1
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Rinkovec T, Kalebic D, Dehaen W, Whitelam S, Harvey JN, De Feyter S. On the origin of cooperativity effects in the formation of self-assembled molecular networks at the liquid/solid interface. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6076-6087. [PMID: 38665531 PMCID: PMC11041291 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work we investigate the behaviour of molecules at the nanoscale using scanning tunnelling microscopy in order to explore the origin of the cooperativity in the formation of self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) at the liquid/solid interface. By studying concentration dependence of alkoxylated dimethylbenzene, a molecular analogue to 5-alkoxylated isophthalic derivatives, but without hydrogen bonding moieties, we show that the cooperativity effect can be experimentally evaluated even for low-interacting systems and that the cooperativity in SAMN formation is its fundamental trait. We conclude that cooperativity must be a local effect and use the nearest-neighbor Ising model to reproduce the coverage vs. concentration curves. The Ising model offers a direct link between statistical thermodynamics and experimental parameters, making it a valuable tool for assessing the thermodynamics of SAMN formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rinkovec
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Demian Kalebic
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Stephen Whitelam
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeremy N Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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2
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Wang H, Mills J, Sun B, Cui H. Therapeutic Supramolecular Polymers: Designs and Applications. Prog Polym Sci 2024; 148:101769. [PMID: 38188703 PMCID: PMC10769153 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The self-assembly of low-molecular-weight building motifs into supramolecular polymers has unlocked a new realm of materials with distinct properties and tremendous potential for advancing medical practices. Leveraging the reversible and dynamic nature of non-covalent interactions, these supramolecular polymers exhibit inherent responsiveness to their microenvironment, physiological cues, and biomolecular signals, making them uniquely suited for diverse biomedical applications. In this review, we intend to explore the principles of design, synthesis methodologies, and strategic developments that underlie the creation of supramolecular polymers as carriers for therapeutics, contributing to the treatment and prevention of a spectrum of human diseases. We delve into the principles underlying monomer design, emphasizing the pivotal role of non-covalent interactions, directionality, and reversibility. Moreover, we explore the intricate balance between thermodynamics and kinetics in supramolecular polymerization, illuminating strategies for achieving controlled sizes and distributions. Categorically, we examine their exciting biomedical applications: individual polymers as discrete carriers for therapeutics, delving into their interactions with cells, and in vivo dynamics; and supramolecular polymeric hydrogels as injectable depots, with a focus on their roles in cancer immunotherapy, sustained drug release, and regenerative medicine. As the field continues to burgeon, harnessing the unique attributes of therapeutic supramolecular polymers holds the promise of transformative impacts across the biomedical landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jason Mills
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Boran Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBiotechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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3
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Ali SM, Sk S, Sepay N, Molla MR. Entropy-Enthalpy Compensation in Solvent Geometry Regulated Supramolecular Polymerization of Luminescent Napthalimide via a Non-Cooperative, Isodesmic Mechanism. Chemistry 2023:e202303587. [PMID: 38031526 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers of π-conjugated systems are an important class of materials with fascinating functions and properties originated from the dynamic behavior and highly ordered molecular organizations. Here, a donor-π-acceptor based functionalized luminescent napthalene monoimide (NMI) undergoes J-type self-assembly by non-covalent interactions via a non-cooperative, isodesmic mechanism to form supramolecular 1D nanowire. The fundamental insights into the thermodynamics regulating the supramolecular polymerization were derived through the fitting of the isodesmic model to variable temperature UV/Vis data in linear (dodecane) and nonliner hydrocarbon (decalin) based solvents. This shows a significant role of entropy-enthalpy compensation in solvent geometry-regulated formation and stabilization of supramolecular polymer. Furthermore, we have quantitively estimated the influence of solvent geometry and found that NMI forms stronger self-assembly and spontaneous gel in linear hydrocarbon based solvent compared to nonliner one and thereby substantially increases the degree of polymerization in linear hydrocarbon solvent (dodecane). This is accredited to the effective influence of the linear hydrocarbon solvent molecules in the polymerization process by favourable van der waals interactions with the peripheral alkyl chains of the NMI monomers in contrast to unfavourable interaction of nonliner hydrocarbon solvent due to geometry mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Mursed Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Roy, Kolkata, India-, 700009
| | - Sujauddin Sk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Roy, Kolkata, India-, 700009
| | - Nayim Sepay
- Department of Chemistry, Lady Brabourne College, P-1/2, Suhrawardy Ave, Beniapukur, Kolkata, India-, 700017
| | - Mijanur Rahaman Molla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92 A. P. C. Roy, Kolkata, India-, 700009
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4
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Rey-Tarrío F, Quiñoá E, Fernández G, Freire F. Multi-chiral materials comprising metallosupramolecular and covalent helical polymers containing five axial motifs within a helix. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3348. [PMID: 37291098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular and covalent polymers share multiple structural effects such as communication mechanisms among monomer repeating units, which are related to their axial helical structure. Herein, a unique multi-helical material combining information from both metallosupramolecular and covalent helical polymers is presented. In this system, the helical structure described by the poly(acetylene) (PA) backbone (cis-cisoidal, cis-transoidal) guides the pendant groups in a fashion where a tilting degree emerges between a pendant and the adjacent ones. As a result, a multi-chiral material is formed comprising four or five axial motifs when the polyene skeleton adopts either a cis-transoidal or cis-cisoidal configuration: the two coaxial helices-internal and external-and the two or three chiral axial motifs described by the bispyridyldichlorido PtII complex array. These results show that complex multi-chiral materials can be obtained by polymerizing appropriate monomers that combine both point chirality and the ability to generate chiral supramolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Rey-Tarrío
- Research Center in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Research Center in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- University of Münster, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Félix Freire
- Research Center in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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5
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de Heer Kloots MHP, Schoustra SK, Dijksman JA, Smulders MMJ. Phase separation in supramolecular and covalent adaptable networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2857-2877. [PMID: 37060135 PMCID: PMC10131172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation phenomena have been studied widely in the field of polymer science, and were recently also reported for dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). The mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks are of particular interest as the reversible nature of the network can participate in the structuring of the micro- and macroscale domains. In this review, we highlight the underlying mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks, distinguishing between supramolecular polymer networks and covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Also, we address the synergistic effects between phase separation and reversible bond exchange. We furthermore discuss the effects of phase separation on the material properties, and how this knowledge can be used to enhance and tune material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H P de Heer Kloots
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren K Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joshua A Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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6
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Aljuaid N, Seitsonen J, Ruokolainen J, Greco F, Hamley IW. Micelle and Nanotape Formation of Benzene Tricarboxamide Analogues with Selective Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46843-46848. [PMID: 36570178 PMCID: PMC9773333 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Analogues of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide bearing combinations of different alkyl chains (dodecyl to octadecyl) and ester-linked PEG (polyethylene glycol) chains are shown to self-assemble into either micelles or nanotapes in aqueous solution, depending on the architecture (number of alkyl vs PEG chains). The cytotoxicity to cells is selectively greater for breast cancer cells than fibroblast controls in a dose-dependent manner. The compounds show strong stability, retaining their self-assembled structures at low pH (relevant to acidic tumor conditions) and in buffer and cell culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Aljuaid
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
| | - Jani Seitsonen
- Nanomicroscopy
Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Nanomicroscopy
Center, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Francesca Greco
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- School
of Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K.
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7
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Dimeric capsule vs columnar polymer: Structural factors determining the aggregation behavior of amino acid functionalized benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides in solution and in the solid-state. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Controllable Construction of Amino-Functionalized Dynamic Covalent Porous Polymers for High-Efficiency CO 2 Capture from Flue Gas. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185853. [PMID: 36144589 PMCID: PMC9502662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of high-efficiency CO2 adsorbents with low cost, high capacity, and easy desorption is of high significance for reducing carbon emissions, which yet remains a great challenge. This work proposes a facile construction strategy of amino-functional dynamic covalent materials for effective CO2 capture from flue gas. Upon the dynamic imine assembly of N-site rich motif and aldehyde-based spacers, nanospheres and hollow nanotubes with spongy pores were constructed spontaneously at room temperature. A commercial amino-functional molecule tetraethylenepentamine could be facilely introduced into the dynamic covalent materials by virtue of the dynamic nature of imine assembly, thus inducing a high CO2 capacity (1.27 mmol·g-1) from simulated flue gas at 75 °C. This dynamic imine assembly strategy endowed the dynamic covalent materials with facile preparation, low cost, excellent CO2 capacity, and outstanding cyclic stability, providing a mild and controllable approach for the development of competitive CO2 adsorbents.
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9
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Gong Y, Cao Z, Zhang Z, Liu R, Zhang F, Wei J, Yang Z. Chirality Inversion in Self-Assembled Nanocomposites Directed by Curvature-Mediated Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117406. [PMID: 34981650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale curvature-dependent interactions are of paramount importance in biological systems. Here, we report that nanoscale curvature plays an important role in regulating the chirality of self-assembled nanocomposites from chiral organic molecules and achiral nanoparticles. Specifically, we show that the supramolecular chirality of the nanocomposites markedly depends on the nanoparticle curvature, where small-sized nanoparticles of high curvature and large-sized nanoparticles of low curvature lead to nanocomposites with opposite chirality. Quantitative kinetic experiments and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that nanoparticle curvature plays a key role in promoting the pre-nucleation oligomerization of chiral molecules, which consequently regulates the supramolecular chirality of the nanocomposites. We anticipate that this study will aid in rational design of an artificial cooperative system giving rise to emergent assembling phenomena that can be surprisingly rich and often cannot be understood by studying the conventional noncooperative systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhaozhen Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zongze Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Rongjuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
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10
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Knoll K, Kostner T, Lorenz C, Thiele C. Investigations into Supramolecular Lyotropic Liquid Crystals based on 1,3,5‐Benzenetricarboxaramides by NMR‐spectroscopy. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Knoll
- Technische Universität Darmstadt: Technische Universitat Darmstadt Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Tobias Kostner
- Technische Universität Darmstadt: Technische Universitat Darmstadt Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christian Lorenz
- Technische Universität Darmstadt: Technische Universitat Darmstadt Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Christina Thiele
- Technische Universität Darmstadt: Technische Universitat Darmstadt Chemistry Alarich Weiss Strasse 16 64287 Darmstadt GERMANY
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11
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Gong Y, Cao Z, Zhang Z, Liu R, Zhang F, Wei J, Yang Z. Chirality Inversion in Self‐Assembled Nanocomposites Directed by Curvature‐Mediated Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhaozhen Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zongze Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Rongjuan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Zhijie Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of MOE Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
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12
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Controlling the length of porphyrin supramolecular polymers via coupled equilibria and dilution-induced supramolecular polymerization. Nat Commun 2022; 13:248. [PMID: 35017511 PMCID: PMC8752679 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-component systems often display convoluted behavior, pathway complexity and coupled equilibria. In recent years, several ways to control complex systems by manipulating the subtle balances of interaction energies between the individual components have been explored and thereby shifting the equilibrium between different aggregate states. Here we show the enantioselective chain-capping and dilution-induced supramolecular polymerization with a Zn2+-porphyrin-based supramolecular system when going from long, highly cooperative supramolecular polymers to short, disordered aggregates by adding a monotopic Mn3+-porphyrin monomer. When mixing the zinc and manganese centered monomers, the Mn3+-porphyrins act as chain-cappers for Zn2+-porphyrin supramolecular polymers, effectively hindering growth of the copolymer and reducing the length. Upon dilution, the interaction between chain-capper and monomers weakens as the equilibria shift and long supramolecular polymers form again. This dynamic modulation of aggregate morphology and length is achieved through enantioselectivity in the aggregation pathways and concentration-sensitive equilibria. All-atom and coarse-grained molecular simulations provide further insights into the mixing of the species and their exchange dynamics. Our combined experimental and theoretical approach allows for precise control of molecular self-assembly and chiral discrimination in complex systems.
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13
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Aoun P, Hammoud A, Martínez-Aguirre MA, Bouteiller L, Raynal M. Asymmetric hydroamination with far fewer chiral species than copper centers achieved by tuning the structure of supramolecular helical catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02168k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mixing a BTA ligand (in black), a “sergeant” (in blue) and an achiral BTA additive (in orange) affords the amination product in 75% e.e. even though only one “sergeant” for ca. 10 copper centers are present in the supramolecular helical catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paméla Aoun
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ahmad Hammoud
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mayte A. Martínez-Aguirre
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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14
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Fernández Z, Fernández B, Quiñoá E, Freire F. Merging Supramolecular and Covalent Helical Polymers: Four Helices Within a Single Scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20962-20969. [PMID: 34860519 PMCID: PMC8679087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular and covalent polymers share multiple structural effects such as chiral amplification, helical inversion, sergeants and soldiers, or majority rules, among others. These features are related to the axial helical structure found in both types of materials, which are responsible for their properties. Herein a novel material combining information and characteristics from both fields of helical polymers, supramolecular (oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene) (OPE)) and covalent (poly(acetylene) (PA)), is presented. To achieve this goal, the poly(acetylene) must adopt a dihedral angle between conjugated double bonds (ω1) higher than 165°. In such cases, the tilting degree (Θ) between the OPE units used as pendant groups is close to 11°, like that observed in supramolecular helical arrays of these molecules. Polymerization of oligo[(p-phenyleneethynylene)n]phenylacetylene monomers (n = 1, 2) bearing L-decyl alaninate as the pendant group yielded the desired scaffolds. These polymers adopt a stretched and almost planar polyene helix, where the OPE units are arranged describing a helical structure. As a result, a novel multihelix material was prepared, the ECD spectra of which are dominated by the OPE axial array.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Fernández
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Berta Fernández
- Departamento
de Química Física, University
of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro
Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica
e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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15
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de Windt LNJ, Fernández Z, Fernández-Míguez M, Freire F, Palmans ARA. Elucidating the Supramolecular Copolymerization of N- and C-Centered Benzene-1,3,5-Tricarboxamides: The Role of Parallel and Antiparallel Packing of Amide Groups in the Copolymer Microstructure. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103691. [PMID: 34766652 PMCID: PMC9300128 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An in‐depth study of the supramolecular copolymerization behavior of N‐ and C‐centered benzene‐1,3,5‐tricarboxamides (N‐ and C‐BTAs) has been conducted in methylcyclohexane and in the solid state. The connectivity of the amide groups in the BTAs differs, and mixing N‐ and C‐BTAs results in supramolecular copolymers with a blocky microstructure in solution. The blocky microstructure results from the formation of weaker and less organized, antiparallel hydrogen bonds between N‐ and C‐BTAs. In methylcyclohexane, the helical threefold hydrogen‐bonding network present in C‐ and N‐BTAs is retained in the mixtures. In the solid state, in contrast, the hydrogen bonds of pure BTAs as well as their mixtures organize in a sheet‐like pattern, and in the mixtures long‐range order is lost. Drop‐casting to kinetically trap the solution microstructures shows that C‐BTAs retain the helical hydrogen bonds, but N‐BTAs immediately adopt the sheet‐like pattern, a direct consequence of the lower stabilization energy of the helical hydrogen bonds. In the copolymers, the stability of the helical aggregates depends on the copolymer composition, and helical aggregates are only preserved when a high amount of C‐BTAs is present. The method outlined here is generally applicable to elucidate the copolymerization behavior of supramolecular monomers both in solution as well as in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lafayette N J de Windt
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zulema Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Fernández-Míguez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares and, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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16
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Su H, Wang F, Wang H, Zhang W, Anderson CF, Cui H. Propagation-Instigated Self-Limiting Polymerization of Multiarmed Amphiphiles into Finite Supramolecular Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18446-18453. [PMID: 34711048 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental goal in the noncovalent synthesis of ordered supramolecular polymers (SPs) is to achieve precise control over their size and size distribution; however, the reversible nature of noncovalent interactions often results in formation of living SPs with high dispersity in length. We report here on the self-limiting supramolecular polymerization (SPZ) of a series of multiarmed amphiphiles with propagation-attenuated reactivities that can automatically terminate the polymerization process, enabling effective control in both lengths and polydispersity. Through incorporating multiarmed oligoethylene-glycol (OEG) onto a quadratic aromatic segment, the lengths of the resultant SPs can be tuned from ∼1 μm to 130 and 50 nm with a polydispersity index of ∼1.2 for the last two SPs. We believe that the level of chain frustration of the multiarmed OEG segments, determined by both the number of arms and the degree of polymerization, poses physical and entropic constrains for supramolecular propagation to exceed a threshold length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Feihu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Weijie Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Caleb F Anderson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Honggang Cui
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,Department of Oncology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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17
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Vonk KM, Meijer EW, Vantomme G. Depolymerization of supramolecular polymers by a covalent reaction; transforming an intercalator into a sequestrator. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13572-13579. [PMID: 34777777 PMCID: PMC8528007 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04545h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the reciprocity between chemical reactivity and supramolecular structure is a topic of great interest in the emergence of molecular complexity. In this work, we investigate the effect of a covalent reaction as a trigger to depolymerize a supramolecular assembly. We focus on the impact of an in situ thiol-ene reaction on the (co)polymerization of three derivatives of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) monomers functionalized with cysteine, hexylcysteine, and alkyl side chains: Cys-BTA, HexCys-BTA, and a-BTA. Long supramolecular polymers of Cys-BTA can be depolymerized into short dimeric aggregates of HexCys-BTA via the in situ thiol-ene reaction. Analysis of the system by time-resolved spectroscopy and light scattering unravels the fast dynamicity of the structures and the mechanism of depolymerization. Moreover, by intercalating the reactive Cys-BTA monomer into an unreactive inert polymer, the in situ thiol-ene reaction transforms the intercalator into a sequestrator and induces the depolymerization of the unreactive polymer. This work shows that the implementation of reactivity into supramolecular assemblies enables temporal control of depolymerization processes, which can bring us one step closer to understanding the interplay between non-covalent and covalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper M Vonk
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven The Netherlands
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18
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Basuyaux G, Amar A, Troufflard C, Boucekkine A, Métivier R, Raynal M, Moussa J, Bouteiller L, Amouri H. Cyclometallated Pt(II) Complexes Containing a Functionalized Bis‐Urea Alkynyl Ligand: Probing Aggregation Mediated by Hydrogen Bonds
versus
Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π−π Interactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Basuyaux
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Anissa Amar
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Physique Quantiques Faculté des Sciences, U.M.M.T.O 15000 Tizi-Ouzou Algeria
| | - Claire Troufflard
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Abdou Boucekkine
- Univ. Rennes ISCR UMR 6226 CNRS Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Rémi Métivier
- PPSM, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS Université Paris-Saclay 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Jamal Moussa
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Hani Amouri
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
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19
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Aljuaid N, Tully M, Seitsonen J, Ruokolainen J, Hamley IW. Benzene tricarboxamide derivatives with lipid and ethylene glycol chains self-assemble into distinct nanostructures driven by molecular packing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8360-8363. [PMID: 34338257 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly in aqueous solution of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) bearing one alkyl chain and two PEG (polyethylene glycol) chains or two alkyl chains and one PEG chain yields completely distinct nanostructures. Two series of derivatives were synthesized and extensively characterized and electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveal micelle structures for derivatives with one alkyl and two PEG chains, but nanotapes and nanoribbons for the series with two alkyl and one PEG chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Aljuaid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
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20
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Weyandt E, Filot IAW, Vantomme G, Meijer EW. Consequences of Amide Connectivity in the Supramolecular Polymerization of Porphyrins: Spectroscopic Observations Rationalized by Theoretical Modelling. Chemistry 2021; 27:9700-9707. [PMID: 33938050 PMCID: PMC8362183 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between molecular structure and mechanism of supramolecular polymerizations is a topic of great interest, with a special focus on the pathway complexity of porphyrin assemblies. Their cooperative polymerization typically yields highly ordered, long 1D polymers and is driven by a combination of π-stacking due to solvophobic effects and hydrogen bonding interactions. Subtle changes in molecular structure, however, have significant influence on the cooperativity factor and yield different aggregate types (J- versus H-aggregates) of different lengths. In this study, the influence of amide connectivity on the self-assembly behavior of porphyrin-based supramolecular monomers was investigated. While in nonpolar solvents, C=O centered monomers readily assemble into helical supramolecular polymers via a cooperative mechanism, their NH centered counterparts form short, non-helical J-type aggregates via an isodesmic pathway. A combination of spectroscopy and density functional theory modelling sheds light on the molecular origins causing this stunning difference in assembly properties and demonstrates the importance of molecular connectivity in the design of supramolecular systems. Finally, their mutual interference in copolymerization experiments is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Weyandt
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Ivo A. W. Filot
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Schuit Institute for CatalysisEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP. O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
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21
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Schuster GB, Cafferty BJ, Karunakaran SC, Hud NV. Water-Soluble Supramolecular Polymers of Paired and Stacked Heterocycles: Assembly, Structure, Properties, and a Possible Path to Pre-RNA. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9279-9296. [PMID: 34152760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that RNA and DNA are products of chemical and biological evolution has motivated our search for alternative nucleic acids that may have come earlier in the emergence of life-polymers that possess a proclivity for covalent and non-covalent self-assembly not exhibited by RNA. Our investigations have revealed a small set of candidate ancestral nucleobases that self-assemble into hexameric rosettes that stack in water to form long, twisted, rigid supramolecular polymers. These structures exhibit properties that provide robust solutions to long-standing problems that have stymied the search for a prebiotic synthesis of nucleic acids. Moreover, their examination by experimental and computational methods provides insight into the chemical and physical principles that govern a particular class of water-soluble one-dimensional supramolecular polymers. In addition to efficient self-assembly, their lengths and polydispersity are modulated by a wide variety of positively charged, planar compounds; their assembly and disassembly are controlled over an exceedingly narrow pH range; they exhibit spontaneous breaking of symmetry; and homochirality emerges through non-covalent cross-linking during hydrogel formation. Some of these candidate ancestral nucleobases spontaneously form glycosidic bonds with ribose and other sugars, and, most significantly, functionalized forms of these heterocycles form supramolecular structures and covalent polymers under plausibly prebiotic conditions. This Perspective recounts a journey of discovery that continues to reveal attractive answers to questions concerning the origins of life and to uncover the principles that control the structure and properties of water-soluble supramolecular polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Schuster
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Brian J Cafferty
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Suneesh C Karunakaran
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nicholas V Hud
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.,NSF-NASA Center for Chemical Evolution, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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22
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Shyshov O, Haridas SV, Pesce L, Qi H, Gardin A, Bochicchio D, Kaiser U, Pavan GM, von Delius M. Living supramolecular polymerization of fluorinated cyclohexanes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3134. [PMID: 34035277 PMCID: PMC8149861 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23370-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of powerful methods for living covalent polymerization has been a key driver of progress in organic materials science. While there have been remarkable reports on living supramolecular polymerization recently, the scope of monomers is still narrow and a simple solution to the problem is elusive. Here we report a minimalistic molecular platform for living supramolecular polymerization that is based on the unique structure of all-cis 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane, the most polar aliphatic compound reported to date. We use this large dipole moment (6.2 Debye) not only to thermodynamically drive the self-assembly of supramolecular polymers, but also to generate kinetically trapped monomeric states. Upon addition of well-defined seeds, we observed that the dormant monomers engage in a kinetically controlled supramolecular polymerization. The obtained nanofibers have an unusual double helical structure and their length can be controlled by the ratio between seeds and monomers. The successful preparation of supramolecular block copolymers demonstrates the versatility of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Pesce
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Gardin
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Università degli studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland.
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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23
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Fernández Z, Fernández B, Quiñoá E, Freire F. The Competitive Aggregation Pathway of an Asymmetric Chiral Oligo(
p
‐phenyleneethynylene) Towards the Formation of Individual
P
and
M
Supramolecular Helical Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Berta Fernández
- Departamento de Química Física Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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24
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Fernández Z, Fernández B, Quiñoá E, Freire F. The Competitive Aggregation Pathway of an Asymmetric Chiral Oligo(p-phenyleneethynylene) Towards the Formation of Individual P and M Supramolecular Helical Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9919-9924. [PMID: 33600623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A complex aggregation pathway towards two diastereomeric P and M supramolecular helices arises from the aggregation of a short, chiral, and rigid oligo(phenyleneethynylene) [OPE, (S)-1]. Thus, while AggI aggregate is obtained when a DCM solution of (S)-1 is diluted with MCH at room temperature, AggII aggregate is generated only after a slow heating (353 K)/cooling (273 K) process. Interestingly, during AggI formation (mechanism 1), short P chain oligomers are produced, which have a great tendency to aggregate in plane, yielding brick-like nanostructures that halt the aggregation process. On the other hand, after a heating/cooling cycle, long M type columnar helical aggregates (AggII ) are obtained, formed by individual supramolecular polymer chains (mechanism 2) easily visualized by AFM. The two different P/M orientations obtained for AggI and AggII reveal the dynamic character of the system and its ability to create diastereomeric helical structures under the right conditions. Different experimental protocols were explored to prepare long M type columnar helical aggregates, which are not obtained by using the previous MCH/DCM 99/1 (v/v) solvent mixture. The generation of the desired M oriented supramolecular polymer is achieved when toluene is added to the solvent mixture in a 97/2/1 MCH/Tol/DCM (v/v/v) ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Berta Fernández
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago, de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Quiñoá
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Félix Freire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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25
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Raynal M, Li Y, Troufflard C, Przybylski C, Gontard G, Maistriaux T, Idé J, Lazzaroni R, Bouteiller L, Brocorens P. Experimental and computational diagnosis of the fluxional nature of a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide-based hydrogen-bonded dimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5207-5221. [PMID: 33625418 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06128j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Precise characterization of the hydrogen bond network present in discrete self-assemblies of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide monomers derived from amino-esters (ester BTAs) is crucial for the construction of elaborated functional co-assemblies. For all ester BTA dimeric structures previously reported, ester carbonyls in the side chain acted as hydrogen bond acceptors, yielding well-defined dimers stabilized by six hydrogen bonds. The ester BTA monomer derived from glycine (BTA Gly) shows a markedly different self-assembly behaviour. We report herein a combined experimental and computational investigation aimed at determining the nature of the dimeric species formed by BTA Gly. Two distinct dimeric structures were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. Likewise, a range of spectroscopic and scattering techniques as well as molecular modelling were employed to diagnose the nature of dynamic dimeric structures in toluene. Our results unambiguously establish that both ester and amide carbonyls are involved in the hydrogen bond network of the discrete dimeric species formed by BTA Gly. The participation of roughly 4.5 ester carbonyls and 1.5 amide carbonyls per dimer as determined by FT-IR spectroscopy implies that several conformations coexist in solution. Moreover, NMR analysis and modelling data reveal rapid interconversion between these different conformers leading to a symmetric structure on the NMR timescale. Rapid hydrogen bond shuffling between conformers having three (three), two (four), one (five) and zero (six) amide carbonyl groups (ester carbonyl groups, respectively) as hydrogen bond acceptors is proposed to explain the magnetic equivalence of the amide N-H on the NMR timescale. When compared to other ester BTA derivatives in which only ester carbonyls act as hydrogen bond acceptors, the fluxional behaviour of the hydrogen-bonded dimers of BTA Gly likely originates from a larger range of energetically favorable conformations accessible through rotation of the BTA side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raynal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IPCM, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Y Li
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IPCM, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - C Troufflard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IPCM, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - C Przybylski
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IPCM, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - G Gontard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IPCM, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - T Maistriaux
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium.
| | - J Idé
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium.
| | - R Lazzaroni
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium.
| | - L Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IPCM, UMR 8232, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - P Brocorens
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Institut de Recherche sur les Matériaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000, Mons, Belgium.
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26
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Martínez-Aguirre MA, Li Y, Vanthuyne N, Bouteiller L, Raynal M. Dissecting the Role of the Sergeants in Supramolecular Helical Catalysts: From Chain Capping to Intercalation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4183-4191. [PMID: 33180372 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the properties of supramolecular assemblies requires unveiling the specific interactions between their components. In the present work, the catalytic properties and structure of co-assemblies composed of a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) ligand coordinated to copper (the soldier) and seven enantiopure BTAs (the sergeants) have been determined. Whatever the sergeant, the enantioselectivity of the reaction is directly proportional to the optical purity of the supramolecular helices. More strikingly, the role played by the sergeant in the co-assembly process differs significantly: from almost pure intercalator (when it is incorporated in the stacks of the soldier and generates long homochiral helices) to pure chain capper (when it leads to the formation of partly helically biased and short assemblies). The former situation leads to optimal enantioselectivity for the catalytic system under study (58 % ee) while the latter situation leads to very low selectivity (8 % ee). The successful rationalization of this high and unexpected difference is crucial for the development of more efficient catalysts and more elaborate supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayte A Martínez-Aguirre
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Yan Li
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2, UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France
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27
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Debnath I, Roy T, Matern J, Jansen SAH, Fernández G, Mahata K. Supramolecular polymorphism in aggregates of a boron-difluoride complex of peri-naphthoindigo via solvent- and pathway-dependent self-assembly. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular polymorphism, a rare phenomenon, has been demonstrated using BF2-coordinated peri-naphthoindigo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Debnath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Tirupati Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Jonas Matern
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster, Correnstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stef A. H. Jansen
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gustavo Fernández
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische-Wilhelms Universität Münster, Correnstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kingsuk Mahata
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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28
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Martínez‐Aguirre MA, Li Y, Vanthuyne N, Bouteiller L, Raynal M. Dissecting the Role of the Sergeants in Supramolecular Helical Catalysts: From Chain Capping to Intercalation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayte A. Martínez‐Aguirre
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire Equipe Chimie des Polymères 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Yan Li
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire Equipe Chimie des Polymères 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université Centrale Marseille CNRS, iSm2, UMR 7313 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire Equipe Chimie des Polymères 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Université CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire Equipe Chimie des Polymères 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
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29
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Saez Talens V, Davis J, Wu CH, Wen Z, Lauria F, Gupta KBSS, Rudge R, Boraghi M, Hagemeijer A, Trinh TT, Englebienne P, Voets IK, Wu JI, Kieltyka RE. Thiosquaramide-Based Supramolecular Polymers: Aromaticity Gain in a Switched Mode of Self-Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19907-19916. [PMID: 33191746 PMCID: PMC7705886 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing understanding of factors that drive monomer self-assembly to form supramolecular polymers, the effects of aromaticity gain have been largely ignored. Herein, we document the aromaticity gain in two different self-assembly modes of squaramide-based bolaamphiphiles. Importantly, O → S substitution in squaramide synthons resulted in supramolecular polymers with increased fiber flexibility and lower degrees of polymerization. Computations and spectroscopic experiments suggest that the oxo- and thiosquaramide bolaamphiphiles self-assemble into "head-to-tail" versus "stacked" arrangements, respectively. Computed energetic and magnetic criteria of aromaticity reveal that both modes of self-assembly increase the aromatic character of the squaramide synthons, giving rise to stronger intermolecular interactions in the resultant supramolecular polymer structures. These examples suggest that both hydrogen-bonding and stacking interactions can result in increased aromaticity upon self-assembly, highlighting its relevance in monomer design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victorio Saez Talens
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joyal Davis
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Chia-Hua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Zhili Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Francesca Lauria
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karthick Babu Sai Sankar Gupta
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Raisa Rudge
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mahsa Boraghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Alexander Hagemeijer
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thuat T Trinh
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pablo Englebienne
- Process & Energy Laboratory, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MD, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Judy I Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Roxanne E Kieltyka
- Supramolecular and Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Ter Huurne GM, Chidchob P, Long A, Martinez A, Palmans ARA, Vantomme G. Controlling the Length of Cooperative Supramolecular Polymers with Chain Cappers. Chemistry 2020; 26:9964-9970. [PMID: 32347608 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The design and the characterization of supramolecular additives to control the chain length of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) cooperative supramolecular polymers under thermodynamic equilibrium is unraveled. These additives act as chain cappers of supramolecular polymers and feature one face as reactive as the BTA discotic to interact strongly with the polymer end, whereas the other face is nonreactive and therefore impedes further polymerization. Such a design requires fine tuning of the conformational preorganization of the amides and the steric hindrance of the motif. The chain cappers studied are monotopic derivatives of BTA, modified by partial N-methylation of the amides or by positioning of a bulky cyclotriveratrylene cage on one face of the BTA unit. This study not only clarifies the interplay between structural variations and supramolecular interactions, but it also highlights the necessity to combine orthogonal characterization methods, spectroscopy and light scattering, to elucidate the structures and compositions of supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs M Ter Huurne
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pongphak Chidchob
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Augustin Long
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Aix-Marseille Université, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Aix-Marseille Université, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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31
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Weyandt E, Ter Huurne GM, Vantomme G, Markvoort AJ, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW. Photodynamic Control of the Chain Length in Supramolecular Polymers: Switching an Intercalator into a Chain Capper. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6295-6303. [PMID: 32167302 PMCID: PMC7118707 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Supramolecular systems are intrinsically
dynamic and sensitive
to changes in molecular structure and external conditions. Because
of these unique properties, strategies to control polymer length,
composition, comonomer sequence, and morphology have to be developed
for sufficient control over supramolecular copolymerizations. We designed
photoresponsive, mono acyl hydrazone functionalized benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide
(m-BTA) monomers that play a dual role in the coassembly
with achiral alkyl BTAs (a-BTA). In the E isomer form, the chiral m-BTA monomers intercalate
into stacks of a-BTA and dictate the chirality of the
helices. Photoisomerization to the Z isomer transforms
the intercalator into a chain capper, allowing dynamic shortening
of chain length in the supramolecular aggregates. We combine optical
spectroscopy and light-scattering experiments with theoretical modeling
to show the reversible decrease in length when switching from the E to Z isomer of m-BTA in
the copolymer with inert a-BTA. With a mass-balance thermodynamic
model, we gain additional insights into the composition of copolymers
and length distributions of the species over a broad range of concentrations
and mixing ratios of a-BTA/m-BTA. Moreover,
the model was used to predict the impact of an additive (chain capper
and intercalator) on the chain length over a range of concentrations,
showing a remarkable amplification of efficiency at high concentrations.
By employing a stimuli-responsive comonomer in a mostly inert polymer,
we can cooperatively amplify the effect of the switching and obtain
photocontrol of polymer length. Moreover, this dynamic decrease in
chain length causes a macroscopic gel-to-sol phase transformation
of the copolymer gel, although 99.4% of the organogel is inert to
the light stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Weyandt
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs M Ter Huurne
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J Markvoort
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Computational Biology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R A Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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32
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Li Y, Hammoud A, Bouteiller L, Raynal M. Emergence of Homochiral Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide Helical Assemblies and Catalysts upon Addition of an Achiral Monomer. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5676-5688. [PMID: 32115947 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chirality amplification refers to the ability of a small chiral bias to fully control the main chain helicity of polymers and assemblies. Further implementation of functional chirally amplified helices as switchable asymmetric catalysts, chiral sensors, and circularly polarized light emitters will require a greater control of the energetics governing these chirality amplification effects. In this work, we report on the counterintuitive ability of an achiral molecule to suppress conformational defects in supramolecular helices, thus leading to the emergence of homochirality in a system containing a very small chiral bias. We focus our investigation on supramolecular helices composed of an achiral benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) ligand, coordinated to copper, and an enantiopure BTA comonomer. Amplification of chirality as probed by varying the amount (sergeants and soldiers effect) or the optical purity (diluted majority-rules effect) of the enantiopure comonomer are modest in this initial system. However, both effects are hugely enhanced upon addition of a second achiral BTA monomer, leading to a perfect control of the helicity either by means of a remarkably low amount of sergeants (0.5%) or a small bias from a racemic mixture of enantiopure comonomers (10% ee). Such an enhancement in the amplification of chirality is only achieved by mixing the three components, i.e. the two achiral and the enantiopure comonomers, highlighting a synergistic effect upon coassembly of the three monomers. Investigation of the role of the achiral additive by multifarious analytical techniques supports its ability to stabilize the helical coassemblies and suppress helix reversals: i.e., conformational defects. Implementation of these helical copper precatalysts in the hydrosilylation of 1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanone confirms that the effect of the achiral BTA additive is also operative under the conditions of the catalytic experiment. A highly enantioenriched product (90% ee) is produced by a supramolecular catalyst operating with ppm levels of chiral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ahmad Hammoud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bouteiller
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Raynal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Equipe Chimie des Polymères, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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33
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Karunakaran SC, Cafferty BJ, Jain KS, Schuster GB, Hud NV. Reversible Transformation of a Supramolecular Hydrogel by Redox Switching of Methylene Blue-A Noncovalent Chain Stopper. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:344-349. [PMID: 31956781 PMCID: PMC6964268 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The simple and reversible control of the degree of polymerization, and thereby the bulk material properties, of a supramolecular polymer is reported. Noncovalent capping agents (chain stoppers) modulate the length of supramolecular polymers by stacking on the surfaces of the polymer's ends. Methylene blue (MB) is a positively charged, planar polycyclic dye that acts as a chain stopper. It can be reversibly switched between its colored, planar, cationic state and a colorless, nonplanar, neutral state (leucomethylene blue, LMB) by reduction with ascorbic acid and then reoxidized to MB by O2. LMB does not act as a chain stopper. This behavior was utilized to reversibly trigger the gel to sol transformation of supramolecular polymers formed by the self-assembly of hexameric rosettes comprising 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine and a hexanoic acid-substituted cyanuric acid (CyCo6) in aqueous media. The results of our experiments highlight the ability of this approach to reversibly switch between the gel and solution states of materials formed from supramolecular polymers and thereby control their bulk properties.
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34
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Ghosh G, Dey P, Ghosh S. Controlled supramolecular polymerization of π-systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:6757-6769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Externally-initiated controlled supramolecular polymerization of the kinetically trapped aggregated state in a chain growth mechanism can produce well-defined living supramolecular polymers and copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation Science
- Kolkata
- India
| | - Pradip Dey
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation Science
- Kolkata
- India
| | - Suhrit Ghosh
- School of Applied and Interdisciplinary Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation Science
- Kolkata
- India
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuzo Aida
- Riken Center for Emergent Matter Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of EngineeringThe University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - E.W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 5600 Eindhoven the Netherlands
- Laboratories of Macromolecular and Organic ChemistryEindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 5600 Eindhoven the Netherlands
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36
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ten Eikelder HMM, Markvoort AJ. Mass-Balance Models for Scrutinizing Supramolecular (Co)polymerizations in Thermodynamic Equilibrium. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:3465-3474. [PMID: 31756081 PMCID: PMC6921686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed increasing attention on supramolecular polymerization, i.e., the formation of one-dimensional aggregates in which the monomeric units bind together via reversible and usually highly directional non-covalent interactions. Because of the presence of these reversible interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, or metal coordination, supramolecular polymers exhibit numerous desirable properties ranging from high thermoresponsiveness to self-healing and great capacity for processability and recycling. These properties relate to intriguing experimentally observed nonlinear effects such as the monomer-dependent presence of a critical temperature for aggregation and a solvent- and temperature-tunable aggregate morphology. For coassemblies this is complemented with monomer-ratio- and monomer-compatibility-dependent internal order as well as majority-rules-type chiral amplification. However, the dynamic nature of the (co)polymers and the intricate interplay of many interactions make these effects difficult to rationalize without theoretical models. This Account presents recent advances in the development and use of equilibrium models for supramolecular copolymerization based on mass balances, mainly developed by our group. The basic idea of these models is that we describe a supramolecular (co)polymerization by a set of independent equilibrium reactions, like monomer associations and dissociations, and that in thermodynamic equilibrium the concentrations of the reactants and products in each reaction are coupled via the equilibrium constant of that reaction. Recursion then allows the concentration of each possible aggregate to be written as a function of the free monomer concentrations. Because a monomer should be present either as a free monomer or in one of the aggregates, a set of n equations can be formed with the n free monomer concentrations as the only unknowns. This set of mass-balance equations can then be solved numerically, yielding the free monomer concentrations, from which the complete system can be reconstituted. By a step-by-step extension of the model for the aggregation of a single monomer type to include the formation of multiple aggregate types and the coassembly of multiple monomer types, we can capture increasingly complex supramolecular (co)polymerizations. In each step we illustrate how the extended model explains in detail another of the experimentally observed nonlinear effects, with the common denominator that small differences in association energies are intricately amplified at the supramolecular level. We finally arrive at our latest and most general approach to modeling (cooperative) supramolecular (co)polymerization, which encompasses all of our earlier models and shows great promise to help rationalize also future systems featuring ever-increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huub M. M. ten Eikelder
- Computational Biology Group and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Markvoort
- Computational Biology Group and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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