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Hao N, Liang S, Sun W, Zhang S, Wang Y, Tian X. High Value-Added Application of Natural Products in Crop Protection: Discovery and Exploration of Caffeoyl and Flavonoid Derivatives from Clematis brevicaudata DC. as Novel Insecticide Candidates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7919-7932. [PMID: 38554092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Nine caffeoyl derivatives (1-9), including two new dicaffeoyl glycosides, brevicaudatosides A and B (1 and 2), and six flavonoids (10-15), were identified from overground Clematis brevicaudata DC. Compounds 1 and 13 exhibited significant oral toxicities against Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris with LC50 (half-lethal concentration) values of 0.12 and 0.28 mM, respectively. Meanwhile, compounds 1, 8, 10, 13, and 15 showed remarkable repellent effects against A. pisum with the repellent indexes valued at 1.00 under 50-200 μg/mL at 24 h. Compounds 1 and 8 also displayed moderate antifeedant activities against Plutella xylostella L. The shrunken bodies, especially for wizened cauda, and the ultrastructural damages of microvilli, mitochondrion, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum in midgut were toxic symptoms of A. pisum caused by 1 and 13. The inhibition of Chitinase was the main reason for their potent insecticidal activities. This study provided valuable pieces of evidence for the high value-added application of caffeoyl and flavonoid derivatives from C. brevicaudata as novel plant-origin biopesticides for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Resources Development and Utilization, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - SunAo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Resources Development and Utilization, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Resources Development and Utilization, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Xiangrong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Economic Plant Resources Development and Utilization, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
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Lin XJ, Lai ZSY, Luo Q, Kong M, Liang MJ, Wu H, Bai M. Correlation between Polyphenol Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Different Echinacea Purpurea Varieties. Curr Med Sci 2023; 43:831-837. [PMID: 37480412 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyphenols are complex compounds containing multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups. They are widely distributed in plants and have antioxidant activities. Whether the antioxidant activities of the cultivated varieties of Echinacea are similar to or better than those of the wild ones and the relationship between the accumulation of polyphenols and their antioxidant activities are still not clear. METHODS Folin-Ciocalteu method, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6)-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, and Fe2+ chelating ability assay were used, respectively, to detect the total polyphenols and 5 kinds of caffeic acid derivatives (chicoric acid, caffeic acid, caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid) in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, and the antioxidant activities of 3 varieties of Echinacea: E. purpurea L., cultivar E. purpurea 'Aloha', and E. purpurea 'White Swan'. RESULTS E. purpurea L. had the highest contents of total polyphenols, 5 caffeic acid derivatives and antioxidant activities, followed by E. purpurea 'White Swan' and E. purpurea 'Aloha', respectively. E. purpurea 'White Swan' had the strongest ability to remove the DPPH, ABTS•+ and free radicals, and to chelate Fe2+; E. purpurea L. had the strongest ability to reduce FRAP. The correlation analyses revealed that the contents of total polyphenols and caffeic acid derivatives of E. purpurea L. and E. purpurea 'White Swan' were correlated with their antioxidant activities. CONCLUSION E. purpurea L. was the most appropriate material for the development of medicinal plants. E. purpurea 'White Swan' could be used as a substitute for E. purpurea L. in terms of its antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Lin
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zheng-Shi-Yu Lai
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qun Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mei Kong
- Qilu Animal Health Products Company, Jinan, 250033, China
| | - Min-Jian Liang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Mei Bai
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Natural Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Vieira SF, Gonçalves VMF, Llaguno CP, Macías F, Tiritan ME, Reis RL, Ferreira H, Neves NM. On the Bioactivity of Echinacea purpurea Extracts to Modulate the Production of Inflammatory Mediators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13616. [PMID: 36362404 PMCID: PMC9659013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are the focus of several clinical studies, due to limitations and serious side effects of available therapies. Plant-based drugs (e.g., salicylic acid, morphine) have become landmarks in the pharmaceutical field. Therefore, we investigated the immunomodulatory effects of flowers, leaves, and roots from Echinacea purpurea. Ethanolic (EE) and dichloromethanolic extracts (DE) were obtained using the Accelerated Solvent Extractor and aqueous extracts (AE) were prepared under stirring. Their chemical fingerprint was evaluated by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as the reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), of the different extracts were evaluated using non-stimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Interestingly, AE were able to stimulate macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor -TNF-α, interleukin -IL-1β, and IL-6), and to generate ROS/RNS. Conversely, under an inflammatory scenario, all extracts reduced the amount of pro-inflammatory mediators. DE, alkylamides-enriched extracts, showed the strongest anti-inflammatory activity. Moreover, E. purpurea extracts demonstrated generally a more robust anti-inflammatory activity than clinically used anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone, diclofenac, salicylic acid, and celecoxib). Therefore, E. purpurea extracts may be used to develop new effective therapeutic formulations for disorders in which the immune system is either overactive or impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara F. Vieira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Virgínia M. F. Gonçalves
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carmen P. Llaguno
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe Macías
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- TOXRUN—Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Neves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs—Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Effects of Metribuzin Herbicide on Some Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Two Echinacea Species. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Echinacea is a perennial plant that is used for its phytotherapeutic potential. Echinacea crops are often affected by invasive weeds. One of the most effective strategies in weed control is the use of chemicals such as herbicides. However, herbicides also affect the physiological and morphological processes of Echinacea. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of different dosages (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 g ha−1) of the postemergent herbicide metribuzin on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia collected from different locations in Iran (E. purpurea from the Shiraz and Isfahan regions and E. angustifolia from the Ardestan and Kazerun regions). Application of metribuzin decreased leaf dry weight for both Echinacea species at high doses (750 and 1250 g ha−1). At high metribuzin dose (1250 g ha−1), E. purpurea Shiraz leaves showed an increase in MDA (malondialdehyde) up to 9.14, while in other species the MDA content was lower. Minimum and maximum fluorescence increased at both the registered dosage (500 g ha−1) and at high doses (750–1250 g ha−1) of metribuzin treatments in both species. The Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield) value was reduced in herbicide treated species, compared to the control, starting at the 250 g ha−1 dose, and was lowest at 750 g ha−1 dose. The results of this study indicate that metribuzin has adverse effects on the physiology and morphology of Echinacea species at dosages above 500 g ha−1.
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Natural Antifungal Products: Another Option for Antifungal Resistance. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89664-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Declerck K, Novo CP, Grielens L, Van Camp G, Suter A, Vanden Berghe W. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench treatment of monocytes promotes tonic interferon signaling, increased innate immunity gene expression and DNA repeat hypermethylated silencing of endogenous retroviral sequences. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:141. [PMID: 33980308 PMCID: PMC8114977 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03310-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herbal remedies of Echinacea purpurea tinctures are widely used today to reduce common cold respiratory tract infections. Methods Transcriptome, epigenome and kinome profiling allowed a systems biology level characterisation of genomewide immunomodulatory effects of a standardized Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench extract in THP1 monocytes. Results Gene expression and DNA methylation analysis revealed that Echinaforce® treatment triggers antiviral innate immunity pathways, involving tonic IFN signaling, activation of pattern recognition receptors, chemotaxis and immunometabolism. Furthermore, phosphopeptide based kinome activity profiling and pharmacological inhibitor experiments with filgotinib confirm a key role for Janus Kinase (JAK)-1 dependent gene expression changes in innate immune signaling. Finally, Echinaforce® treatment induces DNA hypermethylation at intergenic CpG, long/short interspersed nuclear DNA repeat elements (LINE, SINE) or long termininal DNA repeats (LTR). This changes transcription of flanking endogenous retroviral sequences (HERVs), involved in an evolutionary conserved (epi) genomic protective response against viral infections. Conclusions Altogether, our results suggest that Echinaforce® phytochemicals strengthen antiviral innate immunity through tonic IFN regulation of pattern recognition and chemokine gene expression and DNA repeat hypermethylated silencing of HERVs in monocytes. These results suggest that immunomodulation by Echinaforce® treatment holds promise to reduce symptoms and duration of infection episodes of common cold corona viruses (CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV, and new occurring strains such as SARS-CoV-2, with strongly impaired interferon (IFN) response and weak innate antiviral defense. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03310-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Declerck
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Claudina Perez Novo
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lisa Grielens
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA) and University Hospital Antwerp (UZA), Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium.
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Liu R, Burkett K, Rapinski M, Arnason JT, Johnson F, Hintz P, Baker J, Harris CS. Biochemometric Analysis of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibition by Echinacea Root Extracts. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:294-304. [PMID: 33296937 DOI: 10.1055/a-1289-9569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent research demonstrates that Echinacea possesses cannabimimetic activity with potential applications beyond common contemporary uses for relief of cold and flu symptoms. In this study, we investigated the in vitro inhibitory effect of root extracts of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea angustifolia on fatty acid amide hydrolase, the main enzyme that degrades the endocannabinoid anandamide. The objective was to relate variation in bioactivity between commercial Echinacea genotypes to their phytochemical profiles and to identify determinants of activity using biochemometric analysis. Forty root extracts of each of species were tested for inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase and analyzed by HPLC-DAD/MS to identify and quantitate alkylamides and caffeic acid derivatives. Fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibition ranged from 34 - 80% among E. angustifolia genotypes and from 33 - 87% among E. purpurea genotypes. Simple linear regression revealed the caffeic acid derivatives caftaric acid and cichoric acid, and the alkylamide dodeca-2E,4Z-diene-8,10-diynioc acid 2-methylbutylamide, as the strongest determinants of inhibition in E. purpurea (r* = 0.53, 0.45, and 0.20, respectively) while in E. angustifolia, only CADs were significantly associated with activity, most notably echinacoside (r* = 0.26). Regression analysis using compound groups generated by hierarchical clustering similarly indicated that caffeic acid derivatives contributed more than alkylamides to in vitro activity. Testing pure compounds identified as determinants of activity revealed cichoric acid (IC50 = 45 ± 4 µM) and dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide (IC50 = 54 ± 2 µM) as the most active. The results suggest that several phytochemicals may contribute to Echinacea's cannabimimetic activity and that ample variation in genotypes exists for selection of high-activity germplasm in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly Burkett
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michel Rapinski
- Institut de recheche en biologie végétale (IRBV), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John T Arnason
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Phil Hintz
- Trout Lake Farm, LLC, Trout Lake, WA, USA
| | | | - Cory S Harris
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Parsons JL, Cameron SI, Harris CS, Smith ML. Echinacea biotechnology: advances, commercialization and future considerations. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:485-494. [PMID: 30303034 PMCID: PMC6179083 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1501583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Plants of the genus Echinacea (Asteraceae) are among the most popular herbal supplements on the market today. Recent studies indicate there are potential new applications and emerging markets for this natural health product (NHP). OBJECTIVE This review aims to synthesize recent developments in Echinacea biotechnology and to identify promising applications for these advances in the industry. METHODS A comprehensive survey of peer-reviewed publications was carried out, focusing on Echinacea biotechnology and impacts on phytochemistry. This article primarily covers research findings since 2007 and builds on earlier reviews on the biotechnology of Echinacea. RESULTS Bioreactors, genetic engineering and controlled biotic or abiotic elicitation have the potential to significantly improve the yield, consistency and overall quality of Echinacea products. Using these technologies, a variety of new applications for Echinacea can be realized, such as the use of seed oil and antimicrobial and immune boosting feed additives for livestock. CONCLUSIONS New applications can take advantage of the well-established popularity of Echinacea as a NHP. Echinacea presents a myriad of potential health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic and antibiotic activities that have yet to be fully translated into new applications. The distinct chemistry and bioactivity of different Echinacea species and organs, moreover, can lead to interesting and diverse commercial opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Parsons
- Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Stewart I. Cameron
- Wood Science and Technology Centre, Hugh John Flemming Forestry Centre, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Cory S. Harris
- Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Myron L. Smith
- Ottawa-Carleton Institute of Biology, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Thomsen MO, Christensen LP, Grevsen K. Harvest Strategies for Optimization of the Content of Bioactive Alkamides and Caffeic Acid Derivatives in Aerial Parts and in Roots of Echinacea purpurea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11630-11639. [PMID: 30350973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Aerial parts and roots of Echinacea purpurea were harvested consecutively in order to find the best strategy for harvest of both types of plant material for an optimal content of bioactive alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives. Four caffeic acid derivatives and 15 alkamides were identified and quantified. The aerial parts were harvested in bud, bloom, and wilting stage and the roots were harvested 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after each harvest of aerial parts. The highest yield per area of both alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives is achieved when the aerial parts are harvested late (wilting stage). To obtain an optimal content of alkamides and caffeic acid derivatives it is not recommendable to harvest the aerial parts and the roots in the same year. If the aerial parts must be harvested, the roots should be harvested 1 week after because this will result in the most optimal concentration of bioactive compounds in both products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O Thomsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10 , DK-5792 Aarslev , Denmark
| | - Lars P Christensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Faculty of Engineering and Science , Aalborg University , Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H , DK-9220 Aalborg Ø , Denmark
| | - Kai Grevsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology , Aarhus University , Kirstinebjergvej 10 , DK-5792 Aarslev , Denmark
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Bruni R, Brighenti V, Caesar LK, Bertelli D, Cech NB, Pellati F. Analytical methods for the study of bioactive compounds from medicinally used Echinacea species. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:443-477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Languon S, Tuffour I, Quayson EE, Appiah-Opong R, Quaye O. In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxic Activities of Marketed Herbal Products in Ghana. J Evid Based Integr Med 2018; 23:2515690X18790723. [PMID: 30088418 PMCID: PMC6083745 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x18790723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There are numerous herbal products on the Ghanaian market that are purported to cure various ailments, including cancer. However, scientific investigations on efficacy and toxicity of most of these products are not done. The aim of the study was to assess the anticancer potentials of herbal products on the Ghanaian market. Antiproliferative effects of Kantinka BA (K-BA), Kantinka Herbaltics (K-HER), Centre of Awareness (COA), a stomach (STO) and multicancer (MUT) product were evaluated in vitro using liver (Hep G2), breast (MCF-7), prostate (PC-3 and LNCaP), and blood (Jurkat) cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity of the medicinal products was assessed using tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay, and total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the products were determined using Folin-Ciocalteau and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, respectively. Phytochemical screening resulted in the detection of terpenoids and flavonoids in most of the products, and alkaloids were detected in only MUT. Tannins were absent from all the products. The highest and lowest concentrations of phenolics were recorded for MUT and K-BA, respectively. The highest and lowest antioxidant activities were measured for MUT and K-HER, respectively. Only 2 products (STO and MUT) were cytotoxic to Hep G2 cells; with MUT being the only product that was cytotoxic to MCF-7 cells. All but K-BA were cytotoxic to PC-3 cells, while all products except K-HER were cytotoxic to LNCaP and Jurkat cells. The study thus confirms that the herbal products have selective cytotoxic activities against the tested cancer cell lines. However, comprehensive toxicity studies must be conducted to establish their safety.
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Plant-endophytes interaction influences the secondary metabolism in Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench: an in vitro model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16924. [PMID: 29208923 PMCID: PMC5717142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of the interaction(s) between the medicinal plant Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and its endophytic communities on the production of alkamides is investigated. To mimic the in vivo conditions, we have set up an infection model of axenic in vitro E. purpurea plants inoculated with a pool of bacterial strains isolated from the E. purpurea stems and leaves. Here we show different alkamide levels between control (not-inoculated) and inoculated plants, suggesting that the alkamide biosynthesis may be modulated by the bacterial infection. Then, we have analysed the branched-chain amino acids (BCCA) decarboxylase gene (GenBank Accession #LT593930; the enzymatic source for the amine moiety formation of the alkamides) expression patterns. The expression profile shows a higher expression level in the inoculated E. purpurea tissues than in the control ones. These results suggest that the plant-endophyte interaction can influence plant secondary metabolism affecting the therapeutic properties of E. purpurea.
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Rezaei E, Abedi M. Efficient Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Cichoric Acid from Echinacea purpurea Root. Pharm Chem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-017-1635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Balaban YH, Aka C, Koca-Caliskan U. Liver immunology and herbal treatment. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:757-770. [PMID: 28660010 PMCID: PMC5474722 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i17.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the metabolic functions, the liver recently has been defined as an organ of immune system (IS), which have central regulatory role for innate and adaptive immunity. The liver keeps a delicate balance between hepatic screening of pathogenic antigens and immune tolerance to self-antigens. Herbal treatments with immunological effects have potential to alter this hepatic immune balance towards either therapeutic side or diseases side by inducing liver injury via hepatotoxicity or initiation of autoimmune diseases. Most commonly known herbal treatments, which have therapeutic effect on liver and IS, have proven via in vitro, in vivo, and/or clinical studies were summarized in this review.
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Rizhsky L, Jin H, Shepard MR, Scott HW, Teitgen AM, Perera MA, Mhaske V, Jose A, Zheng X, Crispin M, Wurtele ES, Jones D, Hur M, Góngora-Castillo E, Buell CR, Minto RE, Nikolau BJ. Integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics data to discover a biocatalyst that can generate the amine precursors for alkamide biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:775-793. [PMID: 27497272 PMCID: PMC5195896 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Echinacea genus is exemplary of over 30 plant families that produce a set of bioactive amides, called alkamides. The Echinacea alkamides may be assembled from two distinct moieties, a branched-chain amine that is acylated with a novel polyunsaturated fatty acid. In this study we identified the potential enzymological source of the amine moiety as a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylating enzyme that uses branched-chain amino acids as substrate. This identification was based on a correlative analysis of the transcriptomes and metabolomes of 36 different E. purpurea tissues and organs, which expressed distinct alkamide profiles. Although no correlation was found between the accumulation patterns of the alkamides and their putative metabolic precursors (i.e., fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids), isotope labeling analyses supported the transformation of valine and isoleucine to isobutylamine and 2-methylbutylamine as reactions of alkamide biosynthesis. Sequence homology identified the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylase-like proteins in the translated proteome of E. purpurea. These sequences were prioritized for direct characterization by correlating their transcript levels with alkamide accumulation patterns in different organs and tissues, and this multi-pronged approach led to the identification and characterization of a branched-chain amino acid decarboxylase, which would appear to be responsible for generating the amine moieties of naturally occurring alkamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Rizhsky
- The Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Huanan Jin
- The Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael R. Shepard
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Harry W. Scott
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Alicen M. Teitgen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - M. Ann Perera
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Vandana Mhaske
- The Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Adarsh Jose
- The Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- The Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Matt Crispin
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology-LAS, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Eve S. Wurtele
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology-LAS, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Dallas Jones
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology-LAS, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Manhoi Hur
- Department of Genetics, Development & Cell Biology-LAS, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - C. Robin Buell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Robert E. Minto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N. Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- The Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Corresponding Author: Basil J. Nikolau;
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Haria EN, Perera MADN, Senchina DS. Immunomodulatory effects ofEchinacea laevigataethanol tinctures produced from different organs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/biohorizons/hzw001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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17
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Dhami N, Mishra AD. Phytochemical variation: How to resolve the quality controversies of herbal medicinal products? J Herb Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Dapas B, Dall'Acqua S, Bulla R, Agostinis C, Perissutti B, Invernizzi S, Grassi G, Voinovich D. Immunomodulation mediated by a herbal syrup containing a standardized Echinacea root extract: a pilot study in healthy human subjects on cytokine gene expression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1406-1410. [PMID: 24877712 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the immunomodulatory effect of a triply standardized Echinacea angustifolia root extract (Polinacea(®)) was evaluated in 10 healthy subjects. Ten ml of syrup containing one hundred mg of extract (corresponding to 4.7 mg of Echinacoside and 8.0mg of a high molecular weight-20,000 Da- polysaccharide) were administered as a herbal syrup once a day for one month. The immunomodulatory effect was evaluated before and after herbal syrup administration evaluating the expression levels of the cytokines IL-2, IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α. Cytokine expression was studied in lympho-monocytes and in plasma samples measuring the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The results were analysed by ANOVA and non-parametric Friedman rank sum tests; when possible it was adopted a pair-wise comparisons at different post-treatment times, using the paired t-tests with Holm correction. The correlation between the variations of cytokine plasma levels and the respective mRNA was carried out using a linear regression model. In lympho-monocytes our data indicate the up-regulation of the mRNA levels of IL-2 and IL-8 and the down regulation of the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL6. The differential regulation was maximal after 14 days of treatment. IL-2 up-regulation and IL-6 down-regulation were also confirmed at the protein level in plasma. Finally, the up-regulation of the mRNA of IL-2/IL-8 and the down-regulation of IL-6 positively correlated with the protein levels detected in the plasma. In conclusion, this pilot study suggests a relevant role for the standardized Echinacea angustifolia root extract in the control of cytokine expression. This first demonstration of the immuno-modulating activity of Echinacea angustifolia root extract in the healthy subject, supports at least in part the common use of such products as health promoting supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste, Italy
| | - S Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - R Bulla
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 28, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - C Agostinis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 28, 34127 Trieste, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - B Perissutti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Invernizzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 28, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - G Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara Hospital, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Voinovich
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Ahmed Nasef N, Mehta S, Ferguson LR. Dietary interactions with the bacterial sensing machinery in the intestine: the plant polyphenol case. Front Genet 2014; 5:64. [PMID: 24772116 PMCID: PMC3983525 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are millions of microbes that live in the human gut. These are important in digestion as well as defense. The host immune system needs to be able to distinguish between the harmless bacteria and pathogens. The initial interaction between bacteria and the host happen through the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As these receptors are in direct contact with the external environment, this makes them important candidates for regulation by dietary components and therefore potential targets for therapy. In this review, we introduce some of the main PRRs including a cellular process known as autophagy, and how they function. Additionally we review dietary phytochemicals from plants which are believed to be beneficial for humans. The purpose of this review was to give a better understanding of how these components work in order to create better awareness on how they could be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Ahmed Nasef
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sunali Mehta
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Cruz I, Cheetham JJ, Arnason JT, Yack JE, Smith ML. Alkamides from Echinacea disrupt the fungal cell wall-membrane complex. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:435-442. [PMID: 24252333 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that alkamides from Echinacea exert antifungal activity by disrupting the fungal cell wall/membrane complex. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells were treated separately with each of seven synthetic alkamides found in Echinacea extracts. The resulting cell wall damage and cell viability were assessed by fluorescence microscopy after mild sonication. Membrane disrupting properties of test compounds were studied using liposomes encapsulating carboxyfluorescein. Negative controls included hygromycin and nourseothricin (aminoglycosides that inhibit protein synthesis), and the positive control used was caspofungin (an echinocandin that disrupts fungal cell walls). The results show that yeast cells exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of each of the seven alkamides and Echinacea extract exhibit increased frequencies of cell wall damage and death that were comparable to caspofungin and significantly greater than negative controls. Consistent with effects of cell wall damaging agents, the growth inhibition by three representative alkamides tested and caspofungin, but not hygromycin B, were partially reversed in sorbitol protection assays. Membrane disruption assays showed that the Echinacea extract and alkamides have pronounced membrane disruption activity, in contrast to caspofungin and other controls that all had little effect on membrane stability. A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) analysis was performed to study the effect of structural substituents on the antifungal activity of the alkamides. Among the set studied, diynoic alkamides showed the greatest antifungal and cell wall disruption activities while an opposite trend was observed in the membrane disruption assay where the dienoic group was more effective. We propose that alkamides found in Echinacea act synergistically to disrupt the fungal cell wall/membrane complex, an excellent target for specific inhibition of fungal pathogens. Structure-function relationships provide opportunities for synthesis of alkamide analogs with improved antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cruz
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - J J Cheetham
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - J T Arnason
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - J E Yack
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
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21
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Fonseca FN, Papanicolaou G, Lin H, Lau CBS, Kennelly EJ, Cassileth BR, Cunningham-Rundles S. Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench modulates human T-cell cytokine response. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 19:94-102. [PMID: 24434371 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study objective was to evaluate the composition of a neutral and weakly acidic water-soluble extract from Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (EchNWA) previously shown to modify murine influenza infection, and to assess immunomodulatory effects on human T-cells. EchNWA extract from fresh aerial parts was extracted with water, ethanolic precipitation, and size-exclusion chromatography. The chemical profile of EchNWA was characterized by chromatography (size-exclusion, HPLC, GC-MS), and small molecule fingerprint analysis performed by HPLC-PDA. Jurkat T-cells at high and low cell density were pretreated or not with doses of EchNWA, followed by activation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin (PMA+I). Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFNg) cytokine secretions were measured by multi-cytokine luminex technology. Results showed that EchNWA contains 80% polysaccharides, predominantly a 10kDa entity; phenolic compounds, cynarin, cichoric and caftaric acids, but no detectable alkylamides. Cytokine production required stimulation and was lower after PMA+I activation in high-density compared to low-density conditions. EchNWA mediated a strong dose-dependent enhancement of high-density T-cell production of IL-2 and IFNg response to PMA+I. EchNWA alone did not stimulate T-cells. EchNWA enhanced mean fluorescence intensity of IL-2 in Jurkat T-cells activated by PMA+1 or ionomycin alone. Conversely EchNWA mediated modest but significant suppression of IFNg response and reduced the percentage of CD25+ T-cells under low-density conditions. Conclusions are that EchNWA polysaccharides, but not phenolic compounds have dose-related adjuvant effects on human T-cell cytokine responses characterized by enhancing and suppressive effects that are regulated by T-cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana N Fonseca
- Integrative Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Genovefa Papanicolaou
- Infectious Disease Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hong Lin
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clara B S Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barrie R Cassileth
- Integrative Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susanna Cunningham-Rundles
- Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Lee J, Scagel CF. Chicoric acid: chemistry, distribution, and production. Front Chem 2013; 1:40. [PMID: 24790967 PMCID: PMC3982519 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2013.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Though chicoric acid was first identified in 1958, it was largely ignored until recent popular media coverage cited potential health beneficial properties from consuming food and dietary supplements containing this compound. To date, plants from at least 63 genera and species have been found to contain chicoric acid, and while the compound is used as a processing quality indicator, it may also have useful health benefits. This review of chicoric acid summarizes research findings and highlights gaps in research knowledge for investigators, industry stakeholders, and consumers alike. Additionally, chicoric acid identification, and quantification methods, biosynthesis, processing improvements to increase chicoric acid retention, and potential areas for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Lee
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research Unit WorksiteParma, ID, USA
| | - Carolyn F. Scagel
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Horticultural Crops Research UnitCorvallis, OR, USA
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23
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Govindaraghavan S. Quality assurance of herbal raw materials in supply chain: challenges and opportunities. J Diet Suppl 2013; 5:176-212. [PMID: 22432433 DOI: 10.1080/19390210802332810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The herbal medicine industry is presently adopting modern scientific tools to substantiate the guarantee of efficacy that, in the past, rested only on anecdotal evidence derived from traditional knowledge systems. This is particularly true for the processes of identification of herbal raw materials adopting modern tools for phytochemical fingerprinting. The successful adaptation of available technologies and practices depends on an understanding of the phytochemical complexity and variability innate in biological material. It challenges the "mainstream medicinal mindset" that "tend(s) to reject …. therapies for which mechanisms of action do not fit within Newtonian, biochemical orientation" (Dumoff, 2003). The herbal medicinal industry is independently evolving its own rigid quality assurance and control systems using Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) guidelines, but it faces unique difficulties. These include lack of Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP), lack of transparency in the raw material supply chain so as to preclude the use of unsafe practices, problems in the authentication of herbal raw materials, and a general lack of understanding of the need to reduce phytochemical variability in these materials. This paper explores these difficulties and outlines strategies to overcome them, but these strategies will require coordinated international government regulations to be fully effective.
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25
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Olarte A, Mantri N, Nugent G, Pang ECK. Subtracted diversity array identifies novel molecular markers including retrotransposons for fingerprinting Echinacea species. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70347. [PMID: 23940565 PMCID: PMC3734018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinacea, native to the Canadian prairies and the prairie states of the United States, has a long tradition as a folk medicine for the Native Americans. Currently, Echinacea are among the top 10 selling herbal medicines in the U.S. and Europe, due to increasing popularity for the treatment of common cold and ability to stimulate the immune system. However, the genetic relationship within the species of this genus is unclear, making the authentication of the species used for the medicinal industry more difficult. We report the construction of a novel Subtracted Diversity Array (SDA) for Echinacea species and demonstrate the potential of this array for isolating highly polymorphic sequences. In order to selectively isolate Echinacea-specific sequences, a Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) was performed between a pool of twenty-four Echinacea genotypes and a pool of other angiosperms and non-angiosperms. A total of 283 subtracted genomic DNA (gDNA) fragments were amplified and arrayed. Twenty-seven Echinacea genotypes including four that were not used in the array construction could be successfully discriminated. Interestingly, unknown samples of E. paradoxa and E. purpurea could be unambiguously identified from the cluster analysis. Furthermore, this Echinacea-specific SDA was also able to isolate highly polymorphic retrotransposon sequences. Five out of the eleven most discriminatory features matched to known retrotransposons. This is the first time retrotransposon sequences have been used to fingerprint Echinacea, highlighting the potential of retrotransposons as based molecular markers useful for fingerprinting and studying diversity patterns in Echinacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Olarte
- School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gregory Nugent
- School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edwin C. K. Pang
- School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Thomsen MO, Fretté XC, Christensen KB, Christensen LP, Grevsen K. Seasonal variations in the concentrations of lipophilic compounds and phenolic acids in the roots of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea pallida. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012. [PMID: 23181941 DOI: 10.1021/jf303292t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Roots of Echinacea purpurea and Echinacea pallida cultivated for 4 years in a North European climate were analyzed for seasonal variations in the concentrations of lipophilic constituents (alkamides, ketoalkenes, and ketoalkynes) and phenolic acids by harvesting five times during 1 year to establish the optimal time for harvest. A total of 16 alkamides, three ketoalkenes, two ketoalkynes, and four phenolic acids (echinacoside, cichoric acid, caftaric acid, and chlorogenic acid) were identified in aqueous ethanolic (70%) extracts by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The major alkamides in the roots of E. purpurea were at their lowest concentration in the middle of autumn and early winter, and the total concentration of lipophilic compounds in E. pallida showed the same pattern. Moreover, all of the major phenolic acids in E. purpurea were at their highest concentrations in spring. The optimal harvest time in spring is in contrast to normal growing guidelines; hence, this specific information of seasonal variations in the concentrations of lipophilic and phenolic compounds in E. purpurea and E. pallida is valuable for research, farmers, and producers of medicinal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria O Thomsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, DK-5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
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27
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Zhang X, Rizshsky L, Hauck C, Qu L, Widrlechner MP, Nikolau BJ, Murphy PA, Birt DF. Bauer ketones 23 and 24 from Echinacea paradoxa var. paradoxa inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and cytokines in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 74:146-158. [PMID: 22133644 PMCID: PMC3262908 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among the nine Echinacea species, E. purpurea, E. angustifolia and E. pallida, have been widely used to treat the common cold, flu and other infections. In this study, ethanol extracts of these three Echinacea species and E. paradoxa, including its typical variety, E. paradoxa var. paradoxa, were screened in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells to assess potential anti-inflammatory activity. E. paradoxa var. paradoxa, rich in polyenes/polyacetylenes, was an especially efficient inhibitor of LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by 46%, 32%, 53% and 26%, respectively, when tested at 20 μg/ml in comparison to DMSO control. By bioactivity-guided fractionation, pentadeca-8Z-ene-11, 13-diyn-2-one (Bauer ketone 23) and pentadeca-8Z, 13Z-dien-11-yn-2-one (Bauer ketone 24) from E. paradoxa var. paradoxa were found primarily responsible for inhibitory effects on NO and PGE2 production. Moreover, Bauer ketone 24 was the major contributor to inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-induced mouse macrophage cells. These results provide a rationale for exploring the medicinal effects of the Bauer ketone-rich taxon, E. paradoxa var. paradoxa, and confirm the anti-inflammatory properties of Bauer ketones 23 and 24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhu Zhang
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Ludmila Rizshsky
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Catherine Hauck
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Luping Qu
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Mark P. Widrlechner
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Patricia A. Murphy
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Diane F. Birt
- Center for Research on Botanical Dietary Supplements, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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Applications of the phytomedicine Echinacea purpurea (Purple Coneflower) in infectious diseases. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2012:769896. [PMID: 22131823 PMCID: PMC3205674 DOI: 10.1155/2012/769896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of Echinacea purpurea (EP, purple coneflower) have been used traditionally in North America for the treatment of various types of infections and wounds, and they have become very popular herbal medicines globally. Recent studies have revealed that certain standardized preparations contain potent and selective antiviral and antimicrobial activities. In addition, they display multiple immune-modulatory activities, comprising stimulation of certain immune functions such as phagocytic activity of macrophages and suppression of the proinflammatory responses of epithelial cells to viruses and bacteria, which are manifested as alterations in secretion of various cytokines and chemokines. These immune modulations result from upregulation or downregulation of the relevant genes and their transcription factors. All these bioactivities can be demonstrated at noncytotoxic concentrations of extract and appear to be due to multiple components rather than the individual chemical compounds that characterize Echinacea extracts. Potential applications of the bioactive extracts may go beyond their traditional uses.
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Pellati F, Epifano F, Contaldo N, Orlandini G, Cavicchi L, Genovese S, Bertelli D, Benvenuti S, Curini M, Bertaccini A, Bellardi MG. Chromatographic methods for metabolite profiling of virus- and phytoplasma-infected plants of Echinacea purpurea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:10425-10434. [PMID: 21830789 DOI: 10.1021/jf2025677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was focused on the effects of virus and phytoplasma infections on the production of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench secondary metabolites, such as caffeic acid derivatives, alkamides, and essential oil. The identification of caffeic acid derivatives and alkamides was carried out by means of high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), HPLC-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and MS(2). Quantitative analysis of these compounds was carried out using HPLC-DAD. The results indicated that the presence of the two pathogens significantly decreases (P < 0.05) the content of cichoric acid, the main caffeic acid derivative. Regarding the main alkamide, dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the content of this secondary metabolite was observed in virus-infected plants in comparison with healthy plants, while in the phytoplasma-infected sample the variation of this secondary metabolite was not appreciable. The % relative area of the E/Z isomers of this alkamide was also found to change in infected samples. The gas chromatography (GC) and GC-MS analysis of E. purpurea essential oil enabled the identification of 30 compounds. The main significant differences (P < 0.05) in the semiquantitative composition were observed for three components: limonene, cis-verbenol, and verbenone. The results indicate that the presence of virus and phytoplasma has an appreciable influence on the content of E. purpurea secondary metabolites, which is an important issue in defining the commercial quality, market value, and therapeutic efficacy of this herbal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pellati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia , Via G. Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Hohmann J, Rédei D, Forgo P, Szabó P, Freund TF, Haller J, Bojnik E, Benyhe S. Alkamides and a neolignan from Echinacea purpurea roots and the interaction of alkamides with G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1848-53. [PMID: 21764086 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple chromatographic separations of the CHCl₃-soluble extract of the roots of Echinacea purpurea led to the isolation of 19 compounds. Four natural products, three alkamides and nitidanin diisovalerianate, were identified, and five further compounds were detected for the first time in this species. Additionally, 10 known E. purpurea metabolites were isolated. The structures were determined by mass spectrometry and advanced 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The bioactivity of the isolated compounds was studied in [³⁵S]GTPγS-binding experiments performed on rat brain membrane preparations. Both partial and inverse agonist compounds for cannabinoid (CB1) receptors were identified among the metabolites, characterized by weak to moderate interactions with the G-protein signaling mechanisms. The G-protein-modulating activities of the Echinacea compounds are rather far from the full agonist effects seen with the CB1 receptor agonist reference compound arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA). However, upon coadministration with ACEA, a number of them proved capable of inhibiting the stimulation of the pure agonist, thereby demonstrating cannabinoid receptor antagonist properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Hohmann
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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Chen XM, Hu C, Raghubeer E, Kitts DD. Effect of high pressure pasteurization on bacterial load and bioactivity of Echinacea purpurea. J Food Sci 2011; 75:C613-8. [PMID: 21535527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01753.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology was applied to organic Echinacea purpurea (E. purpurea) roots and flowers to determine the feasibility of using this technology for cold herb pasteurization, to produce microbiologically safe and shelf-stable products for the natural health products (NHPs) industry. HHP significantly (P < 0.01) reduced microbial contamination in both roots and flowers without affecting the phytochemical retention of chicoric and chlorogenic acids, and total alkamide contents. The antioxidant activity of E. purpurea methanol-derived extracts, evaluated in both chemical (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) [ABTS] and oxygen radical absorption capacity [ORAC] assay) and in cell culture models (RAW264, 7 macrophage, H(2)O(2)-induced intracellular oxidation, and lipopolysaccharide [LPS]-induced nitric oxide production), was not adversely affected by the application of HHP at both 2 and 5 min at 600 mPa. Furthermore, HHP did not affect the capacity of E. purpurea extracts to suppress nitric oxide production in LPS-activated macrophage cells. Therefore, our results show that HHP is an effective pasteurization process treatment to reduce microbial-contamination load while not adversely altering chemical and bioactive function of active constituents present in organic E. purpurea. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Our study reports for the first time, the effectiveness of using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) technology pressure to pasteurize E. purpurea root and flower, and the comparative retention of bioactive phytochemicals. Therefore, this technique can be used in food and natural health product industries to produce high-quality, microbiologically safe, and shelf-stable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Min Chen
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Univ. of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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Mudge E, Lopes-Lutz D, Brown P, Schieber A. Analysis of alkylamides in Echinacea plant materials and dietary supplements by ultrafast liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometric detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8086-94. [PMID: 21702479 DOI: 10.1021/jf201158k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Alkylamides are a class of compounds present in plants of the genus Echinacea (Asteraceae), which have been shown to have high bioavailability and immunomodulatory effects. Fast analysis to identify these components in a variety of products is essential to profile products used in clinical trials and for quality control of these products. A method based on ultrafast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was developed for the analysis of alkylamides from the roots of Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, and commercial dietary supplements. A total of 24 alkylamides were identified by LC-MS. The analysis time for these components is 15 min. Compared to the alkylamide profiles determined in the Echinacea root materials, the commercial products showed a more complex profile due to the blending of root and aerial parts of E. purpurea. This versatile method allows for the identification of alkylamides in a variety of Echinacea products and presents the most extensive characterization of alkylamides in E. angustifolia roots so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Mudge
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Mir-Rashed N, Cruz I, Jessulat M, Dumontier M, Chesnais C, Ng J, Amiguet VT, Golshani A, Arnason JT, Smith ML. Disruption of fungal cell wall by antifungal Echinacea extracts. Med Mycol 2011; 48:949-58. [PMID: 20429770 DOI: 10.3109/13693781003767584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to widespread use in reducing the symptoms of colds and flu, Echinacea is traditionally employed to treat fungal and bacterial infections. However, to date the mechanism of antimicrobial activity of Echinacea extracts remains unclear. We utilized a set of ∼4,600 viable gene deletion mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify mutations that increase sensitivity to Echinacea. Thus, a set of chemical-genetic profiles for 16 different Echinacea treatments was generated, from which a consensus set of 23 Echinacea-sensitive mutants was identified. Of the 23 mutants, only 16 have a reported function. Ten of these 16 are involved in cell wall integrity/structure suggesting that a target for Echinacea is the fungal cell wall. Follow-up analyses revealed an increase in sonication-associated cell death in the yeasts S. cerevisiae and Cryptococcus neoformans after Echinacea extract treatments. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy showed that Echinacea-treated S. cerevisiae was significantly more prone to cell wall damage than non-treated cells. This study further demonstrates the potential of gene deletion arrays to understand natural product antifungal mode of action and provides compelling evidence that the fungal cell wall is a target of Echinacea extracts and may thus explain the utility of this phytomedicine in treating mycoses.
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Canlas J, Hudson JB, Sharma M, Nandan D. Echinacea and trypanasomatid parasite interactions: growth-inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects of Echinacea. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2010; 48:1047-1052. [PMID: 20731557 DOI: 10.3109/13880200903483468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE Herbal preparations derived from various species and parts of Echinacea (Asteraceae) have been advocated for various medical applications, as a result of the many antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities attributed to them. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to investigate their effects on parasites, four preparations of Echinacea, with distinct chemical compositions, were evaluated for growth inhibition of three species of trypanosomatids: Leishmania donovani, Leishmania major, and Trypanosoma brucei. In addition one Echinacea preparation was tested for anti-inflammatory activity in cell culture models designed to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by L. donovani. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All Echinacea preparations inhibited growth of the organisms, though with different relative potencies, and in some cases morphological changes were observed. However, there was no obvious correlation with the composition of the marker compounds, alkylamides, caffeic acid derivatives, and polysaccharides. L. donovani stimulated the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in human bronchial epithelial cells and in human skin fibroblasts, but in both cases the standardized ethanol extract of E. purpurea (L.) Moench (Echinaforce) abolished the stimulation, indicating anti-inflammatory activity of this extract. CONCLUSIONS Thus various Echinacea extracts can inhibit the proliferation of these parasites and at least one can reverse the pro-inflammatory activity of Leishmania donovani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Canlas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Induction of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines by respiratory viruses and reversal by standardized Echinacea, a potent antiviral herbal extract. Antiviral Res 2009; 83:165-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Matthias A, Banbury L, Stevenson LM, Bone KM, Leach DN, Lehmann RP. Alkylamides from Echinacea Modulate Induced Immune Responses in Macrophages. Immunol Invest 2009; 36:117-30. [PMID: 17365014 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600745786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Echinacea and its components to alter the immune response was examined in vitro in a macrophage cell line under either basal or immunostimulated conditions. Potential immunostimulatory and inflammatory activity was determined using a nuclear transcription factor (NFkappaB) expression, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and nitric oxide (NO) production as biomarkers. In the absence of alternate stimulation, the only significant effects seen were a decrease in NFkappaB expression by a 2-ene alkylamide ((2E)-N-isobutylundeca-2-ene-8,10-diynamide (1)) and a decrease in TNFalpha levels by cichoric acid and an Echinacea alkylamide fraction (EPL AA). When the cells were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inhibition of the increased NFkappaB expression levels was caused by cichoric acid, an Echinacea preparation (EPL), EPL AA and a 2,4-diene ((2E,4E,8Z,10Z)-N-isobutyldodeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenamide (2)). Increases in TNFalpha levels were inhibited by cichoric acid, EPL and EPL AA but enhanced by 1 in the presence of LPS, while only EPL AA was able to inhibit the stimulated increases in NO. When using phorbol myristate acetate to stimulate the cells, NFkappaB and NO levels were unaffected by Echinacea or its components while only cichoric acid and 2 inhibited TNFalpha levels. Although cichoric acid was found to have an effect, it is probably not an important contributor to the Echinacea modulation of the immune response in vivo, as it is not bioavailable. Echinacea appears to attenuate the response of macrophages to an immune stimulus and its combination of phytochemicals exhibits different pharmacological properties to one or more of the isolated major individual components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matthias
- MediHerb Research Laboratories, Queensland, Australia.
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Toselli F, Matthias A, Gillam EM. Echinacea metabolism and drug interactions: The case for standardization of a complementary medicine. Life Sci 2009; 85:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sharma M, Schoop R, Hudson JB. Echinacea as an antiinflammatory agent: the influence of physiologically relevant parameters. Phytother Res 2009; 23:863-7. [PMID: 19107735 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous Echinacea preparations are available on the market for the prevention and treatment of cold and 'flu symptoms and inflammatory conditions associated with infections. Most of these preparations are consumed orally in the form of aqueous or ethanol extracts and tinctures. Since the recommended consumption normally involves a brief local exposure to the diluted preparation at an unspecified time in relation to the actual infection, then it is important that experimental models for the evaluation of Echinacea reflect these limitations. A line of human bronchial epithelial cells, in which rhinoviruses stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, was used to evaluate several relevant parameters. The chemically characterized Echinacea preparation (Echinaforce) was capable of inhibiting completely the rhinovirus induced secretion of IL-6 (interleukin-6) and IL-8 (chemokine CXCL-8) in these cells, regardless of whether the Echinacea was added before or after virus infection, and in response to a range of virus doses. This inhibitory effect was also manifest under conditions resembling normal consumption with respect to the duration of exposure to Echinacea and the Echinacea dilution. It is concluded that under real life conditions of Echinacea consumption, the virus-induced stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines can be effectively reversed or alleviated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Pachali S, Hofmann C, Rapp G, Schobert R, Baro A, Frey W, Laschat S. Stereoselective Synthesis of (2E,4Z)-Dienamides Employing (Triphenylphosphoranylidene)ketene. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Jones AMP, Saxena PK, Murch SJ. Elicitation of secondary metabolism inEchinacea purpureaL. by gibberellic acid and triazoles. Eng Life Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200800104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Stanisavljević I, Stojičević S, Veličković D, Veljković V, Lazić M. Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea L.) Extracts Obtained by Classical and Ultrasound Extraction. Chin J Chem Eng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(08)60234-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vohra S, Adams D, Hudson J, Moore J, Vimalanathan S, Sharma M, Burt A, Lamont E, Lacaze N, Arnason J, Lee T. Selection of natural health products for clinical trials: a preclinical template. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:371-8. [DOI: 10.1139/y09-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In preparation for a clinical trial on the efficacy of Echinacea products with a pediatric population, a rational method for selection of test products was developed, based on phytochemical and bioassay evaluation. Ten currently available commercial products of Echinacea angustifolia (EA) or Echinacea purpurea (EP) were selected, and 3 bottles of each of 2 different lots were purchased for each product. Investigators were blinded to product identity before phytochemical analysis. Lot-to-lot variation was small, but product variation due to species and formulation was large. Products derived from ethanol extracts had low polysaccharide content and high levels of alkamides (EA), echinacoside (EA), cynarin (EA), cichoric acid (EP), and caftaric acid (EP). These products possessed high antiviral activities that differed between EA and EP products, but limited immune activation properties. In contrast, products derived without ethanol extraction had higher polysaccharide levels, but low levels of other components. These aqueous compounds showed immunostimulant activity as measured in a mouse macrophage model and a somewhat different antiviral profile. The choice of Echinacea product for clinical trial must therefore consider the impact of immune enhancement, the specific viral infection targeted, and the potential to reduce symptoms via antiinflammatory activity. Product selection may also depend on whether the intent of the trial is prophylaxis or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Vohra
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - D. Adams
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J.B. Hudson
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J.A. Moore
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Vimalanathan
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Sharma
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A.J. Burt
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - E. Lamont
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - N. Lacaze
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J.T. Arnason
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - T.D.G. Lee
- CARE Program, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Surgery and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, 10A-C Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Research in Biopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Araim G, Saleem A, Arnason JT, Charest C. Root colonization by an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus increases growth and secondary metabolism of purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2255-2258. [PMID: 19239187 DOI: 10.1021/jf803173x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, is an important phytomedicinal species that contains phenolics and alkamides with antipathogenic properties. This study aimed to examine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization on the physiology and biochemistry of E. purpurea. It was hypothesized that AM colonization enhances the growth and secondary metabolism in E. purpurea. In this regard, a 13-week factorial greenhouse experiment was performed with E. purpurea, inoculated (or not) with the AM fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith. Overall, the results indicated that AM colonization significantly increased the mass of shoots and roots and the concentrations of proteins and most of the phenolics in the roots. Hence, the selected trait of mycorrhiza could play an important role in optimizing the growth of E. purpurea by inducing the production of secondary phytomedicinal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Araim
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Spelman K, Wetschler MH, Cech NB. Comparison of alkylamide yield in ethanolic extracts prepared from fresh versus dry Echinacea purpurea utilizing HPLC-ESI-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1141-9. [PMID: 19321283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench, a top selling botanical medicine, is currently of considerable interest due to immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) binding activities of its alkylamide constituents. The purpose of these studies was to comprehensively profile the alkylamide (alkamide) content of E. purpurea root, and to compare yields of alkylamide constituents resulting from various ethanolic extraction procedures commonly employed by the dietary supplements industry. To accomplish this goal, a high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) method was validated for quantitative analysis of several E. purpurea alkylamides. Using this method, at least 15 alkylamides were identified and it was shown that fresh and dry E. purpurea extracts prepared from equivalent amounts (dry weight) of roots, with exceptions, exhibited similar yield of specific alkylamides. However, the amount of total dissolved solids in the dry extract was higher (by 38%) than the fresh extract. Two extracts prepared from dried roots at different ratios of root:solvent (1:5, w:v and 1:11, w:v) were similar in yield of total dissolved solids, but, there were differences in quantities of specific alkylamides extracted using these two root:solvent ratios. In addition, the important bioactive dodecatetraenoic acid isobutylamides are fully extracted from dry E. purpurea root in 2 days, suggesting that the manufacturing practice of macerating Echinacea extracts for weeks may be unnecessary for optimal alkylamide extraction. Finally, the identification of a new alkylamide has been proposed. These results demonstrate the differences of the described extractions and utility of the analytical methods used to determine the wide-ranging individual alkylamide content of commonly consumed Echinacea extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Spelman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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Gurley BJ, Swain A, Williams DK, Barone G, Battu SK. Gauging the clinical significance of P-glycoprotein-mediated herb-drug interactions: comparative effects of St. John's wort, Echinacea, clarithromycin, and rifampin on digoxin pharmacokinetics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:772-9. [PMID: 18214850 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Concomitant administration of botanical supplements with drugs that are P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates may produce clinically significant herb-drug interactions. This study evaluated the effects of St. John's wort and Echinacea on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin, a recognized P-gp substrate. Eighteen healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive a standardized St. John's wort (300 mg three times daily) or Echinacea (267 mg three times daily) supplement for 14 days, followed by a 30-day washout period. Subjects were also randomized to receive rifampin (300 mg twice daily, 7 days) and clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily, 7 days) as positive controls for P-gp induction and inhibition, respectively. Digoxin (Lanoxin 0.25 mg) was administered orally before and after each supplementation and control period. Serial digoxin plasma concentrations were obtained over 24 h and analyzed by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Comparisons of area under the curve (AUC)((0-3)), AUC((0-24)), elimination half-life, and maximum serum concentration were used to assess the effects of St. John's wort, Echinacea, rifampin, and clarithromycin on digoxin disposition. St. John's wort and rifampin both produced significant reductions (p < 0.05) in AUC((0-3)), AUC((0-24)), and C(max), while clarithromycin increased these parameters significantly (p < 0.05). Echinacea supplementation did not affect digoxin pharmacokinetics. Clinically significant P-gp-mediated herb-drug interactions are more likely to occur with St. John's wort than with Echinacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Gurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, General Clinical Research Center, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Montanari M, Degl’Innocenti E, Maggini R, Pacifici S, Pardossi A, Guidi L. Effect of nitrate fertilization and saline stress on the contents of active constituents of Echinacea angustifolia DC. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Altamirano-Dimas M, Hudson JB, Cochrane D, Nelson C, Arnason JT. Modulation of immune response gene expression by echinacea extracts: results of a gene array analysis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2008; 85:1091-8. [PMID: 18066111 DOI: 10.1139/y07-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Echinacea extracts have traditionally been used in the treatment of many infectious and other diseases (such as rhinovirus colds), and research has revealed the presence of various bioactivities in these extracts, particularly those connected with immune responses. We examined the effects of Echinacea by using gene expression analysis in a line of human bronchial epithelial cells, with or without rhinovirus infection. More than 13 000 human genes were evaluated. From these analyses we focused primarily on immune response genes and found that both Echinacea extracts, one predominantly rich in polysaccharides and the other rich in alkylamides and caffeic acid derivatives, stimulated the expression of numerous genes. These included a number of cytokines and chemokines, although the pattern of stimulation was different. In addition, Echinacea extracts tended to neutralize the effects of the rhinovirus. When the immune response gene pathways were analyzed with the Ingenuity Pathway program, it became apparent that many of them were interconnected through a major node, the transcription factor C/EBPbeta (CAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta) and its related C/EBP proteins. This suggests that Echinacea can bring about important biological responses in cells by virtue of interactions between components of the extract and a small number of intracellular factors involved in multiple signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Altamirano-Dimas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, C-360 Heather Pavilion, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
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Matthias A, Banbury L, Bone KM, Leach DN, Lehmann RP. Echinacea alkylamides modulate induced immune responses in T-cells. Fitoterapia 2007; 79:53-8. [PMID: 17855021 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Echinacea and several of its phytochemical components on NFkappaB expression by Jurkat cells (a human T-cell line) were investigated in vitro. In the absence of stimulation, Echinacea and its components exerted no significant effect on basal NFkappaB expression levels. In the presence of endotoxin (LPS), NFkappaB expression was decreased. However, this decrease was significantly reversed by treatment with cichoric acid, an Echinacea root extract (prepared from both Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea) and the alkylamide fraction derived from this combination. For the phorbol myristate acetate stimulation of Jurkat cells, effects on NFkappaB expression were mixed. Depending on the concentration, cichoric acid and a 2,4-diene alkylamide significantly induced NFkappaB levels, whereas a 2-ene alkylamide caused a significant inhibition. In contrast, both the Echinacea and the mixed alkylamide fraction exerted no effect. The alkylamide results indicate that the two basic forms of these compounds present in Echinacea may have opposing effects. These opposing effects demonstrate the importance of a knowledge, not only of the phytochemical make-up of a herbal preparation, but also of the actions of each component and the consequences of differing relative amounts in the preparation being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Matthias
- MediHerb Research Laboratories, 3/85 Brandl Street, Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane, Queensland 4113, Australia.
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Pellati F, Calò S, Benvenuti S. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of polyacetylenes and polyenes in Echinacea pallida by using a monolithic reversed-phase silica column. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ranger CM, Singh AP, Johnson-Cicalese J, Polavarapu S, Vorsa N. Intraspecific Variation in Aphid Resistance and Constitutive Phenolics Exhibited by the Wild Blueberry Vaccinium darrowi. J Chem Ecol 2007; 33:711-29. [PMID: 17333374 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-007-9258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Illinoia pepperi (MacGillivray) infests cultivated highbush blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L., in the Northeastern United States. Allopatric resistance to I. pepperi was examined in Vaccinium darrowi Camp, which evolved in the absence of I. pepperi in the Southeastern U.S. V. corymbosum cv. "Elliott", was used as a susceptible control. Between population variability in I. pepperi resistance was assessed by measuring length of the prereproductive period, fecundity, and survivorship on 14 V. darrowi accessions representing 11 discrete wild populations. Length of I. pepperi's prereproductive period and survivorship were not significantly affected. However, differences were detected in fecundity and the intrinsic rate of increase (r ( m )). Within population variability in resistance was measured by confining first instars to 24 accessions from a single wild population of V. darrowi (NJ88-06). Significant differences in the mean total number of aphids occurring after 20 d were only detected between 2 of the 24 V. darrowi accessions. A greater degree of diversity in I. pepperi resistance exists between populations of V. darrowi compared to within a population. Constitutive leaf and stem polyphenolics were identified by HPLC-MS and quantified from 14 of the V. darrowi accessions. The accessions varied in concentrations of five phenolic acids and seven flavonol glycosides, but a correlation was not found between individual or total phenolics and aphid performance. Overall, screening within and between populations of V. darrowi identified promising sources of aphid resistance, but phenolic acid and flavonol glycoside profiles did not predict resistance levels. The mechanism of resistance remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Ranger
- Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 125A Lake Oswego Rd., Chatsworth, NJ 08019, USA
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