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Trimpin S, Yenchick FS, Lee C, Hoang K, Pophristic M, Karki S, Marshall DD, Lu IC, Lutomski CA, El-Baba TJ, Wang B, Pagnotti VS, Meher AK, Chakrabarty S, Imperial LF, Madarshahian S, Richards AL, Lietz CB, Moreno-Pedraza A, Leach SM, Gibson SC, Elia EA, Thawoos SM, Woodall DW, Jarois DR, Davis ETJ, Liao G, Muthunayake NS, Redding MJ, Reynolds CA, Anthony TM, Vithanarachchi SM, DeMent P, Adewale AO, Yan L, Wager-Miller J, Ahn YH, Sanderson TH, Przyklenk K, Greenberg ML, Suits AG, Allen MJ, Narayan SB, Caruso JA, Stemmer PM, Nguyen HM, Weidner SM, Rackers KJ, Djuric A, Shulaev V, Hendrickson TL, Chow CS, Pflum MKH, Grayson SM, Lobodin VV, Guo Z, Ni CK, Walker JM, Mackie K, Inutan ED, McEwen CN. New Processes for Ionizing Nonvolatile Compounds in Mass Spectrometry: The Road of Discovery to Current State-of-the-Art. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024. [PMID: 39374043 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
This Perspective covers discovery and mechanistic aspects as well as initial applications of novel ionization processes for use in mass spectrometry that guided us in a series of subsequent discoveries, instrument developments, and commercialization. Vacuum matrix-assisted ionization on an intermediate pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization source without the use of a laser, high voltages, or any other added energy was simply unbelievable, at first. Individually and as a whole, the various discoveries and inventions started to paint, inter alia, an exciting new picture and outlook in mass spectrometry from which key developments grew that were at the time unimaginable, and continue to surprise us in its simplistic preeminence. We, and others, have demonstrated exceptional analytical utility. Our current research is focused on how best to understand, improve, and use these novel ionization processes through dedicated platforms and source developments. These ionization processes convert volatile and nonvolatile compounds from solid or liquid matrixes into gas-phase ions for analysis by mass spectrometry using, e.g., mass-selected fragmentation and ion mobility spectrometry to provide accurate, and sometimes improved, mass and drift time resolution. The combination of research and discoveries demonstrated multiple advantages of the new ionization processes and established the basis of the successes that lead to the Biemann Medal and this Perspective. How the new ionization processes relate to traditional ionization is also presented, as well as how these technologies can be utilized in tandem through instrument modification and implementation to increase coverage of complex materials through complementary strengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Frank S Yenchick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Khoa Hoang
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Corinne A Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Vincent S Pagnotti
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Shubhashis Chakrabarty
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
| | - Lorelei F Imperial
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sara Madarshahian
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christopher B Lietz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | - Samantha M Leach
- Department of Forensic Sciences (DFS), Washington, D.C. 20024, United States
| | - Stephen C Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Efstathios A Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Shameemah M Thawoos
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Daniel W Woodall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Dean R Jarois
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Eric T J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Guochao Liao
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | - McKenna J Redding
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Christian A Reynolds
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Thilani M Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | | | - Paul DeMent
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Adeleye O Adewale
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Lu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - James Wager-Miller
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Thomas H Sanderson
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Karin Przyklenk
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Miriam L Greenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Arthur G Suits
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Matthew J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Srinivas B Narayan
- Detroit Medical Center: Detroit Hospital (DMC), Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Joseph A Caruso
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Paul M Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hien M Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Steffen M Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Kevin J Rackers
- Automation Techniques, Inc, Greensboro, North Carolina 27407, United States
| | - Ana Djuric
- College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76210, United States
| | - Tamara L Hendrickson
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Christine S Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Mary Kay H Pflum
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | | | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - J Michael Walker
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ken Mackie
- Gill Center for Biomolecular Science and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Mindanao State University Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
- Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Trimpin S, Inutan ED, Pagnotti VS, Karki S, Marshall DD, Hoang K, Wang B, Lietz CB, Richards AL, Yenchick FS, Lee C, Lu IC, Fenner M, Madarshahian S, Saylor S, Chubatyi ND, Zimmerman T, Moreno-Pedraza A, Wang T, Adeniji-Adele A, Meher AK, Madagedara H, Owczarzak Z, Musavi A, Hendrickson TL, Peacock PM, Tomsho JW, Larsen BS, Prokai L, Shulaev V, Pophristic M, McEwen CN. Direct sub-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry: Evaporation/sublimation-driven ionization is amazing, fundamentally, and practically. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5018. [PMID: 38736378 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper covers direct sub-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (MS). The discovery, applications, and mechanistic aspects of novel ionization processes for use in MS that are not based on the high-energy input from voltage, laser, and/or high temperature but on sublimation/evaporation within a region linking a higher to lower pressure and modulated by heat and collisions, are discussed, including how this new reality has guided a series of discoveries, instrument developments, and commercialization. A research focus, inter alia, is on how best to understand, improve, and use these novel ionization processes, which convert volatile and nonvolatile compounds from solids (sublimation) or liquids (evaporation) into gas-phase ions for analysis by MS providing reproducible, accurate, sensitive, and prompt results. Our perception on how these unprecedented versus traditional ionization processes/methods relate to each other, how they can be made to coexist on the same mass spectrometer, and an outlook on new and expanded applications (e.g., clinical, portable, fast, safe, and autonomous) is presented, and is based on ST's Opening lecture presentation at the Nordic Mass spectrometry Conference, Geilo, Norway, January 2023. Focus will be on matrix-assisted ionization (MAI) and solvent-assisted ionization (SAI) MS covering the period from 2010 to 2023; a potential paradigm shift in the making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Ellen D Inutan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
| | - Vincent S Pagnotti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Darrell D Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Khoa Hoang
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Beixi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Alicia L Richards
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank S Yenchick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Chuping Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - I-Chung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Madeleine Fenner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sara Madarshahian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sarah Saylor
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicolas D Chubatyi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Teresa Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Tongwen Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adetoun Adeniji-Adele
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anil K Meher
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Hasini Madagedara
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zachary Owczarzak
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ahmed Musavi
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - John W Tomsho
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, The University of North Texas Health Science Center at Forth Worth, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Milan Pophristic
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles N McEwen
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, Delaware, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Zhang S, Liu Q, Qu X, Li Q, Wang R, Tian J, Jiang F, Zhu J, Huang M, Bi H. μPESI-MS/MS System for Screening and Quantitating Drugs in Plasma Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37338210 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we developed a novel microprobe electrospray ionization (μPESI) source and its coupled MS (μPESI-MS/MS) system. Here, we aimed to widely validate the μPESI-MS/MS method for quantitative analysis of drugs in plasma samples. Furthermore, the relationship between the quantitative performance of the μPESI-MS/MS method and the physicochemical properties of target drugs was analyzed. The μPESI-MS/MS methods for quantitative analysis of 5 representative drugs with a relatively wide range of molecular weight, pKa, and log P values were developed and validated. The results showed that the linearity, accuracy, and precision of these methods met the requirements of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidance. Then a total of 75 drugs from plasma samples were primarily detected using the μPESI-MS/MS methods, among which 48 drugs could be quantitatively measured. Logistics regression suggested that drugs with significantly greater log P and physiological charge had better quantitative performance using the μPESI-MS/MS method. Collectively, these results clearly demonstrate the practical application of the μPESI-MS/MS system as a rapid approach to the quantitative analysis of drugs in plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510006
| | - Qian Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510006
- Guangdong RangerBio Technologies Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong China, 523000
| | - Xiangyang Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510006
| | - Qiaoxi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510006
| | - Ruimin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510006
| | - Jianing Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510006
| | - Fulin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510006
| | - Janshon Zhu
- Guangdong RangerBio Technologies Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong China, 523000
| | - Min Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510006
| | - Huichang Bi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510006
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening & NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China, 510515
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Sharif D, Foroushani SH, Attanayake K, Dewasurendra VK, DeBastiani A, DeVor A, Johnson MB, Li P, Valentine SJ. Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization Augments Field-Free Ionization Techniques to Promote Conformer Preservation in the Gas-Phase for Intractable Biomolecular Ions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8970-8984. [PMID: 36318704 PMCID: PMC10278089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Field-free capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) is evaluated for its ability to conduct native mass spectrometry (MS) experiments. The charge state distributions for nine globular proteins are compared using field-free cVSSI, field-enabled cVSSI, and electrospray ionization (ESI). In general, for both positive and negative ion mode, the average charge state (qavg) increases for field-free cVSSI with increasing molecular weight similar to ESI. A clear difference is that the qavg is significantly lower for field-free conditions in both analyses. Two proteins, leptin and thioredoxin, exhibit bimodal charge state distributions (CSDs) upon the application of voltage in positive ion mode; only a monomodal distribution is observed for field-free conditions. In negative ion mode, thioredoxin exhibits a multimodal CSD upon the addition of voltage to cVSSI. Extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of myoglobin and leptin in nanodroplets suggest that the multimodal CSD for leptin may originate from increased conformational "breathing" (decreased packing) and association with the droplet surface. These properties along with increased droplet charge appear to play critical roles in shifting ionization processes for some proteins. Further exploration and development of field-free cVSSI as a new ionization source for native MS especially as applied to more flexible biomolecular species is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Samira Hajian Foroushani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Kushani Attanayake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Vikum K Dewasurendra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Amanda DeVor
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Matthew B Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia26506, United States
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Elshamy YS, Strein TG, Holland LA, Li C, DeBastiani A, Valentine SJ, Li P, Lucas JA, Shaffer TA. Nanoflow Sheath Voltage-Free Interfacing of Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Small Molecules. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11329-11336. [PMID: 35913997 PMCID: PMC9387528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coupling capillary electrophoresis (CE) to mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful strategy to leverage a high separation efficiency with structural identification. Traditional CE-MS interfacing relies upon voltage to drive this process. Additionally, sheathless interfacing requires that the electrophoresis generates a sufficient volumetric flow to sustain the ionization process. Vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (VSSI) is a new method to interface capillary electrophoresis to mass analyzers. In contrast to traditional interfacing, VSSI is voltage-free, making it straightforward for CE and MS. New nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is introduced in this work to reduce the reliance on the separation flow rate to facilitate the transfer of analyte to the MS. The nanoflow sheath VSSI spray ionization functions from 400 to 900 nL/min. Using the new nanoflow sheath reported here, volumetric flow rate through the separation capillary is less critical, allowing the use of a small (i.e., 20 to 25 μm) inner diameter separation capillary and enabling the use of higher separation voltages and faster analysis. Moreover, the use of a nanoflow sheath enables greater flexibility in the separation conditions. The nanoflow sheath is operated using aqueous solutions in the background electrolyte and in the sheath, demonstrating the separation can be performed under normal and reversed polarity in the presence or absence of electroosmotic flow. This includes the use of a wider pH range as well. The versatility of nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is demonstrated by separating cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic molecules under a variety of separation conditions. The detection sensitivity observed with nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is comparable to that obtained with sheathless CE-VSSI-MS as well as CE-MS separations with electrospray ionization interfacing. A bare fused silica capillary is used to separate cationic β-blockers with a near-neutral background electrolyte at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 1.0 μM. Under acidic conditions, 13 amino acids are separated with normal polarity at a concentration ranging from 0.25 to 5 μM. Finally, separations of anionic compounds are demonstrated using reversed polarity under conditions of suppressed electroosmotic flow through the use of a semipermanent surface coating. With a near-neutral separation electrolyte, anionic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are detected over a concentration range of 0.1 to 5.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef S Elshamy
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Timothy G Strein
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Lisa A Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - John A Lucas
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tyler A Shaffer
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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Pursell ME, Sharif D, DeBastiani A, Li C, Majuta S, Li P, Valentine SJ. Development of cVSSI-APCI for the Improvement of Ion Suppression and Matrix Effects in Complex Mixtures. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9226-9233. [PMID: 35729103 PMCID: PMC9260805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The new ionization technique termed vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) has been coupled with corona discharge to investigate atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) capabilities. The optimized source was evaluated for its ability to enhance ion signal intensity, overcome matrix effects, and limit ion suppression. The results have been compared with state-of-the-art ESI source performance as well as a new APCI-like source. In methanol, the ion signal intensity increased 10-fold and >10-fold for cocaine and the suppressed analytes, respectively. The ability to overcome ion suppression was improved from 2-fold to 16-fold for theophylline and vitamin D2, respectively. For aqueous samples, ion signal levels increased by two orders of magnitude for all analytes. In both solvent systems, the signal-to-noise ratios also increased for all suppressed analytes. One example of the characterization of low-ionizing (by ESI or cVSSI alone) species in the presence of high-ionizing species by direct analysis from a cotton swab is presented. The work is discussed with respect to the advantages of cVSSI-APCI for direct, in situ, and field analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison E. Pursell
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Sandra Majuta
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506
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DeBastiani A, Majuta SN, Sharif D, Attanayake K, Li C, Li P, Valentine SJ. Characterizing Multidevice Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization for In-Droplet Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange to Enhance Compound Identification. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18370-18382. [PMID: 34308068 PMCID: PMC8296548 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Multidevice capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) source parameters have been examined to determine their effects on conducting in-droplet hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments. Control experiments using select compounds indicate that the observed differences in mass spectral isotopic distributions obtained upon initiation of HDX result primarily from solution-phase reactions as opposed to gas-phase exchange. Preliminary studies have determined that robust HDX can only be achieved with the application of same-polarity voltage to both the analyte and the deuterium oxide reagent (D2O) cVSSI devices. Additionally, a similar HDX reactivity dependence on the voltage applied to the D2O device for various analytes is observed. Analyte and reagent flow experiments show that, for the multidevice cVSSI setup employed, there is a nonlinear dependence on the D2O reagent flow rate; increasing the D2O reagent flow by 100% results in only an ∼10-20% increase in deuterium incorporation for this setup. Instantaneous (subsecond) response times have been demonstrated in the initiation or termination of HDX, which is achieved by turning on or off the reagent cVSSI device piezoelectric transducer. The ability to distinguish isomeric species by in-droplet HDX is presented. Finally, a demonstration of a three-component cVSSI device setup to perform multiple (successive or in combination) in-droplet chemistries to enhance compound ionization and identification is presented and a hypothetical metabolomics workflow consisting of successive multidevice activation is briefly discussed.
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Majuta SN, DeBastiani A, Li P, Valentine SJ. Combining Field-Enabled Capillary Vibrating Sharp-Edge Spray Ionization with Microflow Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry to Enhance 'Omics Analyses. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:473-485. [PMID: 33417454 PMCID: PMC8132193 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Field-enabled capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) has been combined with high-flow liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) to establish current ionization capabilities for metabolomics and proteomics investigations. Comparisons are made between experiments employing cVSSI and a heated electrospray ionization probe representing the state-of-the-art in microflow LC-MS methods for 'omics studies. For metabolomics standards, cVSSI is shown to provide an ionization enhancement by factors of 4 ± 2 for both negative and positive ion mode analyses. For chymotryptic peptides, cVSSI is shown to provide an ionization enhancement by factors of 5 ± 2 and 2 ± 1 for negative and positive ion mode analyses, respectively. Slightly broader high-performance liquid chromatography peaks are observed in the cVSSI datasets, and several studies suggest that this results from a slightly decreased post-split flow rate. This may result from partial obstruction of the pulled-tip emitter over time. Such a challenge can be remedied with the use of LC pumps that operate in the 10 to 100 μL·min-1 flow regime. At this early stage, the proof-of-principle studies already show ion signal advantages over state-of-the-art electrospray ionization (ESI) for a wide variety of analytes in both positive and negative ion mode. Overall, this represents a ∼20-50-fold improvement over the first demonstration of LC-MS analyses by voltage-free cVSSI. Separate comparisons of the ion abundances of compounds eluting under identical solvent conditions reveal ionization efficiency differences between cVSSI and ESI and may suggest varied contributions to ionization from different physicochemical properties of the compounds. Future investigations of parameters that could further increase ionization gains in negative and positive ion mode analyses with the use of cVSSI are briefly presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra N. Majuta
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501
| | - Stephen J. Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26501
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