl sulfide synthesis via aryl exchange reaction. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Yin F, Chen Y, Luo Z, Li S, Kong L, Wang X. Aryl Halides as Halogenation Reagents in the Bromination and Iodination of Arene-Tethered Diols. Org Lett 2022; 24:6510-6514. [PMID: 36052998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic halides constitute a valuable class of building blocks that are commonly used in organic synthesis. In this study, we demonstrate usage of aryl bromides and aryl iodides in C-Br or C-I bond formation. Methyl 2-bromobenzoate and 2-nitrophenyl iodides were developed as mild and effective bromination and iodination reagents for functionalization of arene-tethered diols. This efficient cascaded catalysis can be applied to the total syntheses of natural product Mafaicheenamine A and Claulamine A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Yin
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwen Luo
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Li
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
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16
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Boehm P, Müller P, Finkelstein P, Rivero-Crespo MA, Ebert MO, Trapp N, Morandi B. Mechanistic Investigation of the Nickel-Catalyzed Metathesis between Aryl Thioethers and Aryl Nitriles. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13096-13108. [PMID: 35834613 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional group metathesis is an emerging field in organic chemistry with promising synthetic applications. However, no complete mechanistic studies of these reactions have been reported to date, particularly regarding the nature of the key functional group transfer mechanism. Unraveling the mechanism of these transformations would not only allow for their further improvement but would also lead to the design of novel reactions. Herein, we describe our detailed mechanistic studies of the nickel-catalyzed functional group metathesis reaction between aryl methyl sulfides and aryl nitriles, combining experimental and computational results. These studies did not support a mechanism proceeding through reversible migratory insertion of the nitrile into a Ni-Ar bond and provided strong support for an alternative mechanism involving a key transmetalation step between two independently generated oxidative addition complexes. Extensive kinetic analysis, including rate law determination and Eyring analysis, indicated the oxidative addition complex of aryl nitrile as the resting state of the catalytic reaction. Depending on the concentration of aryl methyl sulfide, either the reductive elimination of aryl nitrile or the oxidative addition into the C(sp2)-S bond of aryl methyl sulfide is the turnover-limiting step of the reaction. NMR studies, including an unusual 31P-2H HMBC experiment using deuterium-labeled complexes, unambiguously demonstrated that the sulfide and cyanide groups exchange during the transmetalation step, rather than the two aryl moieties. In addition, Eyring and Hammett analyses of the transmetalation between two Ni(II) complexes revealed that this central step proceeds via an associative mechanism. Organometallic studies involving the synthesis, isolation, and characterization of all putative intermediates and possible deactivation complexes have further shed light on the reaction mechanism, including the identification of a key deactivation pathway, which has led to an improved catalytic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Boehm
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Müller
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marc-Olivier Ebert
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Trapp
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Wu X, Li J, Xia S, Zhu C, Xie J. Nickel-catalyzed Thioester Transfer Reaction with sp 2-Hybridized Electrophiles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:10003-10017. [PMID: 35815594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a thioacylation transfer reaction based on nickel-catalyzed C-C bond cleavage of thioesters with sp2-hybridized electrophiles. Aryl bromides, iodides, and alkenyl triflates can participate in thioester transfer reaction of aryl thioesters, affording a wide range of structurally diverse new thioesters in yields of up to 98% under mild reaction conditions. With this protocol, it is possible to construct alkenyl thioesters from the corresponding ketones through the generation of alkenyl triflates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Siyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chengjian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China
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18
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Gao Z, Wang H, Zhou C, Wang N, Li S, Li G. Formal C-H/C-I Metathesis: Site-Selective C-H Iodination of 2-Aryl Benzoic Acid Derivatives Using Aryl Iodide. Org Lett 2022; 24:3926-3931. [PMID: 35638770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
C-H functionalization via functional group metathesis is extremely rare. A protocol of remote site-selective C-H iodination of 2-aryl benzoic acid derivatives via formal C(sp2)-H/C(sp2)-I metathesis using readily available 1-iodo-4-methoxy-2-nitrobenzene as the mild iodinating reagent was reported herein. A range of 2-aryl benzoic acid derivatives including 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)benzoic acids and [1,1'-binaphthalene]-2-carboxylic acids were iodinated under mild conditions to give valuable iodinated products in a site- and chemo-selective fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhong Gao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Hang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Chunlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shangda Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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19
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Liu Y, Zhou C, Jiang M, Arndtsen BA. Versatile Palladium-Catalyzed Approach to Acyl Fluorides and Carbonylations by Combining Visible Light- and Ligand-Driven Operations. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9413-9420. [PMID: 35587132 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of a general palladium-catalyzed carbonylative method to synthesize acyl fluorides from aryl, heteroaryl, alkyl, and functionalized organic halides. Mechanistic analysis suggests that the reaction proceeds via the synergistic combination of visible light photoexcitation of Pd(0) to induce oxidative addition with a ligand-favored reductive elimination. These together create a unidirectional catalytic cycle that is uninhibited by the classical effect of carbon monoxide coordination. Coupling the catalytic formation of acyl fluorides with their subsequent nucleophilic reactions has opened a method to perform carbonylation reactions with unprecedented breadth, including the assembly of highly functionalized carbonyl-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Cuihan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Meijing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Bruce A Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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20
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Jain P, Kumar N, Avasare V. A Shuttle Catalysis: Elucidating a True Reaction Mechanism Involved in the Palladium Xantphos-Assisted Transposition of Aroyl Chloride and Aryl Iodide Functional Groups. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12547-12557. [PMID: 35584056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A thorough DFT study was performed to unravel the true mechanism involved in the Pd(0)-catalyzed functional group transposition between aroyl chlorides and aryl iodides. Two different experimental groups proposed different mechanisms for the functional group transposition reaction. A careful assessment of experimental findings and thorough computational studies endorsed that the functional group transposition proceeds via phosphonium salt formation and ligand-enabled C-P bond metathesis, leading to the formation of the PhI and the intermediate 2. After the formation of the intermediate 2, the transposition of functional groups takes place through the interpalladium ligand exchange mechanism, where two palladium centers act as shuttle catalysts. In short, both C-P bond metathesis and interpalladium ligand exchange steps are crucial in the functional group transposition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institution of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune, Maharashtra 411030, India
| | - Vidya Avasare
- Department of Chemistry, Sir Parashurambhau College, Pune, Maharashtra 411030, India.,Department of Chemistry, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana 131029, India
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21
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Wang N, Chi Z, Wang X, Gao Z, Li S, Li G. Formal C-H/C-I Metathesis: Site-Selective C-H Iodination of Anilines Using Aryl Iodides. Org Lett 2022; 24:3657-3662. [PMID: 35576322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Functional group metathesis has the potential to render mild reaction conditions for C-H functionalization. Protocols for the meta- and ortho-C-H iodination of aniline derivatives via formal C(sp2)-H/C(sp2)-I metathesis using 2-nitrophenyl iodides as mild iodinating reagents are reported herein. These protocols led to the production of a range of valuable iodinated aniline derivatives. These results demonstrate the potential of developing novel site-selective C-H activation reactions with electron-rich compounds, since mild reagents can often been utilized in functional group metathesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhuomin Chi
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zezhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shangda Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coal to Ethylene Glycol and Its Related Technology, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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22
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Long Y, Zheng Y, Xia Y, Qu L, Yang Y, Xiang H, Zhou X. Nickel-Catalyzed Synthesis of an Aryl Nitrile via Aryl Exchange between an Aromatic Amide and a Simple Nitrile. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Long
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yanling Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xia
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lang Qu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yuhe Yang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Xiang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiangge Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
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23
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Tian Q, Sun R, Li Y. Copper-catalyzed thiocarbonylation and thiolation of alkyl iodides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1186-1190. [PMID: 35048941 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00008c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an efficient Cu-catalyzed transthiolation of alkyl iodides is developed. Notably, in the presence of CO, thioesters could also be obtained with copper and cobalt as the co-catalyst. This transformation displayed good functional group tolerance and afforded thioesters or sulfides from the corresponding alkyl iodides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Rongjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Yahui Li
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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24
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Yu B, Huang H. Recent Advances in C—X Bond Metathesis Reactions. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202202003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Denton EH, Lee YH, Roediger S, Boehm P, Fellert M, Morandi B. Katalytische Carbochlorocarbonylierung von ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen durch C‐COCl‐Bindungsspaltung**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott H. Denton
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Yong Ho Lee
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Sven Roediger
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Philip Boehm
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Maximilian Fellert
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
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26
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Denton EH, Lee YH, Roediger S, Boehm P, Fellert M, Morandi B. Catalytic Carbochlorocarbonylation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons via C-COCl Bond Cleavage*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23435-23443. [PMID: 34432940 PMCID: PMC8596603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a palladium‐catalysed difunctionalisation of unsaturated C−C bonds with acid chlorides. Formally, the C−COCl bond of an acid chloride is cleaved and added, with complete atom economy, across either strained alkenes or a tethered alkyne to generate new acid chlorides. The transformation does not require exogenous carbon monoxide, operates under mild conditions, shows a good functional group tolerance, and gives the isolated products with excellent stereoselectivity. The intermolecular reaction tolerates both aryl‐ and alkenyl‐substituted acid chlorides and is successful when carboxylic acids are transformed to the acid chloride in situ. The reaction also shows an example of temperature‐dependent stereodivergence which, together with plausible mechanistic pathways, is investigated by DFT calculations. Moreover, we show that benzofurans can be formed in an intramolecular variant of the reaction. Finally, derivatisation of the products from the intermolecular reaction provides a highly stereoselective approach for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted cyclopentanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott H Denton
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yong Ho Lee
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Max-Planck-Intitut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sven Roediger
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philip Boehm
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Fellert
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland.,Max-Planck-Intitut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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27
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Bie F, Liu X, Cao H, Shi Y, Zhou T, Szostak M, Liu C. Pd-Catalyzed Double-Decarbonylative Aryl Sulfide Synthesis through Aryl Exchange between Amides and Thioesters. Org Lett 2021; 23:8098-8103. [PMID: 34609150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the palladium-catalyzed double-decarbonylative synthesis of aryl thioethers by an aryl exchange reaction between amides and thioesters. In this method, amides serve as aryl donors and thioesters are sulfide donors, enabling the synthesis of valuable aryl sulfides. The use of Pd/Xantphos without any additives has been identified as the catalytic system promoting the aryl exchange by C(O)-N/C(O)-S cleavages. The method is amenable to a wide variety of amides and sulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Bie
- Shandong Lunan Coal Chemical Research Institute of Engineering and Technology, Zaozhuang University, 1 Bei'an Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277160, China
| | - Xuejing Liu
- Shandong Lunan Coal Chemical Research Institute of Engineering and Technology, Zaozhuang University, 1 Bei'an Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277160, China
| | - Han Cao
- Shandong Lunan Coal Chemical Research Institute of Engineering and Technology, Zaozhuang University, 1 Bei'an Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277160, China
| | - Yijun Shi
- Shandong Lunan Coal Chemical Research Institute of Engineering and Technology, Zaozhuang University, 1 Bei'an Road, Zaozhuang, Shandong 277160, China
| | - Tongliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Chengwei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
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28
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Yao Y, Zou X, Wang Y, Yang H, Ren Z, Guan Z. Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Markovnikov Hydroxycarbonylation and Hydroalkoxycarbonylation of Vinyl Arenes: Synthesis of 2‐Arylpropanoic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya‐Hong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Xian‐Jin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Hui‐Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Hui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Zheng‐Hui Guan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
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29
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Liu C, Szostak M. Decarbonylative Sulfide Synthesis from Carboxylic Acids and Thioesters via Cross-Over C-S Activation and Acyl Capture. Org Chem Front 2021; 8:4805-4813. [PMID: 34745635 DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00824b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of sulfides from carboxylic acids via thioester C-S activation and acyl capture has been accomplished, wherein thioesters serve as dual electrophilic activators to carboxylic acids as well as S-nucleophiles through the merger of decarbonylative palladium catalysis and sulfur coupling. This new concept engages readily available carboxylic acids as coupling partners to directly intercept sulfur reagents via redox-neutral thioester-enabled cross-over thioetherification. The scope of this platform is demonstrated in the highly selective decarbonylative thioetherification of a variety of carboxylic acids and thioesters, including late-stage derivatization of pharmaceuticals and natural products. This method operates under mild, external base-free, operationally-practical conditions, providing a powerful new framework to unlock aryl electrophiles from carboxylic acids and bolster the reactivity by employing common building blocks in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, United States
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30
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Boehm P, Martini T, Lee YH, Cacherat B, Morandi B. Palladium-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Iodination of Aryl Carboxylic Acids Enabled by Ligand-Assisted Halide Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17211-17217. [PMID: 34013616 PMCID: PMC8362116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report an efficient and broadly applicable palladium-catalyzed iodination of inexpensive and abundant aryl and vinyl carboxylic acids via in situ activation to the acid chloride and formation of a phosphonium salt. The use of 1-iodobutane as iodide source in combination with a base and a deoxychlorinating reagent gives access to a wide range of aryl and vinyl iodides under Pd/Xantphos catalysis, including complex drug-like scaffolds. Stoichiometric experiments and kinetic analysis suggest a unique mechanism involving C-P reductive elimination to form the Xantphos phosphonium chloride, which subsequently initiates an unusual halogen exchange by outer sphere nucleophilic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Boehm
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Tristano Martini
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Yong Ho Lee
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Bastien Cacherat
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische ChemieETH ZürichVladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI8093ZürichSwitzerland
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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31
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Boehm P, Martini T, Lee YH, Cacherat B, Morandi B. Palladium‐katalysierte decarbonylierende Iodierung von Carbonsäuren, ermöglicht durch Ligand‐unterstützten Halogenaustausch. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Boehm
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Tristano Martini
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Yong Ho Lee
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Bastien Cacherat
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
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32
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Isshiki R, Kurosawa MB, Muto K, Yamaguchi J. Ni-Catalyzed Aryl Sulfide Synthesis through an Aryl Exchange Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10333-10340. [PMID: 34181399 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A Ni-catalyzed aryl sulfide synthesis through an aryl exchange reaction between aryl sulfides and a variety of aryl electrophiles was developed. By using 2-pyridyl sulfide as a sulfide donor, this reaction achieved the synthesis of aryl sulfides without using odorous and toxic thiols. The use of a Ni/dcypt catalyst capable of cleaving and forming aryl-S bonds was important for the aryl exchange reaction between 2-pyridyl sulfides and aryl electrophiles, which include aromatic esters, arenol derivatives, and aryl halides. Mechanistic studies revealed that Ni/dcypt can simultaneously undergo oxidative additions of aryl sulfides and aromatic esters, followed by ligand exchange between the generated aryl-Ni-SR and aryl-Ni-OAr species to furnish aryl exchanged compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Isshiki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Miki B Kurosawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Kei Muto
- Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Junichiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumakicho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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33
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Yao YH, Zou XJ, Wang Y, Yang HY, Ren ZH, Guan ZH. Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Markovnikov Hydroxycarbonylation and Hydroalkoxycarbonylation of Vinyl Arenes: Synthesis of 2-Arylpropanoic Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23117-23122. [PMID: 34240535 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric hydroxycarbonylation is one of the most fundamental yet challenging methods for the synthesis of carboxylic acids. Herein, we reported the development of a palladium-catalyzed highly enantioselective Markovnikov hydroxycarbonylation of vinyl arenes with CO and water. A monodentate phosphoramidite ligand L6 plays vital role in the reaction. The reaction tolerates a range of functional groups, and provides a facile and atom-economical approach to an array of 2-arylpropanoic acids including several commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The catalytic system has also enabled an asymmetric Markovnikov hydroalkoxycarbonylation of vinyl arenes with alcohols to afford 2-arylpropanates. Mechanistic investigations suggested that the reactions proceed through a palladium-hydride pathway, the hydropalladation is irreversible and is the regio- and enantiodetermining step, while hydrolysis/alcoholysis is probably the rate-limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hong Yao
- Northwest University, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Xian-Jin Zou
- Northwest University, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Yuan Wang
- Northwest University, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Hui-Yi Yang
- Northwest University, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Zhi-Hui Ren
- Northwest University, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Zheng-Hui Guan
- Northwest University, Chemistry, #1 Xuefu Road, 710127, Xi'an, CHINA
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34
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Sotnik SO, Mishchenko AM, Rusanov EB, Kozytskiy AV, Gavrilenko KS, Ryabukhin SV, Volochnyuk DM, Kolotilov SV. Third Generation Buchwald Precatalysts with XPhos and RuPhos: Multigram Scale Synthesis, Solvent-Dependent Isomerization of XPhos Pd G3 and Quality Control by 1H- and 31P-NMR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123507. [PMID: 34207506 PMCID: PMC8228727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The third generation Buchwald precatalysts Pd(ABP)(Phos)(OMs) (also known as Phos Pd G3)) with XPhos and RuPhos were prepared in multigram scale by a modified procedure (ABP = fragment of C-deprotonated 2-aminobiphenyl, XPhos = 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl, RuPhos = 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-diisopropoxybiphenyl, OMs− = CH3SO3−). The 1H- and 31P-NMR spectra of the title complexes and some impurities, measured by various 1D and 2D techniques, were analyzed in detail. The solvent-dependent isomerization of Pd(ABP)(XPhos)(OMs) was studied by NMR, and the X-ray structures of two isomers were determined. The impurities in precatalysts, such as Pd(ABP)(HABP)(OMs) (HABP—neutral 2-aminobiphenyl coordinated to Pd2+ in N-monodentate mode) and PdCl2(XPhos)2, were identified and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. A simple method for the quick quality control (QC) of the precatalysts, suitable for routine use, was proposed. The method was based on the assessment of the impurity content on the basis of the 1H-NMR spectra analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana O. Sotnik
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.O.S.); (A.M.M.); (A.V.K.); (K.S.G.); (S.V.R.); (D.M.V.)
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Avenue 31, 03028 Kiev, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Artem M. Mishchenko
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.O.S.); (A.M.M.); (A.V.K.); (K.S.G.); (S.V.R.); (D.M.V.)
- V.I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Palladina Avenue 32/34, 03142 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Eduard B. Rusanov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, 03028 Kiev, Ukraine;
| | - Andriy V. Kozytskiy
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.O.S.); (A.M.M.); (A.V.K.); (K.S.G.); (S.V.R.); (D.M.V.)
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Avenue 31, 03028 Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Konstantin S. Gavrilenko
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.O.S.); (A.M.M.); (A.V.K.); (K.S.G.); (S.V.R.); (D.M.V.)
- Institute of High Technologies, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V. Ryabukhin
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.O.S.); (A.M.M.); (A.V.K.); (K.S.G.); (S.V.R.); (D.M.V.)
- Institute of High Technologies, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M. Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., 78 Chervonotkatska Street, 02660 Kyiv, Ukraine; (S.O.S.); (A.M.M.); (A.V.K.); (K.S.G.); (S.V.R.); (D.M.V.)
- Institute of High Technologies, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, 03028 Kiev, Ukraine;
| | - Sergey V. Kolotilov
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Avenue 31, 03028 Kiev, Ukraine
- Institute of High Technologies, National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv, 60 Volodymyrska Street, 01033 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Correspondence:
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35
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Boudjelel M, Sadek O, Mallet-Ladeira S, García-Rodeja Y, Sosa Carrizo ED, Miqueu K, Bouhadir G, Bourissou D. Phosphine–Borane Ligands Induce Chemoselective Activation and Catalytic Coupling of Acyl Chlorides at Palladium. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boudjelel
- Laboratoire Hetérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée,
UMR 5069, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
| | - Omar Sadek
- Laboratoire Hetérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée,
UMR 5069, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, FR 2599, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
| | - Yago García-Rodeja
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, Pau 64053 Cedex 09, France
| | - E. Daiann Sosa Carrizo
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, Pau 64053 Cedex 09, France
| | - Karinne Miqueu
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, UMR 5254, CNRS/Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, Hélioparc, 2 Avenue du Président Angot, Pau 64053 Cedex 09, France
| | - Ghenwa Bouhadir
- Laboratoire Hetérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée,
UMR 5069, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
| | - Didier Bourissou
- Laboratoire Hetérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée,
UMR 5069, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
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36
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Delcaillau T, Boehm P, Morandi B. Nickel-Catalyzed Reversible Functional Group Metathesis between Aryl Nitriles and Aryl Thioethers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3723-3728. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip Boehm
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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37
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Lee YH, Denton EH, Morandi B. Palladium-catalysed carboformylation of alkynes using acid chlorides as a dual carbon monoxide and carbon source. Nat Chem 2021; 13:123-130. [PMID: 33514937 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hydroformylation, a reaction that installs both a C-H bond and an aldehyde group across an unsaturated substrate, is one of the most important catalytic reactions in both industry and academia. Given the synthetic importance of creating new C-C bonds, the development of carboformylation reactions, wherein a new C-C bond is formed instead of a C-H bond, would bear enormous synthetic potential to rapidly increase molecular complexity in the synthesis of valuable aldehydes. However, the demanding complexity inherent in a four-component reaction, utilizing an exogenous CO source, has made the development of a direct carboformylation reaction a formidable challenge. Here, we describe a palladium-catalysed strategy that uses readily available aroyl chlorides as a carbon electrophile and CO source, in tandem with a sterically congested hydrosilane, to perform a stereoselective carboformylation of alkynes. An extension of this protocol to four chemodivergent carbonylations further highlights the creative opportunity offered by this strategy in carbonylation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Lee
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elliott H Denton
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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38
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Zgheib J, Arndtsen BA. Fragmentation and reassembly. Nat Chem 2021; 13:110-111. [PMID: 33514933 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Zgheib
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bruce A Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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39
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Roy SA, Zgheib J, Zhou C, Arndtsen BA. Palladium catalyzed synthesis of indolizines via the carbonylative coupling of bromopyridines, imines and alkynes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2251-2256. [PMID: 34163991 PMCID: PMC8179343 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03977b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein the development of a palladium-catalyzed, multicomponent synthesis of indolizines. The reaction proceeds via the carbonylative formation of a high energy, mesoionic pyridine-based 1,3-dipole, which can undergo spontaneous cycloaddition with alkynes. Overall, this provides a route to prepare indolizines in a modular fashion from combinations of commercially available or easily generated reagents: 2-bromopyridines, imines and alkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A Roy
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - José Zgheib
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Cuihan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Bruce A Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
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40
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Jafarpour F, Ghasemi M, Navid H, Safaie N, Rajai-Daryasarei S, Habibi A, Ferrier RC. Assembly of Indole Cores through a Palladium-Catalyzed Metathesis of Ar-X σ-Bonds. Org Lett 2020; 22:9556-9561. [PMID: 33290655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of a new method for construction of highly substituted indole scaffolds through the strategic utilizing of the metathesis of Ar-X σ-bonds based on the dynamic nature of palladium-based oxidative addition/reductive elimination. A suitable and simple catalytic system has provided an appropriate platform for a productive ligand exchange and consecutive carbopalladation/C-H activation/amination of phosphine ligands with alkynes and aromatic/aliphatic amines for construction of structurally diverse indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Jafarpour
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mehran Ghasemi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Hamed Navid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Niloofar Safaie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Saideh Rajai-Daryasarei
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Azizollah Habibi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Robert C Ferrier
- Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, 14155-6455 Tehran, Iran.,Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, No. 43. Mofateh Street, Enghelab Ave., 15719-14911 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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41
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Lee YH, Denton EH, Morandi B. Modular Cyclopentenone Synthesis through the Catalytic Molecular Shuffling of Unsaturated Acid Chlorides and Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20948-20955. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Lee
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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42
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Boehm P, Roediger S, Bismuto A, Morandi B. Palladium‐Catalyzed Chlorocarbonylation of Aryl (Pseudo)Halides Through In Situ Generation of Carbon Monoxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17887-17896. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Boehm
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Sven Roediger
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bismuto
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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43
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Boehm P, Roediger S, Bismuto A, Morandi B. Palladium‐Catalyzed Chlorocarbonylation of Aryl (Pseudo)Halides Through In Situ Generation of Carbon Monoxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Boehm
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Sven Roediger
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bismuto
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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44
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Liu Y, Kaiser AM, Arndtsen BA. Palladium catalyzed carbonylative generation of potent, pyridine-based acylating electrophiles for the functionalization of arenes to ketones. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8610-8616. [PMID: 34123121 PMCID: PMC8163404 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the design of a palladium catalyzed route to generate aryl ketones via the carbonylative coupling of (hetero)arenes and aryl- or vinyl-triflates. In this, the use of the large bite angle Xantphos ligand on palladium provides a unique avenue to balance the activation of the relatively strong C(sp2)–OTf bond with the ultimate elimination of a new class of potent Friedel–Crafts acylating agent: N-acyl pyridinium salts. The latter can be exploited to modulate reactivity and selectivity in carbonylative arene functionalization chemistry, and allow the efficient synthesis of ketones with a diverse array of (hetero)arenes. A palladium catalyzed approach to the overall carbonylative functionalization of arenes to form ketones with aryl- and vinyl-triflates is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Angela M Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Bruce A Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
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45
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Wu SQ, Zhang SQ, Hong X. Understanding the mechanism and reactivity of Pd-catalyzed C-P bond metathesis of aryl phosphines: a computational study. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5414-5419. [PMID: 32618317 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00719f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed single bond metathesis has recently emerged as a useful strategy for functional group transfer. In this work, we explored the mechanism and reactivity profile of Pd/PhI-cocatalyzed C-P bond metathesis between aryl phosphines using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The overall single bond metathesis involves two Pd(ii)-catalyzed C-P reductive eliminations and two Pd(0)-catalyzed C-P oxidative additions, which allows the reversible C-P bond cleavage and formation of the phosphonium cation. Distortion/interaction analysis indicates that the facile C-P bond cleavage and formation of the phosphonium cation are due to the involvement of coordinating aryl phosphine in the process. In addition, the substituent effects on the reaction kinetics and thermodynamics of metathesis were computed, which provides helpful mechanistic information for the design of related single bond metathesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Qi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. and State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, Hangzhou 310027, China
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46
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Matsushita K, Takise R, Muto K, Yamaguchi J. Ester dance reaction on the aromatic ring. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba7614. [PMID: 32832607 PMCID: PMC7439616 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba7614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic rearrangement reactions are useful tools in the organic chemist's toolbox when generating uncommon substitution patterns. However, it is difficult to precisely translocate a functional group in (hetero) arene systems, with the exception of halogen atoms in a halogen dance reaction. Here, we describe an unprecedented "ester dance" reaction: a predictable translocation of an ester group from one carbon atom to another on an aromatic ring. Specifically, a phenyl carboxylate substituent can be shifted from one carbon to an adjacent carbon on a (hetero) aromatic ring under palladium catalysis to often give a thermodynamically favored, regioisomeric product with modest to good conversions. The obtained ester moiety can be further converted to various aromatic derivatives through the use of classic and state-of-the-art transformations including amidation, acylations, and decarbonylative couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Matsushita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takise
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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47
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Bhawal BN, Reisenbauer JC, Ehinger C, Morandi B. Overcoming Selectivity Issues in Reversible Catalysis: A Transfer Hydrocyanation Exhibiting High Kinetic Control. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10914-10920. [PMID: 32478515 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reversible catalytic reactions operate under thermodynamic control, and thus, establishing a selective catalytic system poses a considerable challenge. Herein, we report a reversible transfer hydrocyanation protocol that exhibits high selectivity for the thermodynamically less favorable branched isomer. Selectivity is achieved by exploiting the lower barrier for C-CN oxidative addition and reductive elimination at benzylic positions in the absence of a cocatalytic Lewis acid. Through the design of a novel type of HCN donor, a practical, branched-selective, HCN-free transfer hydrocyanation was realized. The synthetically useful resolution of a mixture of branched and linear nitrile isomers was also demonstrated to underline the value of reversible and selective transfer reactions. In a broader context, this work demonstrates that high kinetic selectivity can be achieved in reversible transfer reactions, thus opening new horizons for their synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Bhawal
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Julia C Reisenbauer
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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48
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Li Y, Xiong W, Zhang Z, Xu T. Synthesis of Indolizine Derivatives Triggered by the Oxidative Addition of Aroyl Chloride to Pd(0) Complex. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6392-6399. [PMID: 32348132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of indolizine derivatives from propargylic pyridines and aroyl chlorides was developed. The 5-endo-dig cyclization was initiated by the in situ formed acylpalladium species from the facile oxidative addition of aroyl chloride to Pd(0) complex. This transformation successfully occurred in the presence of an N-nucleophilic moiety and acid chlorides, a good electrophilic partner, affording highly functionalized indolizines in good-to-excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Tongyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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49
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Torres GM, Liu Y, Arndtsen BA. A dual light-driven palladium catalyst: Breaking the barriers in carbonylation reactions. Science 2020; 368:318-323. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aba5901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo M. Torres
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Bruce A. Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
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50
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Marchese AD, Wollenburg M, Mirabi B, Abel-Snape X, Whyte A, Glorius F, Lautens M. Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Carbamoyl Iodination: A Surrogate for Carbamoyl Iodides. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin D. Marchese
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Marco Wollenburg
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bijan Mirabi
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Xavier Abel-Snape
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrew Whyte
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mark Lautens
- Department of Chemistry, Davenport Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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