1
|
Wang CZ, Zhang CF, Zhang QH, Yuan CS. Phytochemistry of Red Ginseng, a Steam-Processed Panax ginseng. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:35-55. [PMID: 38353635 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Asian ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products in the world. There are two major types of ginseng roots: white ginseng and red ginseng, each with numerous preparations. White ginseng is prepared by air-drying fresh Asian ginseng roots after harvest. Red ginseng is prepared by steaming roots in controlled conditions using fresh or raw Asian ginseng. Red ginseng is commonly used in Asian countries due to its unique chemical profile, different therapeutic efficacy, and increased stability. Compared with the widespread research on white ginseng, the study of red ginseng is relatively limited. In this paper, after a botanical feature description, the structures of different types of constituents in red ginseng are systematically described, including naturally occurring compounds and those resulting from the steam processing. In red ginseng phytochemical studies, the number of published reports on ginsenosides is significantly higher than that for other constituents. Up to now, 57 ginsenosides have been isolated and characterized in red ginseng. The structural transformation pathways during steaming have been summarized. In comparison with white ginseng, red ginseng also contains other constituents, including polyacetylenes, Maillard reaction products, other types of glycosides, lignans, amino acids, fatty acids, and polysaccharides, which have also been presented. Appropriate analytical methods are necessary for differentiating between unprocessed white ginseng and processed red ginseng. Specific marker compounds and chemical profiles have been used to discriminate red ginseng from white ginseng and adulterated commercial products. Additionally, a brief phytochemical profile comparison has been made between white ginseng and black ginseng, and the latter is another type of processed ginseng prepared from white or red ginseng by steaming several times. In conclusion, to ensure the safe and effective use of red ginseng, phytochemical and analytical studies of its constituents are necessary and even crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chun-Feng Zhang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Hui Zhang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 4028, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gülcan HO, Orhan IE. General Perspectives for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999201016154400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Atherosclerosis, a cardiovascular disease, is at the top of the list among the diseases leading
to death. Although the biochemical and pathophysiological cascades involved within the development
of atherosclerosis have been identified clearly, its nature is quite complex to be treated with
a single agent targeting a pathway. Therefore, many natural and synthetic compounds have been
suggested for the treatment of the disease. The majority of the drugs employed target one of the
single components of the pathological outcomes, resulting in many times less effective and longterm
treatments. In most cases, treatment options prevent further worsening of the symptoms rather
than a radical treatment. Consequently, the current review has been prepared to focus on the validated
and non-validated targets of atherosclerosis as well as the alternative treatment options such
as hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, acyl-CoA cholesterol
acyl transferase (ACAT) inhibitors, lipoprotein lipase stimulants, bile acid sequestrants, and some
antioxidants. Related to the topic, both synthetic compounds designed employing medicinal chemistry
skills and natural molecules becoming more popular in drug development are scrutinized in this
mini review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Ozan Gülcan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TR. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10,Turkey
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara- 06300,Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Luo W, Gao L, Wang YL, Zhao B, Lv C, Lu J. New and known phenylpropanoid glycosides from mountain cultivated ginseng. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:3992-3998. [PMID: 32349548 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1753051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two new phenylpropanoid glycosides elucidated as 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl-4-propylene-1-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1) and 2-methoxyphenyl-4-propylene-1-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), along with three known phenylpropanoid glycosides (3-5) were isolated from Mountain Cultivated Ginseng. The structures of compounds 1-5 were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data including 1D, 2D NMR spectra, and MS. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity of all the isolated compounds was evaluated against HELA cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying-Ling Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chongning Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jincai Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Resetar M, Liu X, Herdlinger S, Kunert O, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Latkolik S, Steinacher T, Schuster D, Bauer R, Dirsch VM. Polyacetylenes from Oplopanax horridus and Panax ginseng: Relationship between Structure and PPARγ Activation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:918-926. [PMID: 32129622 PMCID: PMC7187397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Oplopanax horridus and Panax ginseng are members of the plant family Araliaceae, which is rich in structurally diverse polyacetylenes. In this work, we isolated and determined structures of 23 aliphatic C17 and C18 polyacetylenes, of which five are new compounds. Polyacetylenes have a suitable scaffold for binding to PPARγ, a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in metabolic regulation. Using a reporter gene assay, their potential was investigated to activate PPARγ. The majority of the polyacetylenes showed at least some PPARγ activity, among which oplopantriol B 18-acetate (1) and oplopantriol B (2) were the most potent partial PPARγ activators. By employing in silico molecular docking and comparing the activities of structural analogues, features are described that are involved in PPARγ activation, as well as in cytotoxicity. It was found that the type of C-1 to C-2 bond, the polarity of the terminal alkyl chain, and the backbone flexibility can impact bioactivity of polyacetylenes, while diol structures with a C-1 to C-2 double bond showed enhanced cytotoxicity. Since PPARγ activators have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, the present results may help explain some of the beneficial effects observed in the traditional use of O. horridus extracts. Additionally, they might guide the polyacetylene-based design of future PPARγ partial agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirta Resetar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sonja Herdlinger
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olaf Kunert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Pferschy-Wenzig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Latkolik
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Steinacher
- Institute
of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 4/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee JH, Ko MJ, Chung MS. Subcritical water extraction of bioactive components from red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
6
|
Yeo CR, Yong JJ, Popovich DG. Isolation and characterization of bioactive polyacetylenes Panax ginseng Meyer roots. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:148-155. [PMID: 28282601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng has been studied for its chemo-preventive properties and pharmaceutical potential. Polyacetylenic compounds isolated from Panax ginseng root typically comprised of non-polar C17 compound have been reported to exhibit bioactive properties. The objective of this project is to extract, isolate, and characterize bioactive polyacetylenes from Panax ginseng root using various extraction and separation methods Ginseng was extracted by reflux using methanol, ethanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanolic ultrasonication. The extracts were partitioned with hexane to obtain water-soluble portion and hexane-soluble portion. Hexane was subsequently removed under vacuum, and formed a crude polyacetylenes extract (crude PA). Silica gel chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC were utilized to prepare 5 fractions and the polyacetylenes were measure by HPLC and molecular weights confirm my APCI-MS and MNR. The bioactive effect was measured by MTT viability assay using murine 3T3-L1 cells. Extraction with methanol under reflux produced significantly larger amount of polyacetylenes (p<0.05). Liquid-liquid extraction and column chromatography were used to separate polyacetylenic compounds into five different fractions. Major polyacetylenes, panaxynol and panaxydol were found in fraction 1 and 2 respectively. Dose-response relationships were observed in 3T3-L1 cells and LC50 were 13.52±3.05μg/mL (fraction 1), 3.69±1.09μg/mL (fraction 2), 52.88±11.16μg/mL (fraction 3), 85.91±27.37μg/mL (fraction 4) and 135.52±32.91μg/mL (fraction 5). Fraction 2 containing panaxydol was found to have exhibited the greatest anti-proliferative effects on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Extraction with methanol under reflux produced significantly more polyacetylenes. Fractions that contain panaxydol was the most cytotoxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Rou Yeo
- National University Hospital, Singapore; National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin-Jie Yong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David G Popovich
- Private Bag 11222, Massey Institute of Food Science and Technology, School of Food and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fermentation of protopanaxadiol type ginsenosides (PD) with probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5427-5437. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
8
|
Negri R. Polyacetylenes from terrestrial plants and fungi: Recent phytochemical and biological advances. Fitoterapia 2015; 106:92-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
9
|
Chung IM, Kim YO, Ali M, Kim SH, Park I, Kim EH, Yang YS, Park HR, Son ES, Ahmad A. Triterpene glycosides from red ginseng marc and their anti-inflammatory activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4203-8. [PMID: 25106885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Three new triterpene glycosides ursan-3β,19α,22β-triol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (2'→1″)-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), ursan-3α,11β-diol-3-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(6'→1″)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(6″→1‴)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-(6‴→1‴')-α-D-glucopyranoside (2) and lanost-5,24-dien-3β-ol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(6'→1″)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(6″→1‴)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), together with one known compound were isolated and identified from the marc of red ginseng. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis. Compounds (1-3) were investigated for anti-inflammatory effects using the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. In the cell proliferation assay, lipopolysaccharide stimulation decreased cell proliferation of RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, but the suppression of cell proliferation was significantly protected by treatment with compounds 2 and 3. Compounds 2 and 3 had a suppressive effect on the production of nitric oxide (NO), and they inhibited mRNA expression of proinflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, and proinflammatory cytokines such as two interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-α. These findings suggest that compounds 2 and 3 have potential anti-inflammatory activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Young-Ock Kim
- Department of Medicinal Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, South Korea
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Inmyoung Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Ye-Sul Yang
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Park
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Eun-Suk Son
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, South Korea
| | - Ateeque Ahmad
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Two new compounds stigmasta-3α-ol-3α-(2′R,3′S)-butane-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetraolyl-2′,3′-dioctadec-9″/9‴-enoyl-4′-octadec-9″″,12″″-dienoate (1) and stigmasta-5-en-3β-ol-3β-(2′R,3′S)-butane-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetraolyl-2′,3′-dioctadec-9″/9‴-enoyl-4′-octadec-9″″,12″″-dienoate (2) along withβ-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside were isolated and identified from the heat processed roots ofPanax ginseng. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) spectroscopic techniques aided by FAB-MS, ESI FT/MS, and IR spectra.
Collapse
|
11
|
Herrmann F, Sporer F, Tahrani A, Wink M. Antitrypanosomal properties of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer: new possibilities for a remarkable traditional drug. Phytother Res 2012; 27:86-98. [PMID: 22473703 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is still a major health problem in many sub-Saharan countries in Africa. We investigated the effects of three preparations of Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, isolated ginsenosides, and the polyacetylene panaxynol on Trypanosoma brucei brucei and the human cancer cell line HeLa. Hexane extracts and the pure panaxynol were toxic and at the same time highly selective against T. b. brucei, whereas methanol extracts and 12 isolated ginsenosides were significantly less toxic and showed only weak selectivity. Panaxynol was cytotoxic against T. b. brucei at the concentration of 0.01 µg/mL with a selectivity index of 858, superior even to established antitrypanosomal drugs. We suggest that the inhibition of trypanothione reductase, which is only found in trypanosomes, might explain the observed selectivity. The high selectivity together with a cytotoxic concentration in the range of the bioavailability makes panaxynol and other polyacetylenes in general very promising lead compounds for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Herrmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Isoform-specific inhibitors of ACATs: recent advances and promising developments. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:2039-61. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Although a number of synthetic ACAT inhibitors have been developed, they have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. Now, the presence of two ACAT isoforms with distinct functions, ACAT1 and ACAT2, has been discovered. Thus, the selectivity of ACAT inhibitors toward the two isoforms is important for their development as novel anti-atherosclerotic agents. The selectivity study indicated that fungal pyripyropene A (PPPA) is only an ACAT2-specific inhibitor. Furthermore, PPPA proved orally active in atherogenic mouse models, indicating it possessed cholesterol-lowering and atheroprotective activities. Certain PPPA derivatives, semi-synthetically prepared, possessed more potent and selective in vitro activity than PPPA against ACAT2. This review covers these studies and describes the future prospects of ACAT2-specific inhibitors.
Collapse
|
13
|
Choi JH, Rho MC, Lee SW, Choi JN, Kim K, Song GY, Kim YK. Bavachin and isobavachalcone, acyl-coenzyme A: Cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors from Psoralea corylifolia. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:1419-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-2126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Morandi S, Pellati F, Ori C, Adinolfi B, Nieri P, Benvenuti S, Prati F. Isolation, structure elucidation and total synthesis of a cytotoxic dienone from Echinacea pallida. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4333-9. [PMID: 19005592 DOI: 10.1039/b812700j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Morandi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 183, 41100, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pellati F, Calò S, Benvenuti S. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of polyacetylenes and polyenes in Echinacea pallida by using a monolithic reversed-phase silica column. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1149:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
16
|
Choi JH, Rho MC, Lee SW, Kwon OE, Park HR, Kang JY, Lee SH, Lee HS, Bae KH, Kim YK. Glabrol, an acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor from licorice roots. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 110:563-6. [PMID: 17123760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) esterifies free cholesterol in the liver and the intestine. It has relations with production of lipoproteins and accumulation of cholesteryl esters of the atheroma. Therefore, ACAT inhibitors may act as antihypercholesterolemic and antiatherosclerotic agents. One isoprenyl flavonoid was isolated from ethanol extract of licorice roots. On the basis of spectral evidences, the compound was identified as glabrol (1). Compound 1 inhibited rat liver microsomal ACAT activity with an IC(50) value of 24.6 microM and decreased cholesteryl ester formation with an IC(50) value of 26.0 microM in HepG2 cells. In addition, 1 showed a non-competitive type of inhibition against ACAT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ho Choi
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Eoun-dong, Yusong-gu, Daejeon 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pellati F, Calò S, Benvenuti S, Adinolfi B, Nieri P, Melegari M. Isolation and structure elucidation of cytotoxic polyacetylenes and polyenes from Echinacea pallida. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2006; 67:1359-64. [PMID: 16806329 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of n-hexane extracts of Echinacea pallida (Asteraceae) roots led to the isolation and structure elucidation of two polyacetylenes (1, 3) and three polyenes (2, 4, 5). Two are known hydroxylated compounds, namely 8-hydroxy-pentadeca-(9E)-ene-11,13-diyn-2-one (1) and 8-hydroxy-pentadeca-(9E,13Z)-dien-11-yn-2-one (2). Two dicarbonylic constituents, namely pentadeca-(9E)-ene-11,13-diyne-2,8-dione (3) and pentadeca-(9E,13Z)-dien-11-yne-2,8-dione (4), were isolated and characterized for the first time. Furthermore, the structure elucidation of pentadeca-(8Z,13Z)-dien-11-yn-2-one (5) is described. The structure of the compounds isolated was determined on the basis of UV, IR, NMR (including 1D and 2D NMR experiments, such as 1H-1H gCOSY, gHSQC-DEPT, gHMBC, gNOESY) and MS spectroscopic data. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated constituents against MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells was evaluated in the concentration range 1-100 microg/ml. Results show that the hydroxylated compounds (1, 2) have low cytotoxicity, while the more hydrophobic polyacetylenes (3) and polyenes (4, 5) displayed moderate activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pellati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|