1
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Jay RM, Coates MR, Zhao H, Winghart MO, Han P, Wang RP, Harich J, Banerjee A, Wikmark H, Fondell M, Nibbering ETJ, Odelius M, Huse N, Wernet P. Photochemical Formation and Electronic Structure of an Alkane σ-Complex from Time-Resolved Optical and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14000-14011. [PMID: 38713061 PMCID: PMC11117182 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
C-H bond activation reactions with transition metals typically proceed via the formation of alkane σ-complexes, where an alkane C-H σ-bond binds to the metal. Due to the weak nature of metal-alkane bonds, σ-complexes are challenging to characterize experimentally. Here, we establish the complete pathways of photochemical formation of the model σ-complex Cr(CO)5-alkane from Cr(CO)6 in octane solution and characterize the nature of its metal-ligand bonding interactions. Using femtosecond optical absorption spectroscopy, we find photoinduced CO dissociation from Cr(CO)6 to occur within the 100 fs time resolution of the experiment. Rapid geminate recombination by a fraction of molecules is found to occur with a time constant of 150 fs. The formation of bare Cr(CO)5 in its singlet ground state is followed by complexation of an octane molecule from solution with a time constant of 8.2 ps. Picosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Cr L-edge and O K-edge provides unique information on the electronic structure of the Cr(CO)5-alkane σ-complex from both the metal and ligand perspectives. Based on clear experimental observables, we find substantial destabilization of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital upon coordination of the C-H bond to the undercoordinated Cr center in the Cr(CO)5-alkane σ-complex, and we define this as a general, orbital-based descriptor of the metal-alkane bond. Our study demonstrates the value of combining optical and X-ray spectroscopic methods as complementary tools to study the stability and reactivity of alkane σ-complexes in their role as the decisive intermediates in C-H bond activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Jay
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael R. Coates
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huan Zhao
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc-Oliver Winghart
- Max
Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peng Han
- Max
Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ru-Pan Wang
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Harich
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hampus Wikmark
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Institute
for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und
Energie GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik T. J. Nibbering
- Max
Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department
of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Huse
- Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Wang T, Zhang Z, Yan W, Jiang S, Li S, Zhuang J, Xie H, Li G, Jiang L. Spectroscopic Characterization of Highly Excited Neutral Chromium Tricarbonyl. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3321-3328. [PMID: 38634151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Spectroscopic characterization of highly excited neutral transition-metal complexes is important for understanding the multifaceted reaction mechanisms between metals and ligands. In this work, the reactions of neutral chromium atoms with carbon monoxide were probed by size-specific infrared spectroscopy. Interestingly, Cr(CO)3 was found to have an unprecedented 7A2″ septet excited state rather than the singlet ground state. A combination of experiment and theory shows that the gas-phase formation of this highly excited Cr(CO)3 is facile both thermodynamically and kinetically. Electronic structure and bonding analyses indicate that the valence electrons of Cr atoms in the septet Cr(CO)3 are in a relatively stable configuration, which facilitate the highly excited structure and the planar geometric shape (D3h symmetry). The observed septet Cr(CO)3 affords a paradigm for exploring the structure, properties, and formation mechanism of a large variety of excited neutral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenhui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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3
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Jay RM, Banerjee A, Leitner T, Wang RP, Harich J, Stefanuik R, Wikmark H, Coates MR, Beale EV, Kabanova V, Kahraman A, Wach A, Ozerov D, Arrell C, Johnson PJM, Borca CN, Cirelli C, Bacellar C, Milne C, Huse N, Smolentsev G, Huthwelker T, Odelius M, Wernet P. Tracking C-H activation with orbital resolution. Science 2023; 380:955-960. [PMID: 37262165 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf8042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal reactivity toward carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds hinges on the interplay of electron donation and withdrawal at the metal center. Manipulating this reactivity in a controlled way is difficult because the hypothesized metal-alkane charge-transfer interactions are challenging to access experimentally. Using time-resolved x-ray spectroscopy, we track the charge-transfer interactions during C-H activation of octane by a cyclopentadienyl rhodium carbonyl complex. Changes in oxidation state as well as valence-orbital energies and character emerge in the data on a femtosecond to nanosecond timescale. The x-ray spectroscopic signatures reflect how alkane-to-metal donation determines metal-alkane complex stability and how metal-to-alkane back-donation facilitates C-H bond cleavage by oxidative addition. The ability to dissect charge-transfer interactions on an orbital level provides opportunities for manipulating C-H reactivity at transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Jay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ambar Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torsten Leitner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ru-Pan Wang
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Harich
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Stefanuik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hampus Wikmark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael R Coates
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma V Beale
- Paul-Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anna Wach
- Paul-Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dmitry Ozerov
- Paul-Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nils Huse
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philippe Wernet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Samudrala KK, Conley MP. Effects of surface acidity on the structure of organometallics supported on oxide surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4115-4127. [PMID: 36912586 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined organometallics supported on high surface area oxides are promising heterogeneous catalysts. An important design factor in these materials is how the metal interacts with the functionalities on an oxide support, commonly anionic X-type ligands derived from the reaction of an organometallic M-R with an -OH site on the oxide. The metal can either form a covalent M-O bond or form an electrostatic M+⋯-O ion-pair, which impacts how well-defined organometallics will interact with substrates in catalytic reactions. A less common reaction pathway involves the reaction of a Lewis site on the oxide with the organometallic, resulting in abstraction to form an ion-pair, which is relevant to industrial olefin polymerization catalysts. This Feature Article views the spectrum of reactivity between an organometallic and an oxide through the prism of Brønsted and/or Lewis acidity of surface sites and draws analogies to the molecular frame where Lewis and Brønsted acids are known to form reactive ion-pairs. Applications of the well-defined sites developed in this article are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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5
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Yamamoto A, Liu X, Arashiba K, Konomi A, Tanaka H, Yoshizawa K, Nishibayashi Y, Yoshida H. Coordination Structure of Samarium Diiodide in a Tetrahydrofuran-Water Mixture. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5348-5356. [PMID: 36728764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemoselective reductive conversion of organic and inorganic compounds has been developed by the combination of samarium(II) diiodide (SmI2) and water. Despite the extensive previous studies to elucidate the role of water in the reactivity of SmI2, the direct structural data of the reactive Sm2+-water complexes, SmI2(H2O)n, in an organic solvent-water mixture have not been reported experimentally so far. Herein, we performed the structure analysis of the Sm2+-water complex in tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of water by in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy using high-energy X-rays (Sm K-edge, 46.8 keV). The analysis revealed the dissociation of the Sm2+-I bonds in the presence of ≥ eight equivalents of water in the THF-water mixture. The origin of the peak shift in the UV/visible absorption spectra after the addition of water into SmI2/THF solution was proposed based on electron transitions simulated with time-dependent density-functional-theory calculations using optimized structures in THF or water. The obtained structural information provides the fundamental insights for elucidating the reactivity and chemoselectivity in the Sm2+-water complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8520, Japan
| | - Xueshi Liu
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Arashiba
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Asuka Konomi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Tanaka
- School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Daido University, Minami-ku, Nagoya457-8530, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8520, Japan.,Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Nishibayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Department of Interdisciplinary Environment, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto606-8501, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts & Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Kyotodaigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto615-8520, Japan
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6
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Turner JJ, George MW, Poliakoff M, Perutz RN. Photochemistry of transition metal carbonyls. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5300-5329. [PMID: 35708003 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00826a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this Tutorial Review is to outline the fundamental photochemistry of metal carbonyls, and to show how the advances in technology have increased our understanding of the detailed mechanisms, particularly how relatively simple experiments can provide deep understanding of complex problems. We recall some important early experiments that demonstrate the key principles underlying current research, concentrating on the binary carbonyls and selected substituted metal carbonyls. At each stage, we illustrate with examples from recent applications. This review first considers the detection of photochemical intermediates in three environments: glasses and matrices; gas phase; solution. It is followed by an examination of the theory underpinning these observations. In the final two sections, we briefly address applications to the characterization and behaviour of complexes with very labile ligands such as N2, H2 and alkanes, concentrating on key mechanistic points, and also describe some principles and examples of photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Turner
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | | | | | - Robin N Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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7
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Hui J, Yu J, Luo Y, Hu W, Liu Y, Hu Q, Wang K, Li T, Zhou X, Huang J, Zhang X, Ren Y, Wang H. Synchrotron X-ray-induced Synthesis of Copper Hydroxide Nitrate Nanoplates on Cu Thin Films in an Ambient Atmosphere. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:23342-23347. [PMID: 35549025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron X-rays are widely used for material characterizations. However, they can also ionize atoms and molecules to damage and manipulate probed materials. We report here an X-ray-induced growth of copper hydroxide nitrate, Cu2(OH)3NO3, on copper thin films in the ambient atmosphere without solvents and thermal treatment. In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the time-dependent growth process of theCu2(OH)3NO3 is accompanied by the consumption of Cu metal and can be described by a sigmoidal model. The growth rate was reduced after the initial fast growth period. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the isolated islands of Cu2(OH)3NO3 nanoplates formed in the beginning, which grew together with new nanoplates formed under continued X-ray irradiation. The result demonstrated that high-flux synchrotron X-rays may provide an unconventional approach to synthesizing and manipulating materials, which will inspire future investigation both experimentally and theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Hui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jin Yu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yuxi Luo
- Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Qingyun Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kailin Wang
- Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Xinwei Zhou
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jier Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yang Ren
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Neutron Scattering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Zhiyuan College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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8
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Perutz RN, Sabo‐Etienne S, Weller AS. Metathesis by Partner Interchange in σ‐Bond Ligands: Expanding Applications of the σ‐CAM Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylviane Sabo‐Etienne
- CNRS LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination) 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
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9
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Perutz RN, Sabo-Etienne S, Weller AS. Metathesis by Partner Interchange in σ-Bond Ligands: Expanding Applications of the σ-CAM Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111462. [PMID: 34694734 PMCID: PMC9299125 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In 2007 two of us defined the σ‐Complex Assisted Metathesis mechanism (Perutz and Sabo‐Etienne, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 2578–2592), that is, the σ‐CAM concept. This new approach to reaction mechanisms brought together metathesis reactions involving the formation of a variety of metal–element bonds through partner‐interchange of σ‐bond complexes. The key concept that defines a σ‐CAM process is a single transition state for metathesis that is connected by two intermediates that are σ‐bond complexes while the oxidation state of the metal remains constant in precursor, intermediates and product. This mechanism is appropriate in situations where σ‐bond complexes have been isolated or computed as well‐defined minima. Unlike several other mechanisms, it does not define the nature of the transition state. In this review, we highlight advances in the characterization and dynamic rearrangements of σ‐bond complexes, most notably alkane and zincane complexes, but also different geometries of silane and borane complexes. We set out a selection of catalytic and stoichiometric examples of the σ‐CAM mechanism that are supported by strong experimental and/or computational evidence. We then draw on these examples to demonstrate that the scope of the σ‐CAM mechanism has expanded to classes of reaction not envisaged in 2007 (additional σ‐bond ligands, agostic complexes, sp2‐carbon, surfaces). Finally, we provide a critical comparison to alternative mechanisms for metathesis of metal–element bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin N Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sylviane Sabo-Etienne
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, F-31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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10
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Terrill NJ, Dent AJ, Dobson B, Beale AM, Allen L, Bras W. Past, present and future-sample environments for materials research studies in scattering and spectroscopy; a UK perspective. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:483002. [PMID: 34479225 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering and x-ray absorption fine structure are two techniques that have been employed at synchrotron sources ever since their inception. Over the course of the development of the techniques, the introduction of sample environments for added value experiments has grown dramatically. This article reviews past successes, current developments and an exploration of future possibilities for these two x-ray techniques with an emphasis on the developments in the United Kingdom between 1980-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Dent
- Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Dobson
- Sagentia Ltd, Harston Mill, Harston Mill, CB22 7GG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Beale
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, One Bethel Valley Road TN 37831, United States of America
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11
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Bukvic A, Burnage AL, Tizzard GJ, Martínez-Martínez AJ, McKay AI, Rees NH, Tegner BE, Krämer T, Fish H, Warren MR, Coles SJ, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A Series of Crystallographically Characterized Linear and Branched σ-Alkane Complexes of Rhodium: From Propane to 3-Methylpentane. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5106-5120. [PMID: 33769815 PMCID: PMC8154534 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Using solid-state molecular organometallic (SMOM) techniques, in particular solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity, a series of σ-alkane complexes of the general formula [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(ηn:ηm-alkane)][BArF4] have been prepared (alkane = propane, 2-methylbutane, hexane, 3-methylpentane; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3). These new complexes have been characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR spectroscopy and DFT computational techniques and present a variety of Rh(I)···H-C binding motifs at the metal coordination site: 1,2-η2:η2 (2-methylbutane), 1,3-η2:η2 (propane), 2,4-η2:η2 (hexane), and 1,4-η1:η2 (3-methylpentane). For the linear alkanes propane and hexane, some additional Rh(I)···H-C interactions with the geminal C-H bonds are also evident. The stability of these complexes with respect to alkane loss in the solid state varies with the identity of the alkane: from propane that decomposes rapidly at 295 K to 2-methylbutane that is stable and instead undergoes an acceptorless dehydrogenation to form a bound alkene complex. In each case the alkane sits in a binding pocket defined by the {Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)}+ fragment and the surrounding array of [BArF4]- anions. For the propane complex, a small alkane binding energy, driven in part by a lack of stabilizing short contacts with the surrounding anions, correlates with the fleeting stability of this species. 2-Methylbutane forms more short contacts within the binding pocket, and as a result the complex is considerably more stable. However, the complex of the larger 3-methylpentane ligand shows lower stability. Empirically, there therefore appears to be an optimal fit between the size and shape of the alkane and overall stability. Such observations are related to guest/host interactions in solution supramolecular chemistry and the holistic role of 1°, 2°, and 3° environments in metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
J. Bukvic
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Arron L. Burnage
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK
National Crystallography Service, University
of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | | | - Alasdair I. McKay
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Tobias Krämer
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Heather Fish
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
| | - Mark R. Warren
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House,
Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK
National Crystallography Service, University
of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS. U.K.
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10
5DD, U.K.
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12
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Besley NA. Modeling of the spectroscopy of core electrons with density functional theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham UK
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13
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Albalad J, Sumby CJ, Maspoch D, Doonan CJ. Elucidating pore chemistry within metal–organic frameworks via single crystal X-ray diffraction; from fundamental understanding to application. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The application of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to diverse chemical sectors is aided by their crystallinity, which permits the use of X-ray crystallography to characterise their pore chemistry and provides invaluable insight into their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Albalad
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Christopher J. Sumby
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)
- CSIC
- Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Christian J. Doonan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide
- Australia
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14
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Eastwood JB, Hammarback LA, McRobie MT, Clark IP, Towrie M, Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM. Time-resolved infra-red spectroscopy reveals competitive water and dinitrogen coordination to a manganese(i) carbonyl complex. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5463-5470. [PMID: 32255172 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04878b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved infra-red (TRIR) spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate that photolysis of [Mn(C^N)(CO)4] (C^N = bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)methanimine) in heptane solution results in ultra-fast CO dissociation and ultimate formation of a rare Mn-containing dinitrogen complex fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(N2)] with a diagnostic stretching mode for a terminal-bound N[triple bond, length as m-dash]N ligand at 2249 cm-1. An isotopic shift to 2174 cm-1 was observed when the reaction was performed under 15N2 and the band was not present when the experiment was undertaken under an atmosphere of argon, reinforcing this assignment. An intermediate solvent complex fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(heptane)] was identified which is formed in less than 2 ps, indicating that CO-release occurs on an ultra-fast timescale. The heptane ligand is labile and is readily displaced by both N2 and water to give fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(N2)] and fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(OH2)] respectively. The fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(heptane)] framework showed a significant affinity for N2, as performing the reaction under air produced significant amounts of fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(N2)]. Kinetic analysis reveals that the substitution of heptane by N2 (k = (1.028 ± 0.004) × 109 mol-1 dm3 s-1), and H2O is competitive on fast (<1 μs) time scales. The binding of water is reversible and, under an atmosphere of N2, some fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(OH2)] converts to fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(N2)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Eastwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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15
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Boyd TM, Tegner BE, Tizzard GJ, Martínez‐Martínez AJ, Neale SE, Hayward MA, Coles SJ, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A Structurally Characterized Cobalt(I) σ-Alkane Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6177-6181. [PMID: 31943626 PMCID: PMC7187152 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A cobalt σ-alkane complex, [Co(Cy2 P(CH2 )4 PCy2 )(norbornane)][BArF 4 ], was synthesized by a single-crystal to single-crystal solid/gas hydrogenation from a norbornadiene precursor, and its structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. Magnetic data show this complex to be a triplet. Periodic DFT and electronic structure analyses revealed weak C-H→Co σ-interactions, augmented by dispersive stabilization between the alkane ligand and the anion microenvironment. The calculations are most consistent with a η1 :η1 -alkane binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Boyd
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Samuel E. Neale
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Michael A. Hayward
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Andrew S. Weller
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
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16
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Young RJ, Huxley MT, Pardo E, Champness NR, Sumby CJ, Doonan CJ. Isolating reactive metal-based species in Metal-Organic Frameworks - viable strategies and opportunities. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4031-4050. [PMID: 34122871 PMCID: PMC8152792 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00485e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural insight into reactive species can be achieved via strategies such as matrix isolation in frozen glasses, whereby species are kinetically trapped, or by confinement within the cavities of host molecules. More recently, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have been used as molecular scaffolds to isolate reactive metal-based species within their ordered pore networks. These studies have uncovered new reactivity, allowed observation of novel metal-based complexes and clusters, and elucidated the nature of metal-centred reactions responsible for catalysis. This perspective considers strategies by which metal species can be introduced into MOFs and highlights some of the advantages and limitations of each approach. Furthermore, the growing body of work whereby reactive species can be isolated and structurally characterised within a MOF matrix will be reviewed, including discussion of salient examples and the provision of useful guidelines for the design of new systems. Novel approaches that facilitate detailed structural analysis of reactive chemical moieties are of considerable interest as the knowledge garnered underpins our understanding of reactivity and thus guides the synthesis of materials with unprecedented functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Young
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Michael T Huxley
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Institute of Molecular Science, University of Valencia Valencia Spain
| | | | - Christopher J Sumby
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
| | - Christian J Doonan
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide Adelaide Australia
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17
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Boyd TM, Tegner BE, Tizzard GJ, Martínez‐Martínez AJ, Neale SE, Hayward MA, Coles SJ, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A Structurally Characterized Cobalt(I) σ‐Alkane Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Boyd
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Samuel E. Neale
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt University Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - Michael A. Hayward
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallography ServiceChemistryFaculty of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | | | - Andrew S. Weller
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of York York YO10 5DD UK
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18
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Martínez‐Martínez AJ, Rees NH, Weller AS. Reversible Encapsulation of Xenon and CH
2
Cl
2
in a Solid‐State Molecular Organometallic Framework (Guest@SMOM). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Martínez‐Martínez
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Current Address: CIQSO-Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of ChemistryUniversity of Huelva Campus El Carmen 21007 Huelva Spain
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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19
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Martínez‐Martínez AJ, Rees NH, Weller AS. Reversible Encapsulation of Xenon and CH 2 Cl 2 in a Solid-State Molecular Organometallic Framework (Guest@SMOM). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16873-16877. [PMID: 31539184 PMCID: PMC6899477 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reversible encapsulation of CH2 Cl2 or Xe in a non-porous solid-state molecular organometallic framework of [Rh(Cy2 PCH2 PCy2 )(NBD)][BArF4 ] occurs in single-crystal to single-crystal transformations. These processes are probed by solid-state NMR spectroscopy, including 129 Xe SSNMR. Non-covalent interactions with the -CF3 groups, and hydrophobic channels formed, of [BArF4 ]- anions are shown to be important, and thus have similarity to the transport of substrates and products to and from the active site in metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J. Martínez‐Martínez
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Current Address: CIQSO-Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of ChemistryUniversity of HuelvaCampus El Carmen21007HuelvaSpain
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Chemistry Research LaboratoriesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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20
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Wu X, Liu Z, Murphy TS, Sun XZ, Hanson-Heine MWD, Towrie M, Harvey JN, George MW. The effect of coordination of alkanes, Xe and CO 2 (η 1-OCO) on changes in spin state and reactivity in organometallic chemistry: a combined experimental and theoretical study of the photochemistry of CpMn(CO) 3. Faraday Discuss 2019; 220:86-104. [PMID: 31608916 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00067d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental and theoretical study is presented of several ligand addition reactions of the triplet fragment 3CpMn(CO)2 formed upon photolysis of CpMn(CO)3. Experimental data are provided for reactions in n-heptane and perfluoromethylcyclohexane (PFMCH), as well as in PFMCH doped with C2H6, Xe and CO2. In PFMCH we find that the conversion of 3CpMn(CO)2 to 1CpMn(CO)2(PFMCH) is much slower (τ = 18 (±3) ns) than the corresponding reactions in conventional alkanes (τ = 111 (±10) ps). We measure the effect of the coordination ability by doping PFMCH with alkane, Xe and CO2; these doped ligands form the corresponding singlet adducts with significantly variable formation rates. The reactivity as measured by the addition timescale follows the order 1CpMn(CO)2(C5H10) (τ = 270 (±10) ps) > 1CpMn(CO)2Xe (τ = 3.9 (±0.4) ns) ∼ 1CpMn(CO)2(CO2) (τ = 4.7 (±0.5) ns) > 1CpMn(CO)2(C7F14) (τ = 18 (±3) ns). Electronic structure theory calculations of the singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces and of their intersections, together with non-adiabatic statistical rate theory, reproduce the observed rates semi-quantitatively. It is shown that triplet adducts of the ligand and 3CpMn(CO)2 play a role in the kinetics, and account for the variable timescales observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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21
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Aucott BJ, Eastwood JB, Anders Hammarback L, Clark IP, Sazanovich IV, Towrie M, Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM. Insight into the mechanism of CO-release from trypto-CORM using ultra-fast spectroscopy and computational chemistry. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16426-16436. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt03343b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photolysis of trypto-CORM results in ultra-fast CO-dissociation and formation of a 16-e triplet followed by solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
| | | | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot
- UK
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