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Ndunda EN, Mwanza MM. Towards miniaturized electrochemical sensors for monitoring of polychlorinated biphenyls. OPEN RESEARCH AFRICA 2023; 6:5. [PMID: 37224321 PMCID: PMC10192943 DOI: 10.12688/openresafrica.13983.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of our environment as a result of industrialization and other human activities is a growing concern due to the harmful effects of most chemicals that are released into the environment. Of particular interest are the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are reported to be toxic and build up in the environment due to their persistence. Among the POPs are polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which were widely used in the past in various applications ranging from additives in pesticides to dielectric fluids in electrical equipment. As a way of protecting the one health trilogy (environment, human and animal health), their determination in the environment is a paramount call that has seen researchers continue to provide advanced technologies towards achieving this goal. These technologies involve the conventional gold standard gas chromatography systems coupled to sensitive detectors that can detect trace level concentrations. They have come in handy in monitoring of PCBs but their application for routing monitoring may not be sustainable because of the cost of operation associated with them and the need for experts to run the equipment. As a result, there is need for affordable systems that are still able to achieve the required sensitivity for routine monitoring and real-time data acquisition. Sensor systems fit very well in this category since they can be miniaturized for affordability and portray many other desirable features. PCBs as environmentally relevant environmental pollutants have received minimal attention with regards to sensor development and this review highlights the efforts that have been made so far. It provides in-depth discussions on electrochemical sensors and the various modifications that have been employed to date to achieve detection of PCBs at low concentrations as well as the future prospects in remote and routine monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nthambi Ndunda
- Department of Physical Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Machakos University, Machakos, Machakos County, Kenya
| | - Moses Mutiso Mwanza
- Department of Physical Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Machakos University, Machakos, Machakos County, Kenya
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A Novel Label-Free Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on a Self-Assembled Monolayer-Modified Electrode for Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) in Environmental Analysis. ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) are a very large group of organic compounds that have between two and ten chlorine atoms attached to the biphenyl. These compounds have an acute impact as environmental pollutants, causing cancer and other adverse health effects in humans. It is therefore imperative to develop techniques for the cost-effective detection of PCBs at very low concentrations in ecosystems. In this paper, a novel label-free, indirect, competitive electrochemical immunosensor was first developed with a PCB-BSA conjugate. It is shown herein to compete with free PCBs for binding to the anti-PCB polyclonal primary antibody (IgY). Then, we used a secondary antibody to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor for the detection of PCB in a sample. It has been successfully immobilized on an 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA)-modified gold electrode via a carbodiimide-coupling reaction using cross-linking 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) on the electrode surface. The immunosensor was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in a standard solution of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. A linear range of 0.011–220 ng/mL−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.11 ng/mL−1 for PCBs detection were achieved by the developed immunosensor, showing advantages over conventional assays. The novel label-free electrochemical immunosensor discussed in this paper is a solution for simple, rapid, cost-effective sample screening in a portable, disposable format. The proposed immunosensor has good sensitivity, and it can prove to be an adequate real-time monitoring solution for PCBs in soil samples or other samples.
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Enhancing Antibodies' Binding Capacity through Oriented Functionalization of Plasmonic Surfaces. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102620. [PMID: 34685056 PMCID: PMC8538552 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein A has long been used in different research fields due to its ability to specifically recognize immunoglobulins (Ig). The protein derived from Staphylococcus aureus binds Ig through the Fc region of the antibody, showing its strongest binding in immunoglobulin G (IgG), making it the most used protein in its purification and detection. The research presented here integrates, for the first time, protein A to a silicon surface patterned with gold nanoparticles for the oriented binding of IgG. The signal detection is conveyed through a metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) system. Orienting immunoglobulins allows the exposition of the fragment antigen-binding (Fab) region for the binding to its antigen, substantially increasing the binding capacity per antibody immobilized. Antibodies orientation is of crucial importance in many diagnostics devices, particularly when either component is in limited quantities.
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Liu X, Sakthivel R, Cheng CY, Luo J, Song L, Wu J, He W, Younis U, Chung RJ. 3A-Amino-3A-Deoxy-(2AS, 3AS)-β-Cyclodextrin Hydrate/Tin Disulfide Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Polychlorinated Biphenyls. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2020; 15:4. [PMID: 31900681 PMCID: PMC6942073 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that are widely distributed in the environment. It is noteworthy that the PCBs are endocrine-disrupting substances, and their toxicity induces cancer and damage to the mammalian reproductive system, immune system, stomach, skin, liver, etc. This work aimed to synthesize 3A-amino-3A-deoxy-(2AS, 3AS)-β-cyclodextrin hydrate/tin disulfide composite material and to study its material properties, electrochemical properties, and application to PCB detection. The nanostructured tin disulfide (SnS2) synthesized by hydrothermal technique and 3A-amino-3A-deoxy-(2AS, 3AS)-β-cyclodextrin hydrate were sequentially modified onto the disposable screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) via titration using a micropipette. The 3A-amino-3A-deoxy-(2AS, 3AS)-β-cyclodextrin hydrate (β-CD) improved the selectivity of the modified electrode. The fabricated β-CD/SnS2/SPCE was employed to determine the presence of PCBs by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The detection range was 0.625-80 μM, with a limit detection of approximately 5 μM. The electrodes were as stable as 88% after 7 days' storage. The results showed that the β-CD successfully encapsulated PCBs to achieve an electrochemical sensor that reduced the time and increased the convenience of PCBs detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinke Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chinese Engineering and Research Institute of Microelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rajalakshmi Sakthivel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608 Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yin Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608 Taiwan
| | - Jiangliu Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chinese Engineering and Research Institute of Microelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijun Song
- Research Center of Guangdong Intelligent Charging and System Integration Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Winsemi Microelectronics Co., LTD., Shenzhen, 518000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei He
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Usman Younis
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chinese Engineering and Research Institute of Microelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ren-Jei Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, 10608 Taiwan
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Verdian A, Fooladi E, Rouhbakhsh Z. Recent progress in the development of recognition bioelements for polychlorinated biphenyls detection: Antibodies and aptamers. Talanta 2019; 202:123-135. [PMID: 31171160 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent pollutants, which have expanded in foods and the environment. Detection of PCBs is considered essential due to recognized side-effects of PCBs on health and the public concerns in this regard. On the other hand, due to the trace levels of these organic chlorine compounds, reliable and sensitive assays must be developed. Recognition elements are essential parts of analytical detection assays and sensors of PCBs since these elements are involved in the selective identification of the analytes of interest. Understanding the fundamentals of the recognition elements of PCBs and the benefits of the sensor strategies result in the development of next-generation recognition devices. This review aimed to highlight the recent progress in the recognition elements as key parts of biosensors. We initially, focused on the developed antibody-based biosensors for the detection of PCBs, followed by discussing the aptamers as novel recognition elements. Furthermore, the recent advancement in the development of aptamer-based solid phase extractions has been evaluated. These findings could contribute to improving the design of commercial PCB-kits in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Verdian
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Control, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Fooladi
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Control, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zeinab Rouhbakhsh
- Department of Food Safety and Quality Control, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad, Iran
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Huang C, Zhou L, Li J, Chen L, Yuan L, Shi L, Cai Q. A Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor for the Rapid Detection of Tris(2,3-Dibromopropyl) Isocyanurate. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.831432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pilehvar S, Ahmad Rather J, Dardenne F, Robbens J, Blust R, De Wael K. Carbon nanotubes based electrochemical aptasensing platform for the detection of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl in human blood serum. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 54:78-84. [PMID: 24252763 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy to sense target molecules in human blood serum is achieved by immobilizing aptamers (APTs) on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified electrodes. In this work, the aminated aptamer selected for hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl (OH-PCB) was covalently immobilized on the surface of the MWCNT-COOH modified glassy carbon electrode through amide linkage. The aptamers function as recognition probes for OH-PCB by the binding induced folding of the aptamer. The developed aptasensing device was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The aptasensor displayed excellent performance for OH-PCB detection with a linear range from 0.16 to 7.5 μM. The sensitivity of the developed aptasensing platform is improved (1×10(-8) M) compared to the published report (1×10(-6) M) for the determination of OH-PCB (Turner et al., 2007). The better performance of the sensor is due to the unique platform, i.e. the presence of APTs onto electrodes and the combination with nanomaterials. The aptamer density on the electrode surface was estimated by chronocoulometry and was found to be 1.4×10(13) molecules cm(-2). The validity of the method and applicability of the aptasensor was successfully evaluated by the detection of OH-PCB in a blood serum sample. The described approach for aptasensing opens up new perspectives in the field of biomonitoring providing a device with acceptable stability, high sensitivity, good accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Pilehvar
- University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jahangir Ahmad Rather
- University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Freddy Dardenne
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Robbens
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Ankerstraat 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Poly(dopamine) coated gold nanocluster functionalized electrochemical immunosensor for brominated flame retardants using multienzyme-labeling carbon hollow nanochains as signal amplifiers. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 45:82-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Towards the development of a single-step immunosensor based on an electrochemical screen-printed electrode strip coupled with immunomagnetic beads. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:655-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Yi J, Meng M, Liu ZQ, Zhi JF, Zhang YY, Xu J, Wang YB, Liu JT, Xi RM. Development of an electrochemical immunoassay for detection of gatifloxacin in swine urine. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2012; 13:118-25. [PMID: 22302425 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To detect gatifloxacin (GAT) residue in swine urine, an electrochemical immunoassay was established. An indirect competitive immunoassay was developed, in which the coating antigen is immobilized in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate and GAT residue from the sample competes with the limited binding sites in added anti-GAT antibody. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugated to goat anti-rabbit IgG was used as the enzymatic label. A carbon fiber working electrode was constructed and current signals were detected by using hydrogen peroxide as a substrate and hydroquinone as an electrochemical mediator. The electrochemical immunoassay was evaluated by analysis of GAT in buffer or swine urine and an average value of half inhibition concentration (IC(50)) of 8.9 ng/ml was obtained. Excellent specificity of the antibody was achieved with little cross-reaction with lomefloxacin (3.0%), ciprofloxacin (3.0%), and ofloxacin (1.9%) among commonly used (fluoro)quinolones. In conclusion, the immunoassay system developed in this research can be used as a rapid, powerful and on-site analytical tool to detect GAT residue in foods and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Chobtang J, de Boer IJM, Hoogenboom RLAP, Haasnoot W, Kijlstra A, Meerburg BG. The need and potential of biosensors to detect dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls along the milk, eggs and meat food chain. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:11692-716. [PMID: 22247688 PMCID: PMC3252005 DOI: 10.3390/s111211692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) are hazardous toxic, ubiquitous and persistent chemical compounds, which can enter the food chain and accumulate up to higher trophic levels. Their determination requires sophisticated methods, expensive facilities and instruments, well-trained personnel and expensive chemical reagents. Ideally, real-time monitoring using rapid detection methods should be applied to detect possible contamination along the food chain in order to prevent human exposure. Sensor technology may be promising in this respect. This review gives the state of the art for detecting possible contamination with dioxins and DL-PCBs along the food chain of animal-source foods. The main detection methods applied (i.e., high resolution gas-chromatography combined with high resolution mass-spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) and the chemical activated luciferase gene expression method (CALUX bioassay)), each have their limitations. Biosensors for detecting dioxins and related compounds, although still under development, show potential to overcome these limitations. Immunosensors and biomimetic-based biosensors potentially offer increased selectivity and sensitivity for dioxin and DL-PCB detection, while whole cell-based biosensors present interpretable biological results. The main shortcoming of current biosensors, however, is their detection level: this may be insufficient as limits for dioxins and DL-PCBs for food and feedstuffs are in pg per gram level. In addition, these contaminants are normally present in fat, a difficult matrix for biosensor detection. Therefore, simple and efficient extraction and clean-up procedures are required which may enable biosensors to detect dioxins and DL-PCBs contamination along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeerasak Chobtang
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.C.); (I.J.M.B.)
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; E-Mail: (A.K.)
| | - Imke J. M. de Boer
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (J.C.); (I.J.M.B.)
| | - Ron L. A. P. Hoogenboom
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (R.L.A.P.H.); (W.H.)
| | - Willem Haasnoot
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mails: (R.L.A.P.H.); (W.H.)
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; E-Mail: (A.K.)
- Eye Research Institute Maastricht, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan G. Meerburg
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands; E-Mail: (A.K.)
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Zhang F, Wu X, Zhan J. Resonance light scattering technique for determination of polychlorinated biphenyls with silver nanoparticles. LUMINESCENCE 2011; 26:656-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan; 250100; People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan; 250100; People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry; Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shandong University; Jinan; 250100; People's Republic of China
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Abstract
In this review, the current status of research in electrochemical immunosensors is considered. We primarily focus on label-free and enzyme-labeled immunosensors, and the analytical capabilities of these devices are discussed. Moreover, the use of magnetic beads as new materials for immunosensors coupled with electrochemical sensing is also described, together with the application of new molecules such as aptamers as specific biorecognition elements. Examples of the applicability of these devices in solving various analytical problems in clinical, environmental and food fields are reported. Finally, the prospects for the further development of immunosensor technologies are shown.
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Ran XQ, Yuan R, Chai YQ, Hong CL, Qian XQ. A sensitive amperometric immunosensor for alpha-fetoprotein based on carbon nanotube/DNA/Thi/nano-Au modified glassy carbon electrode. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 79:421-6. [PMID: 20627666 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Development of an Electrochemical Immunoassay Based on the Use of an Eight-Electrodes Screen-Printed Array Coupled with Magnetic Beads for the Detection of Antimicrobial Sulfonamides in Honey. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on heterogeneous carbon materials. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-009-0131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Wu Y, Zheng J, Li Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. A novel reagentless amperometric immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles/TMB/Nafion-modified electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1389-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ricci F, Volpe G, Micheli L, Palleschi G. A review on novel developments and applications of immunosensors in food analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 605:111-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 10/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Renedo OD, Alonso-Lomillo M, Martínez MA. Recent developments in the field of screen-printed electrodes and their related applications. Talanta 2007; 73:202-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Molecular recognition of different enantiomers of a drug has become of increasing importance in the last decade due to the racemic switch strategy adapted by the pharmaceutical industry. Different analytical techniques to carry out enantioselective analysis of chiral compounds have been suggested in the literature. In the following, a brief overview of different techniques used for enantioselective analysis is given. Challenging aspects of these techniques, such as the quality of analytical information received from each technique, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed. Alternatives (enantioselective membranes, amperometric biosensors, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs)), capable of meeting the requirements of industrial processes, in terms of productivity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental issues are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad L Izake
- Forensic Chemistry Section, Pathology and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Queensland Government, Australia.
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Chikae M, Kerman K, Nagatani N, Takamura Y, Tamiya E. An electrochemical on-field sensor system for the detection of compost maturity. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 581:364-9. [PMID: 17386464 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A maturity sensor system was developed, based on the combination of three electrically measured parameters, pH, NH(4)(+) concentration, and phosphatase activity in the water extracts of compost samples. One of these parameters, the apparent phosphatase activity in crude test solutions was determined using screen-printed carbon strips (SPCSs) coated with alpha-naphthyl phosphate (alpha-NP) in Nafion film. The phosphatase activity was monitored in connection with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with an aliquot (30 microL) of the test solution on SPCS. The phosphatase activity sensor was validated using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in citric acid buffer (pH 5.0). The activity of the spiked enzymes in the water extract of the compost sample could be confirmed with the change of corresponding oxidation peak current signal of the product, alpha-naphthol. The water extracts of compost samples (n=24) collected in various composting days were applied to our compost maturity sensor system, and the conventional germination tests. Using multiple regression analysis, the germination index (GI) was expressed by the multi-linear regression equation consisting of pH, NH(4)(+) concentration, and the phosphatase activity. The calculated GI from the regression equation had a good correlation with the measured GI of the corresponding composts (r=0.873). As a result, we have determined an equation for the determination of the compost stability using our portable sensor system rapidly at the composting site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Chikae
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi City, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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Wu J, Tang J, Dai Z, Yan F, Ju H, El Murr N. A disposable electrochemical immunosensor for flow injection immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 22:102-8. [PMID: 16427775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new simple immunoassay method for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) detection using a disposable immunosensor coupled with a flow injection system was developed. The immunosensor was prepared by coating CEA/colloid Au/chitosan membrane at a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Using a competitive immunoassay format, the immunosensor inserted in the flow system with an injection of sample and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled CEA antibody was used to trap the labeled antibody at room temperature for 35 min. The current response obtained from the labeled HRP to thionine-H(2)O(2) system decreased proportionally to the CEA concentration in the range of 0.50-25 ng/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9981 and a detection limit of 0.22 ng/ml (S/N=3). The immunoassay system could automatically control the incubation, washing and current measurement steps with good stability and acceptable accuracy. Thus, the proposed method proved its potential use in clinical immunoassay of CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Education Ministry of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
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Park JW, Kurosawa S, Aizawa H, Goda Y, Takai M, Ishihara K. Piezoelectric immunosensor for bisphenol A based on signal enhancing step with 2-methacrolyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymeric nanoparticle. Analyst 2006; 131:155-62. [PMID: 16365677 DOI: 10.1039/b511662g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An immunoassay in which BPA competed with a BPA-horseradish peroxidase conjugate for binding to anti-BPA antibodies, coupled to a piezoelectric (PZ) immunosensor, was able to detect 0.1 ng mL(-1) BPA. To enhance the sensitivity of the assay, we tested nanoparticles approximately 200 nm in diameter, coupled to anti-BPA antibodies, to increase the mass change on the surface of the immunosensor and thereby increase the frequency shift detected. This second step, using nanoparticles coated with anti-BPA antibodies, improved the sensitivity of the assay by approximately eight times at BPA concentrations below 10 ng mL(-1). Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that polymeric 2-methacrolyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) nanoparticles coupled to antibodies remained monodisperse on the surface of the immunosensor and therefore produced stable signals in the immunosensors. Since the frequency shift detected in the assay mainly originated from the mass change on the surface of the PZ crystal, the colloidal stability of the antibody-conjugated particles used in the enhancement step played an extremely important role in achieving a stable and highly sensitive signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Park
- Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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Liu XY, Nakamura C, Nakamura N, Hirano T, Shinbo T, Miyake J. Detection of polychlorinated biphenyls using an antibody column in tandem with a fluorescent liposome column. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1087:229-35. [PMID: 16130718 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)-catalyzed membrane leakage can be detected by immobilized liposomes containing a self-quenching fluorescent dye, 3,3-bis[N,N-di(carboxymethyl)aminomethyl]fluorescein (calcein). This enzymatic reaction was applied as signal amplification for biosensor detection of low concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In order to increase the fluorescent signal for improvement of PCBs detection, the effect of BSA on optimal lipid composition for PLA2-catalyzed membrane leakage from fluorescent liposomes has been investigated in this report. Various kinds of calcein-entrapped liposomes were immobilized in Sephacryl S1000 gel beads using avidin-biotin binding. In a contrast, free calcein was removed by size exclusion chromatography on Sephacryl S300 for free liposome suspensions. The PLA2-catalyzed membrane leakage was detected both in these gel-bead-immobilized liposomes and in free liposome suspensions. In both systems, the fluorescent release from the liposomes by PLA2 hydrolytic action significantly increased with increasing albumin concentration. The most rapid and greatest membrane leakage by PLA2 hydrolysis was found in anionic liposomes in the presence of albumin, both in free liposome suspensions and gel-bead-immobilized liposomes. Finally, the stabilities of various free liposomes and gel-bead-immobilized liposomes were monitored. Immobilized 1-palmitoy-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC)/1-palmitoy-2-oleoylphosphatidylglycerol (POPG) liposome gel was chosen due to its excellent stability and large dye leakage by PLA2. A concentration of PCBs as low as 0.1 ng/mL was detectable using this tandem column system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ying Liu
- Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Center 6th, 111 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
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Trojanowicz M, Wcisło M. Electrochemical and Piezoelectric Enantioselective Sensors and Biosensors. ANAL LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200050157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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