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An L, Chen B, Zhang Y, Li H, Huang R, Li F, Tang Y. Compound Similarity Network as a Novel Data Mining Strategy for High-Throughput Investigation of Degradation Pathways of Organic Pollutants in Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3951-3959. [PMID: 38377587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Identification of degradation products and pathways is crucial for investigating emerging pollutants and evaluation of wastewater treatment methods. Nontargeted analysis is a powerful tool to comprehensively investigate the degradation pathways of organic pollutants in real-world wastewater samples but often generates large data sets, making it difficult to effectively locate the exact information on interests. Herein, to efficiently establish the linkages among compounds in the same degradation pathways, we introduce a compound similarity network (CSN) as a novel data mining strategy for LC-MS-based nontargeted analysis of complex wastewater samples. Different from molecular networks that cluster compounds based on MS/MS spectra similarity, our CSN strategy harnesses molecular fingerprints to establish linkages among compounds and thus is spectra-independent. The effectiveness of CSN was demonstrated by nontargeted identification of degradation pathways and products of organic pollutants in leather industrial wastewater that underwent laboratory-scale activated carbon adsorption (ACD) and ozonation treatments. Utilizing CSN in interpreting nontargeted data, we tentatively annotated 4324 compounds in the untreated leather industrial wastewater, 3246 after ACD, and 3777 after ACD/ozonation. We located 145 potential degradation pathways of organic pollutants in the ACD/ozonation process using CSN and validated 7 pathways with 15 chemical standards. CSN also revealed 5 clusters of emerging pollutants, from which 3 compounds were selected for in vitro cytotoxicity study to evaluate their potential biohazards as new pollutants. As CSN offers an efficient way to connect massive compounds and to find multiple degradation pathways in a high-throughput manner, we anticipate that it will find wide applications in nontargeted analysis of diverse environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong An
- Analytical & Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Analytical & Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hailiang Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Feng Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yanan Tang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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Molecular mechanisms associated with the chemoprotective role of protocatechuic acid and its potential benefits in the amelioration of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: A review. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1713-1724. [PMID: 36561952 PMCID: PMC9764176 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in the 1960 s, doxorubicin (DOX) has constantly elicited the broadest spectrum of cancerocidal activity against human cancers. However, cardiotoxicity caused by DOX directly as well as its metabolites is a great source of concern over the continuous use of DOX in chemotherapy. While the exact mechanism of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity is yet to be completely understood, recent studies indicate oxidative stress, inflammation, and several forms of cell death as key pathogenic mechanisms that underpin the etiology of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). Notably, these key mechanistic events are believed to be negatively regulated by 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid or protocatechuic acid (PCA)-a plant-based phytochemical with proven anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Here, we review the experimental findings detailing the potential ameliorative effects of PCA under exposure to DOX. We also discuss molecular insights into the pathophysiology of DIC, highlighting the potential intervention points where the use of PCA as a veritable chemoprotective agent may ameliorate DOX-induced cardiotoxicities as well as toxicities due to other anticancer drugs like cisplatin. While we acknowledge that controlled oral administration of PCA during chemotherapy may be insufficient to eliminate all toxicities due to DOX treatment, we propose that the ability of PCA to block oxidative stress, attenuate inflammation, and abrogate several forms of cardiomyocyte cell death underlines its great promise in the amelioration of DIC.
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Tian X, Ding Y, Kong Y, Wang G, Wang S, Cheng D. Purslane (Portulacae oleracea L.) attenuates cadmium-induced hepatorenal and colonic damage in mice: Role of chelation, antioxidant and intestinal microecological regulation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 92:153716. [PMID: 34481339 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) is a representative pernicious metal, which has high biological toxicity. Its precaution through dietary administration is considered an important strategy. Considering that Portulaca oleracea L. (Por.L) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other high medicinal value, and purslane insoluble dietary fiber (PIDF) has good binding property to metal ions, they could be good methods for Cd-induced biotoxicity therapy. PURPOSE To investigate the beneficial effects of Por.L or PIDF against Cd-induced subchronic toxicity and identify its underlying mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS C57BL/6 male mice (n = 12) were received 100 mg l-1 CdCl2 in water for 8 weeks. Mice were divided into four groups: Control, Cd-treated, 8% Por.L + Cd, and 8% PIDF + Cd. Histological evaluation, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, western blotting analysis, quantitative real time-PCR, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 16S rDNA analysis were used in the study. RESULTS Por.L treatment was able to inhibit inflammation and accumulation of Cd, enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes, increase beneficial bacterial species of Akkermansia and Faecalibaculum and suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines in the colon, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IFN-γ. PIDF mainly relieved the toxicity of Cd by increasing the production of short chain fatty acids with anti-inflammatory functions and repressing the liver and kidney inflammation mediated by the TLR4/ MyD88/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION Our study has demonstrated that the antagonistic-Cd effects of Por.L might be mediated via chelation, antioxidation, regulation of intestinal microecology. Thus, our study provides a novel insight into Por.L as a promising function food for the anti-Cd biotoxicity. Por.L supplement could be considered as a potential coping strategy to alleviate hazardous effects in Cd-exposed humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuena Tian
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Yu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Guangliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Dai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P. R. China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China.
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Ding Y, Li X, Liu Y, Wang S, Cheng D. Protection Mechanisms Underlying Oral Administration of Chlorogenic Acid against Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Injury Related to Regulating Intestinal Flora Balance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:1675-1683. [PMID: 33494608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal, which is widely used in the industry and daily life. It has a long half-life, so large amounts of Cd can accumulate in humans and become toxic. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) can eliminate free radicals and inhibit lipid peroxidation and is mainly used to prevent metal toxicity. In the present study, mice are given CGA by intraperitoneal injection or gavage, respectively, to explore the mechanism of preventing Cd toxicity. In acute Cd-exposed mice, CGA treatment (ip) alleviated Cd-induced oxidative damage and reduced the production of NO and MPO in the liver and kidney tissues, while TLR4 expression levels did not change significantly. After 8 weeks of Cd exposure, CGA administration (gavage) significantly alleviated gut dysbiosis by decreasing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, enhancing the relative abundances of bacteria, including Ruminiclostridium_9, Alloprevotella, and Rikenella, and inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings suggested that protection mechanisms underlying the oral administration of CGA against the Cd-induced hepatorenal injury was related to the regulation of the intestinal flora balance. CGA can be used as an effective component in daily diet to prevent Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Protective effects of protocatechuic acid against cognitive impairment in an amyloid beta-induced Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Song J, He Y, Luo C, Feng B, Ran F, Xu H, Ci Z, Xu R, Han L, Zhang D. New progress in the pharmacology of protocatechuic acid: A compound ingested in daily foods and herbs frequently and heavily. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105109. [PMID: 32738494 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid is a natural phenolic acid, which widely exists in our daily diet and herbs. It is also one of the main metabolites of complex polyphenols, such as anthocyanins and proanthocyanins. In recent years, a large number of studies on the pharmacological activities of protocatechuic acid have emerged. Protocatechuic acid has a wide range of pharmacological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antiosteoporotic, analgesia, antiaging activties; protection from metabolic syndrome; and preservation of liver, kidneys, and reproductive functions. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that the absorption and elimination rate of protocatechuic acid are faster, with glucuronidation and sulfation being the major metabolic pathways. However, protocatechuic acid displays a dual-directional regulatory effect on some pharmacological activities. When the concentration is very high, it can inhibit cell proliferation and reduce survival rate. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of protocatechuic acid with emphasis on its pharmacological activities discovered in recent 5 years, so as to provide more up-to-date and thorough information for the preclinical and clinical research of protocatechuic acid in the future. Moreover, it is hoped that the clinical application of protocatechuic acid can be broadened, giving full play to its characteristics of rich sources, low toxicity and wide pharmacological activites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Song
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Yanan He
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Chuanhong Luo
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Bi Feng
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Fei Ran
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Hong Xu
- Chengdu Yongkang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhimin Ci
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Runchun Xu
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China
| | - Li Han
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research and Utilization on Chinese Meterial Medical Resources Co-founded by Sichuan Province and Ministry of Science and Technology, Chengdu 611137, PR China.
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Genethliou C, Kornaros M, Dailianis S. Biodegradation of olive mill wastewater phenolic compounds in a thermophilic anaerobic upflow packed bed reactor and assessment of their toxicity in digester effluents. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 255:109882. [PMID: 31783209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The extent of phenolic compounds' biodegradation was assessed utilizing un-treated olive mill wastewater (OMWW) fed to a high-rate thermophilic (55 οC) anaerobic upflow packed bed reactor (UPBR) and digester effluents (DEs) collected in different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) under steady-state operating conditions. In parallel, the toxicity of each sample was evaluated by performing the microbiotest Thamnotoxkit F™. The outcomes indicate complete biodegradation of 6 phenolic compounds-vanillic acid (VA), caffeic acid (CA), syringic acid (SA), o-coumaric acid (o-CA), oleuropein (OLEU), 4-ethylphenol (4-EP)-and notable removals of hydroxytyrosol (HT) and tyrosol (TYR), reaching up to 94.87 ± 0.04% and 93.92 ± 0.33%, respectively. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), p-coumaric acid (p-CA) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DBA) were recognized as the most recalcitrant and persistent compounds in the anaerobic effluents, being capable of modulating the toxic potential of DEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Genethliou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR 26504, Rion, Patras, Greece
| | - M Kornaros
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, GR 26504, Rion, Patras, Greece.
| | - S Dailianis
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, GR 26500, Rion, Patras, Greece
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Adedara IA, Okpara ES, Busari EO, Omole O, Owumi SE, Farombi EO. Dietary protocatechuic acid abrogates male reproductive dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats via suppression of oxidative damage, inflammation and caspase-3 activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 849:30-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Highly Efficient and Stable Novel NanoBiohybrid Catalyst to Avert 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid Pollutant in Water. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33572. [PMID: 27721429 PMCID: PMC5056344 DOI: 10.1038/srep33572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study reported for the first time covalent immobilization of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (3,4-POD) onto functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNT) for degrading the toxic 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA) pollutant in water. The F-MWCNTs had a maximum 3,4-POD loading of 1060 μg/mg. Immobilized 3,4 POD had 44% of relative structural changes to its free configurations. Nevertheless, >90% of relative activity and about 50% of catalytic efficiency were retained to the free enzyme. Immobilized 3,4-POD demonstrated higher alkaline stability and thermostability than the free 3,4-POD. The free and immobilized 3,4-POD lost 82% and 66% of relative activities, respectively after 180 min of incubations at 90 °C. Excellent shelf-life was observed for the immobilized 3,4-POD with residual activity of 56% compared with 41% and 39% of the free 3,4-POD at 4 °C and 25 °C over 30 days storage. Immobilized 3,4-POD showed >60% of catalytic activity retention even after ten-cycle uses, defraying the expenses of free 3,4-POD productions for long term uses. Finally, the immobilized 3,4-POD removed 71% of 3,4-DHBA from water in <4 h, paving its future application for water purification with reduced costs and time.
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Renuka M, Vijayakumar N, Ramakrishnan A. Chrysin, a flavonoid attenuates histological changes of hyperammonemic rats: A dose dependent study. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:345-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF PHENOLIC FRACTIONS FROM Ulomoides dermestoides FAIRMAIRE, 1893 (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE), IN HACAT CELLS. TIP REVISTA ESPECIALIZADA EN CIENCIAS QUÍMICO-BIOLÓGICAS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recqb.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Teodoro GR, Ellepola K, Seneviratne CJ, Koga-Ito CY. Potential Use of Phenolic Acids as Anti-Candida Agents: A Review. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1420. [PMID: 26733965 PMCID: PMC4685070 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a sharp rise in the occurrence of Candida infections and associated mortality over the last few years, due to the growing body of immunocompromised population. Limited number of currently available antifungal agents, undesirable side effects and toxicity, as well as emergence of resistant strains pose a considerable clinical challenge for the treatment of candidiasis. Therefore, molecules that derived from natural sources exhibiting considerable antifungal properties are a promising source for the development of novel anti-candidal therapy. Phenolic compounds isolated from natural sources possess antifungal properties of interest. Particularly, phenolic acids have shown promising in vitro and in vivo activity against Candida species. However, studies on their mechanism of action alone or in synergism with known antifungals are still scarce. This review attempts to discuss the potential use, proposed mechanisms of action and limitations of the phenolic acids in anti-candidal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R Teodoro
- Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Kassapa Ellepola
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chaminda J Seneviratne
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cristiane Y Koga-Ito
- Oral Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual PaulistaSão José dos Campos, Brazil; Department of Environmental Engineering and Biopathology Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual PaulistaSão José dos Campos, Brazil
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Nakamura Y, Ishii T, Abe N, Murata Y. Thiol modification by bioactivated polyphenols and its potential role in skin inflammation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1067-70. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.905190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In the present study, we evaluated the modifying behavior of simple phenolic compounds on the sulfhydryl groups of glutathione and proteins. The catechol-type polyphenols, including protocatechuic acid, but neither the monophenols nor O-methylated catechol, can modify the sulfhydryl groups in a phenol oxidase-dependent manner. The possible involvement of polyphenol bioactivation in the enhancement of skin inflammation was also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishii
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naomi Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Electrophiles in Foods: The Current Status of Isothiocyanates and Their Chemical Biology. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:242-55. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Beuck S, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers and other small-molecule erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in current and preventive doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:830-45. [PMID: 22362605 DOI: 10.1002/dta.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the blood's capacity for oxygen transport by erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) constitutes a prohibited procedure of performance enhancement according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The advent of orally bio-available small-molecule ESAs such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers in the development of novel anti-anaemia therapies expands the list of potential ESA doping techniques. Here, the erythropoiesis-stimulating properties and doping relevance of experimental HIF-stabilizers, such as cobaltous chloride, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid or GSK360A, amongst others, are discussed. The stage of clinical trials is reviewed for the anti-anaemia drug candidates FG-2216, FG-4592, GSK1278863, AKB-6548, and BAY85-3934. Currently available methods and strategies for the determination of selected HIF stabilizers in sports drug testing are based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). For the support of further analytical assay development, patents claiming distinct compounds for the use in HIF-mediated therapies are evaluated and exemplary molecular structures of HIF stabilizers presented. Moreover, data concerning the erythropoiesis-enhancing effects of the GATA inhibitors K7174 and K11706 as well as the lipidic small-molecule ESA PBI-1402 are elucidated the context of doping analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beuck
- German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Suppression of the p66shc adapter protein by protocatechuic acid prevents the development of lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia reperfusion in mice. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 73:1130-7. [PMID: 23117377 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318265d069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Pharmacokinetics of protocatechuic acid in mouse and its quantification in human plasma using LC-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 908:39-44. [PMID: 23122399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (PCA), a major microbial-mediated metabolite of anthocyanins, has significant anti-oxidative and anti-carcinogenic activities in vitro and in vivo; however, its pharmacokinetics remains largely unknown. In this report, a sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the measurement of PCA concentrations in both mouse and human plasma. This method showed a linearity of 1-1000ng/mL in both mouse and human plasma with a lower limit of quantification of 1ng/mL. The within-day and between-day coefficient of variation ranged from 1.18 to 11.8% and accuracy from 92 to 110%. The method was applied to characterize the pharmacokinetics of PCA in mice after oral administration of 50mg/kg PCA. PCA was absorbed rapidly with a half-life of 2.9min, reached a peak plasma level (C(max)) of 73.6μM at 5min, and remained detectable up to 8h with the initial elimination half-life of about 3min and a terminal half-life of 16min. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0→8h)) of PCA was 1456μMmin. The method was capable of detecting low ng/mL quantities of PCA in the plasma of patients with prostate cancer after an oral ingestion of 60g of black raspberry (BRB) powder. Because PCA is derived from the anthocyanins in BRB, our method provides a useful analytical tool to further investigate the metabolism of anthocyanins, and the pharmacology of PCA in future pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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Thenmozhi AJ, Subramanian P. Antioxidant Potential of Momordica Charantia in Ammonium Chloride-Induced Hyperammonemic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2011; 2011:612023. [PMID: 20047891 PMCID: PMC3136738 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the antioxidant potential of Momordica charantia fruit extract (MCE) in ammonium chloride-induced (AC) hyperammonemic rats. Experimental hyperammonemia was induced in adult male Wistar rats (180-200 g) by intraperitoneal injections of ammonium chloride (100 mg kg(-1) body weight) thrice a week. The effect of oral administration (thrice a week for 8 consecutive weeks) of MCE (300 mg kg(-1) body weight) on blood ammonia, plasma urea, serum liver marker enzymes and oxidative stress biomarkers in normal and experimental animals was analyzed. Hyperammonemic rats showed a significant increase in the activities of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides and liver markers (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase), and the levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione were decreased in the liver and brain tissues. Treatment with MCE normalized the above-mentioned changes in hyperammonemic rats by reversing the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance during AC-induced hyperammonemia, and offered protection against hyperammonemia. Our results indicate that MCE exerting the antioxidant potentials and maintaining the cellular integrity of the liver tissue could offer protection against AC-induced hyperammonemia. However, the exact underlying mechanism is yet to be investigated, and examination of the efficacy of the active constituents of the M. charantia on hyperammonemia is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Justin Thenmozhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
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Tandogan B, Kuruüzüm-Uz A, Sengezer C, Güvenalp Z, Demirezer LÖ, Ulusu NN. In vitro effects of rosmarinic acid on glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:587-94. [PMID: 21554000 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.533187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Glutathione reductase (GR, NADPH:oxidized glutathione oxidoreductase, E.C 1.6.4.2) is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG). GR is a crucial enzyme in the antioxidant system by maintaining reduced glutathione (GSH). Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, glucose 6-phosphate (G6P):NADP(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) is the key regulatory enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway and maintains NADPH for reductive reactions. OBJECTIVE Rosmarinic acid (RA; α-O-caffeoyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid) is an ester of caffeic acid (CA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. It has a number of interesting biological activities. The inhibiting activities of the RA on GR and G6PD are investigated here for the first time. MATERIALS AND METHODS GR and G6PD were purified from tissues, then the effects of RA are investigated. RESULTS This study reports that RA, which was isolated from Echium vulgare L. (Boraginaceae), inhibits purified GR and G6PD in a concentration-dependent manner. Kinetic characterizations and inhibition constants are investigated. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Because of their importance in the antioxidative defense system, investigation of the inhibitors of these enzymes is important for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berivan Tandogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye/Ankara Turkey
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Duh PD, Lin SL, Wu SC. Hepatoprotection of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther on CCl₄-induced liver damage and inflammation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 134:379-385. [PMID: 21195152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THIS STUDY Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther, a vegetable consumed in Taiwan, has been used in folk medicine for protection against liver injury, although its actual efficacy remains uncertain. Therefore, we investigated the protective effects of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther against carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver damage in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Water extracts of Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther (WGP) were administered for 8 consecutive weeks to male Sprague-Dawley rats. And a dose-dependent manner in preventing liver damage was confirmed. Moreover, the major ingredient of WGP, gallic acid, was also orally administrated in the CCl(4)-induced rats. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters such as antioxidant enzymes and histopathological studies. RESULTS WGP ranging from 50 to 300 mg/kg bw administrations significantly lowered serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, and inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) generation in CCl(4)-treated rats. WGP increased cellular GSH level and antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and catalase. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was decreased in the group treated with CCl(4) plus WGP (150 and 300 mg/kg bw). Histopathological examination of livers showed that WGP reduced fatty degeneration, cytoplasmic vacuolization and necrosis in CCl(4)-treated rats. In contrary, 10mg/kg bw of gallic acid was administrated, this dose was related with WGP (300 mg/kg bw), and had significantly decreased the AST and ALT compared to the CCl(4)-treated group. Aforesaid results suggested that gallic acid from WGP offered antioxidative activity against CCl(4)-induced oxidative liver damage. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, this study is the first time to suggest that Graptopetalum paraguayense E. Walther exerts hepatoprotection via promoting antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties against CCl(4)-induced oxidative liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Der Duh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60 Erh-Jen Road, Section 1, Pao-An, Jen-te Hsiang, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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Wang YJ, Dou J, Cross KP, Valerio LG. Computational analysis for hepatic safety signals of constituents present in botanical extracts widely used by women in the United States for treatment of menopausal symptoms. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59:111-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Protocatechuic acid inhibits neurotoxicity induced by MPTP in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2010; 474:99-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lin CY, Huang CS, Huang CY, Yin MC. Anticoagulatory, antiinflammatory, and antioxidative effects of protocatechuic acid in diabetic mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6661-6667. [PMID: 19722571 DOI: 10.1021/jf9015202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Content of protocatechuic acid (PA) in eight locally available fresh fruits was analyzed, and the protective effects of this compound in diabetic mice were examined. PA at 1%, 2%, and 4% was supplied to diabetic mice for 8 weeks. PA treatments significantly lowered plasma glucose and increased insulin levels. PA treatments at 2% and 4% significantly lowered plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and fibrinogen level; increased plasma activity of antithrombin-III and protein C; decreased triglyceride content in plasma, heart, and liver; elevated glutathione level and the retention of glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities in heart and kidney. PA treatments at 2% and 4% also significantly lowered plasma C-reactive protein and von Willebrand factor levels and reduced interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels in heart and kidney. These results support that protocatechuic acid could attenuate diabetic complications via its triglyceride-lowering, anticoagulatory, antioxidative, and antiinflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Lin
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung County, Taiwan, ROC
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Bhujbal NN, Bande OP, Dhavale DD. Catechuic acid and ethyl 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate from D-glucose. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:734-8. [PMID: 19268918 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of catechuic acid (1) and ethyl 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (2) from D-glucose-derived beta-ketoester is described. The polyhydroxylated beta-ketoester obtained from the hydrolysis of sugar beta-ketoester 3 was subjected to an aldol-type condensation to get 4 that on enolization, dehydration, and hydrogenation afforded ethyl 2,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (2). On the other hand, hydrogenation of aldol product 4 afforded polyhydroxylated keto-carbasugar 6, which on mild acid treatment and ester hydrolysis in basic media led to catechuic acid 1. Intermediate 4 is co-related to 3-dehydroshikimic acid, a biochemical intermediate from D-glucose in the synthesis of pro-catechuic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdeo N Bhujbal
- Garware Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India
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Olvera-García V, Castaño-Tostado E, Rezendiz-Lopez RI, Reynoso-Camacho R, González de Mejía E, Elizondo G, Loarca-Piña G. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Extracts Inhibit the Mutagenicity in Microsuspension Assay and the Proliferation of HeLa Cells. J Food Sci 2008; 73:T75-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Isanga J, Zhang GN. Biologically Active Components and Nutraceuticals in Peanuts and Related Products: Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/87559120701224956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wang BS, Yen GC, Chang LW, Yen WJ, Duh PD. Protective effects of burdock (Arctium lappa Linne) on oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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TERASAWA N, SAKAKIBARA M, MURATA M. Antioxidative Activity of Avocado Epicarp Hot Water Extract. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.12.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Yen WJ, Chang LW, Duh PD. Antioxidant activity of peanut seed testa and its antioxidative component, ethyl protocatechuate. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Psotová J, Lasovský J, Vicar J. Metal-chelating properties, electrochemical behavior, scavenging and cytoprotective activities of six natural phenolics. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2003; 147:147-53. [PMID: 15037895 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2003.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chelation, electrochemical, antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of six phenolics - cynarin and caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, protocatechuic and rosmarinic acids were studied on the following models: (i) chelation of transition metals, (ii) quenching of the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), (iii) determination of half-wave potential, (iv) erythrocytes or mitochondrial membranes damaged by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH) and (v) a primary culture of rat hepatocytes intoxicated by Cu(II) and Fe(III) or tBH. All phenolics suppressed cell membrane damage induced by transition metals or tBH. The protectivity correlated with their capacity to bind transition metals, to scavenge DPPH radical and with the value of half-wave potentials. In in vitro assays, the most promising was rosmarinic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Psotová
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Palacký University, Hnevotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Babich H, Sedletcaia A, Kenigsberg B. In vitro cytotoxicity of protocatechuic acid to cultured human cells from oral tissue: involvement in oxidative stress. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 2002; 91:245-53. [PMID: 12570031 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0773.2002.910505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Data on the biologic activity of protocatechuic acid are contradictory; some studies have shown that it acts as an antioxidant and suppresses chemical-induced carcinogenesis and others that it induces oxidative stress and promotes tumour formation. The anticarcinogenicity of protocatechuic acid was postulated to be related, in part, to its specific suppression of neoplastic hyperproliferation. To determine whether protocatechuic acid was preferentially antiproliferative to malignant cells, non-malignant and carcinoma cells were exposed for 24 hr to protocatechuic acid (2.5 to 25 mM) and viability was assessed with the neutral red assay. The cell lines were derived from tissues of the human oral cavity, the initial site of exposure upon ingestion of dietary protocatechuic acid, and included normal GN61 gingival fibroblasts, immortalized, non-tumorigenic S-G gingival epithelial cells, and malignant HSG1 cells derived from the salivary gland, HSC-2 cells from the floor of the oral cavity, and CAL27 cells from the tongue. Selective toxicity of protocatechuic acid to malignant cells was not observed. Furthermore, using a total cellular protein determination to quantitate cell growth, no differences in comparative sensitivities of S-G epithelial cells and HSG1 carcinoma cells were noted in a 3 day continuous exposure to 2.5 to 12.5 mM protocatechuic acid and in recovery from a 24 hr exposure to 3 to 15 mM protocatechuic acid. The S-G and HSG1 cells were then used to study the effects of elevated concentrations of protocatechuic acid on oxidative stress. For both cell types, protocatechuic acid induced oxidative stress, presumably through its bioactivation by a tyrosinase pathway. A brief exposure to 25 mM protocatechuic acid lowered the levels of intracellular glutathione and potentiated Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation of the cells. As determined with the neutral red assay, S-G and HSG1 cells exposed briefly to a non-toxic level (0.5 mM) of the glutathione depleter, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea, were hypersensitive to a subsequent challenge with 10 mM protocatechuic acid and preexposure of the S-G and HSG1 cells to a nontoxic level of protocatechuic acid (2.5 mM) enhanced their sensitivity to a subsequent exposure to tert-butyl hydroperoxide. These findings were consistent with protocatechuic acid, at high levels (> or = 10 mM), acting as an inducer of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Babich
- Stern College for Women, Yeshiva University, Department of Biology, 245 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Lee S, Kim BK, Cho SH, Shin KH. Phytochemical constituents from the fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25:280-4. [PMID: 12135097 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Six compounds were isolated from the fruits of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. Their structures were elucidated as (-)-sesamin, scoparone, protocatechuic acid, ursolic acid, hyperin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by physicochemical and spectroscopic analysis. Among them, scoparone, ursolic acid and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural were isolated for the first time from Acanthopanax species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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