1
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Yi Z, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Gao Y, Hou R, Zhang C, Kim Y, Xu W. Revealing the Influence of Molecular Chemisorption Direction on the Reaction Selectivity of Dehalogenative Coupling on Au(111): Polymerization versus Cyclization. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14640-14649. [PMID: 38761149 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The control of reaction selectivity is of great interest in chemistry and depends crucially on the revelation of key influencing factors. Based on well-defined molecule-substrate model systems, various influencing factors have been elucidated, focusing primarily on the molecular precursors and the underlying substrates themselves, while interfacial properties have recently been shown to be essential as well. However, the influence of molecular chemisorption direction on reaction selectivity, as a subtle interplay between molecules and underlying substrates, remains elusive. In this work, by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations, we report the influence of molecular chemisorption direction on the reaction selectivity of two types of dehalogenative coupling on Au(111), i.e., polymerization and cyclization, at the atomic level. The diffusion step of a reactive dehalogenated intermediate in two different chemisorption directions was theoretically revealed to be the key to determining the corresponding reaction selectivity. Our results highlight the important role of molecular chemisorption directions in regulating the on-surface dehalogenative coupling reaction pathways and products, which provides fundamental insights into the control of reaction selectivity by exploiting some subtle interfacial parameters in on-surface reactions for the fabrication of target low-dimensional carbon nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewei Yi
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Guo
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Rujia Hou
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
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2
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Sun K, Ishikawa A, Itaya R, Toichi Y, Yamakado T, Osuka A, Tanaka T, Sakamoto K, Kawai S. On-Surface Synthesis of Polyene-Linked Porphyrin Cooligomer. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13551-13559. [PMID: 38757371 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
π-Conjugated molecules are viewed as fundamental components in forthcoming molecular nanoelectronics in which semiconducting functional units are linked to each other via metallic molecular wires. However, it is still challenging to construct such block cooligomers on the surface. Here, we present a synthesis of [18]-polyene-linked Zn-porphyrin cooligomers via a two-step reaction of the alkyl groups on Cu(111) and Cu(110). Nonyl groups (-C9H19) substituted at the 5,15-meso positions of Zn-porphyrin were first transformed to alkenyl groups (-C9H10) by dehydrogenation. Subsequently, homocoupling of the terminal -CH2 groups resulted in the formation of extended [18]-polyene-linked porphyrin cooligomers. The structures of the products at each reaction step were investigated by bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy at low temperatures. A combination of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations revealed the metallic property of the all trans [18]-polyene linker on Cu(110). This finding may provide an approach to fabricate complex nanocarbon structures on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ishikawa
- Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ryota Itaya
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Toichi
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sakamoto
- Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Spintronics Research Network Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
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3
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Sun K, Kurki L, Silveira OJ, Nishiuchi T, Kubo T, Foster AS, Kawai S. On-Surface Synthesis of Silole and Disila-Cyclooctene Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401027. [PMID: 38415373 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The incorporation of Si atoms into organic compounds significantly increases a variety of functionality, facilitating further applications. Recently, on-surface synthesis was introduced into organosilicon chemistry as 1,4-disilabenzene bridged nanostructures were obtained via coupling between silicon atoms and brominated phenyl groups at the ortho position on Au(111). Here, we demonstrate a high generality of this strategy via syntheses of silole derivatives and nanoribbon structures with eight-membered sila-cyclic rings from dibrominated molecules at the bay and peri positions on Au(111), respectively. Their structures and electronic properties were investigated by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. This work demonstrates a great potential to deal with heavy group 14 elements in on-surface silicon chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Lauri Kurki
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box, 11100, Aalto, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Orlando J Silveira
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box, 11100, Aalto, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Adam S Foster
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box, 11100, Aalto, Espoo 00076, Finland
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
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4
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Yi ZY, Wang ZC, Li RN, Li ZH, Duan JJ, Yang XQ, Wang YQ, Chen T, Wang D, Wan LJ. Silver Surface-Assisted Dehydrobrominative Cross-Coupling between Identical Aryl Bromides. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38598684 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions represent an indispensable tool in chemical synthesis. An intriguing challenge in this field is to achieve selective cross-coupling between two precursors with similar reactivity or, to the limit, the identical molecules. Here we report an unexpected dehydrobrominative cross-coupling between 1,3,5-tris(2-bromophenyl)benzene molecules on silver surfaces. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, we examine the reaction process at the single-molecular level, quantify the selectivity of the dehydrobrominative cross-coupling, and reveal the modulation of selectivity by substrate lattice-related catalytic activity or molecular assembly effect. Theoretical calculations indicate that the dehydrobrominative cross-coupling proceeds via regioselective C-H bond activation of debrominated TBPB and subsequent highly selective C-C coupling of the radical-based intermediates. The reaction kinetics plays an important role in the selectivity for the cross-coupling. This work not only expands the toolbox for chemical synthesis but also provides important mechanistic insights into the selectivity of coupling reactions on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zi-Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruo-Ning Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Jie Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xue-Qing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yu-Qi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Fu B, Lu J, Geng J, Zhang Y, Sun S, Xiong W, Zhang Y, Niu G, Gao L, Cai J. On-surface synthesis of two types of cyano-substituted polyfluorene derivatives via Ullmann coupling on Au(111). NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 38436109 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06186h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Using 4-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzonitrile (DBCB) precursors, we successfully constructed two types of cyano-substituted polymers on Au(111) by the molecular beam epitaxy method. According to the geometry, the two polymers are referred to as w-type polymers composed of cis-dimers and z-type polymers composed of trans-dimers. The intermediate dimers and final polymers were well characterized by high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (HR-STM). Moreover, the productivities of these two polymers can be controlled by adjusting the heating rate and different treatment methods. High heating rates and hot deposition can provide more ample space and time for molecular diffusion, which is conducive to the formation of w-type polymers with relatively low density. In addition, by combining scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have shown that the addition of CN groups reduces the band gap of the two polymers. Our investigation thus shows the controllable construction of nanostructures through efficient surface synthesis parameters and reveals the potential of using functional groups as tools to modify the electronic properties of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Fu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Jianchen Lu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Jianqun Geng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Shijie Sun
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Wei Xiong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Gefei Niu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 727 Jingming South Road, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Jinming Cai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. 68 Wenchang Road, Kunming 650093, China.
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming, 650000, China
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6
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Zhao C, Bhagwandin DD, Xu W, Ruffieux P, Khan SI, Pignedoli CA, Fasel R, Rubin Y. Dramatic Acceleration of the Hopf Cyclization on Gold(111): From Enediynes to Peri-Fused Diindenochrysene Graphene Nanoribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2474-2483. [PMID: 38227949 PMCID: PMC10835731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Hopf et al. reported the high-temperature 6π-electrocyclization of cis-hexa-1,3-diene-5-yne to benzene in 1969. Subsequent studies using this cyclization have been limited by its very high reaction barrier. Here, we show that the reaction barrier for two model systems, (E)-1,3,4,6-tetraphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (1a) and (E)-3,4-bis(4-iodophenyl)-1,6-diphenyl-3-hexene-1,5-diyne (1b), is decreased by nearly half on a Au(111) surface. We have used scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) to monitor the Hopf cyclization of enediynes 1a,b on Au(111). Enediyne 1a undergoes two sequential, quantitative Hopf cyclizations, first to naphthalene derivative 2, and finally to chrysene 3. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that a gold atom from the Au(111) surface is involved in all steps of this reaction and that it is crucial to lowering the reaction barrier. Our findings have important implications for the synthesis of novel graphene nanoribbons. Ullmann-like coupling of enediyne 1b at 20 °C on Au(111), followed by a series of Hopf cyclizations and aromatization reactions at higher temperatures, produces nanoribbons 12 and 13. These results show for the first time that graphene nanoribbons can be synthesized on a Au(111) surface using the Hopf cyclization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiao Zhao
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Dayanni D Bhagwandin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Wangwei Xu
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Saeed I Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
| | - Carlo A Pignedoli
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yves Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles Young Dr. East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, United States
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7
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Xing L, Li J, Bai Y, Lin Y, Xiao L, Li C, Zhao D, Wang Y, Chen Q, Liu J, Wu K. Surface-confined alternating copolymerization with molecular precision by stoichiometric control. Nat Commun 2024; 15:666. [PMID: 38253587 PMCID: PMC10803352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Keen desires for artificial mimicry of biological polymers and property improvement of synthesized ones have triggered intensive explorations for sequence-controlled copolymerization. However, conventional synthesis faces great challenges to achieve this goal due to the strict requirements on reaction kinetics of comonomer pairs and tedious synthetic processes. Here, sequence-controlled alternating copolymerization with molecular precision is realized on surface. The stoichiometric control serves as a thermodynamic strategy to steer the polymerization selectivity, which enables the selective alternating organometallic copolymerization via intermolecular metalation of 4,4"-dibromo-p-terphenyl (P-Br) and 2,5-diethynyl-1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene (A-H) with Ag adatoms on Ag(111) at P-Br: A-H = 2, as verified by scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory studies. In contrast, homopolymerization yield increases as the stoichiometric ratio deviates from 2. The microscopic characterizations rationalize the mechanism, providing a delicate explanation of the stoichiometry-dependent polymerization. These findings pave a way to actualizing an efficient sequence control of copolymerization by surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Xing
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuchen Bai
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuxuan Lin
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lianghong Xiao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Changlin Li
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dahui Zhao
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Center for Carbon-based Electronics and Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Qiwei Chen
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Jing Liu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Kai Wu
- BNLMS, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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8
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Qin T, Guo D, Xiong J, Li X, Hu L, Yang W, Chen Z, Wu Y, Ding H, Hu J, Xu Q, Wang T, Zhu J. Synthesis of a Porous [14]Annulene Graphene Nanoribbon and a Porous [30]Annulene Graphene Nanosheet on Metal Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306368. [PMID: 37401637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The electrical and mechanical properties of graphene-based materials can be tuned by the introduction of nanopores, which are sensitively related to the size, morphology, density, and location of nanopores. The synthesis of low-dimensional graphene nanostructures containing well-defined nonplanar nanopores has been challenging due to the intrinsic steric hindrance. Herein, we report the selective synthesis of one-dimensional (1D) graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) containing periodic nonplanar [14]annulene pores on Ag(111) and two-dimensional (2D) porous graphene nanosheet containing periodic nonplanar [30]annulene pores on Au(111), starting from a same precursor. The formation of distinct products on the two substrates originates from the different thermodynamics and kinetics of coupling reactions. The reaction mechanisms were confirmed by a series of control experiments, and the appropriate thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for optimizing the reaction pathways were proposed. In addition, the combined scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the electronic structures of porous graphene structures, demonstrating the impact of nonplanar pores on the π-conjugation of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchen Qin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Dezhou Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Xiong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Lei Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Weishan Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Zijie Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yulun Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Honghe Ding
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Donostia International Physics Center, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
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9
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Sun K, Li D, Kaihara T, Minakata S, Takeda Y, Kawai S. On-surface synthesis of nitrogen-doped nanographene with an [18]annulene pore on Ag(111). Commun Chem 2023; 6:228. [PMID: 37863965 PMCID: PMC10589310 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is of importance to fabricate low dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials with atomic precision. Here, we synthesize nitrogen-doped nanographene with an [18]annulene pore and its dimer through sequential reactions of debromination, aryl-aryl coupling, cyclodehydrogenation and C-N coupling on Ag(111) from 3,12-dibromo-7,8-diaza[5]helicene. The inner structures of the products were characterized with scanning tunneling microscopy with a CO terminated tip at low temperature. Furthermore, the first four unoccupied electronic states of the nanographene were investigated with a combination of scanning tunneling spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Except for the LUMO + 2 state observed at +1.3 V, the electronic states at 500 mV, 750 mV and 1.9 V were attributed to the superatom molecular orbitals at the [18]annulene pore, which were significantly shifted towards the Fermi level due to the hybridization with the confined surface state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Donglin Li
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Segen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takahito Kaihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Segen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan.
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10
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Ghosh A, Orasugh JT, Ray SS, Chattopadhyay D. Prospects of 2D graphdiynes and their applications in desalination and wastewater remediation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:18568-18604. [PMID: 37346946 PMCID: PMC10281012 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01370g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Water is an indispensable part of human life that affects health and food intake. Water pollution caused by rapid industrialization, agriculture, and other human activities affects humanity. Therefore, researchers are prudent and cautious regarding the use of novel materials and technologies for wastewater remediation. Graphdiyne (GDY), an emerging 2D nanomaterial, shows promise in this direction. Graphdiyne has a highly symmetrical π-conjugated structure consisting of uniformly distributed pores; hence, it is favorable for applications such as oil-water separation and organic-pollutant removal. The acetylenic linkage in GDY can strongly interact with metal ions, rendering GDY applicable to heavy-metal adsorption. In addition, GDY membranes that exhibit 100% salt rejection at certain pressures are potential candidates for wastewater treatment and water reuse via desalination. This review provides deep insights into the structure, properties, and synthesis methods of GDY, owing to which it is a unique, promising material. In the latter half of the article, various applications of GDY in desalination and wastewater treatment have been detailed. Finally, the prospects of these materials have been discussed succinctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrija Ghosh
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta Kolkata-700009 India
| | - Jonathan Tersur Orasugh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Doorfontein Johannesburg 2028 South Africa
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg Doorfontein Johannesburg 2028 South Africa
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Dipankar Chattopadhyay
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta Kolkata-700009 India
- Center for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Sikhsha Prangan, University of Calcutta JD-2, Sector-III, Saltlake City Kolkata-700098 WB India
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11
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Xing GY, Zhu YC, Li DY, Liu PN. On-Surface Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4462-4470. [PMID: 37154541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as a bottom-up synthetic method, has been proven to be a powerful tool for atomically precise fabrication of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials over the past 15 years. This method relies on covalent coupling reactions that occur on solid substrates such as metal or metal oxide surfaces under ultra-high-vacuum conditions, and the achievements with this method have greatly enriched fundamental science and technology. However, due to the complicated reactivity of organic groups, distinct diffusion of reactants and intermediates, and irreversibility of covalent bonds, achieving the high selectivity of covalent coupling reactions on surfaces remains a great challenge. As a result, only a few on-surface covalent coupling reactions, mainly involving dehalogenation and dehydrogenation homocoupling, are frequently used in the synthesis of low-dimensional carbon nanosystems. In this Perspective, we focus on the development and synthetic applications of on-surface cross-coupling reactions, mainly Ullmann, Sonogashira, Heck, and divergent cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yan Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ya-Cheng Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Deng-Yuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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12
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Zhang X, Ding H, Yang S, Yang H, Yang X, Li B, Xing X, Sun Y, Gu G, Chen X, Gao J, Pan M, Chi L, Guo Q. Kinetic Controlled Chirality Transfer and Induction in 2D Hydrogen-Bonding Assemblies of Glycylglycine on Au(111). SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207111. [PMID: 36599616 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chirality transfer is of vital importance that dominates the structure and functionality of biological systems and living matters. External physical stimulations, e.g. polarized light and mechanical forces, can trigger the chirality symmetry breaking, leading to the appearance of the enantiomeric entities created from a chiral self-assembly of achiral molecule. Here, several 2D assemblies with different chirality, synthesized on Au(111) surface by using achiral building blocks - glycylglycine (digly), the simplest polypeptide are reported. By delicately tuning the kinetic factors, i.e., one-step slow/rapid deposition, or stepwise slow deposition with mild annealing, achiral square hydrogen-bond organic frameworks (HOF), homochiral rhombic HOF and racemic rectangular assembly are achieved, respectively. Chirality induction and related symmetry broken in assemblies are introduced by the handedness (H-bond configurations in principle) of the assembled motifs and then amplified to the entire assemblies via the interaction between motifs. The results show that the chirality transfer and induction of biological assemblies can be tuned by altering the kinetic factors instead of applying external forces, which may offer an in-depth understanding and practical approach to peptide chiral assembly on the surfaces and can further facilitate the design of desired complex biomolecular superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Haoxuan Ding
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Shu Yang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xiaoqing Yang
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Bosheng Li
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xueting Xing
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yaojie Sun
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guangxin Gu
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Xiaorui Chen
- School of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Jianzhi Gao
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Minghu Pan
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Quanmin Guo
- Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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13
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Wang T, Fan Q, Zhu J. Steering On-Surface Reactions by Kinetic and Thermodynamic Strategies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2251-2262. [PMID: 36821589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis has emerged as a powerful tool to fabricate various functional low-dimensional nanostructures with atomic precision, thus becoming a promising platform for the preparation of next-generation semiconductive, magnetic, and topological nanodevices. With the aid of scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy, both the chemical structures and physical properties of the obtained products can be well characterized. A major challenge in this field is how to efficiently steer reaction pathways and improve the yield/quality of products. To address this problem, in recent years various kinetic and thermodynamic strategies have been successfully employed to control on-surface reactions. In this Perspective, we discuss these strategies in view of basic reaction steps on surfaces, including molecular adsorption, diffusion, and reaction. We hope this Perspective will help readers to deepen the understanding of the mechanisms of on-surface reactions and rationally design reaction procedures for the fabrication of high-quality functional nanomaterials on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Qitang Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, and National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
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14
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Abstract
Belonging to the enyne family, enetriynes comprise a distinct electron-rich all-carbon bonding scheme. However, the lack of convenient synthesis protocols limits the associated application potential within, e.g., biochemistry and materials science. Herein we introduce a pathway for highly selective enetriyne formation via tetramerization of terminal alkynes on a Ag(100) surface. Taking advantage of a directing hydroxyl group, we steer molecular assembly and reaction processes on square lattices. Induced by O2 exposure the terminal alkyne moieties deprotonate and organometallic bis-acetylide dimer arrays evolve. Upon subsequent thermal annealing tetrameric enetriyne-bridged compounds are generated in high yield, readily self-assembling into regular networks. We combine high-resolution scanning probe microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to examine the structural features, bonding characteristics and the underlying reaction mechanism. Our study introduces an integrated strategy for the precise fabrication of functional enetriyne species, thus providing access to a distinct class of highly conjugated π-system compounds.
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15
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Kong H, Viergutz L, Liu L, Sandvoß A, Peng X, Klaasen H, Fuchs H, Studer A. Highly Selective On-Surface Reactions of Aryl Propiolic Acids via Decarboxylative Coupling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210997. [PMID: 36740777 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aryl propiolic acids are introduced as a new class of monomers in the field of on-surface chemistry to build up poly(arylenebutadiynylenes) through decarboxylative Glaser coupling. As compared to aryl alkynes that are routinely used in the on-surface Glaser coupling, it is found that the decarboxylative coupling occurs at slightly lower temperature and with excellent selectivity. Activation occurs through decarboxylation for the propiolic acids, whereas the classical Glaser coupling is achieved through alkyne CH activation, and this process shows poor selectivity. The efficiency of the decarboxylative coupling is documented by the successful polymerization of bis(propiolic acids) as monomers. It is also found that the new activation mode is compatible with aryl bromide functionalities, which allows the formation of unsymmetric metal-organic polymers on the surface by chemoselective sequential reactions. All transformations are analyzed by a scanning tunneling microscope and are further studied by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Kong
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Lena Viergutz
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lacheng Liu
- Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexander Sandvoß
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Xinchen Peng
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Henning Klaasen
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Fuchs
- Center for Nanotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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16
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Shang L, Gao W, Kang F, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Xu W. Real-space visualization of sequential debromination of polybrominated benzenes on Ag(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:704-707. [PMID: 36537623 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05876f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
By a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations, dehalogenation processes of symmetric polyhalogenated benzenes were explored on Ag(111), and a series of intermediate states were captured and visualized in real space. These results reveal a sequential dehalogenation scenario of symmetric polybrominated aromatics, which will broaden the understanding of on-surface dehalogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Shang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenze Gao
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
| | - Faming Kang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chi Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China.
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17
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18
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Zhang C, Kazuma E, Kim Y. Steering the Reaction Pathways of Terminal Alkynes by Introducing Oxygen Species: From C-C Coupling to C-H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10282-10290. [PMID: 35587810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective regulation of chemical reactions is crucial in chemistry. Oxygen, as a key reagent in ubiquitous oxidative chemistry, exhibits great potential in regulating molecular assemblies, and more importantly, chemical reactions in molecular systems supported by metal surfaces. However, the unique catalytic performance and reaction mechanisms of oxygen species remain elusive, which are essential for understanding reaction selection and regulation. In this study, by a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) imaging/manipulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we showed that the on-surface reaction pathways of terminal alkynes could be steered from C-C coupling to C-H activation with high selectivity by introducing O2 into the molecular system. The catalytic performance and reaction mechanisms of oxygen species were explored in the C-H activation processes, and both molecular O2 and atomic O could efficiently steer the reaction pathways. These results would provide a fundamental understanding of interfacial catalytic reaction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Interdisciplinary Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Caoan Road 4800, Shanghai 201804, People's Republic of China
| | - Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yousoo Kim
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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19
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Ji P, Dettmann D, Liu YH, Berti G, Preetha Genesh N, Cui D, MacLean O, Perepichka DF, Chi L, Rosei F. Tandem Desulfurization/C-C Coupling Reaction of Tetrathienylbenzenes on Cu(111): Synthesis of Pentacene and an Exotic Ladder Polymer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6506-6514. [PMID: 35363486 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface-confined reactions represent a powerful approach for the precise synthesis of low-dimensional organic materials. A complete understanding of the pathways of surface reactions would enable the rational synthesis of a wide range of molecules and polymers. Here, we report different reaction pathways of tetrathienylbenzene (T1TB) and its extended congener tetrakis(dithienyl)benzene (T2TB) on Cu(111), investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Both T1TB and T2TB undergo desulfurization when deposited on Cu(111) at room temperature. Deposition of T1TB at 453 K yields pentacene through desulfurization, hydrogen transfer, and a cascade of intramolecular cyclization. In contrast, for T2TB the intramolecular cyclization stops at anthracene and the following intermolecular C-C coupling produces a conjugated ladder polymer. We show that tandem desulfurization/C-C coupling provides a versatile approach for growing carbon-based nanostructures on metal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Dominik Dettmann
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - Ying-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Giulia Berti
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Navathej Preetha Genesh
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Daling Cui
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Oliver MacLean
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, P.R. China
| | - Dmytro F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, Québec J3X 1P7, Canada
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20
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On-Surface Synthesis of sp-Carbon Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 12:nano12010137. [PMID: 35010087 PMCID: PMC8746520 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The on-surface synthesis of carbon nanostructures has attracted tremendous attention owing to their unique properties and numerous applications in various fields. With the extensive development of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscope (nc-AFM), the on-surface fabricated nanostructures so far can be characterized on atomic and even single-bond level. Therefore, various novel low-dimensional carbon nanostructures, challenging to traditional solution chemistry, have been widely studied on surfaces, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, graphene nanoribbons, nanoporous graphene, and graphyne/graphdiyne-like nanostructures. In particular, nanostructures containing sp-hybridized carbons are of great advantage for their structural linearity and small steric demands as well as intriguing electronic and mechanical properties. Herein, the recent developments of low-dimensional sp-carbon nanostructures fabricated on surfaces will be summarized and discussed.
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21
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Zeng Z, Guo D, Wang T, Chen Q, Matěj A, Huang J, Han D, Xu Q, Zhao A, Jelínek P, de Oteyza DG, McEwen JS, Zhu J. Chemisorption-Induced Formation of Biphenylene Dimer on Ag(111). J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:723-732. [PMID: 34964646 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report an example that demonstrates the clear interdependence between surface-supported reactions and molecular-adsorption configurations. Two biphenyl-based molecules with two and four bromine substituents, i.e., 2,2'-dibromobiphenyl (DBBP) and 2,2',6,6'-tetrabromo-1,1'-biphenyl (TBBP), show completely different reaction pathways on a Ag(111) surface, leading to the selective formation of dibenzo[e,l]pyrene and biphenylene dimer, respectively. By combining low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, we unravel the underlying reaction mechanism. After debromination, a biradical biphenyl can be stabilized by surface Ag adatoms, while a four-radical biphenyl undergoes spontaneous intramolecular annulation due to its extreme instability on Ag(111). Such different chemisorption-induced precursor states between DBBP and TBBP consequently lead to different reaction pathways after further annealing. In addition, using bond-resolving scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we determine with atomic precision the bond-length alternation of the biphenylene dimer product, which contains 4-, 6-, and 8-membered rings. The 4-membered ring units turn out to be radialene structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Dezhou Guo
- The Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China.,Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Qifan Chen
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Adam Matěj
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Aidi Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jean-Sabin McEwen
- The Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
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22
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Garcia J, Eichwald J, Zesiger J, Beng TK. Leveraging the 1,3-azadiene-anhydride reaction for the synthesis of functionalized piperidines bearing up to five contiguous stereocenters. RSC Adv 2021; 12:309-318. [PMID: 35424477 PMCID: PMC8978715 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07390g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A modular and scalable strategy, which remodels 3-methylglutaric anhydride to 2-oxopiperidines bearing at least three contiguous stereocenters is described. The approach relies on the chemoselective and stereocontrolled annulation of 1,3-azadienes with the anhydride component. The resulting acid-tethered allylic 2-oxopiperidines are then engaged in several selective fragment growth processes, including catalytic denitrative alkenylation, halolactonization, and Vilsmeier–Haack functionalization. A modular and scalable strategy, which converts 3-methylglutaric anhydride to 2-oxopiperidines bearing at least three contiguous stereocenters is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University Ellensburg WA 98926 USA
| | - Jane Eichwald
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University Ellensburg WA 98926 USA
| | - Jayme Zesiger
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University Ellensburg WA 98926 USA
| | - Timothy K Beng
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University Ellensburg WA 98926 USA
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23
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Dettmann D, Galeotti G, MacLean O, Tomellini M, Di Giovannantonio M, Lipton-Duffin J, Verdini A, Floreano L, Fagot-Revurat Y, Perepichka DF, Rosei F, Contini G. Identification of Topotactic Surface-Confined Ullmann-Polymerization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103044. [PMID: 34477325 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
On-surface Ullmann coupling is an established method for the synthesis of 1D and 2D organic structures. A key limitation to obtaining ordered polymers is the uncertainty in the final structure for coupling via random diffusion of reactants over the substrate, which leads to polymorphism and defects. Here, a topotactic polymerization on Cu(110) in a series of differently-halogenated para-phenylenes is identified, where the self-assembled organometallic (OM) reactants of diiodobenzene couple directly into a single, deterministic product, whereas the other precursors follow a diffusion driven reaction. The topotactic mechanism is the result of the structure of the iodine on Cu(110), which controls the orientation of the OM reactants and intermediates to be the same as the final polymer chains. Temperature-programmed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and kinetic modeling reflect the differences in the polymerization regimes, and the effects of the OM chain alignments and halogens are disentangled by Nudged Elastic Band calculations. It is found that the repulsion or attraction between chains and halogens drive the polymerization to be either diffusive or topotactic. These results provide detailed insights into on-surface reaction mechanisms and prove the possibility of harnessing topotactic reactions in surface-confined Ullmann polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dettmann
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Department, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - Gianluca Galeotti
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Department, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Oliver MacLean
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Department, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, 130103, P. R. China
| | - Massimo Tomellini
- Department of Chemistry, University Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133, Italy
| | - Josh Lipton-Duffin
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001 QLD, Australia
| | - Alberto Verdini
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S.S. 14, km 163.5, Trieste, I-34149, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, S.S. 14, km 163.5, Trieste, I-34149, Italy
| | - Yannick Fagot-Revurat
- Institut Jean Lamour Campus ARTEM UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 2 allée André Guinier, BP 50840, Nancy, 54011, France
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Department, 1650 Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, J3X1S2, Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - Giorgio Contini
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Roma, 00133, Italy
- Department of Physics, University Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, 00133, Italy
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24
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Sun K, Sagisaka K, Peng L, Watanabe H, Xu F, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Okuda Y, Orita A, Kawai S. Head-to-Tail Oligomerization by Silylene-Tethered Sonogashira Coupling on Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19598-19603. [PMID: 33955126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a powerful method for the fabrication of π-conjugated nanomaterials. Herein, we demonstrate chemoselective Sonogashira coupling between (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl and chlorophenyl groups in silylethynyl- and chloro-substituted partially fluorinated phenylene ethynylenes (SiCPFPEs) on Ag(111). The desilylative Sonogashira coupling occurred with high chemoselectivity up to 75 %, while the competing Ullmann and desilylative Glaser homocoupling reactions were suppressed. A combination of bond-resolved scanning tunneling microscopy/atomic force microscopy (STM/AFM) and DFT calculations revealed that the oligomers were obtained by the formation of intermolecular silylene tethers (-Me2 Si-) through CH3 -Si bond activation at 130 °C and subsequent elimination of the tethers at an elevated temperature of 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sagisaka
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Lifen Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan.,Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, 411201, China
| | - Hikaru Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization, National Institute for Materials Science, Sengen 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8571, Japan
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25
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Han D, Zhu J. Surface-assisted fabrication of low-dimensional carbon-based nanoarchitectures. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:343001. [PMID: 34111858 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0a1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis, as an alternative to traditional in-solution synthesis, has become an emerging research field and attracted extensive attention over the past decade due to its ability to fabricate nanoarchitectures with exotic properties. Compared to wet chemistry, the on-surface synthesis conducted on atomically flat solid surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum exhibits unprecedented characteristics and advantages, opening novel reaction pathways for chemical synthesis. Various low-dimensional nanostructures have been fabricated on solid surfaces (mostly metal surfaces) based on this newly developed approach. This paper reviews the classic and latest works regarding carbon-based low-dimensional nanostructures since the arrival of on-surface synthesis era. These nanostructures are categorized into zero-, one- and two-dimensional classes and each class is composed of numerous sub-nanostructures. For certain specific nanostructures, comprehensive reports are given, including precursor design, substrate choice, synthetic strategies and so forth. We hope that our review will shed light on the fabrication of some significant nanostructures in this young and promising scientific area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, People's Republic of China
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26
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Sun K, Sagisaka K, Peng L, Watanabe H, Xu F, Pawlak R, Meyer E, Okuda Y, Orita A, Kawai S. Head‐to‐Tail Oligomerization by Silylene‐Tethered Sonogashira Coupling on Ag(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Sun
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Keisuke Sagisaka
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Lifen Peng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan Hunan 411201 China
| | - Hikaru Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Rémy Pawlak
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Ernst Meyer
- Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Yasuhiro Okuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Akihiro Orita
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology Okayama University of Science 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku Okayama 700-0005 Japan
| | - Shigeki Kawai
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science Sengen 1-2-1 Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba 305-8571 Japan
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27
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Li L, Mahapatra S, Liu D, Lu Z, Jiang N. On-Surface Synthesis and Molecular Engineering of Carbon-Based Nanoarchitectures. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3578-3585. [PMID: 33606498 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis via covalent coupling of adsorbed precursor molecules on metal surfaces has emerged as a promising strategy for the design and fabrication of novel organic nanoarchitectures with unique properties and potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, spintronics, catalysis, etc. Surface-chemistry-driven molecular engineering (i.e., bond cleavage, linkage, and rearrangement) by means of thermal activation, light irradiation, and tip manipulation plays critical roles in various on-surface synthetic processes, as exemplified by the work from the Ernst group in a prior issue of ACS Nano. In this Perspective, we highlight recent advances in and discuss the outlook for on-surface syntheses and molecular engineering of carbon-based nanoarchitectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Dairong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Zhongyi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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28
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Lawrence J, Mohammed MSG, Rey D, Aguilar-Galindo F, Berdonces-Layunta A, Peña D, de Oteyza DG. Reassessing Alkyne Coupling Reactions While Studying the Electronic Properties of Diverse Pyrene Linkages at Surfaces. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4937-4946. [PMID: 33630588 PMCID: PMC7992190 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of alkyne and halogen functional groups in the same molecule allows for the possibility of many different reactions when utilized in on-surface synthesis. Here, we use a pyrene-based precursor with both functionalities to examine the preferential reaction pathway when it is heated on an Au(111) surface. Using high-resolution bond-resolving scanning tunneling microscopy, we identify multiple stable intermediates along the prevailing reaction pathway that initiate with a clearly dominant Glaser coupling, together with a multitude of other side products. Importantly, control experiments with reactants lacking the halogen functionalization reveal the Glaser coupling to be absent and instead show the prevalence of non-dehydrogenative head-to-head alkyne coupling. We perform scanning tunneling spectroscopy on a rich variety of the product structures obtained in these experiments, providing key insights into the strong dependence of their HOMO-LUMO gaps on the nature of the intramolecular coupling. A clear trend is found of a decreasing gap that is correlated with the conversion of triple bonds to double bonds via hydrogenation and to higher levels of cyclization, particularly with nonbenzenoid product structures. We rationalize each of the studied cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lawrence
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- (J.L.)
| | - Mohammed S. G. Mohammed
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dulce Rey
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- (D.P.)
| | - Dimas G. de Oteyza
- Donostia
International Physics Center, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- (D.G.d.O.)
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29
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Huang J, Pan Y, Wang T, Cui S, Feng L, Han D, Zhang W, Zeng Z, Li X, Du P, Wu X, Zhu J. Topology Selectivity in On-Surface Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction: Dendritic Structure versus Porous Graphene Nanoribbon. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4617-4626. [PMID: 33591725 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Selective control on the topology of low-dimensional covalent organic nanostructures in on-surface synthesis has been challenging. Herein, with combined scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we report a successful topology-selective coupling reaction on the Cu(111) surface by tuning the thermal annealing procedure. The precursor employed is 1,3,5-tris(2-bromophenyl)benzene (TBPB), for which Ullmann coupling is impeded due to the intermolecular steric hindrance. Instead, its chemisorption on the Cu(111) substrate has triggered the ortho C-H bond activation and the following dehydrogenative coupling at room temperature (RT). In the slow annealing experimental procedure, the monomers have been preorganized by their self-assembly at RT, which enhances the formation of dendritic structures upon further annealing. However, the chaotic chirality of dimeric products (obtained at RT) and hindrance from dense molecular island make the fabrication of high-quality porous two-dimensional nanostructures difficult. In sharp contrast, direct deposition of TBPB molecules on a hot surface led to the formation of ordered porous graphene nanoribbons and nanoflakes, which is confirmed to be the energetically favorable reaction pathway through density functional theory-based thermodynamic calculations and control experiments. This work demonstrates that different thermal treatments could have a significant influence on the topology of covalent products in on-surface synthesis and presents an example of the negative effect of molecular self-assembly to the ordered covalent nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Yu Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Shengsheng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwen Zeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Xingyu Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
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30
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Yang Z, Sander T, Gebhardt J, Schaub TA, Schönamsgruber J, Soni HR, Görling A, Kivala M, Maier S. Metalated Graphyne-Based Networks as Two-Dimensional Materials: Crystallization, Topological Defects, Delocalized Electronic States, and Site-Specific Doping. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16887-16896. [PMID: 33238103 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphyne-based two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotropes feature extraordinary physical properties; however, their synthesis as crystalline single-layered materials has remained challenging. We report on the fabrication of large-area organometallic Ag-bis-acetylide networks and their structural and electronic properties on Ag(111) using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The metalated graphyne-based networks are robust at room temperature and assembled in a bottom-up approach via surface-assisted dehalogenative homocoupling of terminal alkynyl bromides. Large-area networks of several hundred nanometers with topological defects at domain boundaries are obtained due to the Ag-acetylide bonds' reversible nature. The thermodynamically controlled growth mechanism is explained through the direct observation of intermediates, which differ on Ag(111) and Au(111). Scanning tunneling spectroscopy resolved unoccupied states delocalized across the network. The energy of these states can be shifted locally by the attachment of a different number of Br atoms within the network. DFT revealed that free-standing metal-bis-acetylide networks are semimetals with a linear band dispersion around several high-symmetry points, which suggest the presence of Weyl points. These results demonstrate that the organometallic Ag-bis-acetylide networks feature the typical 2D material properties, which make them of great interest for fundamental studies and electronic materials in devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechao Yang
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim Sander
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Gebhardt
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias A Schaub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schönamsgruber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Himadri R Soni
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Straße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Unique Cation Exchange in Nanocrystal Matrix via Surface Vacancy Engineering Overcoming Chemical Kinetic Energy Barriers. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Shu CH, He Y, Zhang RX, Chen JL, Wang A, Liu PN. Atomic-Scale Visualization of Stepwise Growth Mechanism of Metal-Alkynyl Networks on Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16579-16586. [PMID: 32900189 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the most appealing topics in the study of metal-organic networks is the growth mechanism. However, its study is still considered a significant challenge. Herein, using scanning tunneling microscopy, the growth mechanisms of metal-alkynyl networks on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces were investigated at the atomic scale. During the reaction of 1,3,5-tris(chloroethynyl)benzene on Ag(111), honeycomb Ag-alkynyl networks formed at 393 K, and only short chain intermediates were observed. By contrast, the same precursor formed honeycomb Au-alkynyl networks on Au(111) at 503 K. Progression annealing led to a stepwise evolution process, in which the sequential activation of three Cl-alkynyl bonds led to the formation of dimers, zigzag chains, and novel chiral networks as the intermediates. Moreover, density functional theory calculations indicate that chlorine atoms are crucial in assisting the breakage of metal-alkynyl bonds to form Cl-metal-alkynyl, which guarantees the reversibility of the break/formation equilibration as the key to forming regular large-scale organometallic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Shu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yan He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Ruo-Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Le Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - An Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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33
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Shi G, Zhou J, Li Z, Sun Y, Kantorovich LN, Fang Q, Besenbacher F, Yu M. Graphene‐Like Covalent Organic Framework with a Wide Band Gap Synthesized On Surface via Stepwise Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Ye Sun
- Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Lev N. Kantorovich
- Department of Physics King's College London The Strand London WC2R 2LS UK
| | - Qiang Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy Aarhus University Aarhus 8000 Denmark
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
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34
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Shi G, Zhou J, Li Z, Sun Y, Kantorovich LN, Fang Q, Besenbacher F, Yu M. Graphene-Like Covalent Organic Framework with a Wide Band Gap Synthesized On Surface via Stepwise Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15958-15962. [PMID: 32516498 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Developing graphene-like two-dimensional materials naturally possessing a band gap has sparked enormous interest. Thanks to the inherent wide band gap and high mobility in the 2D plane, covalent organic frameworks containing triazine rings (t-COFs) hold great promise in this regard, whilst the synthesis of single-layer t-COFs remains highly challenging. Herein, we present the fabrication of a well-defined graphene-like t-COF on Au(111). Instead of single/multiple-step single-type reactions commonly applied for on-surface synthesis, distinct stepwise on-surface reactions, including alkynyl cyclotrimerization, C-O bond cleavage, and C-H bond activation, are triggered on demand, leading to product evolution in a controlled step-by-step manner. Aside from the precise control in sophisticated on-surface synthesis, this work proposes a single-atomic-layer organic semiconductor with a wide band gap of 3.41 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Junfeng Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Condensed Matter Science and Technology Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Lev N Kantorovich
- Department of Physics, King's College London, The Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Qiang Fang
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Miao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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35
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Wang T, Pan Y, Zhang W, Lawrence J, Mohammed MSG, Huang J, Feng L, Berdonces-Layunta A, Han D, Xu Q, Wu X, Tait SL, de Oteyza DG, Zhu J. On-Surface Synthesis of a Five-Membered Carbon Ring from a Terminal Alkynyl Bromide: A [4 + 1] Annulation. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5902-5907. [PMID: 32633516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report an on-surface synthesis of five-membered carbon ring via a [4 + 1] annulation reaction, starting from a simple terminal alkynyl bromide, 4-(bromoethynyl)biphenyl, on Ag(110). The combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy (SRPES), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations unravel the reaction pathway and mechanism. Three basic reaction steps are involved, successively including the formation of alkynyl-Ag-alkynyl bridged organometallic dimer, the generation of alkylidene carbene intermediate, and the final [4 + 1] annulation involving a hydrogen transfer step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Yu Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - James Lawrence
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Mohammed S G Mohammed
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Alejandro Berdonces-Layunta
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P.R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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36
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Yang Z, Fromm L, Sander T, Gebhardt J, Schaub TA, Görling A, Kivala M, Maier S. On-Surface Assembly of Hydrogen- and Halogen-Bonded Supramolecular Graphyne-Like Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9549-9555. [PMID: 32126147 PMCID: PMC7318139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Demonstrated here is a supramolecular approach to fabricate highly ordered monolayered hydrogen‐ and halogen‐bonded graphyne‐like two‐dimensional (2D) materials from triethynyltriazine derivatives on Au(111) and Ag(111). The 2D networks are stabilized by N⋅⋅⋅H−C(sp) bonds and N⋅⋅⋅Br−C(sp) bonds to the triazine core. The structural properties and the binding energies of the supramolecular graphynes have been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy in combination with density‐functional theory calculations. It is revealed that the N⋅⋅⋅Br−C(sp) bonds lead to significantly stronger bonded networks compared to the hydrogen‐bonded networks. A systematic analysis of the binding energies of triethynyltriazine and triethynylbenzene derivatives further demonstrates that the X3‐synthon, which is commonly observed for bromobenzene derivatives, is weaker than the X6‐synthon for our bromotriethynyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechao Yang
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim Sander
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Gebhardt
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter Department, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias A Schaub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Chair of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Yang Z, Fromm L, Sander T, Gebhardt J, Schaub TA, Görling A, Kivala M, Maier S. On‐Surface Assembly of Hydrogen‐ and Halogen‐Bonded Supramolecular Graphyne‐Like Networks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zechao Yang
- Department of PhysicsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Chair of Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Tim Sander
- Department of PhysicsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julian Gebhardt
- Chair of Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter Department 22761 Hamburg Germany
| | - Tobias A. Schaub
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Chair of Theoretical ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department of PhysicsFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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38
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Ishii A, Shiotari A, Sugimoto Y. Quality control of on-surface-synthesised seven-atom wide armchair graphene nanoribbons. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6651-6657. [PMID: 32175533 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10942k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis is a powerful method for fabricating atomically precise graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), but the products always include defective structures. In this study, scanning tunnelling microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to determine the length distribution of armchair-edge GNRs with a width of seven carbon atoms (7-AGNRs) synthesised on Au(111) and to characterise defective structures. The product quality was improved by increasing the precursor deposition amount because of a preference for intermolecular polymerisation over intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation at a high coverage. However, the annealing rate had a complex effect on the quality, with a low rate elongating 7-AGNRs but degenerating the length uniformity. These insights advance the understanding of the critical parameters for obtaining high-quality products in high yield by on-surface synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Ishii
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, 277-8561 Kashiwa, Japan.
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39
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Sun W, Shi X, Chen C, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Zhu B. Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization/Alkynylation of Alkene‐Tethered Carbamoyl Chlorides with Terminal Alkynes: Synthesis of Alkyne‐Functionalized Oxindoles. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of ChemistryTianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of ChemistryTianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of ChemistryTianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Ping Zhu
- School of Pharmacy Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation Ministry of Education Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of ShandongYantai University Shandong Yantai 264005 P. R. China
| | - Zhengyu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of ChemistryTianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
| | - Bolin Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of ChemistryTianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
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40
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Zhou L, Li S, Xu B, Ji D, Wu L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang J. Enantioselective Difunctionalization of Alkenes by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Heck/Sonogashira Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2769-2775. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Sanliang Li
- Department of ChemistryFudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Bing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Danting Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Lizuo Wu
- College of Chemistry and Life ScienceAdvanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of Technology Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life ScienceAdvanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of Technology Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhan‐Ming Zhang
- Department of ChemistryFudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of ChemistryFudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
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41
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Zhou W, Shen H, Zeng Y, Yi Y, Zuo Z, Li Y, Li Y. Controllable Synthesis of Graphdiyne Nanoribbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Han Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zicheng Zuo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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42
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Zhou W, Shen H, Zeng Y, Yi Y, Zuo Z, Li Y, Li Y. Controllable Synthesis of Graphdiyne Nanoribbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4908-4913. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Han Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zicheng Zuo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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43
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Schultz JF, Yang B, Jiang N. Direct observation of the geometric isomer selectivity of a reaction controlled via adsorbed bromine. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2726-2731. [PMID: 31950967 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Methods to improve the specificity of stereoselective reactions are paramount to the viability of reaction-based processes. Surface-bound methods are a powerful means to carry out reactions with selectivity in the pursuit of specific products or nanoarchitectures through bottom-up assembly. The Ullmann-like coupling reaction has come to represent one of the most useful methods to form two-dimensional structures through covalent couplings of aromatic molecules following the dissociation of an aryl carbon-halide bond. The leaving halogen atoms are proven to remain adsorbed on the surface and can be deleterious to the fabrication of larger conjugated superstructures. However, on Au(100) we have found the leaving halogen atoms generate a new adsorbate surface that leads to geometric isomer selectivity compared to the unmodified metal surface. The covalent coupling of 3,6-dibromo-phenanthrenequinone (DBPQ) was studied and leaving bromine atoms were found to form self-assembled islands and modify the reconstruction of Au(100). Subsequently, the coupling reaction yielded total selectivity towards a radical trans dimer when surrounded by bromine atoms, while only cis dimers were observed on the undecorated Au surface. This selectivity induced by bromine networks on the surface ultimately results in another potent way to control the stereoselectivity of surface-bound coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
| | - Bing Yang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
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44
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Sedona F, Fakhrabadi MMS, Carlotto S, Mohebbi E, De Boni F, Casalini S, Casarin M, Sambi M. On-surface synthesis of extended linear graphyne molecular wires by protecting the alkynyl group. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12180-12186. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01634a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report on the use of an Ullmann-like aryl halide homocoupling reaction to obtain long Graphyne Molecular Wires (GY MWs) organized in dense, ordered arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sedona
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università Degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | | | - Silvia Carlotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università Degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Elaheh Mohebbi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università Degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Francesco De Boni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università Degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Stefano Casalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università Degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Maurizio Casarin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università Degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
| | - Mauro Sambi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- Università Degli Studi di Padova
- 35131 Padova
- Italy
- Consorzio INSTM
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45
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Beng TK, Farah AO, Shearer V. Modular synthesis and transition metal-free alkynylation/alkenylation of Castagnoli–Cushman-derived N, O- and N, S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides. RSC Adv 2020; 10:37153-37160. [PMID: 35521247 PMCID: PMC9057152 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06619b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A modular and functional group-tolerant protocol for the transition metal-free coupling of novel N,O- and N,S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides with terminal acetylenes and styrenes has been developed, leading to the epimerization-free synthesis of fully carbofunctionalized dihydro-1,4-oxazines/thiazines. Bicyclic morpholines have also been prepared through the interrogation of newly synthesized cross-conjugated dienes in Diels–Alder reactions. The use of environmentally benign reaction media endows the current strategy with a practical advantage. A functional group-tolerant and transition metal-free coupling of novel N,O- and N,S-heterocyclic vinyl chlorides, which affords fully carbosubstituted dihydro-1,4-oxazines/thiazines as well as bicyclic morpholines, is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Washington University
- Ellensburg
- USA
| | | | - Victoria Shearer
- Department of Chemistry
- Central Washington University
- Ellensburg
- USA
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46
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Shuttling Catalyst: Facilitating C−C Bond Formation via Cross‐Couplings with a Thermoresponsive Polymeric Ligand. Isr J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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Zhou L, Li S, Xu B, Ji D, Wu L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang J. Enantioselective Difunctionalization of Alkenes by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Heck/Sonogashira Sequence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Sanliang Li
- Department of ChemistryFudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Bing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Danting Ji
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Lizuo Wu
- College of Chemistry and Life ScienceAdvanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of Technology Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life ScienceAdvanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of Technology Changchun 130012 China
| | - Zhan‐Ming Zhang
- Department of ChemistryFudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Department of ChemistryFudan University 2005 Songhu Road Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical ProcessesSchool of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University Shanghai 200062 China
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48
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Chen Z, Lin T, Li H, Cheng F, Su C, Loh KP. Hydrogen bond guided synthesis of close-packed one-dimensional graphdiyne on the Ag(111) surface. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10849-10852. [PMID: 32055387 PMCID: PMC7003942 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aided by hydrogen bonding, alkyne and oxazole functionalized precursors undergo uniform self-assembly, which serves as a template for the fabrication of one-dimensional graphdiyne-like wires on the Ag(111) surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology , International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education , Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China . .,Department of Chemistry , Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Tao Lin
- College of New Materials and New Energies , Shenzhen Technology University , Shenzhen 518118 , China
| | - Haohan Li
- Department of Chemistry , Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Fang Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore .
| | - Chenliang Su
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology , International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education , Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China .
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology , International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education , Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , 518060 , China . .,Department of Chemistry , Centre for Advanced 2D Materials (CA2DM) , National University of Singapore , 3 Science Drive 3 , Singapore 117543 , Singapore .
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49
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Zhang L, Zhang YQ, Chen Z, Lin T, Paszkiewicz M, Hellwig R, Huang T, Ruben M, Barth JV, Klappenberger F. On-Surface Activation of Trimethylsilyl-Terminated Alkynes on Coinage Metal Surfaces. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2382-2393. [PMID: 31120616 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The controlled attachment of protecting groups combined with the ability to selectively abstract them is central to organic synthesis. The trimethylsilyl (TMS) functional group is a popular protecting group in solution. However, insights on its activation behavior under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and surface-confined conditions are scarce. Here we investigate a series of TMS-protected alkyne precursors via scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) regarding their compatibility with organic molecular beam epitaxy (OMBE) and their potential deprotection on various coinage metal surfaces. After in-situ evaporation on the substrates held in UHV at room temperature, we find that all molecules arrived and adsorbed as intact units forming ordered supramolecular aggregates stabilized by non-covalent interactions. Thus, TMS-functionalized alkyne precursors with weights up to 1100 atomic mass units are stable against OMBE evaporation in UHV. Furthermore, the TMS activation through thermal annealing is investigated with STM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We observe that deprotection starts to occur between 400 K and 500 K on the copper and gold surfaces, respectively. In contrast, on silver surfaces, the TMS-alkyne bond remains stable up to temperatures where molecular desorption sets in (≈600 K). Hence, TMS functional groups can be utilized as leaving groups on copper and gold surfaces while they serve as protecting groups on silver surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liding Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yi-Qi Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Zhi Chen
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Tao Lin
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany.,College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, 518118, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mateusz Paszkiewicz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Raphael Hellwig
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tianjiao Huang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Département des Matériaux Organiques (DMO), Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), 67034, Strasbourg, France
| | - Johannes V Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Klappenberger
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748, Garching, Germany
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50
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Huang J, Jia H, Wang T, Feng L, Du P, Zhu J. Kinetic Control over Morphology of Nanoporous Graphene on Surface. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2327-2332. [PMID: 31264361 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
On-surface synthesis of high-quality nanoporous graphene (NPG) for application in nanotechnology and nanodevices remains challenging. Rational design of molecular precursors and proper kinetic control over the reaction process are the two key factors to tune the synthesis. Herein, we report a detailed study of the coupling reactions of a planar halogen-substituted nanographene molecular precursor, hexaiodo-peri-hexabenzocoronene (I6 -HBC), on the Au(111) surface in the synthesis of NPG. The influence of three basic kinetic processes - molecular adsorption, migration, and coupling - on the synthesis was investigated. The results show that the HBC molecules deposited at low temperature predominantly desorb from the Au(111) surface during the annealing process, whereas depositing the precursor molecules onto a hot surface (700 K) can lead to the formation of NPG. However, at such a high surface temperature, simultaneous intermolecular dehydrogenative coupling between HBC monomers can hinder the ordered growth of NPG through Ullmann coupling. Moreover, the deposition rate of the precursors greatly influences the growth morphology of the NPG nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hongxing Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Lin Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029 and Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
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