1
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Atienza CM, Sánchez L. Increasing Dimensionality in Self-Assembly: Toward Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Polymers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400379. [PMID: 38525912 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Different approaches to achieve 2D supramolecular polymers, as an alternative to the covalent bottom-up approaches reported for the preparation of 2D materials, are reviewed. The significance of the operation of weak non-covalent forces to induce a lateral growth of a number of self-assembling units is collected. The examples of both thermodynamically and kinetically controlled formation of 2D supramolecular polymers showed in this review demonstrate the utility of this strategy to achieve new 2D materials with biased morphologies (nanosheets, scrolls, porous surfaces) and showing elegant applications like chiral recognition, enantioselective uptake or asymmetric organic transformations. Furthermore, elaborated techniques like seeded or living supramolecular polymerizations have been demonstrated to give rise to complex 2D nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Atienza
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, -Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, -Madrid, Spain
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2
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Das A, Ghosh S, Mishra A, Som A, Banakar VB, Agasti SS, George SJ. Enzymatic Reaction-Coupled, Cooperative Supramolecular Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14844-14855. [PMID: 38747446 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Nature employs sophisticated mechanisms to precisely regulate self-assembly and functions within biological systems, exemplified by the formation of cytoskeletal filaments. Various enzymatic reactions and auxiliary proteins couple with the self-assembly process, meticulously regulating the length and functions of resulting macromolecular structures. In this context, we present a bioinspired, reaction-coupled approach for the controlled supramolecular polymerization in synthetic systems. To achieve this, we employ an enzymatic reaction that interfaces with the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-templated supramolecular polymerization of naphthalene diimide monomers (NSG). Notably, the enzymatic production of ATP (template) plays a pivotal role in facilitating reaction-controlled, cooperative growth of the NSG monomers. This growth process, in turn, provides positive feedback to the enzymatic production of ATP, creating an ideal reaction-coupled assembly process. The success of this approach is further evident in the living-growth characteristic observed during seeding experiments, marking this method as the pioneering instance where reaction-coupled self-assembly precisely controls the growth kinetics and structural aspects of supramolecular polymers in a predictive manner, akin to biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Das
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Saikat Ghosh
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Ananya Mishra
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Arka Som
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Vijay Basavaraj Banakar
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Sarit S Agasti
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Subi J George
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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3
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Schwalb AJ, García F, Sánchez L. Electronically and geometrically complementary perylenediimides for kinetically controlled supramolecular copolymers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8137-8144. [PMID: 38817561 PMCID: PMC11134332 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01322k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of 3,4,9,10-benzo[d,e]isoquinolino[1,8-g,h]quinoline-tetracarboxylic diimide (BQQDI) 1 endowed with peripheral trialkoxybenzamide fragments is reported and its self-assembling features investigated. The peripheral benzamide moieties generate metastable monomeric species that afford a kinetically controlled supramolecular polymerization. The electron-withdrawing character of 1 in comparison with previously reported PDIs 2, together with the similar geometry, makes this dye an optimal candidate to perform seeded supramolecular copolymerization yielding four different supramolecular block copolymers. Whilst heteropolymers poly-1-co-2a, poly-2a-co-1 and poly-1-co-2b present an H-type arrangement of the monomeric units, heteropolymer poly-2b-co-1, prepared by seeding the chiral, metastable monomers of 2b with achiral seeds of 1, produces chiral, J-type aggregates. Interestingly, the monosignated CD signal of pristine poly-2b changes to a bisignated CD signal most probably due to the formation of columnar domains around the seeds of 1 which implies the blocky nature of the supramolecular copolymers formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso J Schwalb
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Fátima García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
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4
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Cappelletti D, Barbieri M, Aliprandi A, Maggini M, Đorđević L. Self-assembled π-conjugated chromophores: preparation of one- and two-dimensional nanostructures and their use in photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:9153-9168. [PMID: 38639760 PMCID: PMC11097008 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic systems have attracted research interest as a clean approach to generate energy from abundant sunlight. In this context, developing efficient and robust photocatalytic structures is crucial. Recently, self-assembled organic chromophores have entered the stage as alternatives to both molecular systems and (in)organic semiconductors. Nanostructures made of self-assembled π-conjugated dyes offer, on the one hand, molecular customizability to tune their optoelectronic properties and activities and on the other hand, provide benefits from heterogeneous catalysis that include ease of separation, recyclability and improved photophysical properties. In this contribution, we present recent achievements in constructing supramolecular photocatalytic systems made of chromophores for applications in water splitting, H2O2 evolution, CO2 reduction, or environmental remediation. We discuss strategies that can be used to prepare ordered photocatalytic systems with an emphasis on the effect of packing between the dyes and the resulting photocatalytic activity. We further showcase supramolecular strategies that allow interfacing the organic nanostructures with co-catalysts, molecules, polymers, and (in)organic materials. The principles discussed here are the foundation for the utilization of these self-assembled materials in photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cappelletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Marianna Barbieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Michele Maggini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Luka Đorđević
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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5
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Patra S, Chandrabhas S, Dhiman S, George SJ. Controlled Supramolecular Polymerization via Bioinspired, Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation of Monomers. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12577-12586. [PMID: 38683934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic supramolecular assemblies, driven by noncovalent interactions, pervade the biological realm. In the synthetic domain, their counterparts, supramolecular polymers, endowed with remarkable self-repair and adaptive traits, are often realized through bioinspired designs. Recently, controlled supramolecular polymerization strategies have emerged, drawing inspiration from protein self-assembly. A burgeoning area of research involves mimicking the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) observed in proteins to create coacervate droplets and recognizing their significance in cellular organization and diverse functions. Herein, we introduce a novel perspective on synthetic coacervates, extending beyond their established role in synthetic biology as dynamic, membraneless phases to enable structural control in synthetic supramolecular polymers. Drawing parallels with the cooperative growth of amyloid fibrils through LLPS, we present metastable coacervate droplets as dormant monomer phases for controlled supramolecular polymerization. This is achieved via a π-conjugated monomer design that combines structural characteristics for both coacervation through its terminal ionic groups and one-dimensional growth via a π-conjugated core. This design leads to a unique temporal LLPS, resulting in a metastable coacervate phase, which subsequently undergoes one-dimensional growth via nucleation within the droplets. In-depth spectroscopic and microscopic characterization provides insights into the temporal evolution of disordered and ordered phases. Furthermore, to modulate the kinetics of liquid-to-solid transformation and to achieve precise control over the structural characteristics of the resulting supramolecular polymers, we invoke seeding in the droplets, showcasing living growth characteristics. Our work thus opens up new avenues in the exciting field of supramolecular polymerization, offering general design principles and controlled synthesis of precision self-assembled structures in confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Patra
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Sushmitha Chandrabhas
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Shikha Dhiman
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Subi J George
- New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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6
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Chen Y, Liu C. Strategies for Synthesizing Supramolecular Block Copolymers. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300623. [PMID: 38095487 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, controlled supramolecular polymerization has been extensively studied and gradually shifted to supramolecular block copolymerization. Supramolecular block copolymers (BCPs) are considered the holy grail for developing supramolecular materials with new functionalities due to their fascinating structures and ability to introduce diverse functions. From a thermodynamic view to kinetic aspects, great progress has been made in the synthetic strategies of BCPs in the past few years. This Concept summarizes various strategies to realize supramolecular block copolymerization. The focus is on providing researchers with a methodological basis for achieving heterogeneous nucleation-elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chun Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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7
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Morishita D, Itoh Y, Furukawa K, Arai N, Zhang XJ, Aida T. Supramolecular copolymerization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers in liquid crystalline media. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4068-4074. [PMID: 38487215 PMCID: PMC10935670 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06341k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the case of covalent polymers, immiscible polymers can be integrated by covalently linking them together, but such a strategy is not possible in supramolecular polymers. Here we report the supramolecular copolymerization of two porphyrin-based monomers, C10P2H and TEGPCu with side chains bearing cyanobiphenyl (CB) groups at the ends of hydrophobic alkyl or hydrophilic tetraethylene glycol chains, respectively. These monomers undergo self-sorting supramolecular polymerization in highly diluted solutions ([monomer] = 3.4 × 10-9 mol% (2.0 × 10-8 mol L-1)) in nonpolar media due to the incompatibility of the side chains. Surprisingly, these monomers undergo supramolecular copolymerization under high concentration conditions ([monomer] = 7.7 mol%) in the medium of 4-cyano-4'-pentyloxybiphenyl (5OCB) to form a columnar liquid crystalline phase under thermodynamic conditions, where the individual columns are composed of supramolecular block copolymers. The combination of CB ends of both monomers and the 5OCB medium is essential for the two monomers to form an integrated structure in a condensed system without phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Morishita
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Itoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Coordination of Research Facilities, Institute for Research Administration, Niigata University 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Arai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Xu-Jie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
- Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
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8
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Zhang HJ, Wei Y, Lin J. Frustrated π-stacking. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:935-942. [PMID: 38165791 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The properties of functional materials based on organic π-conjugated systems are governed extensively by intermolecular interactions between π-molecules. To establish clear relationships between supramolecular structures and functional properties, it is essential to attain structurally well-defined π-stacks, particularly in solution, as this enables the collection of valuable spectroscopic data. However, precise control and fine-tuning of π-stacks pose significant challenges due to the weak and bidirectional nature of π-π stacking interactions. This article introduces the concept of "frustrated π-stacking," strategically balancing attractive (π-π interaction) and repulsive (steric hindrance) forces in self-assembly to exert control over the sizes, sequences of π-stacks, and slip-stacked structures. These research efforts contribute to a deeper understanding of the correlation between π-stacks and their properties, thereby providing useful insights for the development of molecular materials with the desired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Yifei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Jianbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China.
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9
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Wang H, Mills J, Sun B, Cui H. Therapeutic Supramolecular Polymers: Designs and Applications. Prog Polym Sci 2024; 148:101769. [PMID: 38188703 PMCID: PMC10769153 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The self-assembly of low-molecular-weight building motifs into supramolecular polymers has unlocked a new realm of materials with distinct properties and tremendous potential for advancing medical practices. Leveraging the reversible and dynamic nature of non-covalent interactions, these supramolecular polymers exhibit inherent responsiveness to their microenvironment, physiological cues, and biomolecular signals, making them uniquely suited for diverse biomedical applications. In this review, we intend to explore the principles of design, synthesis methodologies, and strategic developments that underlie the creation of supramolecular polymers as carriers for therapeutics, contributing to the treatment and prevention of a spectrum of human diseases. We delve into the principles underlying monomer design, emphasizing the pivotal role of non-covalent interactions, directionality, and reversibility. Moreover, we explore the intricate balance between thermodynamics and kinetics in supramolecular polymerization, illuminating strategies for achieving controlled sizes and distributions. Categorically, we examine their exciting biomedical applications: individual polymers as discrete carriers for therapeutics, delving into their interactions with cells, and in vivo dynamics; and supramolecular polymeric hydrogels as injectable depots, with a focus on their roles in cancer immunotherapy, sustained drug release, and regenerative medicine. As the field continues to burgeon, harnessing the unique attributes of therapeutic supramolecular polymers holds the promise of transformative impacts across the biomedical landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jason Mills
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Boran Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Liao C, Gong Y, Che Y, Cui L, Liu Y, Ji H, Zhang Y, Zang L, Zhao J, Che Y. Living Self-Assembly of Metastable and Stable Two-Dimensional Platelets from a Single Small Molecule. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301747. [PMID: 37815852 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the design of a donor-acceptor (D-A) molecule with two fluorene units on each side of a benzothiadiazole moiety, which allows multiple intermolecular interactions to compete with one another so as to induce the evolution of the metastable 2D platelets to the stable 2D platelets during the self-assembly of the D-A molecule. Importantly, the living seeded self-assembly of metastable and stable 2D structures with precisely controlled sizes can be conveniently achieved using an appropriate supersaturated level of a solution of the D-A molecule as the seeded growth medium that can temporarily hold the almost-proceeding spontaneous nucleation from competing with the seeded growth. The stable 2D platelets with smaller area sizes exhibit higher sensitivity to gaseous dimethyl sulfide, illustrating that the novel living self-assembly method provides more available functional structures with controlled sizes for practical applications. The key finding of this study is that the new living methodology is separated into two independent processes: the elaborate molecular design for various crystalline structures as seeds and the application of a supersaturated solution with appropriate levels as the growth medium to grow the uniform structures with controlled sizes; this would make convenient and possible the living seeded self-assembly of rich 1D, 2D, and 3D architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanxue Che
- HT-NOVA Co., Ltd., Zhuyuan Road, Shunyi District, Beijing, 101312, China
| | - Linfeng Cui
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050023, P. R. China
| | - Yangxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongwei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ling Zang
- Nano Institute of Utah, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, United States
| | - Jincai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanke Che
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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11
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Chen Y, Wan Q, Shi Y, Tang B, Che CM, Liu C. Three-Component Multiblock 1D Supramolecular Copolymers of Ir(III) Complexes with Controllable Sequences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312844. [PMID: 37905561 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent supramolecular block copolymers (BCPs) have attracted much attention due to their potential functionalities, but examples of three-component supramolecular BCPs are rare. Herein, we report the synthesis of three-component multiblock 1D supramolecular copolymers of Ir(III) complexes 1-3 by a sequential seeded supramolecular polymerization approach. Precise control over the kinetically trapped species via the pathway complexity of the monomers is the key to the successful synthesis of BCPs with up to 9 blocks. Furthermore, 5-block BCPs with different sequences could be synthesized by changing the addition order of the kinetic species during a sequentially seeded process. The corresponding heterogeneous nucleation-elongation process has been confirmed by the UV/Vis absorption spectra, and each segment of the multiblock copolymers could be characterized by both TEM and SEM. Interestingly, the energy transfer leads to weakened emission of 1-terminated and enhanced emission of 3-terminated BCPs. This study will be an important step in advancing the synthesis and properties of three-component BCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Qingyun Wan
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yusheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bingtao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116024, China
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12
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Guchhait C, Suriyaa V, Sahu N, Sarkar SD, Adhikari B. Ferrocene: an exotic building block for supramolecular assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14482-14496. [PMID: 37997157 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03659f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene (Fc), a classical organometallic complex, has found potential applications in ligand design, catalysis, and analytical, biological, medicinal and materials chemistry. In recent years, the use of Fc as a building block in supramolecular chemistry has emerged. The molecular shape, size, and hydrophobicity of Fc make it an ideal guest for a variety of macrocyclic host molecules to form stable host-guest complexes. The vertical distance (3.3 Å) between two cyclopentadienyl rings and molecular "ball bearing" property in Fc support the formation of intramolecular π-π stacking, H-bonding and metallophilic interactions between two appropriate substituents in 1,n'-disubstituted ferrocenes. Along with these molecular features, the rigidity along with rotational flexibility, redox reversibility and oxidation-triggered tunable hydrophobicity of Fc have led to its use as an exotic building block for the development of a wide range of supramolecular assemblies such as smart molecular receptors, intricate metal-organic assemblies, supramolecular polymers, and gels including out-of-equilibrium assemblies and metal nanoparticle assemblies. This review highlights the concepts behind the design and development of these assemblies, where the Fc unit has a direct and defined role in their formation and function. The use of Fc in supramolecular assembly is still a relatively young field and set to be the subject of increasing research interest towards the development of fascinating supramolecular structures with tailored properties and programmable functions towards applications in materials and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakanta Guchhait
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Vembanan Suriyaa
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Nihar Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Sovik Dey Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Bimalendu Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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Rajak A, Das A. Cascade Energy Transfer and White-Light Emission in Chirality-Controlled Crystallization-Driven Two-Dimensional Co-assemblies from Donor and Acceptor Dye-Conjugated Polylactides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314290. [PMID: 37842911 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Achieving predictable and programmable two-dimensional (2D) structures with specific functions from exclusively organic soft materials remains a scientific challenge. This article unravels stereocomplex crystallization-driven self-assembly as a facile method for producing thermally robust discrete 2D-platelets of diamond shape from biodegradable semicrystalline polylactide (PLA) scaffolds. The method involves co-assembling two PLA stereoisomers, namely, PY-PDLA and NMI-PLLA, which form stereocomplex (SC)-crystals in isopropanol. By conjugating a well-known Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) donor and acceptor dye, namely, pyrene (PY) and naphthalene monoimide (NMI), respectively, to the chain termini of these two interacting stereoisomers, a thermally robust FRET process can be stimulated from the 2D array of the co-assembled dyes on the thermally resilient SC-PLA crystal surfaces. Uniquely, by decorating the surface of the SC-PLA crystals with an externally immobilized guest dye, Rhodamine-B, similar diamond-shaped structures could be produced that exhibit pure white-light emission through a surface-induced two-step cascade energy transfer process. The FRET response in these systems displays remarkable dependence on the intrinsic crystalline packing, which could be modulated by the chirality of the co-assembling PLA chains. This is supported by comparing the properties of similar 2D platelets generated from two homochiral PLLAs (PY-PLLA and NMI-PLLA) labeled with the same FRET pair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Rajak
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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14
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Takimoto K, Shimada T, Nagura K, Hill JP, Nakanishi T, Yuge H, Ishihara S, Labuta J, Sato H. Thermo-/Mechano-Chromic Chiral Coordination Dimer: Formation of Switchable and Metastable Discrete Structure through Chiral Self-Sorting. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25160-25169. [PMID: 37943955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Although strong chiral self-sorting often emerges in extended covalent or supramolecular polymers, the phenomenon is generally weak in discrete assemblies (e.g., dimers and oligomers) of small molecules due to the lack of a cooperative growth mechanism. Consequently, chiral self-sorting has been overlooked in the design of switchable and metastable discrete supramolecular structures. Here, we report a butyl-benzo[h]quinoline-based iridium(III) complex (Bu-Ir) with helical chirality at its metal center, which forms preferentially a homochiral dimer and exhibits thermo-/mechano-chromism based on a monomer-dimer transformation. While a five-coordinate monomer is formed in a racemic or an enantiopure Bu-Ir solution at 25 °C, a six-coordinate homochiral dimer complex is formed almost exclusively at low temperatures, with a higher degree of dimerization in enantiopure Bu-Ir solution. Estimation of apparent dimerization binding constants (K) and thermodynamic parameters (ΔH and ΔS) based on variable temperature ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and 1H NMR spectra reveals a strong preference for homochiral dimerization (largest known value for the coordination complex, Khomo/Khetero > 50). Notably, crystals of the homochiral dimer are metastable, undergoing a distinct color change upon grinding (from yellow to red) due to mechanical cleavage of coordination bonds (i.e., a dimer to monomer transformation). A comparison with control compounds having different substituents (proton, methyl, isopropyl, and phenyl groups) reveals that Bu-Ir dimerization involves both strong homochiral self-sorting preference and connected thermo-/mechano-chromic behavior, which is based on matched propeller-shaped chirality and subtle steric repulsion between alkyl substituents that render the homochiral dimer switchable and metastable. These findings provide substantial insights into the emergence of dynamic functionality based on the rational design of discrete chiral assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Takimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takumi Shimada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nagura
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakanishi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yuge
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishihara
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jan Labuta
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hisako Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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15
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Isobe A, Kajitani T, Yagai S. A Coformer Approach for Supramolecular Polymerization at High Concentrations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312516. [PMID: 37737030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Insolubility of functional molecules caused by polymorphism sometimes poses limitations for their solution-based processing. Such a situation can also occur in the preparation processes of supramolecular polymers formed in a solution. An effective strategy to address this issue is to prepare amorphous solid states by introducing a "coformer" molecule capable of inhibiting the formation of an insoluble polymorph through co-aggregation. Herein, inspired by the coformer approach, we demonstrated a solubility enhancement of a barbiturate π-conjugated compound that can supramolecularly polymerize through six-membered hydrogen-bonded rosettes. Our newly synthesized supramolecular coformer molecule features a sterically demanding methyl group in the π-conjugated unit of the parent molecule. Although the parent molecule exhibits low solubility in nonpolar solvents due to the formation of a crystalline polymorph comprising a tape-like hydrogen-bonded array prior to the supramolecular polymerization, mixing with the coformer compound enhanced the solubility by inhibiting mesoscopic organization of the tapes. The two monomers were then co-polymerized into desired helicoidal supramolecular polymers through the formation of heteromeric rosettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Isobe
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, 263-8522, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Kajitani
- TC College Promotion Office, Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, 226-8503, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, 263-8522, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Hanssen JNS, Dhiman S. Impact of subtle intermolecular interactions on the structure and dynamics of multicomponent supramolecular polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:13466-13469. [PMID: 37877229 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04567f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent supramolecular polymers offer versatile dynamic and functional properties; however, the influence of the monomer chemical structures on their structure-dynamics-function relationship remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the subtle variations in monomer interactions using one monomer and its two dopant derivatives, with functionalization away from the self-assembling core. We systematically investigated their multicomponent supramolecular polymers using a combination of spectroscopy and super-resolution microscopy. Our results highlight the significant impact of the supplementary intermolecular interactions, resulting from the functional motifs located away from the core and present in small quantities, on the microstructure and dynamics. Thus, a comprehensive approach, combining spectroscopy, microscopy, and well-designed experiments, is essential for assessing multicomponent supramolecular polymers. These findings have implications for the rational design of functional multicomponent supramolecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Job N S Hanssen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Shikha Dhiman
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Abstract
As an active branch within the field of supramolecular polymers, chiral supramolecular polymers (SPs) are an excellent benchmark to generate helical structures that can clarify the origin of homochirality in Nature or help determine new exciting functionalities of organic materials. Herein, we highlight the most utilized strategies to build up chiral SPs by using chiral monomeric units or external stimuli. Selected examples of transfer of asymmetry, in which the point or axial chirality contained by the monomeric units is efficiently transferred to the supramolecular scaffold yielding enantioenriched helical structures, will be presented. The importance of the thermodynamics and kinetics associated with those processes is stressed, especially the influence that parameters such as the helix reversal and mismatch penalties exert on the achievement of amplification of asymmetry in co-assembled systems will also be considered. Remarkable examples of breaking symmetry, in which chiral supramolecular polymers can be attained from achiral self-assembling units by applying external stimuli like stirring, solvent or light, are highlighted. Finally, the specific and promising applications of chiral supramolecular polymers are presented with recent relevant examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Das G, Anand A, Vedhanarayanan B, Padmakumar A, Praveen VK, Ajayaghosh A. Controlling the Morphological Features, Aspect Ratio and Emission Patterns of Supramolecular Copolymers by Restricted Dimensional Growth. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301819. [PMID: 37498316 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the bottlenecks associated with supramolecular polymerization of functional π-systems is the spontaneous assembly of monomers leading to one- or two-dimensional (1D or 2D) polymers without control over chain length and optical properties. In the case of supramolecular copolymerization of monomers that are structurally too diverse, preferential self-sorting occurs unless they are closely interacting donor-acceptor pairs. Herein, it is established that the spontaneous 1D polymerization of a phenyleneethynylene (PE) derivative and the 2D polymerization of a Bodipy derivative (BODIPY) can be controlled by copolymerizing them in different ratios, leading to unusual spindle-shaped structures with controlled aspect ratio, as evident by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) studies. For example, when the content of BODIPY is 50 % in the BODIPY-PE mixture, the 1D polymerization of PE is significantly restricted to form elongated spindle-like structures having an aspect ratio of 4-6. The addition of 75 % of BODIPY to PE resulted in circular spindles having an aspect ratio of 1-2.5, thereby completely restricting the 1D polymerization of PE monomers. Moreover, the resultant supramolecular copolymers exhibited morphology and aspect ratio dependent emission features as observed by the time-resolved emission studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Das
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anjali Anand
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Balaraman Vedhanarayanan
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
| | - Akhil Padmakumar
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vakayil K Praveen
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ayyappanpillai Ajayaghosh
- Photosciences and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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19
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Chakraborty A, Das PK, Jana B, Ghosh S. Supramolecular alternating copolymers with highly efficient fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10875-10883. [PMID: 37829017 PMCID: PMC10566455 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03056c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports alternating supramolecular copolymerization of two naphthalene-diimide (NDI)-derived building blocks (NDI-1 and NDI-2) under thermodynamic control. Both monomers contain a central NDI chromophore, attached to a hydrocarbon-chain and a carboxylic-acid group. The NDI core in NDI-2 is symmetrically substituted with two butane-thiol groups, which makes it distinct from NDI-1. In decane, a 1 : 1 mixture of NDI-1 and NDI-2 shows spontaneous gelation and a typical fibrillar network, unlike the behavior of either of the components individually. The solvent-dependent UV/vis spectrum of the mixed sample in decane shows bathochromically shifted sharp absorption bands and a sharp emission band (holds a mirror-image relationship) with a significantly small Stokes shift compared to those in CHCl3, indicating J-aggregation. In contrast, the aggregated spectra of the individual monomers show broad structureless features, suggesting ill-defined aggregates. Cooling curves derived from the temperature-dependent UV/vis spectroscopy studies revealed early nucleation and a signature of well-defined cooperative polymerization for the mixed sample, unlike either of the individual components. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted the greatest dimer formation tendency for the NDI-1 + NDI-2 (1 : 1), followed by pure NDI-1 and NDI-2. Theoretical studies further revealed a partial positive charge in the NDI ring of NDI-1 when compared to NDI-2, promoting the alternating stacking propensity, which is also favored by the steric factor as NDI-2 is core-substituted with alkyl thiols. Such theoretical predictions fully corroborate with the experimental results showing 1 : 1 stoichiometry (from Job's plot) of the two monomers, indicating alternate stacking sequences in the H-bonded (syn-syn catemer type) supramolecular copolymer. Such alternating supramolecular copolymers showed highly efficient (>93%) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Chakraborty
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Pradipta Kumar Das
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road 700032 Kolkata India
| | - Biman Jana
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road 700032 Kolkata India
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road Kolkata 700032 India
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20
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López-Gandul L, Morón-Blanco A, García F, Sánchez LL. Supramolecular Block Copolymers from Tricarboxamides. Biasing Co-assembly by the Incorporation of Pyridine Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308749. [PMID: 37483088 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of triangular-shaped tricarboxamides endowed with three picoline or nicotine units (compounds 2 and 3, respectively) or just one nicotine unit (compound 4) is reported, and their self-assembling features investigated. The pyridine rings make compounds 2-4 electronically complementary with our previously reported oligo(phenylene ethynylene)tricarboxamides (OPE-TA) 1 to form supramolecular copolymers. C3 -symmetric tricarboxamide 2 forms highly stable intramolecular five-membered pseudocycles that impede its supramolecular polymerization into poly-2 and the co-assembly with 1 to yield copolymer poly-1-co-2. On the other hand, C3 -symmetric tricarboxamide 3 readily forms poly-3 with great stability but unable to form helical supramolecular polymers despite the presence of the peripheral chiral side chains. The copolymer poly-1-co-3 can only be obtained by a previous complete disassembly of the constitutive homopolymers in CHCl3 . Helical poly-1-co-3 arises in a process involving the transfer of the helicity from racemic poly-1 to poly-3, and the amplification of asymmetry from chiral poly-3 to poly-1. Importantly, C2v -symmetric 4, endowed with only one nicotinamide moiety and three chiral side chains, self-assembles into a P-type helical supramolecular polymer (poly-4) in a thermodynamically controlled cooperative process. The combination of poly-1 and poly-4 generates chiral supramolecular copolymer poly-1-co-4, whose blocky microstructure has been investigated by applying the previously reported supramolecular copolymerization model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía López-Gandul
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Morón-Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fátima García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Shi W, Xia Z, Zong Y, Wang R, Liu J, Lu C. Dynamic Control over Hierarchically Dendritic Architectures of Simple Heterogenous Monomers by Living Supramolecular Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37390488 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The successful preparation of supramolecular block copolymers (SBCPs) by living supramolecular assembly technology requires two kinetic systems in which both the seed (nucleus) and heterogenous monomer providers are in non-equilibrium. However, employing simple monomers to construct the SBCPs via this technology is almost impossible because the low spontaneous nucleation barrier of simple molecules prevents the formation of kinetic states. Here, with the help of confinement from layered double hydroxide (LDH), various simple monomers successfully form living supramolecular co-assemblies (LSCA). LDH overcomes a considerable energy barrier to obtain living seeds to support the growth of the inactivated second monomer. The ordered LDH topology is sequentially mapped to the seed, second monomer, and binding sites. Thus, the multidirectional binding sites are endowed with the ability to branch, making the branch length of dendritic LSCA reach its maximum value of 3.5 cm so far. The strategy of universality will guide exploration into the development of multi-function and multi-topology advanced supramolecular co-assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yingtong Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruixing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 Beisanhuan East Road, P. Box 98, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
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22
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Rey-Tarrío F, Quiñoá E, Fernández G, Freire F. Multi-chiral materials comprising metallosupramolecular and covalent helical polymers containing five axial motifs within a helix. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3348. [PMID: 37291098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular and covalent polymers share multiple structural effects such as communication mechanisms among monomer repeating units, which are related to their axial helical structure. Herein, a unique multi-helical material combining information from both metallosupramolecular and covalent helical polymers is presented. In this system, the helical structure described by the poly(acetylene) (PA) backbone (cis-cisoidal, cis-transoidal) guides the pendant groups in a fashion where a tilting degree emerges between a pendant and the adjacent ones. As a result, a multi-chiral material is formed comprising four or five axial motifs when the polyene skeleton adopts either a cis-transoidal or cis-cisoidal configuration: the two coaxial helices-internal and external-and the two or three chiral axial motifs described by the bispyridyldichlorido PtII complex array. These results show that complex multi-chiral materials can be obtained by polymerizing appropriate monomers that combine both point chirality and the ability to generate chiral supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rey-Tarrío
- Research Center in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Research Center in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- University of Münster, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Félix Freire
- Research Center in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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23
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Sasaki N, Kikkawa J, Ishii Y, Uchihashi T, Imamura H, Takeuchi M, Sugiyasu K. Multistep, site-selective noncovalent synthesis of two-dimensional block supramolecular polymers. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01216-y. [PMID: 37264101 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the principles of noncovalent bonding are well understood and form the basis for the syntheses of many intricate supramolecular structures, supramolecular noncovalent synthesis cannot yet achieve the levels of precision and complexity that are attainable in organic and/or macromolecular covalent synthesis. Here we show the stepwise synthesis of block supramolecular polymers from metal-porphyrin derivatives (in which the metal centre is Zn, Cu or Ni) functionalized with fluorinated alkyl chains. These monomers first undergo a one-dimensional supramolecular polymerization and cyclization process to form a toroidal structure. Subsequently, successive secondary nucleation, elongation and cyclization steps result in two-dimensional assemblies with concentric toroidal morphologies. The site selectivity endowed by the fluorinated chains, reminiscent of regioselectivity in covalent synthesis, enables the precise control of the compositions and sequences of the supramolecular structures, as demonstrated by the synthesis of several triblock supramolecular terpolymers.
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Grants
- JP22H02134 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 20H04682 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP19K05592 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 20H04669 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP20H05868 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Molecular Design and Function Group, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun Kikkawa
- Electron Microscopy Group, Center for Basic Research on Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ishii
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Hitomi Imamura
- Molecular Design and Function Group, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- Molecular Design and Function Group, Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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24
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Marshall LJ, Wallace M, Mahmoudi N, Ciccone G, Wilson C, Vassalli M, Adams DJ. Hierarchical Composite Self-Sorted Supramolecular Gel Noodles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211277. [PMID: 36720202 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent supramolecular systems can be used to achieve different properties and new behaviors compared to their corresponding single component systems. Here, a two-component system is used, showing that a non-gelling component modifies the assembly of the gelling component, allowing access to co-assembled structures that cannot be formed from the gelling component alone. The systems are characterized across multiple length scales, from the molecular level by NMR and CD spectroscopy to the microstructure level by SANS and finally to the material level using nanoindentation and rheology. By exploiting the enhanced mechanical properties achieved through addition of the second component, multicomponent noodles are formed with superior mechanical properties to those formed by the single-component system. Furthermore, the non-gelling component can be triggered to crystallize within the multicomponent noodles, allowing the preparation of new types of hierarchical composite noodles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libby J Marshall
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Matthew Wallace
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Najet Mahmoudi
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Giuseppe Ciccone
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Advanced Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G11 6EW, UK
| | - Claire Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Massimo Vassalli
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Advanced Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G11 6EW, UK
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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25
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Khanra P, Singh AK, Roy L, Das A. Pathway Complexity in Supramolecular Copolymerization and Blocky Star Copolymers by a Hetero-Seeding Effect. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5270-5284. [PMID: 36797682 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
This study unravels the intricate kinetic and thermodynamic pathways involved in the supramolecular copolymerization of the two chiral dipolar naphthalene monoimide (NMI) building blocks (O-NMI and S-NMI), differing merely by a single heteroatom (oxygen vs sulfur). O-NMI exhibits distinct supramolecular polymerization features as compared to S-NMI in terms of its pathway complexity, hierarchical organization, and chiroptical properties. Two distinct self-assembly pathways in O-NMI occur due to the interplay between the competing dipolar interactions among the NMI chromophores and amide-amide hydrogen (H)-bonding that engenders distinct nanotapes and helical fibers, from its antiparallel and parallel stacking modes, respectively. In contrast, the propensity of S-NMI to form only a stable spherical assembly is ascribed to its much stronger amide-amide H-bonding, which outperforms other competing interactions. Under the thermodynamic route, an equimolar mixture of the two monomers generates a temporally controlled chiral statistical supramolecular copolymer that autocatalytically evolves from an initially formed metastable spherical heterostructure. In contrast, the sequence-controlled addition of the two monomers leads to the kinetically driven hetero-seeded block copolymerization. The ability to trap O-NMI in a metastable state allows its secondary nucleation from the surface of the thermodynamically stable S-NMI spherical "seed", which leads to the core-multiarmed "star" copolymer with reversibly and temporally controllable length of the growing O-NMI "arms" from the S-NMI "core". Unlike the one-dimensional self-assembly of O-NMI and its random co-assembly with S-NMI, which are both chiral, unprecedentedly, the preferred helical bias of the nucleating O-NMI fibers is completely inhibited by the absence of stereoregularity of the S-NMI "seed" in the "star" topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Khanra
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ajeet Kumar Singh
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Lisa Roy
- Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai-IOC Odisha Campus Bhubaneswar, IIT Kharagpur Extension Centre, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Anindita Das
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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26
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Li Z, Xiao K, Wan Q, Tang R, Low KH, Cui X, Che CM. Controlled Self-assembly of Gold(I) Complexes by Multiple Kinetic Aggregation States with Nonlinear Optical and Waveguide Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216523. [PMID: 36484771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of multiple kinetic aggregation states (Aggs) into the self-assembly pathway could bring complexity and flexibility to the self-assemblies, which is difficult to realize due to the delicate equilibria established among different Aggs bonded by weak noncovalent interactions. Here, we describe a series of chiral and achiral d10 AuI bis(N-heterocyclic carbene, NHC) complexes, and the achiral complex could undergo self-assembly with multiple kinetic Aggs. Generation of multiple kinetic Aggs was realized by applying chiral or achiral seeds exhibiting large differences in elongation temperatures for their respective cooperative self-assembly processes. We further showed that the chiral AuI self-assemblies having non-centrosymmetric packing forms exhibit nonlinear optical response of second harmonic generation (SHG), while the SHG signal is absent in the achiral analogue. The crystalline achiral AuI self-assemblies could function as optical waveguides with strong emission polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongshang Li
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingyun Wan
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research & Innovation, Shenzhen, 518057, China.,Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited Units 909-915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong, China
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27
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Bäumer N, Castellanos E, Soberats B, Fernández G. Bioinspired crowding directs supramolecular polymerisation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1084. [PMID: 36841784 PMCID: PMC9968348 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Crowding effects are crucial to maintaining functionality in biological systems, but little is known about their role in analogous artificial counterparts. Within the growing field of supramolecular polymer science, crowding effects have hitherto remained underappreciated. Herein, we show that crowding effects exhibit strong and distinct control over the kinetics, accessible pathways and final outcomes of supramolecular polymerisation processes. In the presence of a pre-formed supramolecular polymer as crowding agent, a model supramolecular polymer dramatically changes its self-assembly behaviour and undergoes a morphological transformation from bundled fibres into flower-like hierarchical assemblies, despite no co-assembly taking place. Notably, this new pathway can only be accessed in crowded environments and when the crowding agent exhibits a one-dimensional morphology. These results allow accessing diverse morphologies and properties in supramolecular polymers and pave the way towards a better understanding of high-precision self-assembly in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Bäumer
- grid.5949.10000 0001 2172 9288Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster, Organisch Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Eduardo Castellanos
- grid.9563.90000 0001 1940 4767Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, 07122 Spain
| | - Bartolome Soberats
- grid.9563.90000 0001 1940 4767Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5, Palma de Mallorca, 07122 Spain
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster, Organisch Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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28
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Ikai T, Anzai S, Oki K, Yashima E. Amplification of macromolecular helicity of poly(biphenylylacetylene)s composed of a small amount of chiral [5]helicene units. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Saitama Japan
| | - Shun Anzai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Kosuke Oki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya Japan
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29
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Wan Q, Xiao K, Li Z, Yang J, Kim JT, Cui X, Che CM. Optical Signal Modulation in Photonic Waveguiding Heteroarchitectures with Continuously Variable Visible-To-Near-Infrared Emission Color. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204839. [PMID: 36099543 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photonic circuit systems based on optical waveguiding heteroarchitectures have attracted considerable interest owing to their potential to overcome the speed limitation in electronic circuits by modulating the optical signal at the micro- or nanoscale. However, controlling the parameters, including the wavelength and polarization of the light outcoupling, as well as the sequence among different building blocks, remains a key issue. Herein, supramolecular heteroarchitectures made by phosphorescent organometallic complexes of Pt, Pd, Cu, and Au are applied as photonic logic gates that show continuously variable emission colors from 475 to 810 nm, low waveguide losses down to 0.0077 dB µm-1 , and remarkable excitation-light polarization-dependent photoluminescence with anisotropy ratios up to 0.68. The sequences among Pt, Pd, Au, and Cu building blocks in the heteroarchitectures are controlled by living supramolecular polymerization or crystallization-driven self-assembly synthetic approaches. The results indicate the prospects for using organometallic complexes and supramolecular synthetic approaches to prepare photonic circuit systems with tunable emission color and controllable sequences among different blocks that achieve modulation of the optical signal in the visible-to-near-infrared spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zongshang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jihyuk Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited Units 909-915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ji Tae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaodong Cui
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Quantum AI Lab Limited Units 909-915, Building 17W, 17 Science Park West Avenue, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong SAR, China
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30
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Cai T, Zhao S, Lin J, Zhang L. Kinetically Programming Copolymerization-like Coassembly of Multicomponent Nanoparticles with DNA. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15907-15916. [PMID: 36129379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Programmable coassembly of multicomponent nanoparticles (NPs) into heterostructures has the capability to build upon nanostructured metamaterials with enhanced complexity and diversity. However, a general understanding of how to manipulate the sequence-defined heterostructures using straightforward concepts and quantitatively predict the coassembly process remains unreached. Drawing inspiration from the synthetic concepts of molecular block copolymers is extremely beneficial to achieve controllable coassembly of NPs and access mesoscale structuring mechanisms. We herein report a general paradigm of kinetic pathway guidance for the controllable coassembly of bivalent DNA-functionalized NPs into regular block-copolymer-like heterostructures via the stepwise polymerization strategy. By quantifying the coassembly kinetics and structural statistics, it is demonstrated that the coassembly of multicomponent NPs, through directing the specific pathways of prepolymer intermediates, follows the step-growth copolymerization mechanism. Meanwhile, a quantitative model is developed to predict the growth kinetics and outcomes of heterostructures, all controlled by the designed elements of the coassembly system. Furthermore, the stepwise polymerization strategy can be generalized to build upon a great variety of regular nanopolymers with complex architectures, such as multiblock terpolymers and ladder copolymers. Our theoretical and simulation results provide fundamental insights on quantitative predictions of the coassembly kinetics and coassembled outcomes, which can aid in realizing a diverse set of supramolecular DNA materials by the rational design of kinetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuochen Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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31
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Nakamuro T, Kamei K, Sun K, Bode JW, Harano K, Nakamura E. Time-Resolved Atomistic Imaging and Statistical Analysis of Daptomycin Oligomers with and without Calcium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13612-13622. [PMID: 35857028 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Daptomycin (DP) is effective against multiple drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens because of its distinct mechanism of action. An accepted mechanism includes Ca2+-triggered aggregation of the DP molecule to form oligomers. DP and its oligomers have so far defied structural analysis at a molecular level. We studied the ability of DP molecule to aggregate by itself in water, the effects of Ca2+ ions to promote the aggregation, and the connectivity of the DP molecules in the oligomers by the combined use of dynamic light scattering in water and atomic-resolution cinematographic imaging of DP molecules captured on a carbon nanotube on which the DP molecule is installed as a fishhook. We found that the DP molecule aggregates weakly into dimers, trimers, and tetramers in water, and strongly in the presence of calcium ions, and that the tetramer is the largest oligomer in homogeneous aqueous solution. The dimer remains as the major species, and we propose a face-to-face stacked structure based on dynamic imaging using millisecond and angstrom resolution transmission electron microscopy. The tetramer in its cyclic form is the largest oligomer observed, while the trimer forms in its linear form. The study has shown that the DP molecule has an intrinsic property of forming tetramers in water, which is enhanced by the presence of calcium ions. Such experimental structural information will serve as a platform for future drug design. The data also illustrate the utility of cinematographic recording for the study of self-organization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nakamuro
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ko Kamei
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Keyi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jeffrey W Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Koji Harano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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32
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Takahashi S, Yagai S. Harmonizing Topological Features of Self-Assembled Fibers by Rosette-Mediated Random Supramolecular Copolymerization and Self-Sorting of Monomers by Photo-Cross-Linking. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13374-13383. [PMID: 35833747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Random copolymerization is an effective approach to synthesize the desired polymers by harmonizing distinct properties of different monomers. For supramolecular polymers in which monomer binding is inherently dynamic, it is difficult to achieve random copolymerization of monomers with distinct molecular structures and properties due to an enthalpic advantage upon self-recognition (self-sorting). Herein, we demonstrate an example of thermodynamically controlled random supramolecular copolymerization of two monomers functionalized with barbituric acid via the formation of six-membered hydrogen-bonded rosette intermediates to exhibit structural harmonization of the two main-chain motifs, i.e., intrinsically curved and linear motifs. One monomer based on naphthalene chromophore exclusively forms toroidal fibers, whereas another one bearing additional photoreactive diacetylene moiety affords linearly elongated fibers. Supramolecular copolymerization of the two monomers is achieved by cooling hot monomer mixtures in a nonpolar solvent, which results in the formation of thermodynamically stable spirally folded yet elongated fibers. Atomic force microscopic observations and theoretical simulations of the experimental data obtained by absorption spectroscopy reveal the homopolymerization of the diacetylene-functionalized monomer in the high-temperature region, followed by the incorporation of the naphthalene monomer in the medium-temperature region to form supramolecular copolymers with random monomer sequence. Finally, we demonstrate that the random copolymerization process can be switched to a narcissistically self-sorting one by deactivating monomer exchange through the photo-cross-linking of the diacetylene-functionalized monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Takahashi
- Division of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Shiki Yagai
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research (IAAR), Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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33
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Chen G, Shi P, Zeng L, Feng L, Wang X, Lin X, Sun Y, Fang H, Cao X, Wang X, Yang L, Tian Z. Supramolecular copolymerization through self-correction of non-polymerizable transient intermediates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7796-7804. [PMID: 35865888 PMCID: PMC9258341 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01930b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic control over structures and functions of complex assembly systems has aroused widespread interest. Understanding the complex pathway and transient intermediates is helpful to decipher how multiple components evolve into complex assemblies. However, for supramolecular polymerizations, thorough and quantitative kinetic analysis is often overlooked. Challenges remain in collecting the information of structure and content of transient intermediates in situ with high temporal and spatial resolution. Here, the unsolved evolution mechanism of a classical self-sorting supramolecular copolymerization system was addressed by employing multidimensional NMR techniques coupled with a microfluidic technique. Unexpected complex pathways were revealed and quantitatively analyzed. A counterintuitive pathway involving polymerization through the 'error-correction' of non-polymerizable transient intermediates was identified. Moreover, a 'non-classical' step-growth polymerization process controlled by the self-sorting mechanism was unraveled based on the kinetic study. Realizing the existence of transient intermediates during self-sorting can encourage the exploitation of this strategy to construct kinetic steady state assembly systems. Moreover, the strategy of coupling a microfluidic technique with various characterization techniques can provide a kinetic analysis toolkit for versatile assembly systems. The combined approach of coupling thermodynamic and kinetic analyses is indispensable for understanding the assembly mechanisms, the rules of emergence, and the engineering of complex assembly systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Peichen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Longhui Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Liubin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xujing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yibin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hongxun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering (National Model Microelectronics College), Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Liulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhongqun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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34
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Liao R, Wang F, Guo Y, Han Y, Wang F. Chirality-Controlled Supramolecular Donor-Acceptor Copolymerization with Distinct Energy Transfer Efficiency. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9775-9784. [PMID: 35621014 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chirality delivers substantial value to the field of supramolecular polymers, not only serving as a probe to monitor the dynamic assembly process but providing access to chiroptical materials. The current study demonstrates that, for supramolecular donor-acceptor copolymers, their comonomer organization modes can be greatly influenced by stereocommunication at the molecular level. The enantiopure N-[(1R or 1S)-phenylethyl]benzamides are incorporated into two structurally similar comonomers, locating between the π-aromatic diethynylacene core and the alkyl chain peripheries. Parallel arrangement of the stereogenic methyl units brings steric hindrance between the homochiral comonomers, which is relieved for the heterochiral comonomers due to the adoption of staggered arrangement. It consequently steers randomly mixed organization for the homochiral supramolecular copolymers within the nanofibers. In comparison, the heterochiral counterparts form nanoparticles in an alternate donor-acceptor organization manner. The variation of comonomer arrangement modes gives rise to distinct energy transfer efficiency at the supramolecular level. Overall, the elaborate manipulation of stereogenic centers in the comonomer structures exerts significant impacts on the characteristics of supramolecular copolymers, which could be useful for chiral sensing, recognition, and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
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35
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Mhanna R, Gao Y, Van Tol I, Springer E, Wu N, Marr DWM. Chain Assembly Kinetics from Magnetic Colloidal Spheres. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5730-5737. [PMID: 35486385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic colloidal chains are a microrobotic system with promising applications due to their versatility, biocompatibility, and ease of manipulation under magnetic fields. Their synthesis involves kinetic pathways that control chain quality, length, and flexibility, a process performed by first aligning superparamagnetic particles under a one-dimensional magnetic field and then chemically linking them using a four-armed maleimide-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol). Here, we systematically vary the concentration of the poly(ethylene glycol) linkers, the reaction temperature, and the magnetic field strength to study their impact on the physical properties of synthesized chains, including the chain length distribution, reaction temperature, and bending modulus. We find that this chain fabrication process resembles step-growth polymerization and can be accurately described by the Flory-Schulz model. Under optimized experimental conditions, we have successfully synthesized long flexible colloidal chains with a bending modulus, which is 4 orders of magnitude smaller than previous studies. Such flexible and long chains can be folded entirely into concentric rings and helices with multiple turns, demonstrating the potential for investigating the actuation, assembly, and folding behaviors of these colloidal polymer analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Mhanna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Isaac Van Tol
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ela Springer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - David W M Marr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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36
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Ikai T, Takeda S, Yashima E. Catalytic One-Handed Helix Induction and Subsequent Static Memory of Poly(biphenylylacetylene)s Assisted by a Small Amount of Carboxy Groups Introduced at the Pendants. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:525-531. [PMID: 35575344 PMCID: PMC9022430 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A dynamically
racemic helical copolymer composed of an achiral
biphenylylacetylene (BPA) bearing methoxymethoxy groups at the 2,2′-positions
and 1 mol % of an achiral BPA carrying 2-carboxy-2′-methoxymethoxy
groups at the biphenyl pendants was found to fold into an excess one-handed
helix with significant amplification of the helicity in the presence
of a small amount of optically active amines. The induced macromolecular
helicity was retained (“memorized”) after removal of
the chiral amines. The copolymer had a significant sensitivity for
detecting the chirality of chiral amines with a sensitivity more than
10000-fold higher than that of the corresponding homopolymers with
no carboxy group, thus showing Cotton effects even in the presence
of a 0.01 equiv of an optically active amine. The effects of the substituents
at the 4′-position of the biphenyl pendants of the copolymers
and the structures of the chiral amines on the macromolecular helicity
induction were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shoki Takeda
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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37
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Aoki T, Ueda M, Aida T, Itoh Y. Supramolecular Polymerization of a Photo-Fluttering Chiral Monomer: A Temporarily Suspendable Chain Growth by Light. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7080-7084. [PMID: 35385273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using a photochemically fluttering thiophene-fused cyclooctatetraene derivative (COT) as a nonplanar chiral monomer, we have succeeded in remotely suspending the supramolecular polymerization in a temporal manner by a completely new strategy. The COT monomer with an 8π electron core adopts a saddle shape in the ground state and flutters 5.8 × 103 times faster upon photoirradiation than in the dark as a result of the stabilized planar conformation by the excited-state aromaticity (Baird aromaticity). Detailed investigation revealed that without photoirradiation the rate constant of the fluttering motion is 1/560 times smaller than that of the chain elongation, indicating that the fluttering of COT does not affect the chain elongation in the dark. In contrast, under photoirradiation (365 nm), the fluttering of COT is at least 11 times more rapid than the chain elongation, thereby suppressing the elongation event. The rapid fluttering of COT to suspend the chain elongation is not accompanied by a decrease in active monomer concentration, leading to depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Aoki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Michihisa Ueda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Itoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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38
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Baker MB, Bosman T, Cox MAJ, Dankers P, Dias A, Jonkheijm P, Kieltyka R. Supramolecular Biomaterials in the Netherlands. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:511-524. [PMID: 35316128 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetically designed biomaterials strive to recapitulate and mimic the complex environment of natural systems. Using natural materials as a guide, the ability to create high performance biomaterials that control cell fate, and support the next generation of cell and tissue-based therapeutics, is starting to emerge. Supramolecular chemistry takes inspiration from the wealth of non-covalent interactions found in natural materials that are inherently complex, and using the skills of synthetic and polymer chemistry, recreates simple systems to imitate their features. Within the past decade, supramolecular biomaterials have shown utility in tissue engineering and the progress predicts a bright future. On this 30th anniversary of the Netherlands Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering society, we will briefly recount the state of supramolecular biomaterials in the Dutch academic and industrial research and development context. This review will provide the background, recent advances, industrial successes and challenges, as well as future directions of the field, as we see it. Throughout this work, we notice the intricate interplay between simplicity and complexity in creating more advanced solutions. We hope that the interplay and juxtaposition between these two forces can propel the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Baker
- Maastricht University, 5211, Complex Tissue Regeneration Department, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, 6211LK, Limburg, Netherlands.,Maastricht University, 5211, MERLN/CTR, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands;
| | | | - Martijn A J Cox
- Xeltis BV, Lismortel 31, PO Box 80, Eindhoven, Netherlands, 5600AB;
| | - Patricia Dankers
- Eindhoven University of Technology, 3169, Department of Pathology, Eindhoven, Noord-Brabant, Netherlands;
| | | | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , Molecular Nanofabrication group, Enschede, Netherlands;
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39
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Insua I, Bergueiro J, Méndez-Ardoy A, Lostalé-Seijo I, Montenegro J. Bottom-up supramolecular assembly in two dimensions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3057-3068. [PMID: 35414883 PMCID: PMC8926289 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05667k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of molecules in two dimensions (2D) is gathering attention from all disciplines across the chemical sciences. Attracted by the interesting properties of two-dimensional inorganic analogues, monomers of different chemical natures are being explored for the assembly of dynamic 2D systems. Although many important discoveries have been already achieved, great challenges are still to be addressed in this field. Hierarchical multicomponent assembly, directional non-covalent growth and internal structural control are a just a few of the examples that will be discussed in this perspective about the exciting present and the bright future of two-dimensional supramolecular assemblies. The self-assembly of molecules in two dimensions (2D) is gathering attention from all disciplines across the chemical sciences. This perspective discusses the main strategies to direct the supramolecular self-assembly of organic monomers in 2D.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Insua
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Spain
| | - Julian Bergueiro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Spain
| | - Alejandro Méndez-Ardoy
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Spain
| | - Irene Lostalé-Seijo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Spain
| | - Javier Montenegro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15705 Spain
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40
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Hai T, Feng Z, Sun Y, Wong WY, Liang Y, Zhang Q, Lei Y. Vapor-Phase Living Assembly of π-Conjugated Organic Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3290-3299. [PMID: 35107255 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to well-studied amphiphilic block copolymers (BCPs) and π-stacked dyes, living assembly of hydrophobic π-conjugated materials has not yet been explored to date. Using a microspacing physical vapor transport (PVT) technique, the prefabricated microrods of organic semiconductors involving 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA, A) or its binary alloy (B) can act as seeds to initiate living homoepitaxial growth from their ends, giving elongated microrods with controlled length. Red-green-red tricolor fluorescent microrod heterostructures with low dispersity are further realized by living heteroepitaxial growth of B microrod blocks on A seed microrod tips. Upon varying the growth sequence of each block, reverse triblock microrods are also accessible. Such a seed-induced living growth is applicable to triblock microrod heterostructures of more binary combinations as well as even more complex penta- and hepta-block heterostructures comprising A and B. By virtue of a convenient vapor-phase growth method, the present work demonstrates the generality of living assembly of π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zuofang Feng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiu Sun
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), Hung Hom, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yin Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yilong Lei
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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41
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Tarrío JJ, Rodríguez R, Fernández B, Quiñoá E, Freire F. Dissymmetric Chiral Poly(diphenylacetylene)s: Secondary Structure Elucidation and Dynamic Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115070. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Tarrío
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Berta Fernández
- Departamento de Química Física Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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42
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Okuda S, Ousaka N, Iwata T, Ishida R, Urushima A, Suzuki N, Nagano S, Ikai T, Yashima E. Supramolecular Helical Assemblies of Dirhodium(II) Paddlewheels with 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane: A Remarkable Substituent Effect on the Helical Sense Preference and Amplification of the Helical Handedness Excess of Metallo-Supramolecular Helical Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2775-2792. [PMID: 35119857 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report unique coordination-driven supramolecular helical assemblies of a series of dirhodium(II) tetracarboxylate paddlewheels bearing chiral phenyl- or methyl-substituted amide-bound m-terphenyl residues with triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (TEG) or n-dodecyl tails through a 1:1 complexation with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO). The chiral dirhodium complexes with DABCO in CHCl3/n-hexane (1:1) form one-handed helical coordination polymers with a controlled propeller chirality at the m-terphenyl groups, which are stabilized by intermolecular hydrogen-bonding networks between the adjacent amide groups at the periphery mainly via a cooperative nucleation-elongation mechanism as supported by circular dichroism (CD), vibrational CD, and variable-temperature (VT) absorption and CD analyses. The VT visible-absorption titrations revealed the temperature-dependent changes in the degree of polymerization. The columnar supramolecular helical structures were elucidated by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The helix sense of the homopolymer carrying the bulky phenyl and n-dodecyl substituents is opposite those of other chiral homopolymers despite having the same absolute configuration at the pendants. A remarkably strong "sergeants and soldiers" (S&S) effect was observed in most of the chiral/achiral copolymers, while the copolymers of the bulky chiral phenyl-substituted dirhodium complexes with n-dodecyl chains displayed an "abnormal" S&S effect accompanied by an inversion of the helix sense, which could be switched to a "normal" S&S effect by changing the solvent composition. A nonracemic dirhodium complex of 20% enantiomeric excess bearing the less bulky chiral methyl substituents with n-dodecyl chains assembled with DABCO to form an almost one-handed helix (the "majority rule" (MR) effect), whereas the three other nonracemic copolymers showed a weak MR effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Okuda
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takuya Iwata
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Riku Ishida
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Akio Urushima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Nozomu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shusaku Nagano
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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43
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Coste M, Suárez-Picado E, Ulrich S. Hierarchical self-assembly of aromatic peptide conjugates into supramolecular polymers: it takes two to tango. Chem Sci 2022; 13:909-933. [PMID: 35211257 PMCID: PMC8790784 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are self-assembled materials displaying adaptive and responsive "life-like" behaviour which are often made of aromatic compounds capable of engaging in π-π interactions to form larger assemblies. Major advances have been made recently in controlling their mode of self-assembly, from thermodynamically-controlled isodesmic to kinetically-controlled living polymerization. Dynamic covalent chemistry has been recently implemented to generate dynamic covalent polymers which can be seen as dynamic analogues of biomacromolecules. On the other hand, peptides are readily-available and structurally-rich building blocks that can lead to secondary structures or specific functions. In this context, the past decade has seen intense research activity in studying the behaviour of aromatic-peptide conjugates through supramolecular and/or dynamic covalent chemistries. Herein, we review those impressive key achievements showcasing how aromatic- and peptide-based self-assemblies can be combined using dynamic covalent and/or supramolecular chemistry, and what it brings in terms of the structure, self-assembly pathways, and function of supramolecular and dynamic covalent polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Coste
- IBMM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Montpellier France
| | - Esteban Suárez-Picado
- IBMM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Montpellier France
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- IBMM, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM Montpellier France
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44
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Freire F, Tarrío JJ, Rodríguez R, Fernández B, Quiñoá E. Dissymmetric Chiral Poly(diphenylacetylene)s: Secondary Structure Elucidation and Dynamic Luminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Freire
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Centre for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials Jenaro de la Fuente street s/n 15782 Santiago de Compostela SPAIN
| | - Juan José Tarrío
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela - Campus de Santiago: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela CiQUS SPAIN
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- Kanazawa University - Kakuma Campus: Kanazawa Daigaku Organic Chemsitry JAPAN
| | - Berta Fernández
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela - Campus de Santiago: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Physical Chemistry RWANDA
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela - Campus de Santiago: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela CiQUS SPAIN
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45
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Lamers BAG, van Son MHC, de Graaf FV, van den Bersselaar BWL, de Waal BFM, Komatsu K, Sato H, Aida T, Berrocal JA, Palmans ARA, Vantomme G, Meskers SCJ, Meijer EW. Tuning the donor-acceptor interactions in phase-segregated block molecules. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:294-302. [PMID: 34611679 PMCID: PMC8725796 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01141c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of donor-acceptor molecules via charge transfer (CT) interactions gives rise to highly ordered nanomaterials with appealing electronic properties. Here, we present the synthesis and bulk co-assembly of pyrene (Pyr) and naphthalenediimide (NDI) functionalized oligodimethylsiloxanes (oDMS) of discrete length. We tune the donor-acceptor interactions by connecting the pyrene and NDI to the same oligomer, forming a heterotelechelic block molecule (NDI-oDMSPyr), and to two separate oligomers, giving Pyr and NDI homotelechelic block molecules (Pyr-oDMS and NDI-oDMS). Liquid crystalline materials are obtained for binary mixtures of Pyr-oDMS and NDI-oDMS, while crystallization of the CT dimers occurred for the heterotelechelic NDI-oDMS-Pyr block molecule. The synergy between crystallization and phase-segregation coupled with the discrete length of the oDMS units allows for perfect order and sharp interfaces between the insulating siloxane and CT layers composed of crystalline CT dimers. We were able to tune the lamellar domain spacing and donor-acceptor CT interactions by applying pressures up to 6 GPa on the material, making the system promising for soft-material nanotechnologies. These results demonstrate the importance of the molecular design to tune the CT interactions and stability of a CT material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte A G Lamers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin H C van Son
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Freek V de Graaf
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart W L van den Bersselaar
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas F M de Waal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Kazuki Komatsu
- Geochemistry Research Center, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sato
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuzo Aida
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - José Augusto Berrocal
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, Polymer Chemistry and Materials, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan C J Meskers
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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46
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Matern J, Fernández Z, Fernández G. Exploiting halido ligands to control nucleation pathways and Pt⋯Pt interactions in supramolecular co-polymerizations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12309-12312. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We exploit halogen effects to tune metal–metal interactions, nucleation pathways and hetero-seeded growth in supramolecular copolymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Matern
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Zulema Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Dorca Y, Naranjo C, Ghosh G, Soberats B, Calbo J, Ortí E, Fernández G, Sánchez L. Supramolecular polymerization of electronically complementary linear motifs: anti-cooperativity by attenuated growth. Chem Sci 2021; 13:81-89. [PMID: 35059154 PMCID: PMC8694371 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-cooperative supramolecular polymerization by attenuated growth exhibited by self-assembling units of two electron-donor benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) derivatives (compounds 1a and 1b) and the electron-acceptor 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) (compound 2) is reported. Despite the apparent cooperative mechanism of 1 and 2, AFM imaging and SAXS measurements reveal the formation of small aggregates that suggest the operation of an anti-cooperative mechanism strongly conditioned by an attenuated growth. In this mechanism, the formation of the nuclei is favoured over the subsequent addition of monomeric units to the aggregate, which finally results in short aggregates. Theoretical calculations show that both the BDT and BODIPY motifs, after forming the initial dimeric nuclei, experience a strong distortion of the central aromatic backbone upon growth, which makes the addition of successive monomeric units unfavourable and impedes the formation of long fibrillar structures. Despite the anti-cooperativity observed in the supramolecular polymerization of 1 and 2, the combination of both self-assembling units results in the formation of small co-assembled aggregates with a similar supramolecular polymerization behaviour to that observed for the separate components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeray Dorca
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Cristina Naranjo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bartolomé Soberats
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands Cra. Valldemossa, Km. 7.5 07122 Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia C/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms, Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid Spain
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48
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Fernández Z, Fernández B, Quiñoá E, Freire F. Merging Supramolecular and Covalent Helical Polymers: Four Helices Within a Single Scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20962-20969. [PMID: 34860519 PMCID: PMC8679087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular and covalent polymers share multiple structural effects such as chiral amplification, helical inversion, sergeants and soldiers, or majority rules, among others. These features are related to the axial helical structure found in both types of materials, which are responsible for their properties. Herein a novel material combining information and characteristics from both fields of helical polymers, supramolecular (oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene) (OPE)) and covalent (poly(acetylene) (PA)), is presented. To achieve this goal, the poly(acetylene) must adopt a dihedral angle between conjugated double bonds (ω1) higher than 165°. In such cases, the tilting degree (Θ) between the OPE units used as pendant groups is close to 11°, like that observed in supramolecular helical arrays of these molecules. Polymerization of oligo[(p-phenyleneethynylene)n]phenylacetylene monomers (n = 1, 2) bearing L-decyl alaninate as the pendant group yielded the desired scaffolds. These polymers adopt a stretched and almost planar polyene helix, where the OPE units are arranged describing a helical structure. As a result, a novel multihelix material was prepared, the ECD spectra of which are dominated by the OPE axial array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Fernández
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Berta Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Física, University
of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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49
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de Windt LNJ, Fernández Z, Fernández-Míguez M, Freire F, Palmans ARA. Elucidating the Supramolecular Copolymerization of N- and C-Centered Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxamides: The Role of Parallel and Antiparallel Packing of Amide Groups in the Copolymer Microstructure. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103691. [PMID: 34766652 PMCID: PMC9300128 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An in‐depth study of the supramolecular copolymerization behavior of N‐ and C‐centered benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamides (N‐ and C‐BTAs) has been conducted in methylcyclohexane and in the solid state. The connectivity of the amide groups in the BTAs differs, and mixing N‐ and C‐BTAs results in supramolecular copolymers with a blocky microstructure in solution. The blocky microstructure results from the formation of weaker and less organized, antiparallel hydrogen bonds between N‐ and C‐BTAs. In methylcyclohexane, the helical threefold hydrogen‐bonding network present in C‐ and N‐BTAs is retained in the mixtures. In the solid state, in contrast, the hydrogen bonds of pure BTAs as well as their mixtures organize in a sheet‐like pattern, and in the mixtures long‐range order is lost. Drop‐casting to kinetically trap the solution microstructures shows that C‐BTAs retain the helical hydrogen bonds, but N‐BTAs immediately adopt the sheet‐like pattern, a direct consequence of the lower stabilization energy of the helical hydrogen bonds. In the copolymers, the stability of the helical aggregates depends on the copolymer composition, and helical aggregates are only preserved when a high amount of C‐BTAs is present. The method outlined here is generally applicable to elucidate the copolymerization behavior of supramolecular monomers both in solution as well as in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lafayette N J de Windt
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zulema Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-Míguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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50
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Su H, Jansen SAH, Schnitzer T, Weyandt E, Rösch AT, Liu J, Vantomme G, Meijer EW. Unraveling the Complexity of Supramolecular Copolymerization Dictated by Triazine-Benzene Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17128-17135. [PMID: 34612646 PMCID: PMC8532160 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
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Supramolecular copolymers
formed by the noncovalent synthesis of
multiple components expand the complexity of functional molecular
systems. However, varying the composition and microstructure of copolymers
through tuning the interactions between building blocks remains a
challenge. Here, we report a remarkable discovery of the temperature-dependent
supramolecular copolymerization of the two chiral monomers 4,4′,4″-(1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triyl)tribenzamide
(S-T) and 4,4′,4″-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tribenzamide
(S-B). We first demonstrate
in the homopolymerization of the two individual monomers that a subtle
change from the central triazine to benzene in the chemical structure
of the monomers significantly affects the properties of the resulting
homopolymers in solution. Homopolymers formed by S-T exhibit enhanced stability in comparison
to S-B. More importantly,
through a combination of spectroscopic analysis and theoretical simulation,
we reveal the complex process of copolymerization: S-T aggregates into homopolymers at elevated
temperature, and upon slow cooling S-B gradually intercalates into the copolymers, to finally
give copolymers with almost 80% alternating bonds at 10 °C. The
formation of the predominantly alternating copolymers is plausibly
contributed by preferred heterointeractions between triazine and benzene
cores in S-T and S-B, respectively, at lower temperatures.
Overall, this work unravels the complexity of a supramolecular copolymerization
process where an intermediate heterointeraction (higher than one homointeraction
and lower than the other homointeraction) presents and proposes a
general method to elucidate the microstructures of copolymers responsive
to temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stef A H Jansen
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Schnitzer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Weyandt
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas T Rösch
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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