1
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Shaw EV, Chester AM, Robertson GP, Castillo-Blas C, Bennett TD. Synthetic and analytical considerations for the preparation of amorphous metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10689-10712. [PMID: 39027308 PMCID: PMC11253190 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid porous materials presenting several tuneable properties, allowing them to be utilised for a wide range of applications. To date, focus has been on the preparation of novel crystalline MOFs for specific applications. Recently, interest in amorphous MOFs (aMOFs), defined by their lack of correlated long-range order, is growing. This is due to their potential favourable properties compared to their crystalline equivalents, including increased defect concentration, improved processability and gas separation ability. Direct synthesis of these disordered materials presents an alternative method of preparation to post-synthetic amorphisation of a crystalline framework, potentially allowing for the preparation of aMOFs with varying compositions and structures, and very different properties to crystalline MOFs. This perspective summarises current literature on directly synthesised aMOFs, and proposes methods that could be utilised to modify existing syntheses for crystalline MOFs to form their amorphous counterparts. It outlines parameters that could discourage the ordering of crystalline MOFs, before examining the potential properties that could emerge. Methodologies of structural characterisation are discussed, in addition to the necessary analyses required to define a topologically amorphous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Shaw
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Ashleigh M Chester
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Georgina P Robertson
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Celia Castillo-Blas
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
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2
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Xiong M, Lu Y, Zhong M, Chen L, Liu G, Ju W. Superlong Metal-Organic Framework Micro-/Nanofibers for Selective Vitamin Absorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39012911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Superlong MOF-74-type micro/nanofibers, which have aspect ratios much higher than 200, are synthesized via nanoparticulate MOF-mediated recrystallization. Co-MOF-74 microfibers have high crystallinity, whereas Co-MOF-74-II nanofibers are composed of nanocrystals and amorphous phases, even though they have nanofibrous morphology. Both MOFs consist of plenty of micropores with diameters in the range of 1.0 to 2.0 nm, and they exhibit high thermal stability with a decomposition temperature higher than 260.0 °C. The MOFs are demonstrated for selective absorption of some vitamins including riboflavin, folic acid, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. Co-MOF-74-II nanofibers can efficiently absorb riboflavin and folic acid from their aqueous solution with absorption percentages approaching 90.0%, and they have enhanced capability for absorbing tocopherol in methanol. The micro/nanofibrous morphology, together with the capability for selective vitamin absorption, makes the novel MOFs highly promising for applications in micro-solid-phase extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxuan Xiong
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Youli Lu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Shanghai Academy of Experimental Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhong
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gangyi Liu
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital/Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Shanghai Academy of Experimental Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenbo Ju
- School of Physics and Optoelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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3
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Semivrazhskaya OO, Salionov D, Clark AH, Casati NPM, Nachtegaal M, Ranocchiari M, Bjelić S, Verel R, van Bokhoven JA, Sushkevich VL. Deciphering the Mechanism of Crystallization of UiO-66 Metal-Organic Framework. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2305771. [PMID: 37635107 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium-containing metal-organic framework (MOF) with UiO-66 topology is an extremely versatile material, which finds applications beyond gas separation and catalysis. However, after more than 10 years after the first reports introducing this MOF, understanding of the molecular-level mechanism of its nucleation and growth is still lacking. By means of in situ time-resolved high-resolution mass spectrometry, Zr K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction it is showed that the nucleation of UiO-66 occurs via a solution-mediated hydrolysis of zirconium chloroterephthalates, whose formation appears to be autocatalytic. Zirconium-oxo nodes form directly and rapidly during the synthesis, the formation of pre-formed clusters and stable non-stoichiometric intermediates are not observed. The nuclei of UiO-66 possess identical to the crystals local environment, however, they lack long-range order, which is gained during the crystallization. Crystal growth is the rate-determining step, while fast nucleation controls the formation of the small crystals of UiO-66 with a narrow size distribution of about 200 nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya O Semivrazhskaya
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniil Salionov
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Adam H Clark
- Operando Spectroscopy Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Nicola P M Casati
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation-Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Maarten Nachtegaal
- Operando Spectroscopy Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Saša Bjelić
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - René Verel
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A van Bokhoven
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute for Chemistry and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vitaly L Sushkevich
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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4
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Verma PK, Koellner CA, Hall H, Phister MR, Stone KH, Nichols AW, Dhakal A, Ashcraft E, Machan CW, Giri G. Solution Shearing of Zirconium (Zr)-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks NU-901 and MOF-525 Thin Films for Electrocatalytic Reduction Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:53913-53923. [PMID: 37955400 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solution shearing, a meniscus-guided coating process, can create large-area metal-organic framework (MOF) thin films rapidly, which can lead to the formation of uniform membranes for separations or thin films for sensing and catalysis applications. Although previous work has shown that solution shearing can render MOF thin films, examples have been limited to a few prototypical systems, such as HKUST-1, Cu-HHTP, and UiO-66. Here, we expand on the applicability of solution shearing by making thin films of NU-901, a zirconium-based MOF. We study how the NU-901 thin film properties (i.e., crystallinity, surface coverage, and thickness) can be controlled as a function of substrate temperature and linker concentration. High fractional surface coverage of small-area (∼1 cm2) NU-901 thin films (0.88 ± 0.06) is achieved on a glass substrate for all conditions after one blade pass, while a low to moderate fractional surface coverage (0.73 ± 0.18) is obtained for large-area (∼5 cm2) NU-901 thin films. The crystallinity of NU-901 crystals increases with temperature and decreases with linker concentration. On the other hand, the adjusted thickness of NU-901 thin films increases with both increasing temperature and linker concentration. We also extend the solution shearing technique to synthesize MOF-525 thin films on a transparent conductive oxide that are useful for electrocatalysis. We show that Fe-metalated MOF-525 films can reduce CO2 to CO, which has implications for CO2 capture and utilization. The demonstration of thin film formation of NU-901 and MOF-525 using solution shearing on a wide range of substrates will be highly useful for implementing these MOFs in sensing and catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince K Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Connor A Koellner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Hailey Hall
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Meagan R Phister
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Kevin H Stone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Asa W Nichols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Ankit Dhakal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Earl Ashcraft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Gaurav Giri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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5
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Carpenter BP, Talosig AR, Rose B, Di Palma G, Patterson JP. Understanding and controlling the nucleation and growth of metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6918-6937. [PMID: 37796101 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00312d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks offer a diverse landscape of building blocks to design high performance materials for implications in almost every major industry. With this diversity stems complex crystallization mechanisms with various pathways and intermediates. Crystallization studies have been key to the advancement of countless biological and synthetic systems, with MOFs being no exception. This review provides an overview of the current theories and fundamental chemistry used to decipher MOF crystallization. We then discuss how intrinsic and extrinsic synthetic parameters can be used as tools to modulate the crystallization pathway to produce MOF crystals with finely tuned physical and chemical properties. Experimental and computational methods are provided to guide the probing of MOF crystal formation on the molecular and bulk scale. Lastly, we summarize the recent major advances in the field and our outlook on the exciting future of MOF crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - A Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Ben Rose
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Di Palma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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6
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Butova VV, Zdravkova VR, Burachevskaia OA, Tereshchenko AA, Shestakova PS, Hadjiivanov KI. In Situ FTIR Spectroscopy for Scanning Accessible Active Sites in Defect-Engineered UiO-66. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101675. [PMID: 37242091 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three UiO-66 samples were prepared by solvothermal synthesis using the defect engineering approach with benzoic acid as a modulator. They were characterized by different techniques and their acidic properties were assessed by FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO and CD3CN. All samples evacuated at room temperature contained bridging μ3-OH groups that interacted with both probe molecules. Evacuation at 250 °C leads to the dehydroxylation and disappearance of the μ3-OH groups. Modulator-free synthesis resulted in a material with open Zr sites. They were detected by low-temperature CO adsorption on a sample evacuated at 200 °C and by CD3CN even on a sample evacuated at RT. However, these sites were lacking in the two samples obtained with a modulator. IR and Raman spectra revealed that in these cases, the Zr4+ defect sites were saturated by benzoates, which prevented their interaction with probe molecules. Finally, the dehydroxylation of all samples produced another kind of bare Zr sites that did not interact with CO but formed complexes with acetonitrile, probably due to structural rearrangement. The results showed that FTIR spectroscopy is a powerful tool for investigating the presence and availability of acid sites in UiO-66, which is crucial for its application in adsorption and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera V Butova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Videlina R Zdravkova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Olga A Burachevskaia
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Andrei A Tereshchenko
- The Smart Materials Research Institute, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Pavletta S Shestakova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Konstantin I Hadjiivanov
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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7
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Dighe AV, Bhawnani RR, Podupu PKR, Dandu NK, Ngo AT, Chaudhuri S, Singh MR. Microkinetic insights into the role of catalyst and water activity on the nucleation, growth, and dissolution during COF-5 synthesis. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37082906 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06685h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemical pathway for synthesizing covalent organic frameworks (COFs) involves a complex medley of reaction sequences over a rippling energy landscape that cannot be adequately described using existing theories. Even with the development of state-of-the-art experimental and computational tools, identifying primary mechanisms of nucleation and growth of COFs remains elusive. Other than empirically, little is known about how the catalyst composition and water activity affect the kinetics of the reaction pathway. Here, for the first time, we employ time-resolved in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) coupled with a six-parameter microkinetic model consisting of ∼10 million reactions and over 20 000 species. The integrated approach elucidates previously unrecognized roles of catalyst pKa on COF yield and water on growth rate and size distribution. COF crystalline yield increases with decreasing pKa of the catalysts, whereas the effect of water is to reduce the growth rate of COF and broaden the size distribution. The microkinetic model reproduces the experimental data and quantitatively predicts the role of synthesis conditions such as temperature, catalyst, and precursor concentration on the nucleation and growth rates. Furthermore, the model also validates the second-order reaction mechanism of COF-5 and predicts the activation barriers for classical and non-classical growth of COF-5 crystals. The microkinetic model developed here is generalizable to different COFs and other multicomponent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish V Dighe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Rajan R Bhawnani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Prem K R Podupu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
| | - Naveen K Dandu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Anh T Ngo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Santanu Chaudhuri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
- Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Meenesh R Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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8
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Khalil IE, Fonseca J, Reithofer MR, Eder T, Chin JM. Tackling orientation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): The quest to enhance MOF performance. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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9
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Van den Eynden D, Pokratath R, Mathew JP, Goossens E, De Buysser K, De Roo J. Fatty acid capped, metal oxo clusters as the smallest conceivable nanocrystal prototypes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:573-585. [PMID: 36741516 PMCID: PMC9847641 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05037d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal oxo clusters of the type M6O4(OH)4(OOCR)12 (M = Zr or Hf) are valuable building blocks for materials science. Here, we synthesize a series of zirconium and hafnium oxo clusters with ligands that are typically used to stabilize oxide nanocrystals (fatty acids with long and/or branched chains). The fatty acid capped oxo clusters have a high solubility but do not crystallize, precluding traditional purification and single-crystal XRD analysis. We thus develop alternative purification strategies and we use X-ray total scattering and Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis as our main method to elucidate the structure of the cluster core. We identify the correct structure from a series of possible clusters (Zr3, Zr4, Zr6, Zr12, Zr10, and Zr26). Excellent refinements are only obtained when the ligands are part of the structure model. Further evidence for the cluster composition is provided by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and mass spectrometry (MS). We find that hydrogen bonded carboxylic acid is an intrinsic part of the oxo cluster. Using our analytical tools, we elucidate the conversion from a Zr6 monomer to a Zr12 dimer (and vice versa), induced by carboxylate ligand exchange. Finally, we compare the catalytic performance of Zr12-oleate clusters with oleate capped, 5.5 nm zirconium oxide nanocrystals in the esterification of oleic acid with ethanol. The oxo clusters present a five times higher reaction rate, due to their higher surface area. Since the oxo clusters are the lower limit of downscaling oxide nanocrystals, we present them as appealing catalytic materials, and as atomically precise model systems. In addition, the lessons learned regarding PDF analysis are applicable to other areas of cluster science as well, from semiconductor and metal clusters, to polyoxometalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietger Van den Eynden
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland,Department of Chemistry, University of GhentKrijgslaan 2819000 GhentBelgium
| | - Rohan Pokratath
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Eline Goossens
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland,Department of Chemistry, University of GhentKrijgslaan 2819000 GhentBelgium
| | | | - Jonathan De Roo
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselMattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland
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10
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Hurst PJ, Graham AA, Patterson JP. Gaining Structural Control by Modification of Polymerization Rate in Ring-Opening Polymerization-Induced Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:501-509. [PMID: 36536891 PMCID: PMC9756957 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) has become an important one pot method for the preparation of well-defined block copolymer nanoparticles. In PISA, morphology is typically controlled by changing molecular architecture and polymer concentration. However, several computational and experimental studies have suggested that changes in polymerization rate can lead to morphological differences. Here, we demonstrate that catalyst selection can be used to control morphology independent of polymer structure and concentration in ring-opening polymerization-induced crystallization-driven self-assembly (ROPI-CDSA). Slower rates of polymerization give rise to slower rates of self-assembly, resulting in denser lamellae and more 3D structures when compared to faster rates of polymerization. Our explanation for this is that the fast samples transiently exist in a nonequilibrium state as self-assembly starts at a higher solvophobic block length when compared to the slow polymerization. We expect that subsequent examples of rate variation in PISA will allow for greater control over morphological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Joshua Hurst
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Annissa A. Graham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P. Patterson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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11
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Bhawnani RR, Sartape R, Prajapati A, Podupu P, Coliaie P, Nere AN, Singh MR. Percolation-assisted coating of metal-organic frameworks on porous substrates. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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