1
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Liao J, Tong J, Liu L, Ouyang L, Luo R. Construction of N-Aryl-Substituted Pyrrolidines by Successive Reductive Amination of Diketones via Transfer Hydrogenation. Molecules 2024; 29:2565. [PMID: 38893441 PMCID: PMC11173526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
N-aryl-substituted pyrrolidines are important moieties widely found in bioactive substances and drugs. Herein, we present a practical reductive amination of diketones with anilines for the synthesis of N-aryl-substituted pyrrolidines in good to excellent yields. In this process, the N-aryl-substituted pyrrolidines were furnished via successive reductive amination of diketones via iridium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation. The scale-up performance, water as a solvent, simple operation, as well as derivation of drug molecules showcased the potential application in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (J.L.); (J.T.); (L.L.); (L.O.)
| | - Jinghui Tong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (J.L.); (J.T.); (L.L.); (L.O.)
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (J.L.); (J.T.); (L.L.); (L.O.)
| | - Lu Ouyang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (J.L.); (J.T.); (L.L.); (L.O.)
| | - Renshi Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (J.L.); (J.T.); (L.L.); (L.O.)
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
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2
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Zhang T, Jiang S, Qian MY, Zhou QL, Xiao LJ. Ligand-Controlled Regiodivergent Nickel-Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3458-3470. [PMID: 38270100 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Ligand modulation of transition-metal catalysts to achieve optimal reactivity and selectivity in alkene hydrofunctionalization is a fundamental challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Hydroaminoalkylation, an atom-economical approach for alkylating amines using alkenes, is particularly significant for amine synthesis in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and fine chemical industries. However, the existing methods usually require specific substrate combinations to achieve precise regio- and stereoselectivity, which limits their practical utility. Protocols allowing for regiodivergent hydroaminoalkylation from the same starting materials, controlling both regiochemical and stereochemical outcomes, are currently absent. Herein, we report a ligand-controlled, regiodivergent nickel-catalyzed hydroaminoalkylation of unactivated alkenes with N-sulfonyl amines. The reaction initiates with amine dehydrogenation and involves aza-nickelacycle intermediates. Tritert-butylphosphine promotes branched regioselectivity and syn diastereoselectivity, whereas ethyldiphenylphosphine enables linear selectivity, yielding regioisomers with inverse orientation. Systematic evaluation of diverse monodentate phosphine ligands reveals distinct regioselectivity cliffs, and % Vbur (min), a ligand steric descriptor, was established as a predictive parameter correlating ligand structure to regioselectivity. Computational investigations supported experimental findings, offering mechanistic insights into the origins of regioselectivity. Our method provides an efficient and predictable route for amine synthesis, demonstrating broad substrate scope, excellent tolerance toward various functional groups, and practical advantages. These include the use of readily available starting materials and cost-effective nickel(II) salts as precatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng-Ying Qian
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Kundu G, Lambert TH. Electrochemical Vicinal C-H Difunctionalization of Saturated Azaheterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1794-1798. [PMID: 38190508 PMCID: PMC10947584 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
A method to functionalize two vicinal C-H bonds of saturated azaheterocycles is described. The procedure involves subjecting the substrate to a mixture of hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and acetic anhydride in an undivided electrochemical cell at a constant current, resulting in stereoselective conversion to the corresponding α-acetoxy-β-chloro derivative. The α-position can be readily substituted with a range of other groups, including alkyl, aryl, allyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, or azido functionalities. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the β-chloro position can be engaged in Suzuki cross-coupling. This protocol thus enables the rapid diversification of simple five-, six-, and seven-membered saturated azaheterocycles at two adjacent positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab Kundu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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4
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Bhavyesh D, Soliya S, Konakanchi R, Begari E, Ashalu KC, Naveen T. The Recent Advances in Iron-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-H Functionalization. Chem Asian J 2023:e202301056. [PMID: 38149480 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202301056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of iron as a core metal in catalysis has become a research topic of interest over the last few decades. The reasons are clear. Iron is the most abundant transition metal on Earth's crust and it is widely distributed across the world. It has been extracted and processed since the dawn of civilization. All these features render iron a noncontaminant, biocompatible, nontoxic, and inexpensive metal and therefore it constitutes the perfect candidate to replace noble metals (rhodium, palladium, platinum, iridium, etc.). Moreover, direct C-H functionalization is one of the most efficient strategies by which to introduce new functional groups into small organic molecules. The majority of organic compounds contain C(sp3 )-H bonds. Given the enormous importance of organic molecules in so many aspects of existence, the utilization and bioactivity of C(sp3 )-H bonds are of the utmost importance. This review sheds light on the substrate scope, selectivity, benefits, and limitations of iron catalysts for direct C(sp3 )-H bond activations. An overview of the use of iron catalysis in C(sp3 )-H activation protocols is summarized herein up to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desai Bhavyesh
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| | - Sudha Soliya
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
| | - Ramaiah Konakanchi
- Department of Chemistry, VNR Vignana Jyoti Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, 500090, India
| | - Eeshwaraiah Begari
- School of Applied Material Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382030, India
| | - Kashamalla Chinna Ashalu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Kadi, Gujarat, 382715, India
| | - Togati Naveen
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India
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5
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Jing C, Mao W, Bower JF. Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Alkene Hydroalkylation via a Heteroaryl-Directed Enolization-Decarboxylation Sequence. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23918-23924. [PMID: 37879082 PMCID: PMC10636747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Upon exposure to a cationic Ir(I)-complex modified with the chiral diphosphine DuanPhos, hydroalkylations of styrenes and α-olefins with diverse heteroaryl tert-butyl acetates occur with complete branched selectivity and very high enantioselectivity. The initial adducts undergo acid promoted decarboxylation in situ to provide alkylated heteroarenes possessing defined β-stereocenters. The processes are postulated to proceed via a stereodefined chiral Ir-enolate, which arises upon heteroarene directed enolization of the heteroaryl acetate precursor. The method can be classified as an enantioselective decarboxylative C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Jing
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United
Kingdom
| | - Wenbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United
Kingdom
| | - John F. Bower
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United
Kingdom
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6
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Dutta S, Bhatt K, Cuffel F, Seidel D. Synthesis of Polycyclic Imidazoles via α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2023; 55:2343-2352. [PMID: 38314182 PMCID: PMC10836336 DOI: 10.1055/a-2022-1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Secondary alicyclic amines are converted to their corresponding ring-fused imidazoles in a simple procedure consisting of oxidative imine formation followed by a van Leusen reaction. Amines with an existing α-substituent undergo regioselective ring-fusion at the α'-position. This method was utilized in a synthesis of fadrozole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kamal Bhatt
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Fabian Cuffel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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7
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Wang X, Xue J, Rong ZQ. Divergent Access to Chiral C2- and C3-Alkylated Pyrrolidines by Catalyst-Tuned Regio- and Enantioselective C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37307532 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Novel-substituted pyrrolidine derivatives are widely used in drugs and bioactive molecules. The efficient synthesis of these valuable skeletons, especially enantiopure derivatives, is still recognized as a key bottleneck to overcome in chemical synthesis. Herein, we report a highly efficient catalyst-tuned regio- and enantioselective hydroalkylation reaction for the divergent synthesis of chiral C2- and C3-alkylated pyrrolidines through desymmetrization of the readily available 3-pyrrolines. The catalytic system consists of CoBr2 with a modified bisoxazoline (BOX) ligand, which can achieve the asymmetric C(sp3)-C(sp3) coupling via the distal stereocontrol, providing a series of C3-alkylated pyrrolidines in high efficiency. Moreover, the nickel catalytic system allows the enantioselective hydroalkylation to synthesize the C2-alkylated pyrrolidines through the tandem alkene isomerization/hydroalkylation reaction. This divergent method uses readily available catalysts, chiral BOX ligands, and reagents, delivering enantioenriched 2-/3-alkyl substituted pyrrolidines with excellent regio- and enantioselectivity (up to 97% ee). We also demonstrate the compatibility of this transformation with complex substrates derived from a series of drugs and bioactive molecules in good efficiency, which offers a distinct entry to more functionalized chiral N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Zi-Qiang Rong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
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8
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Xiong Z, Nie H, Zhang S, Hu M, Qin C, Wang S, Ji F, Jiang G. Electrochemically Driven Selective Removal of the S═N Bond-Directing Group Using Cyclohexanone Oxime as the Mediator. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4334-4344. [PMID: 36922910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
An inexpensive electrochemical induction system was used for the efficient reductive defunctionalization of sulfoximines through a radical pathway. This practical and robust strategy could be used for the removal of the S═N bond-directing group from various sulfoximines. The practicability of this method was demonstrated by its mild conditions, simple operation, one-pot procedure, gram-scale synthesis, and the undivided cell. Furthermore, preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that the reaction might proceed via a homocoupling reaction and a denitrification procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xiong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Nie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqian Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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9
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Korvorapun K, Boni YT, Maier TC, Bauer A, Licher T, Macor JE, Derdau V, Davies HML. Site-Selective C–H Functionalization of N-Aryl and N-Heteroaryl Piperidines, Morpholines, and Piperazines Controlled by a Chiral Dirhodium Tetracarboxylate Catalyst. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Korkit Korvorapun
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yannick T. Boni
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Thomas C. Maier
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Armin Bauer
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Licher
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - John E. Macor
- Sanofi USA, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, 153 Second Ave, Waltham, Massachusetts02451, United States
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
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10
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Regiospecific α-methylene functionalisation of tertiary amines with alkynes via Au-catalysed concerted one-proton/two-electron transfer to O 2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6505. [PMID: 36351920 PMCID: PMC9646731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regioselective transformations of tertiary amines, which are ubiquitously present in natural products and drugs, are important for the development of novel medicines. In particular, the oxidative α-C-H functionalisation of tertiary amines with nucleophiles via iminium cations is a promising approach because, theoretically, there is almost no limit to the type of amine and functionalisation. However, most of the reports on oxidative α-C-H functionalisations are limited to α-methyl-selective or non-selective reactions, despite the frequent appearance of α-methylene-substituted amines in pharmaceutical fields. Herein, we develop an unusual oxidative regiospecific α-methylene functionalisation of structurally diverse tertiary amines with alkynes to synthesise various propargylic amines using a catalyst comprising Zn salts and hydroxyapatite-supported Au nanoparticles. Thorough experimental investigations suggest that the unusual α-methylene regiospecificity is probably due to a concerted one-proton/two-electron transfer from amines to O2 on the Au nanoparticle catalyst, which paves the way to other α-methylene-specific functionalisations.
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11
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Sakamoto K, Nishimura T. Asymmetric addition of an N-methyl C(sp 3)-H bond to cyclic alkenes enabled by an iridium/phosphine-olefin catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11783-11786. [PMID: 36172832 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04642c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric C-H addition of an N-methyl group on 3-trifluoromethyl-2-(N-methylamino)pyridine to cyclic alkenes was realized by using a phosphine-olefin ligand. Indene and its 7-substituted derivatives, acenaphthylene, and some bicyclic alkenes underwent the addition to give the corresponding products in good yields with high enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Sakamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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12
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Zheng S, Wang W, Yuan W. Remote and Proximal Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkenes Enabled by Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17776-17782. [PMID: 36136777 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A mild and site-selective hydroaminoalkylation of activated and unactivated alkenes via dual photoredox/Ni catalysis is developed. This dual catalytic strategy enables exclusive access to α-selective products, which is complementary to previously reported photocatalytic hydroaminoalkylation of activated alkenes that provides the β-selective products. The chain-walking of a Ni-H intermediate toward a carbonyl allows for the hydroaminoalkylation of unactivated alkenes at remote sp3 C-H sites. This method tolerates a broad substrate scope of both amines and alkenes as well as providing a streamlined synthesis of value-added β-amino acid derivatives from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China.,Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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13
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Yamauchi D, Yamakawa K, Nishimura T. Iridium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Direct α-C–H Alkylation of Saturated Cyclic Amines with Alkenes. Org Lett 2022; 24:6828-6833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamakawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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14
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Yu F, Valles DA, Chen W, Daniel SD, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. Regioselective α-Cyanation of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:6364-6368. [PMID: 36036764 PMCID: PMC9548390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary alicyclic amines are converted to α-aminonitriles via addition of TMSCN to their corresponding imines, intermediates that are produced in situ via the oxidation of amine-derived lithium amides with simple ketone oxidants. Amines with an existing α-substituent undergo regioselective α'-cyanation even if the C-H bonds at that site are less activated. Amine α-arylation can be combined with α'-cyanation to generate difunctionalized products in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchao Yu
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Daniel A. Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Weijie Chen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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15
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Ghosh T, Biswas D, Bhakta S. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fused Carbo- and Heterocycles: Recent Advances. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200725. [PMID: 36065137 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of palladium catalysts in fused ring synthesis has been increasingly noteworthy in recent years in organic synthesis. It has a lot of potential compared to other transition metal catalysts, because of its one-of-a-kind feature that makes them more widely applicable in a variety of disciplines application. Palladium is important in a variety of Heck processes, including intramolecular, intermolecular, and reductive Heck reactions, which produce diverse carbocycles and heterocycles of biological importance. Under optimal reaction conditions, carbocyclization or heterocyclization occurs, resulting in the production of numerous structural building blocks of naturally occurring compounds. Beside intramolecular Heck-type reactions, cycloaddition, cycloalkylation, oxidative coupling, C-H functionalization, cross-coupling reactions, and carboamidation reactions have also been employed extensively to access fused carbo- and heterocycles of immense biological importance. This review article provides a well-summarized discussion (since 2001) on fused carbo- and heterocycle ring synthesis using palladium catalysts, overviewing their applications, and mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Ghosh
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Sciences, Simhat, Haringhata, 741249, Haringhata, INDIA
| | - Diptam Biswas
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Sayantika Bhakta
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Chemistry, INDIA
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16
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Mandal D, Roychowdhury S, Biswas JP, Maiti S, Maiti D. Transition-metal-catalyzed C-H bond alkylation using olefins: recent advances and mechanistic aspects. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7358-7426. [PMID: 35912472 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00923k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis has contributed immensely to C-C bond formation reactions over the last few decades, and alkylation is no exception. The superiority of such methodologies over traditional alkylation is evident from minimal reaction steps, shorter reaction times, and atom economy while also allowing control over regio- and stereo-selectivity. In particular, hydrocarbonation of alkenes has grabbed increased attention due its fundamental ability to effectively and selectively synthesise a wide range of industrially and pharmaceutically relevant moieties. This review attempts to provide a scientific viewpoint and a systematic analysis of the recent developments in transition-metal-catalyzed alkylation of various C-H bonds using simple and activated olefins. The key features and mechanistic studies involved in these transformations are described briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462066, India
| | - Sumali Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Jyoti Prasad Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Siddhartha Maiti
- School of Bioengineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Bhopal University, Bhopal-Indore Highway, Kothrikalan, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh-466114, India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Department of Interdisciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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17
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DiPucchio RC, Rosca SC, Schafer LL. Hydroaminoalkylation for the Catalytic Addition of Amines to Alkenes or Alkynes: Diverse Mechanisms Enable Diverse Substrate Scope. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11459-11481. [PMID: 35731810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydroaminoalkylation is a powerful, atom-economic catalytic reaction for the reaction of amines with alkenes and alkynes. This C-H functionalization reaction allows for the atom-economic alkylation of amines using simple alkenes or alkynes as the alkylating agents. This transformation has significant potential for transformative approaches in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and fine chemical industries in the preparation of selectively substituted amines and N-heterocycles and shows promise in materials science for the synthesis of functional and responsive aminated materials. Different early transition-metal, late transition-metal, and photoredox catalysts mediate hydroaminoalkylation by distinct mechanistic pathways. These mechanistic insights have resulted in the development of new catalysts and reaction conditions to realize hydroaminoalkylation with a broad range of substrates: activated and unactivated, terminal and internal, C-C double and triple bonds with aryl or alkyl primary, secondary, or tertiary amines, including N-heterocyclic amines. By deploying select catalysts with specific substrate combinations, control over regioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity has been realized. Key barriers to widespread adoption of this reaction include air and moisture sensitivity for early transition-metal catalysts as well as a heavy dependence on amine protecting or directing groups for late transition-metal or photocatalytic routes. Advances in improved catalyst robustness, substrate scope, and regio-/stereoselective reactions with early- and late transition-metal catalysts, as well as photoredox catalysis, are highlighted, and opportunities for further catalyst and reaction development are included. This perspective shows that hydroaminoalkylation has the potential to be a disruptive and transformative strategy for the synthesis of selectively substituted amines and N-heterocycles from simple amines and alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C DiPucchio
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Sorin-Claudiu Rosca
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
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18
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Lee W, Kim D, Seo S, Chang S. Photoinduced α-C-H Amination of Cyclic Amine Scaffolds Enabled by Polar-Radical Relay. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202971. [PMID: 35403797 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a polar-radical relay strategy for α-C-H amination of cyclic amines with N-chloro-N-sodio-carbamates. The relay is initiated by in situ generation of cyclic iminium intermediate using N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) oxidant as an initiator, which then operates through a series of polar (addition and elimination) and radical (homolysis, hydrogen- and halogen atom transfer) reactions to enable the challenging C-N bond formation in a controlled manner. A broad range of α-amino cyclic amines were readily accessed with excellent regioselectivity, and the superb applicability was further demonstrated by functionalization of biologically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wongyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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19
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Zheng J, Tang N, Xie H, Breit B. Regio-, Diastereo-, and Enantioselective Decarboxylative Hydroaminoalkylation of Dienol Ethers Enabled by Dual Palladium/Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200105. [PMID: 35170841 PMCID: PMC9314026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular photocatalytic hydroaminoalkylation (HAA) of alkenes have emerged as a powerful method for the construction of alkyl amines. Although there are some studies aiming at stereoselective photocatalytic HAA reactions, the alkenes are limited to electrophilic alkenes. Herein, we report a highly regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective HAA of electron-rich dienol ethers and α-amino radicals derived from α-amino acids using a unified photoredox and palladium catalytic system. This decarboxylative 1,2-Markovnikov addition enables the construction of vicinal amino tertiary ethers with high levels of regio- (up to >19 : 1 rr), diastereo- (up to >19 : 1 dr), and enantioselectivity control (up to >99 % ee). Mechanistic studies support a reversible hydropalladation as a key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Nana Tang
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Hui Xie
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische ChemieAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgAlbertstraße 2179104Freiburg im BreisgauGermany
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20
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Lee W, Kim D, Seo S, Chang S. Photoinduced α‐C−H Amination of Cyclic Amine Scaffolds Enabled by Polar‐Radical Relay. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wongyu Lee
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Seo
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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21
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Tran VH, Hong WP, Kim H. Facile titanium(
IV
) chloride and
TBD‐mediated
synthesis of
N
‐aryl‐substituted
azacycles from arylhydrazines. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Van Hieu Tran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital Jeonju Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Pyo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University Seongnam‐si Gyeongi‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Hee‐Kwon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging & Therapeutic Medicine Research Center Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital Jeonju Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital Jeonju Republic of Korea
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22
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Zheng J, Tang N, Xie H, Breit B. Regio‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective Decarboxylative Hydro‐aminoalkylation of Dienol Ethers Enabled by Dual Palladium/Pho‐toredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Nana Tang
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Hui Xie
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Bernhard Breit
- Institut für Organische Chemie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
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23
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Piticari A, Antermite D, Higham JI, Moore JH, Webster MP, Bull JA. Stereoselective Palladium‐Catalyzed C(
sp
3
)−H Mono‐Arylation of Piperidines and Tetrahydropyrans with a C(4) Directing Group. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia‐Sofia Piticari
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Daniele Antermite
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Joe I. Higham
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - J. Harry Moore
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | | | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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24
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Paul A, Vasseur C, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Synthesis of Polycyclic Isoindolines via α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:1224-1227. [PMID: 35100511 PMCID: PMC9039734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Relatively unstable cyclic imines, generated in situ from their corresponding alicyclic amines via oxidation of their lithium amides with simple ketone oxidants, engage aryllithium compounds containing a leaving group on an ortho-methylene functionality to provide polycyclic isoindolines in a single operation. The scope of this transformation includes pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane, and piperazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Camille Vasseur
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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25
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Yang C, Qi X. Nickel Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Alkylboration of Endocyclic Olefins. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Liu B, Romine AM, Rubel CZ, Engle KM, Shi BF. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed, Coordination-Assisted Functionalization of Nonactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14957-15074. [PMID: 34714620 PMCID: PMC8968411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed, coordination-assisted C(sp3)-H functionalization has revolutionized synthetic planning over the past few decades as the use of these directing groups has allowed for increased access to many strategic positions in organic molecules. Nonetheless, several challenges remain preeminent, such as the requirement for high temperatures, the difficulty in removing or converting directing groups, and, although many metals provide some reactivity, the difficulty in employing metals outside of palladium. This review aims to give a comprehensive overview of coordination-assisted, transition-metal-catalyzed, direct functionalization of nonactivated C(sp3)-H bonds by covering the literature since 2004 in order to demonstrate the current state-of-the-art methods as well as the current limitations. For clarity, this review has been divided into nine sections by the transition metal catalyst with subdivisions by the type of bond formation. Synthetic applications and reaction mechanism are discussed where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd., Hangzhou 310027, China.,College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
| | - Andrew M. Romine
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Camille Z. Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States.,Corresponding Author- (K. M. E.); (B.-F. S.)
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Rd., Hangzhou 310027, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China,Corresponding Author- (K. M. E.); (B.-F. S.)
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27
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Ding C, Ren Y, Sun C, Long J, Yin G. Regio- and Stereoselective Alkylboration of Endocyclic Olefins Enabled by Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20027-20034. [PMID: 34734714 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Whereas there is a significant interest in the rapid construction of diversely substituted saturated heterocycles, direct and modular access is currently limited to the mono-, 2,3-, or 3,4-substitution pattern. This Communication describes the straightforward and modular construction of 2,4-substituted saturated heterocycles from readily available materials in a highly stereo- and regioselective manner, which sets the stage for numerous readily accessible drug motifs. The strategy relies on chain walking catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ding
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyu Ren
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Caocao Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Long
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
| | - Guoyin Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, P. R. China
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28
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Yamauchi D, Nakamura I, Nishimura T. Iridium-catalyzed enantioselective addition of an N-methyl C-H bond to α-trifluoromethylstyrenes via C-H activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11787-11790. [PMID: 34676848 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Ir-catalyzed enantioselective addition of an N-methyl C-H bond of 2-(methylamino)pyridine derivatives to α-trifluoromethylstyrenes proceeded via C-H activation to give chiral γ-branched amine derivatives having a trifluoromethyl-substituted stereocenter. It was found that a bulky and electron-withdrawing group at the 3-position of 2-(methylamino)pyridines was necessary for the present C-H addition reaction catalyzed by a cationic iridium/chiral bisphosphine complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yamauchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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29
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Askey H, Grayson JD, Tibbetts JD, Turner-Dore JC, Holmes JM, Kociok-Kohn G, Wrigley GL, Cresswell AJ. Photocatalytic Hydroaminoalkylation of Styrenes with Unprotected Primary Alkylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15936-15945. [PMID: 34543004 PMCID: PMC8499025 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic, intermolecular hydroaminoalkylation (HAA) of styrenes provides a powerful disconnection for pharmacologically relevant γ-arylamines, but current methods cannot utilize unprotected primary alkylamines as feedstocks. Metal-catalyzed HAA protocols are also highly sensitive to α-substitution on the amine partner, and no catalytic solutions exist for α-tertiary γ-arylamine synthesis via this approach. We report a solution to these problems using organophotoredox catalysis, enabling a direct, modular, and sustainable preparation of α-(di)substituted γ-arylamines, including challenging electron-neutral and moderately electron-rich aryl groups. A broad range of functionalities are tolerated, and the reactions can be run on multigram scale in continuous flow. The method is applied to a concise, protecting-group-free synthesis of the blockbuster drug Fingolimod, as well as a phosphonate mimic of its in vivo active form (by iterative α-C-H functionalization of ethanolamine). The reaction can also be sequenced with an intramolecular N-arylation to provide a general and modular access to valuable (spirocyclic) 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyridines. Mechanistic and kinetic studies support an irreversible hydrogen atom transfer activation of the alkylamine by the azidyl radical and some contribution from a radical chain. The reaction is photon-limited and exhibits a zero-order dependence on amine, azide, and photocatalyst, with a first-order dependence on styrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah
E. Askey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - James D. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Joshua D. Tibbetts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | | | - Jake M. Holmes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Kohn
- Materials
and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Gail L. Wrigley
- Oncology
R&D, Research & Early Development, AstraZeneca, Darwin Building, 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K.
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30
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Amber C, Park B, Xu LP, Roque JB, Yeung CS, Musaev DG, Sarpong R, LaLonde RL. Sequential Norrish-Yang Cyclization and C-C Cleavage/Cross-Coupling of a [4.1.0] Fused Saturated Azacycle. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12436-12442. [PMID: 34399579 PMCID: PMC8627179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods that functionalize the periphery of azacylic scaffolds have garnered increasing interest in recent years. Herein, we investigate the selectivity of a solid-state Norrish-Yang cyclization (NYC) and subsequent C-C cleavage/cross-coupling reaction of a strained cyclopropane-fused azacyclic system. Surprisingly, the NYC primarily furnished a single lactam constitutional and diastereo-isomer. The regioselectivity of the C-C cleavage of the α-hydroxy-β-lactam moiety could be varied by altering the ligand set used in the coupling chemistry. Experimental and computational observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Amber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemistry Department, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - Bohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jose B Roque
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Disruptive Chemistry Fellow, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Company, Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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31
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Murali K, Machado LA, Carvalho RL, Pedrosa LF, Mukherjee R, Da Silva Júnior EN, Maiti D. Decoding Directing Groups and Their Pivotal Role in C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:12453-12508. [PMID: 34038596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemistry has witnessed a plethora of functionalization and defunctionalization strategies. In this regard, C-H functionalization has been at the forefront due to the multifarious applications in the development of simple to complex molecular architectures and holds a brilliant prospect in drug development and discovery. Despite been explored tremendously by chemists, this functionalization strategy still enjoys the employment of novel metal catalysts as well metal-free organic ligands. Moreover, the switch to photo- and electrochemistry has widened our understanding of the alternative pathways via which a reaction can proceed and these strategies have garnered prominence when applied to C-H activation. Synthetic chemists have been foraging for new directing groups and templates for the selective activation of C-H bonds from a myriad of carbon-hydrogen bonds in aromatic as well as aliphatic systems. As a matter of fact, by varying the templates and directing groups, scientists found the answer to the challenge of distal C-H bond activation which remained an obstacle for a very long time. These templates have been frequently harnessed for selectively activating C-H bonds of natural products, drugs, and macromolecules decorated with multiple C-H bonds. This itself was a challenge before the commencement of this field as functionalization of a site other than the targeted site could modify and hamper the biological activity of the pharmacophore. Total synthesis and pharmacophore development often faces the difficulty of superfluous reaction steps towards selective functionalization. This obstacle has been solved by late-stage functionalization simply by harnessing C-H bond activation. Moreover, green chemistry and metal-free reaction conditions have seen light in the past few decades due to the rising concern about environmental issues. Therefore, metal-free catalysts or the usage of non-toxic metals have been recently showcased in a number of elegant works. Also, research groups across the world are developing rational strategies for directing group free or non-directed protocols that are just guided by ligands. This review encapsulates the research works pertinent to C-H bond activation and discusses the science devoted to it at the fundamental level. This review gives the readers a broad understanding of how these strategies work, the execution of various metal catalysts, and directing groups. This not only helps a budding scientist towards the commencement of his/her research but also helps a matured mind searching out for selective functionalization. A detailed picture of this field and its progress with time has been portrayed in lucid scientific language with a motive to inculcate and educate scientific minds about this beautiful strategy with an overview of the most relevant and significant works of this era. The unique trait of this review is the detailed description and classification of various directing groups and their utility over a wide substrate scope. This allows an experimental chemist to understand the applicability of this domain and employ it over any targeted substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanidhi Murali
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana A Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Pedrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rishav Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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32
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Valles DA, Dutta S, Paul A, Abboud KA, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. α,α'-C-H Bond Difunctionalization of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2021; 23:6367-6371. [PMID: 34323490 PMCID: PMC8609614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple one-pot procedure enables the sequential, regioselective, and diastereoselective introduction of the same or two different substituents to the α- and α'-positions of unprotected azacycles. Aryl, alkyl, and alkenyl substituents are introduced via their corresponding organolithium compounds. The scope of this transformation includes pyrrolidines, piperidines, azepanes, and piperazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Center for X-ray Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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33
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Dutta S, Li B, Rickertsen DRL, Valles DA, Seidel D. C-H Bond Functionalization of Amines: A Graphical Overview of Diverse Methods. SYNOPEN 2021; 5:173-228. [PMID: 34825124 PMCID: PMC8612105 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This Graphical Review provides a concise overview of the manifold and mechanistically diverse methods that enable the functionalization of sp3 C-H bonds in amines and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dillon R L Rickertsen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel A Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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34
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DiPucchio RC, Lenzen KE, Daneshmand P, Ezhova MB, Schafer LL. Direct, Catalytic α-Alkylation of N-Heterocycles by Hydroaminoalkylation: Substrate Effects for Regiodivergent Product Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:11243-11250. [PMID: 34278789 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Saturated N-heterocycles are prevalent in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries, yet remain challenging to catalytically alkylate. Most strategies for C-H activation of these challenging substrates use protected amines or high loadings of precious metal catalysts. We report an early transition-metal system for the broad, robust, and direct alkylation of unprotected amine heterocycles with simple alkenes. Short reaction times are achieved using an in situ generated tantalum catalyst that avoids the use of bases, excess substrate, or additives. In most cases, this catalyst system is selective for the branched reaction product, including examples of products that are generated with excellent diastereoselectivity. Alkene electronic properties can be exploited for substrate-modified regioselectivity to access the alternative linear amine alkylation product with a group 5 catalyst. This method allows for the facile isolation of unprotected N-heterocyclic products, as useful substrates for further reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C DiPucchio
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Karst E Lenzen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Pargol Daneshmand
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Maria B Ezhova
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Laurel L Schafer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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35
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Chen W, Seidel D. α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines via Transient Imines: Preparation of Polycyclic Lactams. Org Lett 2021; 23:3729-3734. [PMID: 33881883 PMCID: PMC8175037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic lactams are prepared in a single operation from o-toluamides and cyclic amines in a process that involves transient cyclic imines, species that are conveniently obtained in situ from the corresponding lithium amides and simple ketone oxidants. Imines thus generated, such as 1-pyrroline and 1-piperideine, engage lithiated o-toluamides in a facile annulation process. Undesired side reactions such as imine deprotonation and o-toluamide dimerization are suppressed through the judicious choice of reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
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36
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Zou H. Acid- and Base-Switched Palladium-Catalyzed γ-C(sp 3)-H Alkylation and Alkenylation of Neopentylamine. Org Lett 2021; 23:3466-3471. [PMID: 33881892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of remote unactivated C(sp3)-H and the reaction selectivity are among the core pursuits for transition-metal catalytic system development. Herein, we report Pd-catalyzed γ-C(sp3)-H-selective alkylation and alkenylation with removable 7-azaindole as a directing group. Acid and base were found to be the decisive regulators for the selective alkylation and alkenylation, respectively, on the same single substrate under otherwise the same reaction conditions. Various acrylates were compatible for the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds. The alkenylation protocol could be further extended to acrylates with natural product units and α,β-unsaturated ketones. The preliminary synthetic manipulation of the alkylation and alkenylation products demonstrates the potential of this strategy for structurally diverse aliphatic chain extension and functionalization. Mechanistic experimental studies showed that the acidic and basic catalytic transformations shared the same six-membered dimer palladacycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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37
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Baruah S, Sultana S, Bhorali P, Saikia P, Gogoi S. Ru(ii)-Catalyzed cascade decarbonylative annulation and dehydrogenative alkenylation reactions: synthesis of phthalides. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2997-3003. [PMID: 33885553 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00019e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel Ru(ii)-catalyzed decarbonylative annulation and direct C-H functionalization reaction of phthalic anhydrides with acrylates is reported. This reaction provides an efficient route for the synthesis of 3,7-disubstituted phthalides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagata Baruah
- Applied Organic Chemistry, Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, AcSIR, Ghaziabad-201002, India.
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38
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Caplin MJ, Foley DJ. Emergent synthetic methods for the modular advancement of sp 3-rich fragments. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4646-4660. [PMID: 34168751 PMCID: PMC8179648 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery is an important and increasingly reliable technology for the delivery of clinical candidates. Notably, however, sp3-rich fragments are a largely untapped resource in molecular discovery, in part due to the lack of general and suitably robust chemical methods available to aid their development into higher affinity lead and drug compounds. This Perspective describes the challenges associated with developing sp3-rich fragments, and succinctly highlights recent advances in C(sp3)-H functionalisations of high potential value towards advancing fragment hits by 'growing' functionalised rings and chains from unconventional, carbon-centred vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Caplin
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Foley
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand
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39
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Kim JH, Paul A, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. α-C-H Bond Functionalization of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines: Lewis-Acid-Promoted Addition of Enolates to Transient Imines. Org Lett 2021; 23:797-801. [PMID: 33464093 PMCID: PMC7924990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enolizable cyclic imines, obtained in situ from their corresponding lithium amides by oxidation with simple ketone oxidants, are readily alkylated with a range of enolates to provide mono- and polycyclic β-aminoketones in a single operation, including the natural product (±)-myrtine. Nitrile anions also serve as competent nucleophiles in these transformations, which are promoted by BF3 etherate. β-Aminoesters derived from ester enolates can be converted to the corresponding β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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40
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Paul A, Kim JH, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Diversification of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines by C-H Bond Functionalization: Decarboxylative Alkylation of Transient Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1625-1628. [PMID: 32975859 PMCID: PMC7854982 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts by many practitioners in the field, methods for the direct α-C-H bond functionalization of unprotected alicyclic amines remain rare. A new advance in this area utilizes N-lithiated alicyclic amines. These readily accessible intermediates are converted to transient imines through the action of a simple ketone oxidant, followed by alkylation with a β-ketoacid under mild conditions to provide valuable β-amino ketones with unprecedented ease. Regioselective α'-alkylation is achieved for substrates with existing α-substituents. The method is further applicable to the convenient one-pot synthesis of polycyclic dihydroquinolones through the incorporation of a SN Ar step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Current address: College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott D Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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41
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Paul A, Kim JH, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Diversification of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines by C−H Bond Functionalization: Decarboxylative Alkylation of Transient Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Current address: College of Pharmacy Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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42
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Maddocks CJ, Ermanis K, Clarke PA. Asymmetric "Clip-Cycle" Synthesis of Pyrrolidines and Spiropyrrolidines. Org Lett 2020; 22:8116-8121. [PMID: 32991808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of an asymmetric "clip-cycle" synthesis of 2,2- and 3,3-disubstituted pyrrolidines and spiropyrrolidines, which are increasingly important scaffolds in drug discovery programs, is reported. Cbz-protected bis-homoallylic amines were activated by "clipping" them to thioacrylate via an alkene metathesis reaction. Enantioselective intramolecular aza-Michael cyclization onto the activated alkene, catalyzed by a chiral phosphoric acid, formed a pyrrolidine. The reaction accommodated a range of substitutions to form 2,2- and 3,3-disubstituted pyrrolidines and spiropyrrolidines with high enantioselectivities. The importance of the thioester activating group was demonstrated by comparison to ketone and oxoester-containing substrates. DFT studies supported the aza-Michael cyclization as the rate- and stereochemistry-determining step and correctly predicted the formation of the major enantiomer. The catalytic asymmetric syntheses of N-methylpyrrolidine alkaloids (R)-irnidine and (R)-bgugaine, which possess DNA binding and antibacterial properties, were achieved using the "clip-cycle" methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Maddocks
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorks, U.K., YO10 5DD
| | - Kristaps Ermanis
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, U.K., CB2 1EW
| | - Paul A Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorks, U.K., YO10 5DD
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43
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Fernández DF, Mascareñas JL, López F. Catalytic addition of C-H bonds across C-C unsaturated systems promoted by iridium(i) and its group IX congeners. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7378-7405. [PMID: 32926061 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00359j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed hydrocarbonations of unsaturated substrates have emerged as powerful synthetic tools for increasing molecular complexity in an atom-economical manner. Although this field was traditionally dominated by low valent rhodium and ruthenium catalysts, in recent years, there have been many reports based on the use of iridium complexes. In many cases, these reactions have a different course from those of their rhodium homologs, and even allow performing otherwise inviable transformations. In this review we aim to provide an informative journey, from the early pioneering examples in the field, most of them based on other metals than iridium, to the most recent transformations catalyzed by designed Ir(i) complexes. The review is organized by the type of C-H bond that is activated (with C sp2, sp or sp3), as well as by the C-C unsaturated partner that is used as a hydrocarbonation partner (alkyne, allene or alkene). Importantly, we discuss the mechanistic foundations of the methods highlighting the differences from those previously proposed for processes catalyzed by related metals, particularly those of the same group (Co and Rh).
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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44
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Kapoor M, Singh A, Sharma K, Hua Hsu M. Site‐Selective C(
sp
3
)−H and C(
sp
2
)−H Functionalization of Amines Using a Directing‐Group‐Guided Strategy. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kapoor
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Adhish Singh
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Kirti Sharma
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University Punjab India 140401
| | - Ming Hua Hsu
- Department of Chemistry National Changhua University of Education Taiwan 500, R.O.C Changhua
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45
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Vasquez AM, Gurak JA, Joe CL, Cherney EC, Engle KM. Catalytic α-Hydroarylation of Acrylates and Acrylamides via an Interrupted Hydrodehalogenation Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:10477-10484. [PMID: 32379433 PMCID: PMC7293711 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed, α-selective hydroarylation of acrylates and acrylamides is reported. Under optimized conditions, this method is highly tolerant of a wide range of substrates including those with base sensitive functional groups and/or multiple enolizable carbonyl groups. A detailed mechanistic study was undertaken, and the high selectivity of this transformation was shown to be enabled by the formation of a [PdII(Ar)(H)] intermediate, which performs selective hydride insertion into the β-position of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena M. Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - John A. Gurak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Candice L. Joe
- Chemistry Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Emily C. Cherney
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb, US Rt. 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Keary M. Engle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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46
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Dong F, Liu JQ, Wang XS. CuBr-Catalyzed α-Arylation and Aerobic Oxidative Dehydrogenative C–N Coupling for the Synthesis of Spiro[cyclohexane-1,12′-isoindolo[1,2-b]quinazolin]-10′-one Derivatives. Org Lett 2020; 22:2887-2891. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Jian-Quan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Xiang-Shan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthesis for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
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