1
|
Bahari M, Jing Y, Jin S, Goulet MA, Tsukamoto T, Gordon RG, Aziz MJ. 200-Fold Lifetime Extension of 2,6- Dihydroxyanthraquinone Electrolyte during Flow Battery Operation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:52144-52152. [PMID: 39314015 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
We study the capacity fade rate of a flow battery utilizing 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ) and its dependence on hydroxide concentration, state of charge, cutoff voltages for the discharge step and for the electrochemical regeneration (oxidation of decomposition compounds back to active species) step, and the period of performing the electrochemical regeneration events. Our observations confirm that the first decomposition product, 2,6-dihydroxyanthrone (DHA), is stable, but after electro-oxidative dimerization, the anthrone dimer decomposes. We identify conditions for which there is little time after dimerization until the dimer is rapidly reoxidized electrochemically to form DHAQ. Combining these approaches, we decrease the fade rate to 0.02%/day, which is 18 times lower than the lowest rate reported previously of 0.38%/day, and over 200 times lower than the value under standard cycling conditions of 4.3%/day. The findings and their mechanistic interpretation are expected to extend the lifetime and enhance the effectiveness of in situ electrochemical regeneration for other electroactive species with finite lifetimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Bahari
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yan Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Shijian Jin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Marc-Antoni Goulet
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Tatsuhiro Tsukamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Roy G Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael J Aziz
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Z, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Li Y, Yu H, He G. Realizing one-step two-electron transfer of naphthalene diimides via a regional charge buffering strategy for aqueous organic redox flow batteries. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1283-1293. [PMID: 38165892 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Naphthalene diimide derivatives show great potential for application in neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) due to their highly conjugated molecular structure and stable two-electron storage capacity. However, the two-electron redox process of naphthalene diimides typically occurs via two separate steps with the transfer of one electron per step ("two-step two-electron" transfer process), which leads to an inevitable loss of voltage and energy. Herein, we report a novel regional charge buffering strategy that utilizes the core-substituted electron-donating group to adjust the redox properties of naphthalene diimides, realizing two electron transfer via a single-step redox process ("one-step two-electron" transfer process). The symmetrical battery testing of NDI-DEtOH revealed exceptional intrinsic stability lasting for 11 days with a daily decay rate of only 0.11%. Meanwhile, AORFBs with NDI-DMe/FcNCl and NDI-DEtOH/FcNCl exhibited a remarkable 40% improvement in peak power density at 50% state of charge (SOC) in comparison to NDI/FcNCl-based AORFBs. In addition, the battery's energy efficiency has increased by 24%, resulting in much more stable output power and significantly improved energy efficiency. These results are of great significance to practical applications of AORFBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengrong Wang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Xuri Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Yawen Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Electronic Devices and Material Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Key Materials for Efficient Utilization of Clean Energy of Shaanxi Province, China
- Future Industrial Innovation Institute of Emerging Information Storage and Smart Sensor, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710054, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Zhang P, Wu Z, Wei J, Ding G, Song X, Ma J, Wang W, Jin Z. Screening Ultra-Stable (Phenazine)dioxyalkanocic Acids with Varied Water-Solubilizing Chain Lengths for High-Capacity Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3293-3302. [PMID: 38277694 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) hold great potential for large-scale energy storage. Recently, research on aqueous flow batteries has shifted toward water-soluble organic molecules with redox capabilities to reduce the use of mineral resources. The chemical and electrochemical stabilities of organic compounds are heavily influenced by their functional groups and reaction sites. In this study, we present a low-cost synthesis of the O-alkyl-carboxylate-functionalized derivatives of 2,3-dihydroxyphenazine, namely, phenazine-(2,3-diyl) dioxy dibutyric acid (DBEP) and phenazine-(2,3-diyl)dioxy diacetic acid (DAEP), which serve as negolytes and exhibit good reversibility and high redox kinetics. The evidence is provided to clarify the capacity degradation mechanisms of DAEP and DBEP by a series of comprehensive characterizations. Similar to anthraquinones functionalized with alkyl chains, the main degradation mechanism of DAEP modified with acetic acid is due to side chain loss. Longer side chains are more stable and can withstand long-term electrochemical reactions. DBEP modified with butyric acid exhibits superior chemical and electrochemical stability. Our results demonstrate that rational molecular design and suitable membranes, such as the alkaline ARFBs based on DBEP negolyte, potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)6) posolyte, and custom sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membrane, can deliver a high open-circuit voltage of 1.17 V and high capacity retention of 99.997% per cycle for over 1000 cycles at 50 mA cm-2. This study highlights the importance of not only considering the modification position of the molecules but also focusing on the influence of various side chains on the redox core's stability toward sustainable grid-scale energy storage applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zuoao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Guochun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xinmei Song
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kong T, Li J, Wang W, Zhou X, Xie Y, Ma J, Li X, Wang Y. Enabling Long-Life Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries with a Highly Stable, Low Redox Potential Phenazine Anolyte. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:752-760. [PMID: 38132704 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are considered a promising energy storage technology due to the sustainability and designability of organic active molecules. Despite this, most of AORFBs suffer from limited stability and low voltage because of the chemical instability and high redox potential of organic molecules in anolyte. Herein, we propose a new phenazine derivative, 4,4'-(phenazine-2,3-diylbis(oxy))dibutyric acid (2,3-O-DBAP), as a water-soluble and chemically stable anodic active molecules. By combining calculations and experiments, we demonstrate that 2,3-O-DBAP exhibits a higher solubility, a lower redox potential (-0.699 V vs SHE), and greater chemical stability than other O-DBAP isomers. Then, we demonstrate a long-lasting flow cell with an average discharge voltage of 1.12 V, a low fade rate of 0.0127%, and a lifespan of 62 days at pH 14 using 2,3-O-DBAP paired with ferri/ferrocyanide. The negligible self-discharge behavior also verifies the high stability of 2,3-O-DBAP. These results highlight the importance of molecular engineering for AORFBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taoyi Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yihua Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu F, Guo W, Fu Y. Functional materials for aqueous redox flow batteries: merits and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8410-8446. [PMID: 37947236 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are promising electrochemical energy storage systems, offering vast potential for large-scale applications. Their unique configuration allows energy and power to be decoupled, making them highly scalable and flexible in design. Aqueous RFBs stand out as the most promising technologies, primarily due to their inexpensive supporting electrolytes and high safety. For aqueous RFBs, there has been a skyrocketing increase in studies focusing on the development of advanced functional materials that offer exceptional merits. They include redox-active materials with high solubility and stability, electrodes with excellent mechanical and chemical stability, and membranes with high ion selectivity and conductivity. This review summarizes the types of aqueous RFBs currently studied, providing an outline of the merits needed for functional materials from a practical perspective. We discuss design principles for redox-active candidates that can exhibit excellent performance, ranging from inorganic to organic active materials, and summarize the development of and need for electrode and membrane materials. Additionally, we analyze the mechanisms that cause battery performance decay from intrinsic features to external influences. We also describe current research priorities and development trends, concluding with a summary of future development directions for functional materials with valuable insights for practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Yongzhu Fu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nayak B, Mondal R, Ottakam Thotiyl M. Electrostatically driven unidirectional molecular flux for high performance alkaline flow batteries. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:14468-14475. [PMID: 37602479 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02727a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate the mismatch between energy availability and energy demand due to day/night shifts and seasonal variations, intensive efforts have been dedicated to storing renewable energy in various energy storage modules. Redox flow batteries have an upper hand over conventional batteries as energy storage modules due to their capability of decoupling energy and power. However, interfacial events, such as mass transport and electron transfer, play pivotal roles in flow batteries' energy storage and conversion mechanisms. We show that by activating electrostatic forces at the interface, unidirectional molecular flux can be achieved to and from the driving electrode surface, thereby generating a parallel or antiparallel electrostatic current along with a diffusion current. This approach of triggering electrostatic forces in flow batteries enhances their volumetric energy density and amplifies the energy efficiency to values as high as ∼92% without altering the solubility limit of the redox active species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhojkumar Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ritwik Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Musthafa Ottakam Thotiyl
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao Z, Liu X, Zhang M, Zhang L, Zhang C, Li X, Yu G. Development of flow battery technologies using the principles of sustainable chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6031-6074. [PMID: 37539656 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00765g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Realizing decarbonization and sustainable energy supply by the integration of variable renewable energies has become an important direction for energy development. Flow batteries (FBs) are currently one of the most promising technologies for large-scale energy storage. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art progress in FBs from the new perspectives of technological and environmental sustainability, thus guiding the future development of FB technologies. More importantly, we evaluate the current situation and future development of key materials with key aspects of green economy and decarbonization to promote sustainable development and improve the novel energy framework. Finally, we present an analysis of the current challenges and prospects on how to effectively construct low-carbon and sustainable FB materials in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Zhao
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Mengqi Zhang
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Leyuan Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| | - Changkun Zhang
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu X, Li T, Zhang C, Li X. Benzidine Derivatives: A Class of High Redox Potential Molecules for Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307796. [PMID: 37389543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of water-soluble redox-active molecules with high potentials is one of the effective ways to enhance the energy density of aqueous organic flow batteries (AOFBs). Herein, a series of promising N-substituted benzidine analogues as water-soluble catholyte candidates with controllable redox potentials (0.78-1.01 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) were obtained by the molecular engineering of aqueous irreversible benzidines. Theoretical calculations reveal that the redox potentials of these benzidine derivatives in acidic solution are determined by their electronic structure and alkalinity. Among these benzidine derivatives, N,N,N',N'-tetraethylbenzidine(TEB) shows both high redox potential (0.82 V vs. SHE) and good solubility (1.1 M). Pairing with H4 [Si(W3 O10 )4 ] anolyte, the cell displayed discharge capacity retention of 99.4 % per cycle and a high coulombic efficiency (CE) of ∼100 % over 1200 cycles. The stable discharge capacity of 41.8 Ah L-1 was achieved at the 1.0 M TEB catholyte with a CE of 97.2 % and energy efficiency (EE) of 91.2 %, demonstrating that N-substituted benzidines could be promising for AOFBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Liu
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Changkun Zhang
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang G, Zhu Y, Hao Z, Lu Y, Zhao Q, Zhang K, Chen J. Organic Electroactive Materials for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2301898. [PMID: 37158492 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic electroactive materials take advantage of potentially sustainable production and structural tunability compared to present commercial inorganic materials. Unfortunately, traditional redox flow batteries based on toxic redox-active metal ions have certain deficiencies in resource utilization and environmental protection. In comparison, organic electroactive materials in aqueous redox flow batteries (ARFBs) have received extensive attention in recent years for low-cost and sustainable energy storage systems due to their inherent safety. This review aims to provide the recent progress in organic electroactive materials for ARFBs. The main reaction types of organic electroactive materials are classified in ARFBs to provide an overview of how to regulate their solubility, potential, stability, and viscosity. Then, the organic anolyte and catholyte in ARFBs are summarized according to the types of quinones, viologens, nitroxide radicals, hydroquinones, etc, and how to increase the solubility by designing various functional groups is emphasized. The research advances are presented next in the characterization of organic electroactive materials for ARFBs. Future efforts are finally suggested to focus on building neutral ARFBs, designing advanced electroactive materials through molecular engineering, and resolving problems of commercial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaojing Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yaxun Zhu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhimeng Hao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yong Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Modak SV, Shen W, Singh S, Herrera D, Oudeif F, Goldsmith BR, Huan X, Kwabi DG. Understanding capacity fade in organic redox-flow batteries by combining spectroscopy with statistical inference techniques. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3602. [PMID: 37328467 PMCID: PMC10275907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic redox-active molecules are attractive as redox-flow battery (RFB) reactants because of their low anticipated costs and widely tunable properties. Unfortunately, many lab-scale flow cells experience rapid material degradation (from chemical and electrochemical decay mechanisms) and capacity fade during cycling (>0.1%/day) hindering their commercial deployment. In this work, we combine ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and statistical inference techniques to elucidate the Michael attack decay mechanism for 4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid (BQDS), a once-promising positive electrolyte reactant for aqueous organic redox-flow batteries. We use Bayesian inference and multivariate curve resolution on the spectroscopic data to derive uncertainty-quantified reaction orders and rates for Michael attack, estimate the spectra of intermediate species and establish a quantitative connection between molecular decay and capacity fade. Our work illustrates the promise of using statistical inference to elucidate chemical and electrochemical mechanisms of capacity fade in organic redox-flow battery together with uncertainty quantification, in flow cell-based electrochemical systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanat Vibhas Modak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Wanggang Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Siddhant Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dylan Herrera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Fairooz Oudeif
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Bryan R Goldsmith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xun Huan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David G Kwabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu B, Aspers RLEG, Kentgens APM, Zhao EW. Operando benchtop NMR reveals reaction intermediates and crossover in redox flow batteries. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 351:107448. [PMID: 37099853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) provide a promising battery technology for grid-scale energy storage. High-field operando NMR analyses of RFBs have yielded useful insight into their working mechanisms and helped improve battery performance. Nevertheless, the high cost and large footprint of a high-field NMR system limit its implementation by a wider electrochemistry community. Here, we demonstrate an operando NMR study of an anthraquinone/ferrocyanide-based RFB on a low-cost and compact 43 MHz benchtop system. The chemical shifts induced by bulk magnetic susceptibility effects differ remarkably from those obtained in high-field NMR experiments, due to the different orientations of the sample relative to the external magnetic field. We apply Evans method to estimate the concentrations of paramagnetic anthraquinone radical and ferricyanide anions. The degradation of 2,6-dihydroxy-anthraquinone (DHAQ) to 2,6-dihydroxy-anthrone and 2,6-dihydroxy-anthranol has been quantified. We further identified the impurities commonly present in the DHAQ solution to be acetone, methanol and formamide. The crossover of DHAQ and impurity molecules through the sseparation Nafion® membrane was captured and quantified, and a negative correlation between the molecular size and crossover rate was established. We show that a benchtop NMR system has sufficient spectral and temporal resolution and sensitivity for the operando study of RFBs, and anticipate a broad application of operando benchtop NMR methods for studying flow electrochemistry targeted for different applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wu
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud L E G Aspers
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Evan Wenbo Zhao
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang Y, Wang D, Zheng J, Qin X, Fang D, Wu Y, Jing M. Interionic hydrogen bonds induced high solubility of quinone derivatives and preliminary study on their application properties in all quinone aqueous redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
|
13
|
Ganapathi D, Akinlemibola W, Baclig A, Penn E, Chueh WC. A Comparison of Key Features in Melting Point Prediction Models for Quinones and Hydroquinones. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
|
14
|
Fontmorin JM, Guiheneuf S, Godet-Bar T, Floner D, Geneste F. How anthraquinones can enable aqueous organic redox flow batteries to meet the needs of industrialization. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
15
|
Huang S, Zhang H, Salla M, Zhuang J, Zhi Y, Wang X, Wang Q. Molecular engineering of dihydroxyanthraquinone-based electrolytes for high-capacity aqueous organic redox flow batteries. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4746. [PMID: 35961966 PMCID: PMC9374662 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are a promising technology for large-scale electricity energy storage to realize efficient utilization of intermittent renewable energy. In particular, organic molecules are a class of metal-free compounds that consist of earth-abundant elements with good synthetic tunability, electrochemical reversibility and reaction rates. However, the short cycle lifetime and low capacity of AORFBs act as stumbling blocks for their practical deployment. To circumvent these issues, here, we report molecular engineered dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ)-based alkaline electrolytes. Via computational studies and operando measurements, we initially demonstrate the presence of a hydrogen bond-mediated degradation mechanism of DHAQ molecules during electrochemical reactions. Afterwards, we apply a molecular engineering strategy based on redox-active polymers to develop capacity-boosting composite electrolytes. Indeed, by coupling a 1,5-DHAQ/poly(anthraquinonyl sulfide)/carbon black anolyte and a [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− alkaline catholyte, we report an AORFB capable of delivering a stable cell discharge capacity of about 573 mAh at 20 mA/cm2 after 1100 h of cycling and an average cell discharge voltage of about 0.89 V at the same current density. Aqueous organic redox flow batteries are affected by short cycle life and low capacity. Here, the authors develop composite dihydroxyanthraquinone/polymer anolytes capable of improving the cycling stability and discharge capacity of aqueous organic redox flow batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manohar Salla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiahao Zhuang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yongfeng Zhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Electrochemical analysis of charge mediator product composition through transient model and experimental validation. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01727-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
17
|
In situ electrochemical recomposition of decomposed redox-active species in aqueous organic flow batteries. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1103-1109. [PMID: 35710986 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00967-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries offer a safe and potentially inexpensive solution to the problem of storing massive amounts of electricity produced from intermittent renewables. However, molecular decomposition represents a major barrier to commercialization-and although structural modifications can improve stability, it comes at the expense of synthetic cost and molecular weight. Now, utilizing 2,6-dihydroxy-anthraquinone (DHAQ) without further structural modification, we demonstrate that the regeneration of the original molecule after decomposition represents a viable route to achieve low-cost, long-lifetime aqueous organic redox flow batteries. We used in situ (online) NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance, and complementary electrochemical analyses to show that the decomposition compound 2,6-dihydroxy-anthrone (DHA) and its tautomer, 2,6-dihydroxy-anthranol (DHAL) can be recomposed to DHAQ electrochemically through two steps: oxidation of DHA(L)2- to the dimer (DHA)24- by one-electron transfer followed by oxidation of (DHA)24- to DHAQ2- by three-electron transfer per DHAQ molecule. This electrochemical regeneration process also rejuvenates the positive electrolyte-rebalancing the states of charge of both electrolytes without introducing extra ions.
Collapse
|
18
|
Nolte O, Geitner R, Volodin IA, Rohland P, Hager MD, Schubert US. State of Charge and State of Health Assessment of Viologens in Aqueous-Organic Redox-Flow Electrolytes Using In Situ IR Spectroscopy and Multivariate Curve Resolution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200535. [PMID: 35481674 PMCID: PMC9189600 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-organic redox flow batteries (RFBs) have gained considerable interest in recent years, given their potential for an economically viable energy storage at large scale. This, however, strongly depends on both the robustness of the underlying electrolyte chemistry against molecular decomposition reactions as well as the device's operation. With regard to this, the presented study focuses on the use of in situ IR spectroscopy in combination with a multivariate curve resolution approach to gain insight into both the molecular structures of the active materials present within the electrolyte as well as crucial electrolyte state parameters, represented by the electrolyte's state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH). To demonstrate the general applicability of the approach, methyl viologen (MV) and bis(3-trimethylammonium)propyl viologen (BTMAPV) are chosen, as viologens are frequently used as negolytes in aqueous-organic RFBs. The study's findings highlight the impact of in situ spectroscopy and spectral deconvolution tools on the precision of the obtainable SOC and SOH values. Furthermore, the study indicates the occurrence of multiple viologen dimers, which possibly influence the electrolyte lifetime and charging characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nolte
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Robert Geitner
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BioengineeringTechnical University IlmenauWeimarer Str. 3298693IlmenauGermany
| | - Ivan A. Volodin
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Philip Rohland
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tang G, Liu Y, Li Y, Peng K, Zuo P, Yang Z, Xu T. Designing Robust Two-Electron Storage Extended Bipyridinium Anolytes for pH-Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. JACS AU 2022; 2:1214-1222. [PMID: 35647585 PMCID: PMC9131478 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bipyridinium derivatives represent the most extensively explored anolyte materials for pH-neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries, and most derivatives feature two separate electron-transfer steps that cause a sharp decrease in cell voltage during discharge. Here, we propose a strategy to fulfill the concurrent two-electron electrochemical reaction by designing extended bipyridinium derivatives (exBPs) with a reduced energy difference between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of exBPs and the β-highest occupied molecular orbital of the singly reduced form. To demonstrate, a series of exBPs are synthesized and exhibit a single peak at redox potentials of -0.75 to -0.91 V (vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)), as opposed to the two peaks of most bipyridinium derivatives. Cyclic voltammetry along with diffusion-ordered spectroscopy and rotating disk electrode experiments confirm that this peak corresponds to a concurrent two-electron transfer. When examined in full-flowing cells, all exBPs demonstrate one charge/discharge plateau and two-electron storage. Continuous galvanostatic cell cycling reveals the side reactions leading to capacity fading, and we disclose the underlying mechanism by identifying the degradation products. By prohibiting the dimerization/β-elimination side reactions, we acquire a 0.5 M (1 M e-) exDMeBP/FcNCl cell with a high capacity of 22.35 Ah L-1 and a capacity retention rate of 99.95% per cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonggen Tang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yahua Liu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei
University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kang Peng
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Peipei Zuo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhengjin Yang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jonely M, Noriega R. Selectively Altering the Reactivity of Transient Organic Radical Ions via Their Solvation Environment. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3107-3115. [PMID: 35417166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoexcitation of the charge transfer band of electron donor-acceptor complexes composed of toluene and 1,2,4,5-tetracyanobenzene yields organic radical ion pairs whose ultrafast reactive dynamics are determined by equilibrium solvent properties. A comparative study of ultrafast reaction rates in a series of alkane alcohols identified their dependence on the local polarizability and hydrogen bond donating/accepting character of the solvent. Because of the rapid and efficient equilibration of these radical ion pairs into solvent-separated species, simple modifications to bulk conditions can be used as a means to selectively alter their decay rates. Selectively altering distinct stages in this photochemical cycle via cosolutes or additives is a valuable step toward understanding and controlling the reactivity of organic radical ions in complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- McKenzie Jonely
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Rodrigo Noriega
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hou S, Chen L, Fan X, Fan X, Ji X, Wang B, Cui C, Chen J, Yang C, Wang W, Li C, Wang C. High-energy and low-cost membrane-free chlorine flow battery. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1281. [PMID: 35277493 PMCID: PMC8917161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGrid-scale energy storage is essential for reliable electricity transmission and renewable energy integration. Redox flow batteries (RFB) provide affordable and scalable solutions for stationary energy storage. However, most of the current RFB chemistries are based on expensive transition metal ions or synthetic organics. Here, we report a reversible chlorine redox flow battery starting from the electrolysis of aqueous NaCl electrolyte and the as-produced Cl2 is extracted and stored in the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or mineral spirit flow. The immiscibility between the CCl4 or mineral spirit and NaCl electrolyte enables a membrane-free design with an energy efficiency of >91% at 10 mA/cm2 and an energy density of 125.7 Wh/L. The chlorine flow battery can meet the stringent price and reliability target for stationary energy storage with the inherently low-cost active materials (~$5/kWh) and the highly reversible Cl2/Cl− redox reaction.
Collapse
|
22
|
Fischer P, Mazúr P, Krakowiak J. Family Tree for Aqueous Organic Redox Couples for Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes: A Conceptual Review. Molecules 2022; 27:560. [PMID: 35056875 PMCID: PMC8778144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are an increasingly attractive option for renewable energy storage, thus providing flexibility for the supply of electrical energy. In recent years, research in this type of battery storage has been shifted from metal-ion based electrolytes to soluble organic redox-active compounds. Aqueous-based organic electrolytes are considered as more promising electrolytes to achieve "green", safe, and low-cost energy storage. Many organic compounds and their derivatives have recently been intensively examined for application to redox flow batteries. This work presents an up-to-date overview of the redox organic compound groups tested for application in aqueous RFB. In the initial part, the most relevant requirements for technical electrolytes are described and discussed. The importance of supporting electrolytes selection, the limits for the aqueous system, and potential synthetic strategies for redox molecules are highlighted. The different organic redox couples described in the literature are grouped in a "family tree" for organic redox couples. This article is designed to be an introduction to the field of organic redox flow batteries and aims to provide an overview of current achievements as well as helping synthetic chemists to understand the basic concepts of the technical requirements for next-generation energy storage materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Pfinztal, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 7, 76327 Pfinztal, Germany
| | - Petr Mazúr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Joanna Krakowiak
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fenton Jr. AM, Brushett FR. Using voltammetry augmented with physics-based modeling and Bayesian hypothesis testing to identify analytes in electrolyte solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
24
|
Long Y, Xu Z, Wang G, Xu H, Yang M, Ding M, Yuan D, Yan C, Sun Q, Liu M, Jia C. A neutral polysulfide/ferricyanide redox flow battery. iScience 2021; 24:103157. [PMID: 34646992 PMCID: PMC8497995 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy storage systems are crucial in the deployment of renewable energies. As one of the most promising solutions, redox flow batteries (RFBs) are still hindered for practical applications by low energy density, high cost, and environmental concerns. To breakthrough the fundamental solubility limit that restricts boosting energy density of the cell, we here demonstrate a new RFB system employing polysulfide and high concentrated ferricyanide (up to 1.6 M) species as reactants. The RFB cell exhibits high cell performances with capacity retention of 96.9% after 1,500 cycles and low reactant cost of $32.47/kWh. Moreover, neutral aqueous electrolytes are environmentally benign and cost-effective. A cell stack is assembled and exhibits low capacity fade rate of 0.021% per cycle over 642 charging-discharging steps (spans 60 days). This neutral polysulfide/ferricyanide RFB technology with high safety, long-duration, low cost, and feasibility of scale-up is an innovative design for storing massive energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Long
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Zhizhao Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Guixiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - He Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Mei Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China.,National Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Du Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Chuanwei Yan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qijun Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Liu
- Institute of Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process in Advanced Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Chuankun Jia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guiheneuf S, Lê A, Godet‐Bar T, Chancelier L, Fontmorin J, Floner D, Geneste F. Behaviour of 3,4‐Dihydroxy‐9,10‐Anthraquinone‐2‐Sulfonic Acid in Alkaline Medium: Towards a Long‐Cycling Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurore Lê
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
- Kemiwatt 11 allée de Beaulieu – CS 50837 F-35708 Rennes cedex 7 France
| | | | - Léa Chancelier
- Kemiwatt 11 allée de Beaulieu – CS 50837 F-35708 Rennes cedex 7 France
| | | | - Didier Floner
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 F-35000 Rennes France
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nolte O, Volodin IA, Stolze C, Hager MD, Schubert US. Trust is good, control is better: a review on monitoring and characterization techniques for flow battery electrolytes. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1866-1925. [PMID: 34846470 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01632b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flow batteries (FBs) currently are one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies for energy grids with a large share of renewable electricity generation. Among the main technological challenges for the economic operation of a large-scale battery technology is its calendar lifetime, which ideally has to cover a few decades without significant loss of performance. This requirement can only be met if the key parameters representing the performance losses of the system are continuously monitored and optimized during the operation. Nearly all performance parameters of a FB are related to the two electrolytes as the electrochemical storage media and we therefore focus on them in this review. We first survey the literature on the available characterization methods for the key FB electrolyte parameters. Based on these, we comprehensively review the currently available approaches for assessing the most important electrolyte state variables: the state-of-charge (SOC) and the state-of-health (SOH). We furthermore discuss how monitoring and operation strategies are commonly implemented as online tools to optimize the electrolyte performance and recover lost battery capacity as well as how their automation is realized via battery management systems (BMSs). Our key findings on the current state of this research field are finally highlighted and the potential for further progress is identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nolte
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mazúr P, Charvát J, Mrlík J, Pocedič J, Akrman J, Kubáč L, Řeháková B, Kosek J. Evaluation of Electrochemical Stability of Sulfonated Anthraquinone-Based Acidic Electrolyte for Redox Flow Battery Application. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092484. [PMID: 33923204 PMCID: PMC8123158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intense research in the field of aqueous organic redox flow batteries, low molecular stability of electroactive compounds limits further commercialization. Additionally, currently used methods typically cannot differentiate between individual capacity fade mechanisms, such as degradation of electroactive compound and its cross-over through the membrane. We present a more complex method for in situ evaluation of (electro)chemical stability of electrolytes using a flow electrolyser and a double half-cell including permeation measurements of electrolyte cross-over through a membrane by a UV–VIS spectrometer. The method is employed to study (electro)chemical stability of acidic negolyte based on an anthraquinone sulfonation mixture containing mainly 2,6- and 2,7-anthraquinone disulfonic acid isomers, which can be directly used as an RFB negolyte. The effect of electrolyte state of charge (SoC), current load and operating temperature on electrolyte stability is tested. The results show enhanced capacity decay for fully charged electrolyte (0.9 and 2.45% per day at 20 °C and 40 °C, respectively) while very good stability is observed at 50% SoC and lower, even at 40 °C and under current load (0.02% per day). HPLC analysis conformed deep degradation of AQ derivatives connected with the loss of aromaticity. The developed method can be adopted for stability evaluation of electrolytes of various organic and inorganic RFB chemistries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Mazúr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Praha 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
- New Technologies—Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 306 14 Plzeň, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jiří Charvát
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Praha 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Jindřich Mrlík
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Praha 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaromír Pocedič
- New Technologies—Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 306 14 Plzeň, Czech Republic;
| | - Jiří Akrman
- Centre for Organic Chemistry, Rybitvi 296, 533 54 Rybitvi, Czech Republic; (J.A.); (L.K.)
| | - Lubomír Kubáč
- Centre for Organic Chemistry, Rybitvi 296, 533 54 Rybitvi, Czech Republic; (J.A.); (L.K.)
| | | | - Juraj Kosek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Praha 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.C.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
- New Technologies—Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 306 14 Plzeň, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen Q, Li Y, Liu Y, Sun P, Yang Z, Xu T. Designer Ferrocene Catholyte for Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1295-1301. [PMID: 33200881 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous organic flow battery (AOFB) holds enormous potential as an energy storage device for fluctuating renewable electricity by exploiting the redox reactions of water-soluble organic molecules. The current development is impeded by lack of organic molecules adequate as catholyte, yet how the catholyte structure impacts the battery lifetime remains unexplored. Here, six ferrocene derivatives with deliberately tuned chemical structure were devised. They underwent reversible redox reactions in water, and the redox potentials were inversely related to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy of their energized forms. The stability of the ferrocene derivatives was evaluated in full flow cells and in symmetric cells. Density function theory calculations, along with experimental results, revealed that the localized LUMO density on Fe led to fast capacity fading. BQH-Fc, which has the lowest LUMO density on Fe, showed the highest stability. No capacity loss was observed for the BQH-Fc/BTMAP-Vi cell at 0.1 m, and a high capacity retention rate of 99.993 % h-1 was recorded at 1.5 m, which could be attributed to electrolyte crossover. To facilitate explorations of robust and high capacity catholytes, a method was established to predict the water solubility of ferrocene molecules, and calculations were in good accordance with measured values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yahua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Pan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Zhengjin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pang S, Wang X, Wang P, Ji Y. Biomimetic Amino Acid Functionalized Phenazine Flow Batteries with Long Lifetime at Near-Neutral pH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5289-5298. [PMID: 33247882 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs) are a promising electrochemical technology for large-scale energy storage. We report a biomimetic, ultra-stable AORFB utilizing an amino acid functionalized phenazine (AFP). A series of AFPs with various commercial amino acids at different substituted positions were synthesized and studied. 1,6-AFPs display much higher stability during cycling when compared to 2,7- and 1,8-AFPs. Mechanism investigations reveal that the reduced 2,7- and 1,8-AFPs tend to tautomerize and lose their reversible redox activities, while 1,6-AFPs possess ultra-high stability both in their oxidized and reduced states. By pairing 3,3'-(phenazine-1,6-diylbis(azanediyl))dipropionic acid (1,6-DPAP) with ferrocyanide at pH 8 with 1.0 M electron concentration, this flow battery exhibits an OCV of 1.15 V and an extremely low capacity fade rate of 0.5 % per year. These results show the importance of molecular engineering of redox-active organics for robust redox-flow batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Pang
- School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunlong Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Street, 310018, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pollice R, dos Passos Gomes G, Aldeghi M, Hickman RJ, Krenn M, Lavigne C, Lindner-D’Addario M, Nigam A, Ser CT, Yao Z, Aspuru-Guzik A. Data-Driven Strategies for Accelerated Materials Design. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:849-860. [PMID: 33528245 PMCID: PMC7893702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing revolution of the natural sciences by the advent of machine learning and artificial intelligence sparked significant interest in the material science community in recent years. The intrinsically high dimensionality of the space of realizable materials makes traditional approaches ineffective for large-scale explorations. Modern data science and machine learning tools developed for increasingly complicated problems are an attractive alternative. An imminent climate catastrophe calls for a clean energy transformation by overhauling current technologies within only several years of possible action available. Tackling this crisis requires the development of new materials at an unprecedented pace and scale. For example, organic photovoltaics have the potential to replace existing silicon-based materials to a large extent and open up new fields of application. In recent years, organic light-emitting diodes have emerged as state-of-the-art technology for digital screens and portable devices and are enabling new applications with flexible displays. Reticular frameworks allow the atom-precise synthesis of nanomaterials and promise to revolutionize the field by the potential to realize multifunctional nanoparticles with applications from gas storage, gas separation, and electrochemical energy storage to nanomedicine. In the recent decade, significant advances in all these fields have been facilitated by the comprehensive application of simulation and machine learning for property prediction, property optimization, and chemical space exploration enabled by considerable advances in computing power and algorithmic efficiency.In this Account, we review the most recent contributions of our group in this thriving field of machine learning for material science. We start with a summary of the most important material classes our group has been involved in, focusing on small molecules as organic electronic materials and crystalline materials. Specifically, we highlight the data-driven approaches we employed to speed up discovery and derive material design strategies. Subsequently, our focus lies on the data-driven methodologies our group has developed and employed, elaborating on high-throughput virtual screening, inverse molecular design, Bayesian optimization, and supervised learning. We discuss the general ideas, their working principles, and their use cases with examples of successful implementations in data-driven material discovery and design efforts. Furthermore, we elaborate on potential pitfalls and remaining challenges of these methods. Finally, we provide a brief outlook for the field as we foresee increasing adaptation and implementation of large scale data-driven approaches in material discovery and design campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pollice
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Gabriel dos Passos Gomes
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Matteo Aldeghi
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector
Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Riley J. Hickman
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Mario Krenn
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector
Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Cyrille Lavigne
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Michael Lindner-D’Addario
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - AkshatKumar Nigam
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Cher Tian Ser
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Chemical
Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Computer Science, University of Toronto, 40 St. George St, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2E4, Canada
- Vector
Institute for Artificial Intelligence, 661 University Ave Suite 710, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
- Lebovic
Fellow, Canadian Institute for Advanced
Research (CIFAR), 661
University Ave, Toronto, Ontario M5G, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhao EW, Jónsson E, Jethwa RB, Hey D, Lyu D, Brookfield A, Klusener PAA, Collison D, Grey CP. Coupled In Situ NMR and EPR Studies Reveal the Electron Transfer Rate and Electrolyte Decomposition in Redox Flow Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1885-1895. [PMID: 33475344 PMCID: PMC7877726 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
report the development of in situ (online) EPR and coupled EPR/NMR methods to study redox flow
batteries, which are applied here to investigate the redox-active
electrolyte, 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ). The radical
anion, DHAQ3–•, formed as a reaction intermediate
during the reduction of DHAQ2–, was detected and
its concentration quantified during electrochemical cycling. The fraction
of the radical anions was found to be concentration-dependent, the
fraction decreasing as the total concentration of DHAQ increases,
which we interpret in terms of a competing dimer formation mechanism.
Coupling the two techniques—EPR and NMR—enables the
rate constant for the electron transfer between DHAQ3–• and DHAQ4– anions to be determined. We quantify
the concentration changes of DHAQ during the “high-voltage”
hold by NMR spectroscopy and correlate it quantitatively to the capacity
fade of the battery. The decomposition products, 2,6-dihydroxyanthrone
and 2,6-dihydroxyanthranol, were identified during this hold;
they were shown to undergo subsequent irreversible electrochemical
oxidation reaction at 0.7 V, so that they no longer participate in
the subsequent electrochemistry of the battery when operated in the
standard voltage window of the cell. The decomposition reaction rate
was found to be concentration-dependent, with a faster rate being
observed at higher concentrations. Taking advantage of the inherent
flow properties of the system, this work demonstrates the possibility
of multi-modal in situ (online)
characterizations of redox flow batteries, the characterization techniques
being applicable to a range of electrochemical flow systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan Wenbo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Erlendur Jónsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Rajesh B Jethwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Dominic Hey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Dongxun Lyu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Adam Brookfield
- Department of Chemistry & Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Peter A A Klusener
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Shell Technology Centre Amsterdam, Grasweg 31, 1031 HW Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Collison
- Department of Chemistry & Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Pang S, Wang X, Wang P, Ji Y. Biomimetic Amino Acid Functionalized Phenazine Flow Batteries with Long Lifetime at Near‐Neutral pH. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Pang
- School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Science Westlake University 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
- Institute of Natural Sciences Westlake Institute for Advanced Study Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang China
| | - Yunlong Ji
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang Sci-Tech University 928 Second Street 310018 Zhejiang China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Griffin JD, Pancoast AR, Sigman MS. Interrogation of 2,2'-Bipyrimidines as Low-Potential Two-Electron Electrolytes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:992-1004. [PMID: 33411535 PMCID: PMC7980696 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As utilization of renewable energy sources continues to expand, the need for new grid energy storage technologies such as redox flow batteries (RFBs) will be vital. Ultimately, the energy density of a RFB will be dependent on the redox potentials of the respective electrolytes, their solubility, and the number of electrons stored per molecule. With prior literature reports demonstrating the propensity of nitrogen-containing heterocycles to undergo multielectron reduction at low potentials, we focused on the development of a novel electrolyte scaffold based upon a 2,2'-bipyrimidine skeleton. This scaffold is capable of storing two electrons per molecule while also exhibiting a low (∼-2.0 V vs Fc/Fc+) reduction potential. A library of 24 potential bipyrimidine anolytes were synthesized and systematically evaluated to unveil structure-function relationships through computational evaluation. Through analysis of these relationships, it was unveiled that steric interactions disrupting the planarity of the system in the reduced state could be responsible for higher levels of degradation in certain anolytes. The major decomposition pathway was ultimately determined to be protonation of the dianion by solvent, which could be reversed by electrochemical or chemical oxidation. To validate the hypothesis of strain-induced decomposition, two new electrolytes with minimal steric encumbrance were synthesized, evaluated, and found to indeed exhibit higher stability than their sterically hindered counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Adam R. Pancoast
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rohland P, Schreyer K, Hager MD, Schubert US. Anthraquinone-2,6-disulfamidic acid: an anolyte with low decomposition rates at elevated temperatures. RSC Adv 2021; 11:38759-38764. [PMID: 35493233 PMCID: PMC9044267 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05545c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new anthraquinone based anolyte material for redox flow batteries revealed an extraordinarily high stability at elevated electrolyte temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Rohland
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kristin Schreyer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li Z, Lu YC. Material Design of Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamental Challenges and Mitigation Strategies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002132. [PMID: 33094532 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are critical enablers for next-generation grid-scale energy-storage systems, due to their scalability and flexibility in decoupling power and energy. Aqueous RFBs (ARFBs) using nonflammable electrolytes are intrinsically safe. However, their development has been limited by their low energy density and high cost. Developing ARFBs with higher energy density, lower cost, and longer lifespan than the current standard is of significant interest to academic and industrial research communities. Here, a critical review of the latest progress on advanced electrolyte material designs of ARFBs is presented, including a fundamental overview of their physicochemical properties, major challenges, and design strategies. Assessment methodologies and metrics for the evaluation of RFB stability are discussed. Finally, future directions for material design to realize practical applications and achieve the commercialization of ARFB energy-storage systems are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Li
- Electrochemical Energy and Interfaces Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yi-Chun Lu
- Electrochemical Energy and Interfaces Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chai J, Wang X, Lashgari A, Williams CK, Jiang JJ. A pH-Neutral, Aqueous Redox Flow Battery with a 3600-Cycle Lifetime: Micellization-Enabled High Stability and Crossover Suppression. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4069-4077. [PMID: 32658334 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Redox-flow batteries (RFBs) are a highly promising large-scale energy storage technology for mitigating the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. Here, the design and implementation of a micellization strategy in an anthraquinone-based, pH-neutral, nontoxic, and metal-free aqueous RFB is reported. The micellization strategy (1) improves stability by protecting the redox-active anthraquinone core with a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) shell and (2) increases the overall size to mitigate the crossover issue through a physical blocking mechanism. Paired with a well-established potassium ferrocyanide catholyte, the micelle-based RFB displayed an excellent capacity retention of 90.7 % after 3600 charge/discharge cycles (28.3 days), corresponding to a capacity retention of 99.67 % per day and 99.998 % per cycle. The mechanistic studies of redox-active materials were also conducted and indicated the absence of side reactions commonly observed in other anthraquinone-based RFBs. The outstanding performance of the RFB demonstrates the effectiveness of the micellization strategy for enhancing the performance of organic material-based aqueous RFBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingchao Chai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, USA
| | - Amir Lashgari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, USA
| | - Caroline K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, USA
| | - Jianbing Jimmy Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0172, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu Y, Li Y, Zuo P, Chen Q, Tang G, Sun P, Yang Z, Xu T. Screening Viologen Derivatives for Neutral Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2245-2249. [PMID: 32162480 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Viologen derivatives have been developed as negative electrolyte for neutral aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AOFBs), but the structure-performance relationship remains unclear. Here, it was investigated how the structure of viologens impacts their electrochemical behavior and thereby the battery performance, by taking hydroxylated viologens as examples. Calculations of frontier molecular orbital energy and molecular configuration promise to be an effective tool in predicting potential, kinetics, and stability, and may be broadly applicable. Specifically, a modified viologen derivative, BHOP-Vi, was proved to be the most favorable structure, enabling a concentrated 2 m battery to exhibit a power density of 110.87 mW cm-2 and an excellent capacity retention rate of 99.953 % h-1 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iCHEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iCHEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iCHEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Qianru Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iCHEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Gonggen Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iCHEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Pan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iCHEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Zhengjin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iCHEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, iCHEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pham-Truong TN, Wang Q, Ghilane J, Randriamahazaka H. Recent Advances in the Development of Organic and Organometallic Redox Shuttles for Lithium-Ion Redox Flow Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2142-2159. [PMID: 32293115 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, redox flow batteries (RFBs) and derivatives have attracted wide attention from academia to the industrial world because of their ability to accelerate large-grid energy storage. Although vanadium-based RFBs are commercially available, they possess a low energy and power density, which might limit their use on an industrial scale. Therefore, there is scope to improve the performance of RFBs, and this is still an open field for research and development. Herein, a combination between a conventional Li-ion battery and a redox flow battery results in a significant improvement in terms of energy and power density alongside better safety and lower cost. Currently, Li-ion redox flow batteries are becoming a well-established subdomain in the field of flow batteries. Accordingly, the design of novel redox mediators with controllable physical chemical characteristics is crucial for the application of this technology to industrial applications. This Review summarizes the recent works devoted to the development of novel redox mediators in Li-ion redox flow batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuan-Nguyen Pham-Truong
- Physicochemical Laboratory of Polymers and Interfaces (LPPI-EA2528), Department of Chemistry, CY Cergy Paris Université, 5 mail Gay Lussac, Neuville sur Oise, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Blk. E2, #05-27, 5 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117579, Singapore
| | - Jalal Ghilane
- SIELE group, ITODYS Lab.- CNRS UMR 7086, Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean Antoine de Baif, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Hyacinthe Randriamahazaka
- SIELE group, ITODYS Lab.- CNRS UMR 7086, Department of Chemistry, Université de Paris, 15 rue Jean Antoine de Baif, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Poizot P, Gaubicher J, Renault S, Dubois L, Liang Y, Yao Y. Opportunities and Challenges for Organic Electrodes in Electrochemical Energy Storage. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6490-6557. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Poizot
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Joël Gaubicher
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Stéven Renault
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Lionel Dubois
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG,
SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yanliang Liang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kwabi DG, Ji Y, Aziz MJ. Electrolyte Lifetime in Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries: A Critical Review. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6467-6489. [PMID: 32053366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries (RFBs) could enable widespread integration of renewable energy, but only if costs are sufficiently low. Because the levelized cost of storage for an RFB is a function of electrolyte lifetime, understanding and improving the chemical stability of active reactants in RFBs is a critical research challenge. We review known or hypothesized molecular decomposition mechanisms for all five classes of aqueous redox-active organics and organometallics for which cycling lifetime results have been reported: quinones, viologens, aza-aromatics, iron coordination complexes, and nitroxide radicals. We collect, analyze, and compare capacity fade rates from all aqueous organic electrolytes that have been utilized in the capacity-limiting side of flow or hybrid flow/nonflow cells, noting also their redox potentials and demonstrated concentrations of transferrable electrons. We categorize capacity fade rates as being "high" (>1%/day), "moderate" (0.1-1%/day), "low" (0.02-0.1%/day), and "extremely low" (≤0.02%/day) and discuss the degree to which the fade rates have been linked to decomposition mechanisms. Capacity fade is observed to be time-denominated rather than cycle-denominated, with a temporal rate that can depend on molecular concentrations and electrolyte state of charge through, e.g., bimolecular decomposition mechanisms. We then review measurement methods for capacity fade rate and find that simple galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling is inadequate for assessing capacity fade when fade rates are low or extremely low and recommend refining methods to include potential holds for accurately assessing molecular lifetimes under such circumstances. We consider separately symmetric cell cycling results, the interpretation of which is simplified by the absence of a different counter-electrolyte. We point out the chemistries with low or extremely low established fade rates that also exhibit open circuit potentials of 1.0 V or higher and transferrable electron concentrations of 1.0 M or higher, which are promising performance characteristics for RFB commercialization. We point out important directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Kwabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yunlong Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Michael J Aziz
- Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hu B, Luo J, Hu M, Yuan B, Liu TL. A pH‐Neutral, Metal‐Free Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery Employing an Ammonium Anthraquinone Anolyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Maowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| | - Bing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - T. Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUtah State University 0300 Old Main Hill Logan UT 84322 USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hu B, Luo J, Hu M, Yuan B, Liu TL. A pH-Neutral, Metal-Free Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery Employing an Ammonium Anthraquinone Anolyte. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16629-16636. [PMID: 31381221 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Redox-active anthraquinone molecules represent promising anolyte materials in aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFBs). However, the chemical stability issue and corrosion nature of anthraquinone-based anolytes in reported acidic and alkaline AORFBs constitute a roadblock for their practical applications in energy storage. A feasible strategy to overcome these issues is migrating to pH-neutral conditions and employing soluble AQDS salts. Herein, we report the 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic diammonium salt AQDS(NH4 )2 , as an anolyte material for pH-neutral AORFBs with solubility of 1.9 m in water, which is more than 3 times that of the corresponding sodium salt. Paired with an NH4 I catholyte, the resulting pH-neutral AORFB with an energy density of 12.5 Wh L-1 displayed outstanding cycling stability over 300 cycles. Even at the pH-neutral condition, the AQDS(NH4 )2 /NH4 I AORFB delivered an impressive energy efficiency of 70.6 % at 60 mA cm-2 and a high power density of 91.5 mW cm-2 at 100 % SOC. The present AQDS(NH4 )2 flow battery chemistry opens a new avenue to apply anthraquinone molecules in developing low-cost and benign pH-neutral flow batteries for scalable energy storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Maowei Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Bing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - T Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| |
Collapse
|