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Wang J, Liao N, Liu G, Li Y, Xu F, Shi J. Diversity and regioselectivity of O-methyltransferases catalyzing the formation of O-methylated flavonoids. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:1203-1225. [PMID: 38035668 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2280755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids and their methylated derivatives have immense market potential in the food and biomedical industries due to their multiple beneficial effects, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The biological synthesis of flavonoids and their derivatives is often accomplished via the use of genetically modified microorganisms to ensure large-scale production. Therefore, it is pivotal to understand the properties of O-methyltransferases (OMTs) that mediate the methylation of flavonoids. However, the properties of these OMTs are governed by their: sources, substrate specificity, amino acid residues in the active sites, and the intricate mechanism. In order to obtain a clue for the selection of suitable OMTs for the biosynthesis of a target methylated flavonoid, we made a comprehensive review of the currently reported results, with a particular focus on their comparative regioselectivity for different flavonoid substrates. Additionally, the possible mechanisms for the diversity of this class of enzymes were explored using molecular simulation technology. Finally, major gaps in our understanding and areas for future studies were discussed. The findings of this study may be useful in selecting genes that encode OMTs and designing enzyme-based processes for synthesizing O-methylated flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Liao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanwen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Feng J, Ge C, Li W, Li R. 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, a microbial metabolite of quercetin, inhibits monocyte binding to endothelial cells via modulating E-selectin expression. Fitoterapia 2021; 156:105071. [PMID: 34743931 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.105071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells is an important initiating step in atherogenesis. One of the most abundant flavonoids in the diet, quercetin has been reported to inhibit monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. However, it is poorly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract during oral intake but rather is metabolized by the intestinal microbiota into various phenolic acids. Since the biological properties of the microbial metabolites of quercetin remain largely unknown, herein, we investigated how the microbial metabolite of quercetin, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (3HPPA) impact monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Direct treatment with 3HPPA for 24 h was not cytotoxic to human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Cotreatment with 3HPPA inhibited tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to HAECs, and suppressed the upregulation of cell adhesion molecule E-selectin but not intercellular adhesion molecule 1 or vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. Furthermore, 3HPPA was found to inhibit TNFα-induced nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). We conclude that 3HPPA mitigates the adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells by suppressing the expression of the cell adhesion molecule E-selectin in HAECs via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, providing additional evidence for the health benefits of dietary flavonoids and their microbial metabolites as therapeutic agents in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Feng
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Ge
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixi Li
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongsong Li
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Jiang Y, Sun-Waterhouse D, Chen Y, Li F, Li D. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the benefits of flavonoids in cardiovascular health and diseases: are long non-coding RNAs rising stars? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:3855-3872. [PMID: 33427492 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1870926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) rank as the first leading cause of death globally. High dietary polyphenol (especially flavonoids) intake has strongly been associated with low incidence of the primary outcome, overall mortality, blood pressure, inflammatory biomarkers, onset of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and obesity. Phytogenic flavonoids affect the physiological and pathological processes of CVDs by modulating various biochemical signaling pathways. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have attracted increasing attention as fundamental regulator of gene expression involved in CVDs. Among the different ncRNA subgroups, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) have recently emerged as regulatory eukaryotic transcripts and therapeutic targets with important and diverse functions in health and diseases. lncRNAs may be associated with the initiation, development and progression of CVDs by modulating acute and chronic inflammation, adipogenesis and lipid metabolism, and cellular physiology. This review summarizes this research on the modulatory effects of lncRNAs and their roles in mediating cellular processes. The mechanisms of action of flavonoids underlying their therapeutic effects on CVDs are also discussed. Based on our review, flavonoids might facilitate a significant epigenetic modification as part (if not full) of their tissue-/cell-related biological effects. This finding may be attributed to their interaction with cellular signaling pathways involved in chronic diseases. Certain lncRNAs might be the target of specific flavonoids, and some critical signaling processes involved in the intervention of CVDs might mediate the therapeutic roles of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, PR China
| | | | - Yilun Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, PR China
| | - Feng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, PR China
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, PR China
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Kim MJ, Jung SK. Nutraceuticals for prevention of atherosclerosis: Targeting monocyte infiltration to the vascular endothelium. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13200. [PMID: 32189369 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death, globally, and is a serious problem in developing countries. Preventing atherosclerosis is key to reducing the risk of developing CVD. Similar to carcinogenesis, atherogenesis can be divided into four stages: initiation, promotion, progression, and acute events. The current study focuses on the promotion stage, which is characterized by circular monocyte penetration into vascular endothelial cells, monocyte differentiation into macrophages, and the formation of foam cells. This early stage of atherogenesis is a major target for nutraceuticals. We discuss nutraceuticals that can potentially inhibit monocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium, thereby preventing the promotional stage of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms through which these nutraceuticals prevent monocyte adhesion are classified according to the following targets: NF-κB, ROS, MAPKs, and AP-1. Additionally, we discuss promising targets for nutraceuticals that can regulate monocyte adhesion to the endothelium. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Introduction of atherogenesis with initiation, promotion, progression, and acute events provide specific information and factors for each step in the development of atherosclerosis. Functional food or pharmaceutical researchers can set target stages and use them to develop materials that control atherosclerosis. In particular, because it focuses on vascular inflammation via interaction between monocytes and vascular endothelial cells, it provides specific information to researchers developing functional foods that regulate this process. Therefore, this manuscript, unlike previous papers, will provide material information and potential mechanisms of action to researchers who want to develop functional foods that control vascular inflammation rather than vascular lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Kim
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Keun Jung
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Jin Z, Yang YZ, Chen JX, Tang YZ. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells by 7-hydroxyflavone and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:865-874. [PMID: 28295316 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Flavonoids are a class of compounds that having the benzo-γ-pyrone skeleton, which possess anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibition of two flavonoids 7-hydroxyflavone (HF) and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF) on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells activated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). METHODS For this purpose, we selected four pro-inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as markers to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of HF and DHF. KEY FINDINGS In this regard, we showed that HF and DHF dose-dependently reduced the production of NO, PGE2 , TNF-α and IL-6 through downregulating mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), TNF-α and IL-6, respectively. Moreover, DHF generally possesses more efficient than HF in reducing these markers secretion in this study. CONCLUSIONS Consider together, these findings suggest that DHF and HF can inhibit LPS-induced inflammation via attenuating the production of NO, PGE2 , TNF-α and IL-6, indicating that they may be lead compounds for developing anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao-Zhi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Xin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Shin YM, Shin HJ, Heo Y, Jun I, Chung YW, Kim K, Lim YM, Jeon H, Shin H. Engineering an aligned endothelial monolayer on a topologically modified nanofibrous platform with a micropatterned structure produced by femtosecond laser ablation. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:318-328. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser ablated nanofibers with micropattern regulated adhesion and orientation of HUVEC and also contributed to generate an aligned endothelial monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Min Shin
- Department of Bioengineering
- Hanyang University
- Seongdong-gu
- Republic of Korea
- Institute of Cell & Tissue Engineering
| | - Hyeok Jun Shin
- Department of Bioengineering
- Hanyang University
- Seongdong-gu
- Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team
| | - Yunhoe Heo
- Department of Bioengineering
- Hanyang University
- Seongdong-gu
- Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team
| | - Indong Jun
- Center for Biomaterials
- Biomedical Research Institute
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Chung
- Center for Biomaterials
- Biomedical Research Institute
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoo Kim
- Department of Bioengineering
- Hanyang University
- Seongdong-gu
- Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team
| | - Youn Mook Lim
- Research Division for Industry and Environment
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute
- Jeongeup
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hojeong Jeon
- Center for Biomaterials
- Biomedical Research Institute
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Heungsoo Shin
- Department of Bioengineering
- Hanyang University
- Seongdong-gu
- Republic of Korea
- BK21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team
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Warner EF, Zhang Q, Raheem KS, O'Hagan D, O'Connell MA, Kay CD. Common Phenolic Metabolites of Flavonoids, but Not Their Unmetabolized Precursors, Reduce the Secretion of Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecules by Human Endothelial Cells. J Nutr 2016; 146:465-73. [PMID: 26843586 PMCID: PMC4763483 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.217943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids have been implicated in the prevention of cardiovascular disease; however, their mechanisms of action have yet to be elucidated, possibly because most previous in vitro studies have used supraphysiological concentrations of unmetabolized flavonoids, overlooking their more bioavailable phenolic metabolites. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the effects of phenolic metabolites and their precursor flavonoids at physiologically achievable concentrations, in isolation and combination, on soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1). METHOD Fourteen phenolic acid metabolites and 6 flavonoids were screened at 1 μM for their relative effects on sVCAM-1 secretion by human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The active metabolites were further studied for their response at different concentrations (0.01 μM-100 μM), structure-activity relationships, and effect on vascular cellular adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 mRNA expression. In addition, the additive activity of the metabolites and flavonoids was investigated by screening 25 unique mixtures at cumulative equimolar concentrations of 1 μM. RESULTS Of the 20 compounds screened at 1 μM, inhibition of sVCAM-1 secretion was elicited by 4 phenolic metabolites, of which protocatechuic acid (PCA) was the most active (-17.2%, P = 0.05). Investigations into their responses at different concentrations showed that PCA significantly reduced sVCAM-1 15.2-36.5% between 1 and 100 μM, protocatechuic acid-3-sulfate and isovanillic acid reduced sVCAM-1 levels 12.2-54.7% between 10 and 100 μM, and protocatechuic acid-4-sulfate and isovanillic acid-3-glucuronide reduced sVCAM-1 secretion 27.6% and 42.8%, respectively, only at 100 μM. PCA demonstrated the strongest protein response and was therefore explored for its effect on VCAM-1 mRNA, where 78.4% inhibition was observed only after treatment with 100 μM PCA. Mixtures of the metabolites showed no activity toward sVCAM-1, suggesting no additive activity at 1 μM. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that metabolism of flavonoids increases their vascular efficacy, resulting in a diversity of structures of varying bioactivity in human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingzhi Zhang
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom; and
| | - K Saki Raheem
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom; and Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, United Kingdom; and
| | - Maria A O'Connell
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Colin D Kay
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, and
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Maggi N, Arrigo P, Ruggiero C. Comparative Analysis of Rac1 Binding Efficiency With Different Classes of Ligands: Morpholines, Flavonoids and Imidazoles. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2012; 11:181-7. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2012.2198490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Hidalgo M, Martin-Santamaria S, Recio I, Sanchez-Moreno C, de Pascual-Teresa B, Rimbach G, de Pascual-Teresa S. Potential anti-inflammatory, anti-adhesive, anti/estrogenic, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activities of anthocyanins and their gut metabolites. GENES & NUTRITION 2012; 7:295-306. [PMID: 22218934 PMCID: PMC3316741 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated a positive association between the intake of foods rich in anthocyanins and the protection against cardiovascular diseases. Some authors have shown that anthocyanins are degraded by the gut microflora giving rise to the formation of other breakdown metabolites, which could also contribute to anthocyanin health effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of anthocyanins and their breakdown metabolites, protocatechuic, syringic, gallic, and vanillic acids, on different parameters involved in atherosclerosis, including inflammation, cell adhesion, chemotaxis, endothelial function, estrogenic/anti-estrogenic activity, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. From the assayed metabolites, only protocatechuic acid exhibited a slight inhibitory effect on NO production and TNF-α secretion in LPS-INF-γ-induced macrophages. Gallic acid caused a decrease in the secretion of MCP-1, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in endothelial cells. All anthocyanins showed an ACE-inhibitory activity. Delphinidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside, and gallic acid showed affinity for ERβ and pelargonidin and peonidin-3-glucosides for ERα. The current data suggest that anthocyanins and their breakdown metabolites may partly provide a protective effect against atherosclerosis that is multi-causal and involves different biochemical pathways. However, the concentrations of anthocyanins and their metabolites, as used in the present cell culture and in vitro assays mediating anti-inflammatory, anti-adhesive, anti-estrogenic, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activities, were often manifold higher than those physiologically achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hidalgo
- Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ciudad Universitaria, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martin-Santamaria
- Department of Chemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidra Recio
- Instituto de Investigacion en Ciencias de la Alimentacion (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Campus de la Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Nicolas Cabrera, 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepcion Sanchez-Moreno
- Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ciudad Universitaria, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Chemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo CEU, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ciudad Universitaria, José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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González R, Ballester I, López-Posadas R, Suárez MD, Zarzuelo A, Martínez-Augustin O, Sánchez de Medina F. Effects of flavonoids and other polyphenols on inflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:331-62. [PMID: 21432698 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903584094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a family of polyphenolic compounds which are widespread in nature (vegetables) and are consumed as part of the human diet in significant amounts. There are other types of polyphenols, including, for example, tannins and resveratrol. Flavonoids and related polyphenolic compounds have significant antiinflammatory activity, among others. This short review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of flavonoids and related polyphenolic compounds on inflammation, with a focus on structural requirements, the mechanisms involved, and pharmacokinetic considerations. Different molecular (cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase) and cellular targets (macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, endothelium) have been identified. In addition, many flavonoids display significant antioxidant/radical scavenging properties. There is substantial structural variation in these compounds, which is bound to have an impact on their biological profile, and specifically on their effects on inflammatory conditions. However, in general terms there is substantial consistency in the effects of these compounds despite considerable structural variations. The mechanisms have been studied mainly in myeloid cells, where the predominant effect is an inhibition of NF-κB signaling and the downregulation of the expression of proinflammatory markers. At present there is a gap in knowledge of in vitro and in vivo effects, although the pharmacokinetics of flavonoids has advanced considerably in the last decade. Many flavonoids have been studied for their intestinal antiinflammatory activity which is only logical, since the gastrointestinal tract is naturally exposed to them. However, their potential therapeutic application in inflammation is not restricted to this organ and extends to other sites and conditions, including arthritis, asthma, encephalomyelitis, and atherosclerosis, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- R González
- Department of Pharmacology, CIBERehd, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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11
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Beg S, Swain S, Hasan H, Barkat MA, Hussain MS. Systematic review of herbals as potential anti-inflammatory agents: Recent advances, current clinical status and future perspectives. Pharmacogn Rev 2011; 5:120-37. [PMID: 22279370 PMCID: PMC3263046 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.91102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many synthetic drugs reported to be used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders are of least interest now a days due to their potential side effects and serious adverse effects and as they are found to be highly unsafe for human assistance. Since the last few decades, herbal drugs have regained their popularity in treatment against several human ailments. Herbals containing anti-inflammatory activity (AIA) are topics of immense interest due to the absence of several problems in them, which are associated with synthetic preparations. The primary objective of this review is to provide a deep overview of the recently explored anti-inflammatory agents belonging to various classes of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, polyphenolic compounds, and also the compounds isolated from plants of marine origin, algae and fungi. Also, it enlists a distended view on potential interactions between herbals and synthetic preparations, related adverse effects and clinical trials done on herbals for exploring their AIA. The basic aim of this review is to give updated knowledge regarding plants which will be valuable for the scientists working in the field of anti-inflammatory natural chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Beg
- Department of Pharamaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Suryakanta Swain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khodasingi, Berhampur, Orissa, India
| | - Hameed Hasan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - M Abul Barkat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Sarfaraz Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Khursi Road, Lucknow, India
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Kamianowska M, Szczepański M, Skrzydlewska E. Effects of erythropoietin on ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 expressions on human umbilical vein endothelial cells subjected to oxidative stress. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 29:437-41. [PMID: 21638298 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of erythropoietin (Epo) is based on its ability to reduce oxidation and to stabilize the cells. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of Epo on malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (CD54) and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) (CD31) levels on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated by tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). HUVECs were incubated with Epo (10-40 IU ml⁻¹) or TNF-α (10-40 ng ml⁻¹) alone or preincubated with Epo (20 IU ml⁻¹) and subsequently stimulated with TNF-α (10-40 ng ml⁻¹). MDA concentrations were measured using the high-performance liquid chromatography, whereas ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 expressions were evaluated by flow cytometry. Incubation with Epo resulted in a decrease in MDA and the increased expressions of ICAM-1 and PECAM-1. Exposure to TNF-α reflected an increase in MDA, ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 levels. These changes were inhibited by preincubation with Epo. The cytoprotective activity proven in this study points to new applications and therapeutic possibilities for Epo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kamianowska
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Winterbone MS, Tribolo S, Needs PW, Kroon PA, Hughes DA. Physiologically relevant metabolites of quercetin have no effect on adhesion molecule or chemokine expression in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2009; 202:431-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Tribolo S, Lodi F, Connor C, Suri S, Wilson VG, Taylor MA, Needs PW, Kroon PA, Hughes DA. Comparative effects of quercetin and its predominant human metabolites on adhesion molecule expression in activated human vascular endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2008; 197:50-6. [PMID: 17880982 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of circulating monocytes to vascular endothelial cells, a critical step in both inflammation and atherosclerosis, is mediated by cross-linkage of adhesion molecules expressed on the surface of both cell types. Dietary flavonoids have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, decreasing the expression of cell adhesion molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells. However, flavonoids are efficiently metabolised during absorption and the forms reaching the systemic circulation are glucuronidated, sulphated and methylated. Most previous in vitro studies of the effects of flavonoids have used the parent compounds at concentrations far higher than those physiologically achievable. We investigated the ability of quercetin and its human metabolites, at physiological concentrations (2 micromol/L and 10 micromol/L), to attenuate the inflammation-induced upregulated expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1 and of the chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), at the protein and transcript levels. Quercetin treatment reduced the inflammation-induced over-expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 (protein and transcript) in HUVECs. Quercetin also inhibited MCP-1 gene expression. However, quercetin 3'-sulfate, quercetin 3-glucuronide and 3'-methylquercetin 3-glucuronide (isorhamnetin 3-glucuronide) generally exhibited either a reduced ability to inhibit the expression of these molecules compared with the parent aglycone or had no effect. However, all three metabolites inhibited VCAM-1 cell surface expression at 2 micromol/L. These results indicate that both quercetin and its metabolites, at physiological concentrations, can inhibit the expression of key molecules involved in monocyte recruitment during the early stages of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tribolo
- Phytochemicals and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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Lotito SB, Frei B. Dietary flavonoids attenuate tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in human aortic endothelial cells. Structure-function relationships and activity after first pass metabolism. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:37102-10. [PMID: 16987811 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606804200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids have been suggested to exert human health benefits by anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. In this study, we investigated whether and by what mechanisms dietary flavonoids inhibit expression of cellular adhesion molecules, which is relevant to inflammation and atherosclerosis. We found that the capacity of flavonoids to inhibit tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced adhesion molecule expression in human aortic endothelial cells was dependent on specific structural features of the flavonoids. The 5,7-dihydroxyl substitution of a flavonoid A-ring and 2,3-double bond and 4-keto group of the C-ring were the main structural requirements for inhibition of adhesion molecule expression. In striking contrast, hydroxyl substitutions of the B- and C-rings but not the A-ring were essential for antioxidant activity. Hence, only hydroxyl flavones, such as apigenin and chrysin, and flavonols, such as galangin, kaempferol, and quercetin, were able to inhibit endothelial adhesion molecule expression, whereas flavone, chromone, the flavanone, naringenin, and the flavanol, (-)-epicatechin, were ineffectual. At low concentrations, the active flavonoids significantly attenuated expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 but not vascular cell adhesion molecule 1. In addition, exposure of apigenin and kaempferol to cultured hepatocytes, mimicking first pass metabolism, greatly diminished the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression. We conclude that the effect of dietary flavonoids on endothelial adhesion molecule expression depends on their molecular structure, concentration, and metabolic transformation but not their antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina B Lotito
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Mills PJ, Hong S, Redwine L, Carter SM, Chiu A, Ziegler MG, Dimsdale JE, Maisel AS. Physical fitness attenuates leukocyte-endothelial adhesion in response to acute exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:785-8. [PMID: 16728524 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00135.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that physical fitness promotes cardiovascular health, including improved endothelial function and possibly reduced inflammatory responses to stressors. This study examined the effects of fitness on leukocyte-endothelial adhesion in response to an acute exercise challenge. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) adhesion to human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVEC) was examined in 18 more-fit and 19 less-fit individuals [mean age 39 yr (SD 11)] before and after a 20-min treadmill exercise at 65-70% peak oxygen consumption. PBMC were isolated from whole blood (Ficoll-Paque) at rest and immediately after exercise. HUVEC were incubated for 4 h in the presence of cytokines IL-1 and IL-8 to activate endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Fit subjects showed a significant reduction in PBMC-HUVEC adhesion after exercise (P < 0.01) compared with less-fit subjects, who showed no significant change. Regardless of fitness levels, both at rest and in response to exercise, soluble ICAM-1 in the incubation media attenuated PBMC-HUVEC adhesion by approximately 81% (P < 0.001). The findings indicate that immune cells that demarginate in response to exercise have reduced ability to adhere in individuals who are physically fit, an effect apparently independent of ICAM-1 binding. The findings provide evidence of how physical fitness might protect individuals from inflammatory responses to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Mills
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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