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Ratchamak R, Authaida S, Koedkanmark T, Boonkum W, Semaming Y, Chankitisakul V. Dietary supplementation with ginseng extract enhances testicular function, semen preservation, and fertility rate of mature and aging Thai native roosters. Theriogenology 2024; 227:31-40. [PMID: 39004045 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The decrease in fertility in aging roosters is related to the reduced quality of ejaculated sperm. This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with ginseng extract at various concentrations (0-150 mg/kg) on testicular function, semen preservation, and fertility at different stages of sexual maturity (mature and aging roosters) in Thai native roosters. Pradu Hang Dum roosters at 32 (mature; n = 24) and 75 (aging; n = 24) weeks of age were fed diets with non-supplemented or supplemented ginseng extracts (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) until the end of the experiment. In experiment 1, fresh semen samples were examined for the quality parameters of semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, sperm viability, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic activities. In experiment 2, semen was preserved at 5 °C for up to 48 h, and the semen quality and fertility potential were determined. In experiment 3, testicular function and testosterone concentrations were evaluated. The results showed that ginseng extract supplementation in the diets of both mature and aging roosters at 50 and 100 mg/kg improved fresh semen quality (P < 0.05). A decrease in malondialdehyde levels in fresh semen was observed with increasing enzyme activities. In mature roosters, the progressive motility of cold-stored semen and fertility rates were higher in the G50 and G100 groups compared to the control and G150 groups after 24 h of storage (P < 0.05). In aging roosters, the highest significant differences in progressive motility, viability, and fertility rates were observed in the G50 and G100 groups at all storage times (P < 0.01). These improvements might be attributed to good testicular function in spermatogenesis, as revealed by the results of histological examination and testosterone concentrations. However, higher doses of ginseng extract supplementation negatively affected sperm quality. In summary, the recommended dose of ginseng extract supplementation in diets is 50 mg/kg. Fertility results indicated that insemination with semen preserved for 24 h was satisfactory in both mature and aging roosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthaiporn Ratchamak
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; The Research and Development Network Center of Animal Breeding and Omics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Supakorn Authaida
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thirawat Koedkanmark
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Wuttigrai Boonkum
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; The Research and Development Network Center of Animal Breeding and Omics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Yoswaris Semaming
- Program in Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Technology, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani, 41000, Thailand
| | - Vibuntita Chankitisakul
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; The Research and Development Network Center of Animal Breeding and Omics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Zhang L, Gao X, Yang C, Liang Z, Guan D, Yuan T, Qi W, Zhao D, Li X, Dong H, Zhang H. Structural Characters and Pharmacological Activity of Protopanaxadiol-Type Saponins and Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponins from Ginseng. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:9096774. [PMID: 38957183 PMCID: PMC11217582 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9096774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has a long history of drug application in China, which can treat various diseases and achieve significant efficacy. Ginsenosides have always been deemed important ingredients for pharmacological activities. Based on the structural characteristics of steroidal saponins, ginsenosides are mainly divided into protopanaxadiol-type saponins (PDS, mainly including Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Rc, Rh2, CK, and PPD) and protopanaxatriol-type saponins (PTS, mainly including Re, R1, Rg1, Rh1, Rf, and PPT). The structure differences between PDS and PTS result in the differences of pharmacological activities. This paper provides an overview of PDS and PTS, mainly focusing on their chemical profile, pharmacokinetics, hydrolytic metabolism, and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antifatigue, antiaging, immunodulation, antitumor, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and antidiabetes. It is intended to contribute to an in-depth study of the relationship between PDS and PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancao Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Tuina DepartmentThe Third Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zuguo Liang
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Dongsong Guan
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Quality Testing Laboratory, Haerbin Customs District 150008, Foshan, China
| | - Tongyi Yuan
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Haisi Dong
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - He Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
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Zhang L, Gao X, Yang C, Liang Z, Guan D, Yuan T, Qi W, Zhao D, Li X, Dong H, Zhang H. Structural Characters and Pharmacological Activity of Protopanaxadiol‐Type Saponins and Protopanaxatriol‐Type Saponins from Ginseng. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024. [DOI: org/10.1155/2024/9096774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has a long history of drug application in China, which can treat various diseases and achieve significant efficacy. Ginsenosides have always been deemed important ingredients for pharmacological activities. Based on the structural characteristics of steroidal saponins, ginsenosides are mainly divided into protopanaxadiol‐type saponins (PDS, mainly including Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Rc, Rh2, CK, and PPD) and protopanaxatriol‐type saponins (PTS, mainly including Re, R1, Rg1, Rh1, Rf, and PPT). The structure differences between PDS and PTS result in the differences of pharmacological activities. This paper provides an overview of PDS and PTS, mainly focusing on their chemical profile, pharmacokinetics, hydrolytic metabolism, and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antifatigue, antiaging, immunodulation, antitumor, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and antidiabetes. It is intended to contribute to an in‐depth study of the relationship between PDS and PTS.
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Cho JH, Song MC, Lee Y, Noh ST, Kim DO, Rha CS. Newly identified maltol derivatives in Korean Red Ginseng and their biological influence as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. J Ginseng Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
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Fan M, Lan X, Wang Q, Shan M, Fang X, Zhang Y, Wu D, Luo H, Gao W, Zhu D. Renal function protection and the mechanism of ginsenosides: Current progress and future perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1070738. [PMID: 36814491 PMCID: PMC9939702 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1070738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephropathy is a general term for kidney diseases, which refers to changes in the structure and function of the kidney caused by various factors, resulting in pathological damage to the kidney, abnormal blood or urine components, and other diseases. The main manifestations of kidney disease include hematuria, albuminuria, edema, hypertension, anemia, lower back pain, oliguria, and other symptoms. Early detection, diagnosis, and active treatment are required to prevent chronic renal failure. The concept of nephropathy encompasses a wide range of conditions, including acute renal injury, chronic kidney disease, nephritis, renal fibrosis, and diabetic nephropathy. Some of these kidney-related diseases are interrelated and may lead to serious complications without effective control. In serious cases, it can also develop into chronic renal dysfunction and eventually end-stage renal disease. As a result, it seriously affects the quality of life of patients and places a great economic burden on society and families. Ginsenoside is one of the main active components of ginseng, with anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, and other pharmacological activities. A variety of monomers in ginsenosides can play protective roles in multiple organs. According to the difference of core structure, ginsenosides can be divided into protopanaxadiol-type (including Rb1, Rb3, Rg3, Rh2, Rd and CK, etc.), and protopanaxatriol (protopanaxatriol)- type (including Rg1, Rg2 and Rh1, etc.), and other types (including Rg5, Rh4, Rh3, Rk1, and Rk3, etc.). All of these ginsenosides showed significant renal function protection, which can reduce renal damage in renal injury, nephritis, renal fibrosis, and diabetic nephropathy models. This review summarizes reports on renal function protection and the mechanisms of action of these ginsenosides in various renal injury models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Fan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xintian Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qunling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Mengyao Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxue Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yegang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Donglu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,School of Clinical Medical, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haoming Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyi Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Wenyi Gao, ; Difu Zhu,
| | - Difu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Effective Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Wenyi Gao, ; Difu Zhu,
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Chen XM, Liu YH, Ji SF, Xue XM, Wang LL, Zhang M, Chang YM, Wang XC. Protective effect of ginsenoside Rd on military aviation noise-induced cochlear hair cell damage in guinea pigs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:23965-23981. [PMID: 36331733 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Noise pollution has become one of the important social hazards that endanger the auditory system of residents, causing noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Oxidative stress has a significant role in the pathogenesis of NIHL, in which the silent information regulator 1(SIRT1)/proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway is closely engaged. Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd), a main monomer extract from ginseng plants, has been confirmed to suppress oxidative stress. Therefore, the hypothesis that GSRd may attenuate noise-induced cochlear hair cell loss seemed promising. Forty-eight male guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups: control, noise exposure, GSRd treatment (30 mg/kg Rd for 10d + noise), and experimental control (30 mg/kg glycerol + noise). The experimental groups received military helicopter noise exposure at 115 dB (A) for 4 h daily for five consecutive days. Hair cell damage was evaluated by using inner ear basilar membrane preparation and scanning electron microscopy. Terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and immunofluorescence staining were conducted. Changes in the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway and other apoptosis-related markers in the cochleae, as well as oxidative stress parameters, were used as readouts. Loss of outer hair cells, more disordered cilia, prominent apoptosis, and elevated free radical levels were observed in the experimental groups. GSRd treatment markedly mitigated hearing threshold shifts, ameliorated outer hair cell loss and lodging or loss of cilia, and improved apoptosis through decreasing Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) expression and increasing Bcl-2 expression. In addition, GSRd alleviated the noise-induced cochlear redox injury by upregulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, decreasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and enhancing the activity of SIRT1 and PGC-1α messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein expression. In conclusion, GSRd can improve structural and oxidative damage to the cochleae caused by noise. The underlying mechanisms may be associated with the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Min Chen
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Senior Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hui Liu
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, School of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Aviation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Air Force Health Care Center for Special Services, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai-Fei Ji
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Miao Xue
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Senior Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Senior Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Otolaryngologic Diseases; State Key Lab of Hearing Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Lab of Hearing Impairment Prevention and Treatment, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, School of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Aviation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Cheng Wang
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, School of Aerospace Medicine, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine of Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.
- Department of Aviation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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Pandey SN, Singh G, Semwal BC, Gupta G, Alharbi KS, Almalki WH, Albratty M, Najmi A, Meraya AM. Therapeutic approaches of nutraceuticals in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14426. [PMID: 36169224 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological illness that causes memory loss over time. Currently, available pharmaceutical medicines and products are limited, and they have side effects at a higher price. Researchers and scientists have observed significant effects of nutraceuticals. Various preclinical and clinical studies were investigated for the Anti-Alzheimer's activity of nutraceuticals. The increasing ability of the pathogenesis of AD has led to the analysis of novel therapeutic targets, including the pathophysiological mechanisms and distinct cascades. So, current improvement will show the most adequate and prominent nutraceuticals and suggested concise mechanisms involving autophagy regulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, mitochondrial homeostasis, and others. The effects of nutraceuticals cannot be ignored; it is important to investigate high-quality clinical trials. Given the potential of nutraceuticals to battle AD as multi-targeted therapies, it's vital to evaluate them as viable lead compounds for drug discovery and development. To the best of the authors 'knowledge, modification of blood-brain barrier permeability, bioavailability, and aspects of randomized clinical trials should be considered in prospective investigations. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Advancements in molecular diagnostic and fundamentals have implemented particular usefulness for drug evaluation. An excess of experimental knowledge occurs regarding the effect of nutraceuticals on AD. There are various preclinical and clinical studies that have been done on nutraceuticals. In addition, various substitute inhibit and enhance some pathophysiological levels associated with AD. Nutraceuticals are easily available and have fewer side effects with cost-effective advantages. However, further investigations and clinical trials are required to encourage its effect on disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Nath Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, UP, India
| | - Gurfateh Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupesh Chander Semwal
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India.,Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Khalid Saad Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Neuroprotective Effect and Possible Mechanisms of Ginsenoside-Rd for Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage in Experimental Animal: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7650438. [PMID: 36092162 PMCID: PMC9458376 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7650438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, the most common type of stroke, can lead to a long-term disability with the limitation of effective therapeutic approaches. Ginsenoside-Rd (G-Rd) has been found as a neuroprotective agent. In order to investigate and discuss the neuroprotective function and underlying mechanism of G-Rd in experimental animal models following cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury, PubMed, Embase, SinoMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched from their inception dates to May 2022, with no language restriction. Studies that G-Rd was used to treat cerebral I/R damage in vivo were selected. A total of 18 articles were included in this paper, and it was showed that after cerebral I/R damage, G-Rd administration could significantly attenuate infarct volume (19 studies, SMD = −1.75 [−2.21 to − 1.30], P < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis concluded that G-Rd at the moderate doses of >10- <50 mg/kg reduced the infarct volume to the greatest extent, and increasing the dose beyond 50 mg/kg did not produce better results. The neuroprotective effect of G-Rd was not affected by other factors, such as the animal species, the order of administration, and the ischemia time. In comparison with the control group, G-Rd administration could improve neurological recovery (lower score means better recovery: 14 studies, SMD = −1.50 [−2.00 to − 1.00], P < 0.00001; higher score means better recovery: 8 studies, SMD = 1.57 [0.93 to 2.21], P < 0.00001). In addition, this review suggested that G-Rd in vivo can antagonize the reduced oxidative stress, regulate Ca2+, and inhibit inflammatory, resistance to apoptosis, and antipyroptosis on cerebral I/R damage. Collectively, G-Rd is a promising natural neuroprotective agent on cerebral I/R injury with unique advantages and a clear mechanism of action. More clinical randomized, blind-controlled trials are also needed to confirm the neuroprotective effect of G-Rd on cerebral I/R injury.
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The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Calendula Officinalis Extract on Androgen-Induced Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Model in Female Rat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7402598. [PMID: 35845946 PMCID: PMC9283045 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7402598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hormonal disorder in women of reproductive age, and the major cause of infertility. Today, using medicinal plants instead of chemical drugs could be an alternative treatment option for PCOS. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Calendula officinalis hydroalcoholic extract on PCOS in rats. Method. 60 female adult rats were randomly divided into six groups, including control, sham, PCOS group, and treated PCOS groups receiving hydroalcoholic extract of Calendula officinalis with different dosages of 200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg. PCOS was induced by subcutaneous injection of DHEA 6 mg/100 g bw for 35 days. For two weeks, the extract was taken orally. The serum glucose, insulin, sex hormone levels, and oxidative status were measured at the end of the experiment. The ovaries were dissected for histomorphometric and pathological analysis. Results. When compared to the control and sham groups, the PCOS group showed a significant increase in glucose, insulin, testosterone, and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, cystic and atretic follicles, and thickness of the theca and tunica albuginea layers, and a significant decrease in LH concentration, total antioxidant capacity, corpus luteum, antral follicles, and oocyte diameter. The mean concentration of FSH, on the other hand, did not change significantly. A trend of improvement was found in the treated groups with high doses of Calendula officinalis extract. Conclusion. In rats with PCOS and nonovulation, Calendula officinalis hydroalcoholic extract improved oxidative stress, restored folliculogenesis, and increased ovulation.
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Tong Y, Song X, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Liu Q. Insight on structural modification, biological activity, structure-activity relationship of PPD-type ginsenoside derivatives. Fitoterapia 2022; 158:105135. [PMID: 35101587 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, characterized by triterpenoid, are one of the active components of ginseng. Among them, PPD-type ginsenosides have potent and diverse pharmacological activities, while the effective applications and clinical studies are limited by the poor stability, water solubility and oral bioavailability. In this review, we have attempted to demonstrate the structural-activity relationship of chemical modifications on the dammarane-type skeleton and the C-17 side chain, noting that certain structurally modified derivatives exhibit satisfactory pharmacological activity. This review will provide ideas for the design and synthesis of novel PPD derivatives, and valuable help for the further study of PPD derivatives to make it realize clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangliu Tong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Biotech. & Biomed. Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Qingchao Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Shen JW, Li C, Yang MY, Lin JF, Yin MD, Zou JJ, Wu PY, Chen L, Song LX, Shao JW. Biomimetic nanoparticles: U937 cell membranes based core-shell nanosystems for targeted atherosclerosis therapy. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121297. [PMID: 34822966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), with its intricate pathogenesis, is primarily responsible for the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Although drug development has made some achievements in AS therapy, limited targeting ability and rapid blood clearance remain great challenges for achieving superior clinical outcomes. Herein, ginsenoside (Re)- and catalase (CAT)-coloaded porous poly(lactic-coglycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared and then surface modified with U937 cell membranes (UCMs) to yield a dual targeted model and multimechanism treatment biomimetic nanosystem (Cat/Re@PLGA@UCM). The nanoparticles consisted of a core-shell spherical morphology with a favorable size of 112.7 ± 0.4 nm. Furthermore, UCM assisted the nanosystem in escaping macrophage phagocytosis and targeting atherosclerotic plaques. Meanwhile, loading with catalase might not only exhibit favorable antioxidant effects but also enable H2O2-responsive drug release ability. The Cat/Re@PLGA@UCM NPs also exhibited outstanding ROS scavenging properties, downregulating ICAM-1, TNF-α and IL-1β, while preventing angiogenesis to attenuate the progression of AS. Moreover, the nanodrugs displayed 2.7-fold greater efficiency in reducing the atherosclerotic area in ApoE-/- mouse models compared to free Re. Our nanoformulation also displayed excellent biosafety in response to long-term administration. Overall, our study demonstrated the superiority of UCM-coated stimuli-responsive nanodrugs for effective and safe AS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Wen Shen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Chao Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Ming-Yue Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Juan-Fang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Meng-Die Yin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Peng-Yu Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Materials and Chemical Engineering College of Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Long-Xiang Song
- Materials and Chemical Engineering College of Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jing-Wei Shao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China.
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12
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Yun YJ, Park BH, Hou J, Oh JP, Han JH, Kim SC. Ginsenoside F1 Protects the Brain against Amyloid Beta-Induced Toxicity by Regulating IDE and NEP. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:58. [PMID: 35054451 PMCID: PMC8779788 DOI: 10.3390/life12010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside F1, the metabolite of Rg1, is one of the most important constituents of Panax ginseng. Although the effects of ginsenosides on amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation in the brain are known, the role of ginsenoside F1 remains unclear. Here, we investigated the protective effect of ginsenoside F1 against Aβ aggregation in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with 2.5 μM ginsenoside F1 reduced Aβ-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing Aβ aggregation in mouse neuroblastoma neuro-2a (N2a) and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y neuronal cell lines. Western blotting, real-time PCR, and siRNA analysis revealed an increased level of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and neprilysin (NEP). Furthermore, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis confirmed that ginsenoside F1 could pass the blood-brain barrier within 2 h after administration. Immunostaining results indicate that ginsenoside F1 reduces Aβ plaques in the hippocampus of APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) double-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. Consistently, increased levels of IDE and NEP protein and mRNA were observed after the 8-week administration of 10 mg/kg/d ginsenoside F1. These data indicate that ginsenoside F1 is a promising therapeutic candidate for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Jin Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.-J.Y.); (J.-P.O.); (J.-H.H.)
| | - Bong-Hwan Park
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (B.-H.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Jingang Hou
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (B.-H.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Jung-Pyo Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.-J.Y.); (J.-P.O.); (J.-H.H.)
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.-J.Y.); (J.-P.O.); (J.-H.H.)
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.-J.Y.); (J.-P.O.); (J.-H.H.)
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (B.-H.P.); (J.H.)
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13
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Zhou J, Zhang J, Li J, Guan Y, Shen T, Li F, Li X, Yang X, Hu W. Ginsenoside F2 Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells and Obesity in Mice via the AMPK Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9299-9312. [PMID: 34342980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside F2 (GF2) is a protopanaxdiol saponin from Panax ginseng leaves and possesses many potential pharmacological properties. GF2 may prevent obesity by directly binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and inhibiting adipocyte differentiation. However, the mechanism by which GF2 alleviates obesity is unknown. We therefore explored the anti-adipogenesis and anti-obesity effects of GF2 in vitro and in vivo. GF2 inhibited differentiation and reduced the triglyceride (TG) content of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in the early stage of adipogenesis. Administration of GF2 (50 and 100 mg/kg) to obese mice for 4 weeks reduced the body weight gain, weight of adipose tissues, adipocyte size, and total cholesterol, TG, and AST levels in serum. RNA sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR indicated that GF2 decreased the expression levels of adipokines, including PPARγ, fatty acid synthase, and adiponectin. KEGG enrichment and western blot analyses demonstrated that GF2 accelerated the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, GF2 promoted the biosynthesis of mitochondria in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and increased the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and GSH-Px in the liver of obese mice. Therefore, GF2 suppressed adipogenesis and obesity by regulating the expression of adipokines and activating the AMPK pathway. Hence, the findings suggest that GF2 may have potential therapeutic implications to treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
- College of Food Science and Pharmacology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Yiqiu Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Ting Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Fu Li
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Chengdu PhytoElite Bio-Technology Company Limited, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Department of General Practice, The Affiliated Huaian NO. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an 223300, China
- College of Food Science and Pharmacology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
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14
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Lai MMC, Zhang HA, Kitts DD. Ginseng Prong Added to Broiler Diets Reduces Lipid Peroxidation in Refrigerated and Frozen Stored Poultry Meats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134033. [PMID: 34279373 PMCID: PMC8271962 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid content and lipid oxidation products were compared in chicken breast and leg meats derived from birds fed on animal-fat- and vegetable-oil-based diets, supplemented with ginseng prong powder. The first experiment examined polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and the formation of primary and secondary lipid oxidation products in meats stored at refrigeration temperatures (4 °C) for up to 10 days, while the second experiment examined similar changes in the poultry meats when frozen stored at −18 °C, for up to six months. Results showed that initial lipid hydroperoxide concentrations increased in both breast and leg meat within the first week of refrigerated storage and also was ongoing during the first three to four months of frozen storage. A higher (p < 0.05) PUFA content in leg meat, especially in broilers fed a vegetable-oil-blended diet, corresponded to greater tendency for generation of primary lipid oxidation products after refrigerated and frozen storage (p < 0.05). The inclusion of powdered ginseng prong in broiler diets significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) secondary lipid oxidation products (e.g., malonaldehyde [MDA]) formation in both stored leg and breast meat, compared to controls. Significant interactions (p < 0.05) were obtained for storage time and inclusion of ginseng against production of primary and secondary lipid oxidation in broiler breast and leg meats from broilers fed PUFA-containing diets. We conclude that including ginseng prong in broiler growing diets represents a viable strategy to control lipid oxidation in refrigerated/cold-stored meat products.
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15
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Effects of air temperature on the physicochemical properties and flavor compounds of roasted red ginseng lateral roots in a jet impingement fluidized bed roaster. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Ginsenoside Rg1 Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Prevents Carcinogen-Induced Breast Tumorigenesis in Sprague Dawley Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8886955. [PMID: 33178325 PMCID: PMC7607905 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8886955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the anticancer potential of ginsenoside Rg1 using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. In this study, we found that ginsenoside Rg1 induces cytotoxicity and apoptotic cell death through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in the triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-MD-231 cell lines). We found that ginsenoside Rg1 induces the formation of gamma H2AX foci, an indication of DNA damage, and subsequent TUNEL positive apoptotic nuclei in the MDA-MB-MD-231 cell lines. Further, we found that ginsenoside Rg1 prevents 7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA; 20 mg/rat) induced mammary gland carcinogenesis in experimental rats. We observed oral administration of ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited the DMBA-mediated tumor incidence, prevented the elevation of oxidative damage markers, and restored antioxidant enzymes near to normal. Furthermore, qRT-PCR gene expression studies revealed that ginsenoside Rg1 prevents the expression of markers associated with cell proliferation and survival, modulates apoptosis markers, downregulates invasion and angiogenesis markers, and regulates the EMT markers. Therefore, the present results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 shows significant anticancer properties against breast cancer in experimental models.
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17
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Verstraeten SL, Lorent JH, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Lipid Membranes as Key Targets for the Pharmacological Actions of Ginsenosides. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:576887. [PMID: 33041822 PMCID: PMC7518029 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.576887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will focus on the activity of ginsenosides on membranes and their related effects, from physicochemical, biophysical, and pharmacological viewpoints. Ginsenosides are a class of saponins with a large structural diversity and a wide range of pharmacological effects. These effects can at least partly be related to their activity on membranes which results from their amphiphilic character. Some ginsenosides are able to interact with membrane lipids and associate into nanostructures, making them possible adjuvants for vaccines. They are able to modulate membrane biophysical properties such as membrane fluidity, permeability or the formation of lateral domains with some degree of specificity towards certain cell types such as bacteria, fungi, or cancer cells. In addition, they have shown antioxidant properties which protect membranes from lipid oxidation. They further displayed some activity on membrane proteins either through direct or indirect interaction. We investigate the structure activity relationship of ginsenosides on membranes and discuss the implications and potential use as anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine L Verstraeten
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joseph H Lorent
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.,Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq
- Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology Unit (FACM), Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
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18
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Bian Y, An GJ, Kim K, Ngo T, Shin S, Bae ON, Lim KM, Chung JH. Ginsenoside Rg3, a component of ginseng, induces pro-thrombotic activity of erythrocytes via hemolysis-associated phosphatidylserine exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110553. [PMID: 31163221 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng and its active gradient, ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), are widely used for a variety of health benefits, but concerns over their misuses are increasing. Previously, it has been reported that Rg3 can cause hemolysis, but its health outcome remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that Rg3 could promote the procoagulant activity of erythrocytes through the process of hemolysis, ultimately leading to increased thrombosis. In freshly isolated human erythrocytes, Rg3 caused pore formation and fragmentation of the erythrocyte membrane. Confocal microscopy observation and flow cytometric analysis revealed that remnant erythrocyte fragments after the exposure to Rg3 expressed phosphatidylserine (PS), which can promote blood coagulation through providing assembly sites for coagulation complexes. Rat in vivo experiments further confirmed that intravenous administration of Rg3 produced PS-bearing erythrocyte debris and increased thrombosis. Collectively, we demonstrated that Rg3 could induce the procoagulant activity of erythrocytes by generating PS-bearing erythrocyte debris through hemolysis, which might provoke thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Bian
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Gwang-Jin An
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Keunyoung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Thien Ngo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
| | - Sue Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boramae Hospital, Seoul, 156-707, South Korea.
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-791, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
| | - Jin-Ho Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea.
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19
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Liu L, Qi B, Li XH, Yang Y, Yu Z, Xu N, Tang XL, Bai XY, Wang SM, Chen HY, Zhao DQ. Purification and identification of a novel protein isolated from Panax quinquefolium and evaluation of its In vitro antioxidant properties. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_20_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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20
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Lu CW, Yin YG. Comparison of antioxidant activity of ginseng root extracts obtained by pulsed electric field and hydrolytic enzyme processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/185/1/012005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Kim YS, Kim DY, Kang DW, Park CS. Hydrolysis of the outer β-(1,2)-d-glucose linkage at the C-3 position of ginsenosides by a commercial β-galactosidase and its use in the production of minor ginsenosides. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2018.1483348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeong-Su Kim
- Plant Resource Industry Division, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- International Ginseng & Herb Research Institute, Geumsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Su Park
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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22
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MIN JY, AHN SI, LEE YK, KWAK HS, CHANG YH. Optimized conditions to produce water-in-oil-in-water nanoemulsion and spray-dried nanocapsule of red ginseng extract. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.09517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Li M, Chen Y, Zhang P, Zhang L, Zhou R, Xu Y, Ding H, Wang Q, Wang Z. Semi-synthesis of Twelve Known 20Z/E Pseudo-Ginsenosides and Their Comparative Study of Antioxidative Activity in Free Radical Induced Hemolysis of Rabbit Erythrocytes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018. [PMID: 29515052 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Twelve pseudo-ginsenosides were synthesized under a mild condition, via a simple three-step called acetylation, elimination-addition and saponification. The inhibitory effects of these twelve pseudo-ginsenosides were screened on the hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes caused by 2,2'-azobis (2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH). It was found that the IC50 values followed the sequence of (20Z) pseudo-protopanaxatriol (pseudo-PPT)<(20Z) pseudo-protopanaxadiol (pseudo-PPD)<(20Z) pseudo-Rh2<(20E) pseudo-PPT<(20E) pseudo-PPD<(20E) pseudo-Rh2<(20Z) pseudo-Rg2<(20E) pseudo-Rg2<Rb1<(20Z) pseudo-Rh1<Rg2<(20E) pseudo-Rh1. These compounds can be divided into three groups: accelerate the hemolysis group (7, 8), weak group (2, 11, 12) and strong group (others). Moreover, we also find that most of the Z configuration has better antioxidative activity than E configuration and the number and type of sugar moieties to the ring of triterpene dammarane influence the antioxidative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | | | | | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | - Ri Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University
| | | | - Qiujing Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University
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24
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Lee MR, Begum S, Sung CK. Effect of red and black ginseng on cholinergic markers, presynaptic markers, and neurotrophins in the brain of aged mice. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1743-1747. [PMID: 30263713 PMCID: PMC6049720 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of chronic administration of red ginseng extract (RGE) and black ginseng extract (BGE) on memory impairment in aged (18-month-old) mice. RGE and BGE (200 mg/kg) were orally administered for 16 weeks. Aging induced DNA damage; however, RGE and BGE protected DNA from damage and allowed for DNA recovery in blood lymphocytes. Choline acetyltransferase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, growth-associated protein 43, synaptosomal-associated protein 25, nerve growth factor, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein expression were significantly increased after treatment with RGE and BGE. These data suggest that chronic administration of red ginseng and black ginseng may decrease the cognitive deficits associated with normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ra Lee
- Korea Institute of Oriental
Medicine, Daegu, 41062 Korea
| | - Shahnaz Begum
- Department Food Science and
Technology, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon, 34134 Korea
| | - Chang Keun Sung
- Department Food Science and
Technology, Chungnam National University,
Daejeon, 34134 Korea
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25
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Dong L, Wang Y, Lv J, Zhang H, Jiang N, Lu C, Xu P, Liu X. Memory enhancement of fresh ginseng on deficits induced by chronic restraint stress in mice. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:235-242. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1373928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Dong
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Lv
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Lu
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Xu
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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26
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Lee YK, Choi KH, Kwak HS, Chang YH. The preventive effects of nanopowdered red ginseng on collagen-induced arthritic mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:308-317. [PMID: 28770639 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1358359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of red ginseng nanopowder in preventing collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. The mice were divided into five groups: normal group (no immunisation), control (CIA), powdered red ginseng (PRG), nanopowdered red ginseng (NRG) and methotrexate (MTX). Administering MTX, PRG and NRG to arthritic mice significantly decreased spleen indexes, clinical and histological scores compared to control group. Serum analysis of NRG and MTX groups showed a reduction in the cytokines such as the levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) in comparison to PRG group. The levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) in the NRG group were significantly lower than those of the PRG group. In summary, the present study indicated that NRG can be effective in preventing type II collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyung Lee
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Choi
- b Department of Food Science and Technology , Sejong University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Soo Kwak
- b Department of Food Science and Technology , Sejong University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hyuk Chang
- a Department of Food and Nutrition , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Investigating the Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on the Viability of Random-Pattern Skin Flaps in Rats. Ann Plast Surg 2017; 79:e1-e6. [DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Liu D, Wang Y, Ma S, Sun H, Shi W, Feng X. Individual and combined use of ginsenoside F2 and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside attenuates H2O2-induced apoptosis in HEK-293 cells via the NF-κB pathway. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04689h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside F2 and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside synergistically inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis in HEK-293 cells through mitochondria-mediated apoptotic and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology
- Jilin Medical University
- Jilin 132013
- China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130062
- China
| | - Shuang Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130062
- China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology
- Jilin Medical University
- Jilin 132013
- China
| | - Wenyan Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology
- Jilin Medical University
- Jilin 132013
- China
| | - Xianmin Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology
- Jilin Medical University
- Jilin 132013
- China
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Impact of extended ginsenoside Rb1 on early chronic kidney disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 25:33-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-016-0296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Gao J, Qiu Y, Chen J, Mu S, Sun L. Simultaneous determination of nineteen major active compounds in Qiangshen tablet by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:519-527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Liu D, Zhang T, Chen Z, Wang Y, Ma S, Liu J, Liu J. The beneficial effect of ginsenosides extracted by pulsed electric field against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HEK-293 cells. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:169-179. [PMID: 28413321 PMCID: PMC5386122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides are the main pharmacological components of Panax ginseng root, which are thought to be primarily responsible for the suppressing effect on oxidative stress. Methods 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorption capacity were applied to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the ginsenosides. Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293) cells were incubated with ginsenosides extracted by pulsed electric field (PEF) and solvent cold soak extraction (SCSE) for 24 h and then the injury was induced by 40μM H2O2. The cell viability and surface morphology of HEK-293 cells were studied using MTS assay and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate fluorescent probe assay was used to measure the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species. The intracellular antioxidant activities of ginsenosides were evaluated by cellular antioxidant activity assay in HepG2 cells. Results The PEF extracts displayed the higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and stronger oxygen radical absorption capacity (with an oxygen radical absorption capacity value of 14.48 ± 4.04μM TE per μg/mL). The HEK-293 cell model also suggested that the protective effect of PEF extracts was dose-dependently greater than SCSE extracts. Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay further proved that PEF extracts are more active (8% higher than SCSE extracts) in reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images showed that the HEK-293 cells, which were treated with PEF extracts, maintained more intact surface morphology. Cellular antioxidant activity values indicated that ginsenosides extracted by PEF had stronger cellular antioxidant activity than SCSE ginsenosides extracts. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the antioxidative effect of ginsenosides extracted by PEF in vitro. Furthermore, rather than SCSE, PEF may be more useful as an alternative extraction technique for the extraction of ginsenosides with enhanced antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jingbo Liu
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi' an Road, Changchun, 130062, Jilin, China.Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional FoodCollege of Food Science and EngineeringJilin UniversityNo. 5333 Xi' an RoadChangchunJilin130062China
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Ye J, Yao JP, Wang X, Zheng M, Li P, He C, Wan JB, Yao X, Su H. Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides on neural progenitor cells against oxidative injury. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3083-91. [PMID: 26935530 PMCID: PMC4805061 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides exhibit various neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress. However, which ginsenoside provides optimal effects for the treatment of neurological disorders as a potent antioxidant remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated and compared the neuroprotective effects of the Rb1, Rd, Rg1 and Re ginsenosides on neural progenitor cells (NPCs) following tert-Butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced oxidative injury. Primary rat embryonic cortical NPCs were prepared from E14.5 embryos of Sprague-Dawley rats. The oxidative injury model was established with t-BHP. A lactate dehydrogenase assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining were used to measure the viability of the NPCs pre-treated with ginsenosides under oxidative stress. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to determine the activation of intracellular signaling pathways triggered by the pretreatment of ginsenosides. Among the four ginsenosides, only Rb1 attenuated t-BHP toxicity in the NPCs, and the nuclear factor (erythroizd-derived 2)-like 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway was found to be key in the intracellular defense against oxidative stress. The present study demonstrated the anti-oxidative effects of ginsenoside Rb1 on NPCs, and suggested that Rb1 may offer potential as a potent antioxidant for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zheijiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Yao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery II, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, P.R. China
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Shen L, Chen H, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Wang S, Qian J, Wang Y, Qu H. Identification of bioactive ingredients with immuno-enhancement and anti-oxidative effects from Fufang-Ejiao-Syrup by LC–MS n combined with bioassays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 117:363-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Liu D, Pan F, Liu J, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wang E, Liu J. Individual and combined antioxidant effects of ginsenoside F2 and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14831j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Wang WN, Yan BX, Xu WD, Qiu Y, Guo YL, Qiu ZD. Highly Selective Bioconversion of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Compound K by the Mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis under Optimized Conditions. Molecules 2015; 20:19291-309. [PMID: 26512632 PMCID: PMC6332142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201019291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound K (CK), a highly active and bioavailable derivative obtained from protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, displays a wide variety of pharmacological properties, especially antitumor activity. However, the inadequacy of natural sources limits its application in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we firstly discovered that Cordyceps sinensis was a potent biocatalyst for the biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 into CK. After a series of investigations on the biotransformation parameters, an optimal composition of the biotransformation culture was found to be lactose, soybean powder and MgSO₄ without controlling the pH. Also, an optimum temperature of 30 °C for the biotransformation process was suggested in a range of 25 °C-50 °C. Then, a biotransformation pathway of Rb1→Rd→F2→CK was established using high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). Our results demonstrated that the molar bioconversion rate of Rb1 to CK was more than 82% and the purity of CK produced by C. sinensis under the optimized conditions was more than 91%. In conclusion, the combination of C. sinensis and the optimized conditions is applicable for the industrial preparation of CK for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Nan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Bing-Xiong Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Wen-Di Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Ye Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Yun-Long Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Zhi-Dong Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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36
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Wang Y, Choi KD, Yu H, Jin F, Im WT. Production of ginsenoside F1 using commercial enzyme Cellulase KN. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:121-6. [PMID: 27158232 PMCID: PMC4845047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside F1, a pharmaceutical component of ginseng, is known to have antiaging, antioxidant, anticancer, and keratinocyte protective effects. However, the usage of ginsenoside F1 is restricted owing to the small amount found in Korean ginseng. Methods To enhance the production of ginsenoside F1 as a 10 g unit with high specificity, yield, and purity, an enzymatic bioconversion method was developed to adopt the commercial enzyme Cellulase KN from Aspergillus niger with food grade, which has ginsenoside-transforming ability. The proposed optimum reaction conditions of Cellulase KN were pH 5.0 and 50°C. Results Cellulase KN could effectively transform the ginsenosides Re and Rg1 into F1. A scaled-up biotransformation reaction was performed in a 10 L jar fermenter at pH 5.0 and 50°C for 48 h with protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside mixture (at a concentration of 10 mg/mL) from ginseng roots. Finally, 13.0 g of F1 was produced from 50 g of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside mixture with 91.5 ± 1.1% chromatographic purity. Conclusion The results suggest that this enzymatic method could be exploited usefully for the preparation of ginsenoside F1 to be used in cosmetic, functional food, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian, PR China; Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Kang-Duk Choi
- Genomic Informatics Center, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Hongshan Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian, PR China
| | - Fengxie Jin
- College of Biotechnology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Ganjingzi-qu, Dalian, PR China
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- Department of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea; Genomic Informatics Center, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea
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Chen W, Guo Y, Yang W, Zheng P, Zeng J, Tong W. Protective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on integrity of blood-brain barrier following cerebral ischemia. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2823-31. [PMID: 26070903 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the major bioactive compounds in ginseng root, have been found to have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we sought to investigate whether and how ginsenoside Rb1 (GS-Rb1), the most abundant ginsenoside, can protect blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity following cerebral ischemia in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) animal model. ICR mice underwent MCAO and received GS-Rb1 by intraperitoneal injection at 3 h after reperfusion. We evaluated infarction, neurological scores, brain edema, Evans blue (EB) extravasation, and tight junction protein expression at 48 h after MCAO. We further examined whether GS-Rb1 protected BBB integrity by suppressing post-ischemic inflammation-induced activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX). First, GS-Rb1 decreased infarction and improved neurological deficits in MCAO animals. In addition, GS-Rb1 reduced EB extravasation and brain edema and preserved expression of tight junction proteins in the ischemic brain. Moreover, GS-Rb1 inhibited expression of pro-inflammatory factors including nitric oxide synthase and IL-1β, but increased expression of anti-inflammatory markers arginase 1 and IL-10 in the ischemic brain. Consistently, GS-Rb1 attenuated ischemia-induced expression and activity of MMP9. Finally, GS-Rb1 reduced NOX-4 mRNA expression and NOX activity in ischemic brain. These results suggest that GS-Rb1 protects loss of BBB integrity in ischemic stroke by suppressing neuroinflammation induction of MMP-9 and NOX4-derived free radicals, and indicate its potential for treating brain injuries, such as ischemia and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- The People's Hospital of Pu Dong New Area, 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Chuansha New Town, Shanghai, 201299, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Guo
- The People's Hospital of Pu Dong New Area, 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Chuansha New Town, Shanghai, 201299, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjin Yang
- The People's Hospital of Pu Dong New Area, 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Chuansha New Town, Shanghai, 201299, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- The People's Hospital of Pu Dong New Area, 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Chuansha New Town, Shanghai, 201299, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Zeng
- The People's Hospital of Pu Dong New Area, 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Chuansha New Town, Shanghai, 201299, People's Republic of China
| | - Wusong Tong
- The People's Hospital of Pu Dong New Area, 490 South Chuanhuan Road, Chuansha New Town, Shanghai, 201299, People's Republic of China.
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38
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Cui S, Yang L, Wang J, Wang X. Taste characteristics based quantitative and qualitative evaluation of ginseng adulteration. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1535-1543. [PMID: 25087639 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adulteration of American ginseng with Asian ginseng is common and has caused much damage to customers. Panel evaluation is commonly used to determine their differences, but it is subjective. Chemical instruments are used to identify critical compounds but they are time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, a fast, accurate and convenient method is required. A taste sensing system, combining both advantages of the above two technologies, provides a novel potential technology for determining ginseng adulteration. The aim is to build appropriate models to distinguish and predict ginseng adulteration by using taste characteristics. RESULTS It was found that ginsenoside contents decreased linearly (R(2) = 0.92) with mixed ratios. A bioplot of principal component analysis showed a good performance in classing samples with the first two principal components reaching 89.7%, and it was noted that it was the bitterness, astringency, aftertaste of bitterness and astringency, and saltiness leading the successful determination. After factor screening, bitterness, astringency, aftertaste of bitterness and saltiness were employed to build latent models. Tastes of bitterness, astringency and aftertaste bitterness were demonstrated to be most effective in predicting adulteration ratio, mean while, bitterness and aftertaste bitterness turned out to be most effective in ginsenoside content prediction. CONCLUSION Taste characteristics of adulterated ginsengs, considered as taste fingerprint, can provide novel guidance for determining the adulteration of American and Asian ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqing Cui
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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39
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GYEONG-JIN YU, IL-WHAN CHOI, GI-YOUNG KIM, BYUNG-WOO KIM, CHEOL PARK, SU-HYUN HONG, SUNG-KWON MOON, HEE-JAE CHA, YOUNG-CHAE CHANG, KEE YOEUP PAEK, WUN-JAE KIM, YUNG HYUN CHOI. Anti-inflammatory potential of saponins derived from cultured wild ginseng roots in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1690-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ardah MT, Paleologou KE, Lv G, Menon SA, Abul Khair SB, Lu JH, Safieh-Garabedian B, Al-Hayani AA, Eliezer D, Li M, El-Agnaf OMA. Ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits fibrillation and toxicity of alpha-synuclein and disaggregates preformed fibrils. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 74:89-101. [PMID: 25449909 PMCID: PMC4882765 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence indicates that α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. Identification of compounds that inhibit or reverse the aggregation process may thus represent a viable therapeutic strategy against PD and related disorders. Ginseng is a well-known medicinal plant that has been used in East Asia for more than two thousand years to treat several conditions. It is now understood that the pharmacological properties of ginseng can be attributed to its biologically active components, the ginsenosides, which in turn have been shown to have neuroprotective properties. We therefore sought to determine for the first time, the potential of the most frequently used and studied ginsenosides, namely Rg1, Rg3 and Rb1, as anti-amyloidogenic agents. The effect of Rg1, Rg3 and Rb1 on α-syn aggregation and toxicity was determined by an array of biophysical, biochemical and cell-culture-based techniques. Among the screened ginsenosides, only Rb1 was shown to be a potent inhibitor of α-syn fibrillation and toxicity. Additionally, Rb1 exhibited a strong ability to disaggregate preformed fibrils and to inhibit the seeded polymerization of α-syn. Interestingly, Rb1 was found to stabilize soluble non-toxic oligomers with no β-sheet content, that were susceptible to proteinase K digestion, and the binding of Rb1 to those oligomers may represent a potential mechanism of action. Thus, Rb1 could represent the starting point for designing new molecules that could be utilized as drugs for the treatment of PD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa T Ardah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Katerina E Paleologou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Guohua Lv
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sindhu A Menon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salema B Abul Khair
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Lab of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao, China
| | | | - Abdulmonem A Al-Hayani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Omar M A El-Agnaf
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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Cho JY, Choi J, Park JG, Yi YS, Hossen MJ, Kim H, Ro J, Cha BC, Yoo ES, Kim JH, Lee J. Alcohol-induced Hyperlipidemia Is Ameliorated by Orally Administered DWP208, a Sodium Succinate Form of ZYM201. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:469-74. [PMID: 25598660 PMCID: PMC4296035 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.6.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DWP208 is a sodium succinate form of ZYM-201 which is a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from Sanguisorba officinalis, a medicinal plant prescribed for various diseases, such as duodenal ulcers and bleeding in East Asian counties. We demonstrated that this compound is able to normalize the altered lipid metabolism induced by hyperglycemia and a high fat diet. In this study, we determined whether hyperlipidemic conditions induced with chronically treated alcohol can also be restored by DWP208. Similar to our previous results, orally administered DWP208 (1 to 10 mg/kg) also ameliorated the hyperlipidemia that was induced by alcohol. This compound reversed the alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia including (i) up-regulated hyperlipidemic parameters such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), atherosclerotic index (AI), triglyceride, and total cholesterol, and (ii) down-regulated hyperlipidemic parameters such as absolute body weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in serum and liver. According to our data, the ameliorative activity of DWP208 is due to its indirect anti-oxidative activity as a result of which lipid peroxide and hydroxyl radical levels were reduced and the activity of SOD was enhanced. Therefore, our data strongly suggest that DWP208 can be used as a remedy against alcohol-induced hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jongwon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Kyungsung University, Busan 608-736, Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea. ; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barisal 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Jieun Ro
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
| | - Bae Cheon Cha
- College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 220-702, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Yoo
- College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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42
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Zhang YC, Li G, Jiang C, Yang B, Yang HJ, Xu HY, Huang LQ. Tissue-specific distribution of ginsenosides in different aged ginseng and antioxidant activity of ginseng leaf. Molecules 2014; 19:17381-99. [PMID: 25353387 PMCID: PMC6271886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the effect of the cultivation year on the quality of different ginseng tissues. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of ginsenosides were conducted using a UPLC-UV-MS method. Eight main ginsenosides in three tissues (leaf, rhizome and main root) and four parts (periderm, phloem, cambium and xylem) of ginseng aged from 1 to 13 years were determined using a UPLC-PDA method. Additionally, the antioxidant capacities of ginseng leaves were analyzed by the DPPH, ABTS and HRSA methods. It was found that the contents of ginsenosides increased with cultivation years, causing a sequential content change of ginsenosides in an organ-specific manner: leaf > rhizome > main root. The ratio between protopanaxatriol (PPT, Rg1, Re and RF) and protopanaxadiol (PPD, Rb1, Rb2, RC and Rd) in the main root remained stable (about 1.0), while it increased in leaf from 1.37 to 3.14 and decreased in the rhizome from 0.99 to 0.72. The amount of ginsenosides accumulated in the periderm was 45.48 mg/g, which was more than twice as high compared with the other three parts. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of ginseng leaves were measured as Trolox equivalents, showing that antioxidant activity increased along with time of cultivation. The results show that the best harvest time for shizhu ginseng is the fifth year of cultivation, and the root and rhizome could be used together within seven planting years for their similar PPT/PPD level. Besides, the quality of the ginseng products would be enhanced with the periderm. The ginseng leaf is rich in ginsenosides and has potential application for its antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Geng Li
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Chinese Medicine Resources, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Chao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hong-Jun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hai-Yu Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang XY, Xu LH, Ouyang DY, Liu KP, Pan H, He J, He XH. Ginsenoside Rg1 regulates innate immune responses in macrophages through differentially modulating the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:77-84. [PMID: 25179784 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the major active components of ginseng, which has been shown to regulate the immune response of hosts. However, the mechanism underlying the immunomodulatory effect of Rg1 is incompletely understood. In this study, we aimed to explore whether and how Rg1 regulates the innate immune response in macrophages. The results showed that Rg1 treatment significantly increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α but decreased interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein expression in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. However, Rg1 reduced the mRNA levels of both cytokines in LPS-activated macrophages, which might be a consequence of decreased activation of IκB and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Importantly, Rg1 treatment further promoted LPS-induced activation of the Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is critical for controlling protein translation. The elevated Akt/mTOR signaling was likely responsible for increased production of TNF-α protein at the translational level, as suppression of this pathway by LY294002, an inhibitor of the upstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), abrogated such an enhancement of TNF-α protein expression even though its mRNA levels were conversely increased. These findings highlight a novel mechanism for Rg1 to regulate the innate immune response in macrophages through differentially modulating the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Dong-Yun Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Kun-Peng Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Szeto YT, Lee LKY. Rapid but mild genoprotective effect on lymphocytic DNA with Panax notoginseng extract supplementation. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2014; 3:155-8. [PMID: 26401366 PMCID: PMC4576809 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20140819030913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax notoginseng (PN) is a well-known Chinese medicinal herb traditionally used as a hemostatic agent that strengthens and builds blood. The free radicals scavenging and antioxidant property of PN have been demonstrated in various studies either in vitro or in animal models, however, the genoprotective effect at human cellular level remains to be elucidated. AIM The current supplementation study aimed to investigate the genoprotective effect of PN. The study explored the DNA protection effect after a single dose of 2500 mg commercial notoginseng extract in water. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six subjects, (3 males, 3 females) were recruited and each attended two trials. In the first trial, pre-ingestion and 2 hour-post-ingestion blood samples were collected and they were challenged with 50 µM H2O2. In the second trial, water was taken instead as control. Lymphocytes with or without challenge were then subjected to comet assay. DNA damage was assessed under fluorescent microscope. RESULTS Results showed a significant (P < 0.05) but mild decrease (3%) in the comet score after PN supplementation, indicating that PN supplementation reduces the H2O2-induced DNA damage in the lymphocytes and enhanced their resistance to oxidative damage giving a mild acute genoprotective effect against oxidant challenge. No change of comet score was observed in control trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yim Tong Szeto
- Department of Applied Science, Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Shatin), Hong Kong, China ; Macao Society for the Study of Women's Health, Macao, China
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Zhang XX, Ito Y, Liang JR, Liu JL, He J, Sun WJ. Therapeutic effects of total steroid saponin extracts from the rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright in Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:407-16. [PMID: 25066758 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of our present study is to explore the anti-arthritic potential effect of total steroid saponins (TSSNs) extracted from the rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright (DZW) and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. This work was performed using adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats in vivo and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) simulated 264.7 macrophage cells in vitro. In AIA-induced arthritic rats, TSSN significantly alleviated the arthritic progression through evaluating arthritic score, immune organ indexes, paw swelling, and body weight. This phenomenon was well correlated with significant suppression of the overproduction of inflammation cytokines (IL-1, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), oxidant stress makers (MDA and NO), eicosanoids (LTB4 and PGE2), and inflammatory enzymes (5-LOX and COX-2) versus the AIA rats without treatment. On the contrary, the release of SOD and IL-10 was profoundly increased. What's more, TSSN could obviously ameliorate the translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus through phosphorylation of the p65 and IκBα in vivo and in vitro. The current findings demonstrated that TSSN could protect the injured ankle joint from further deterioration and exert its satisfactory anti-arthritis properties through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects via inactivating the NF-κB signal pathway. This research implies that DZW may be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of human arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-xin Zhang
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yoichiro Ito
- Laboratory of Bioseparation Technologies, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jin-ru Liang
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-li Liu
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao He
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-ji Sun
- Biomedicine Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou Y, Li HQ, Lu L, Fu DL, Liu AJ, Li JH, Zheng GQ. Ginsenoside Rg1 provides neuroprotection against blood brain barrier disruption and neurological injury in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion through downregulation of aquaporin 4 expression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:998-1003. [PMID: 24462216 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 is regarded as one of main bioactive compounds responsible for pharmaceutical actions of ginseng with little toxicity and has been shown to have possibly neuroprotective effects. However, the mechanism of its neuroprotection for acute ischemic stroke is still elusive. The purpose of present study is thus to assess the neuroprotective effects of the ginsenoside Rg1 against blood brain barrier disruption and neurological injury in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, and then to explore the mechanisms for these neuroprotective effects by targeting aquaporin 4. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurological examinations were performed by using Longa's 5-point scale. Evans blue dye was used to investigate the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on blood brain barrier permeability. Immunohistochemical analysis and real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to assess aquaporin 4 expression. As a result, general linear model with repeated measures analysis of variance for neurological scores at 5 repeated measures showed that ginsenoside Rg1-treated group could significantly reduce the changing trend of neurological deficit scores when compared with the middle cerebral artery occlusion model group (p<0.05). Compared with the middle cerebral artery occlusion model group, ginsenoside Rg1 group has significantly decreased Evans blue content and reduced aquaporin 4 expression at each time point (p<0.05). In conclusion, ginsenoside Rg1 as a ginsenoside neuroprotective agent could improve neurological injury, attenuate blood brain barrier disruption and downregulate aquaporin 4 expression induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion insults in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- The Center of Neurology and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Hui-qin Li
- The Center of Neurology and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Lin Lu
- The Center of Neurology and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Deng-lei Fu
- The Center of Neurology and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ai-ju Liu
- The Center of Neurology and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ji-huang Li
- The Center of Neurology and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Guo-qing Zheng
- The Center of Neurology and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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Shin HS, Park SY, Hwang ES, Lee DG, Song HG, Mavlonov GT, Yi TH. The inductive effect of ginsenoside F2 on hair growth by altering the WNT signal pathway in telogen mouse skin. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 730:82-9. [PMID: 24613976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to confirm the possibility of using minor ginseng saponin F2 by oral administration on hair anagen induction effects. The signaling pathway and anagen induction effect of ginsenoside F2 were investigated and compared with finasteride on the effect of hair growth induction. The cell-based MTT assay results indicated that the proliferation rates of HHDPC and HaCaT treated with F2 significantly increased by 30% compared with the finasteride-treated group. A western blot study showed that the expression of β-catenin Lef-1 and DKK-1 increased by 140, 200% and decreased by 40% in the F2-treated group, respectively compared to that of finasteride-treated group. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to the same treatments. The hair growth promotion rates were compared with groups treated with finasteride, which was 20% higher in the F2-treated group. Tissue histological analysis results showed the number of hair follicles, thickness of the epidermis, and follicles of the anagen phase which increased in the F2-treated group, compared with the finasteride-treated groups. Moreover, the effect of F2 on hair growth was confirmed through the immunofluorescence (IF) methods indicating the expression aspect of Wnt signal pathway-related factors in the tissue of C57BL/6 mouse. Our results considered the expression increase in β-catenin, Lef-1 which was suggested as a major factor related to the development and growth of hair follicle and the decrease in DKK-1 when entering catagen by F2. As the data showed, F2 might be a potential new therapeutic source for anagen induction and hair growth through the Wnt signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon-Sub Shin
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-Dong, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Park
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-Dong, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Son Hwang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-Dong, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Don-Gil Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-Dong, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Geun Song
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-Dong, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Gafurjon T Mavlonov
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-Dong, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Materials & Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-Dong, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
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Ye R, Zhao G, Liu X. Ginsenoside Rd for acute ischemic stroke: translating from bench to bedside. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 13:603-13. [PMID: 23738998 DOI: 10.1586/ern.13.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have identified pathophysiological mechanisms of acute ischemic stroke and have provided proof-of-principle evidence that strategies designed to impede the ischemic cascade, namely neuroprotection, can protect the ischemic brain. However, the translation of these therapeutic agents to the clinic has not been successful. Ginsenoside Rd, a dammarane-type steroid glycoside extracted from ginseng plants, has exhibited an encouraging neuroprotective efficacy in both laboratory and clinical studies. This article attempts to provide a synopsis of the physiochemical profile, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, safety and putative therapeutic mechanisms of Rd. Finally, the authors discuss the validity of Rd as a neuroprotective agent for acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210002, China
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Identification and characterization of a Mucilaginibacter sp. strain QM49 β-glucosidase and its use in the production of the pharmaceutically active minor ginsenosides (S)-Rh1 and (S)-Rg2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:5788-98. [PMID: 23811513 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01150-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we isolated and characterized a new ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase (BglQM) from Mucilaginibacter sp. strain QM49 that shows biotransformation activity for various major ginsenosides. The gene responsible for this activity, bglQM, consists of 2,346 bp and is predicted to encode 781 amino acid residues. This enzyme has a molecular mass of 85.6 kDa. Sequence analysis of BglQM revealed that it could be classified into glycoside hydrolase family 3. The enzyme was overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using a maltose binding protein (MBP)-fused pMAL-c2x vector system containing the tobacco etch virus (TEV) proteolytic cleavage site. Overexpressed recombinant BglQM could efficiently transform the protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides Re and Rg1 into (S)-Rg2 and (S)-Rh1, respectively, by hydrolyzing one glucose moiety attached to the C-20 position at pH 8.0 and 30°C. The Km values for p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, Re, and Rg1 were 37.0 ± 0.4 μM and 3.22 ± 0.15 and 1.48 ± 0.09 mM, respectively, and the Vmax values were 33.4 ± 0.6 μmol min(-1) mg(-1) of protein and 19.2 ± 0.2 and 28.8 ± 0.27 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) of protein, respectively. A crude protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside mixture (PPTGM) was treated with BglQM, followed by silica column purification, to produce (S)-Rh1 and (S)-Rg2 at chromatographic purities of 98% ± 0.5% and 97% ± 1.2%, respectively. This is the first report of gram-scale production of (S)-Rh1 and (S)-Rg2 from PPTGM using a novel ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase of glycoside hydrolase family 3.
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50
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Wu WJ, Ahn BY. Effect of crude microbial enzyme pretreatment on the liberation of biological compounds and antioxidant activity of red ginseng extract. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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