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Hu JJ, Zhao GP, Tuo YL, Dai D, Guo DZ, Rao G, Qi ZX, Zhang ZH, Li Y, Zhang B. Morphology and molecular study of three new Cordycipitoid fungi and its related species collected from Jilin Province, northeast China. MycoKeys 2021; 83:161-180. [PMID: 34703360 PMCID: PMC8490341 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.83.72325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps species are notable medicinal fungi in China, which are pathogenic on insects and exhibit high biodiversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently, three new Cordyceps species, Cordycepschangchunensis and Cordycepsjingyuetanensis growing on pupae of Lepidoptera and Cordycepschangbaiensis growing on larvae of Lepidoptera, were found in Jilin Province, China and are described, based on morphological and ecological characteristics. These three new species are similar to the Cordycepsmilitaris group, but are distinctly distinguishable from the known species. Cordycepschangchunensis, characterised by its small and light yellow to orange stromata which is occasionally forked, covered with white mycelium at the base of stipe, globose to ovoid perithecia, is macroscopically similar to Cordycepsmilitaris. Cordycepschangbaiensis is clearly discriminated from other Cordyceps species by its white to orange and branched stromata, clavate to cylindrical fertile apical portion, immersed and globose to ovoid perithecia. Moreover, unbranched, clavate and orange to light red stromata, almond-shaped to ovoid and immersed perithecia separate Cordycepsjingyuetanensis from other Cordyceps species. nrITS, nrLSU and EF-1α sequences were undertaken and phylogenetic trees, based on Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analysis showed that the three new species clustered with Cordycepsmilitaris, but formed individual clades, as well as confirmed the results of our morphological study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jun Hu
- School of Life Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun City, 130024, Jilin Province, China Jilin Agricultural University Changchun China.,Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, 130118, Jilin Province, China Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Gui-Ping Zhao
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, 130118, Jilin Province, China Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Yong-Lan Tuo
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, 130118, Jilin Province, China Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Dan Dai
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, 130118, Jilin Province, China Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Di-Zhe Guo
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, 130118, Jilin Province, China Northeast Normal University Changchun China.,Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinghuangdao City, 066004, Hebei Province, China Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology Qinghuangdao China
| | - Gu Rao
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, 130118, Jilin Province, China Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Zheng-Xiang Qi
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, 130118, Jilin Province, China Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Zhen-Hao Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, 130118, Jilin Province, China Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, 130118, Jilin Province, China Northeast Normal University Changchun China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun City, 130118, Jilin Province, China Northeast Normal University Changchun China
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Xu MS, Fu Q, Baxter A. The components and amylase activity of Massa Medicata Fermentata during the process of fermentation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Guo LX, Zhang GW, Li QQ, Xu XM, Wang JH. Novel Arsenic Markers for Discriminating Wild and Cultivated Cordyceps. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112804. [PMID: 30380635 PMCID: PMC6278644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis has been utilized in China and adjacent countries for thousands of years as a rare functional food to promote health and treat diverse chronic diseases. In recent years, adulterants are usually identified in the processed products of wild O. sinensis. However, the effective adulteration examination has to be additionally performed except their routine test, and accordingly is time- and money-consuming. Recently, arsenic determination has become a necessary test for confirming whether the concentrations of inorganic arsenic are over the O. sinensis limit. In this work, the contents of total arsenic and As species in cultivated O. sinensis, Cordyceps militaris, and other edible fungi were determined by ICP-MS and HPLC-ICP-MS. The results suggest that the As speciation exhibits a species-specific behavior, and accompanies the effect of the As background. The proportions of unknown organic As and contents of total As may be considered as sensitive markers for discriminating wild O. sinensis. This result provides a novel clue for discriminating wild and artificially cultivated mushrooms/their products, with emphasis on arsenic markers for authenticating wild O. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Xian Guo
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Gui-Wei Zhang
- Shenzhen Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Qing-Qing Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Jiang-Hai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
- South China Sea Bioresource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Molecular Identification of Fungal Populations in Polyherbal Medicines used for the Treatment of Tuberculosis. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.3.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Moon BC, Kim WJ, Park I, Sung GH, Noh P. Establishment of a PCR Assay for the Detection and Discrimination of Authentic Cordyceps and Adulterant Species in Food and Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2018; 23:E1932. [PMID: 30072640 PMCID: PMC6222412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate detection and differentiation of adulterants in food ingredients and herbal medicines are crucial for the safety and basic quality control of these products. Ophiocordyceps sinensis is described as the only fungal source for the authentic medicinal ingredient used in the herbal medicine "Cordyceps", and two other fungal species, Cordyceps militaris and Isaria tenuipes, are the authentic fungal sources for food ingredients in Korea. However, substitution of these three species, and adulteration of herbal material and dietary supplements originating from Cordyceps pruinosa or Isaria cicadae, seriously affects the safety and reduces the therapeutic efficacy of these products. Distinguishing between these species based on their morphological features is very difficult, especially in commercially processed products. In this study, we employed DNA barcode-based species-specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to discriminate authentic herbal Cordyceps medicines and Cordyceps-derived dietary supplements from related but inauthentic species. The reliable authentication tool exploited the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of a nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrDNA). We used comparative nrDNA-ITS sequence analysis of the five fungal species to design two sets of SCAR markers. Furthermore, we used a set of species-specific SCAR markers to establish a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of species, contamination, and degree of adulteration. We confirmed the discriminability and reproducibility of the SCAR marker analysis and the real-time PCR assay using commercially processed food ingredients and herbal medicines. The developed SCAR markers may be used to efficiently differentiate authentic material from their related adulterants on a species level. The ITS-based SCAR markers and the real-time PCR assay constitute a useful genetic tool for preventing the adulteration of Cordyceps and Cordyceps-related dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Cheol Moon
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Wook Jin Kim
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Inkyu Park
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Korea.
| | - Pureum Noh
- Division of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
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Du C, Zhou J, Liu J. Identification of Chinese medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis by depth-profiling mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 173:489-494. [PMID: 27723567 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With increased demand for Cordyceps sinensis it needs rapid methods to meet the challenge of identification raised in quality control. In this study Cordyceps sinensis from four typical natural habitats in China was characterized by depth-profiling Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy. Results demonstrated that Cordyceps sinensis samples resulted in typical photoacoustic spectral appearance, but heterogeneity was sensed in the whole sample; due to the heterogeneity Cordyceps sinensis was represented by spectra of four groups including head, body, tail and leaf under a moving mirror velocity of 0.30cms-1. The spectra of the four groups were used as input of a probabilistic neural network (PNN) to identify the source of Cordyceps sinensis, and all the samples were correctly identified by the PNN model. Therefore, depth-profiling Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy provides novel and unique technique to identify Cordyceps sinensis, which shows great potential in quality control of Cordyceps sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Institute, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
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Authentication of Cordyceps sinensis by DNA Analyses: Comparison of ITS Sequence Analysis and RAPD-Derived Molecular Markers. Molecules 2015; 20:22454-62. [PMID: 26694332 PMCID: PMC6332357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis is an endoparasitic fungus widely used as a tonic and medicinal food in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In historical usage, Cordyceps specifically is referring to the species of C. sinensis. However, a number of closely related species are named themselves as Cordyceps, and they are sold commonly as C. sinensis. The substitutes and adulterants of C. sinensis are often introduced either intentionally or accidentally in the herbal market, which seriously affects the therapeutic effects or even leads to life-threatening poisoning. Here, we aim to identify Cordyceps by DNA sequencing technology. Two different DNA-based approaches were compared. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) were developed here to authenticate different species of Cordyceps. Both approaches generally enabled discrimination of C. sinensis from others. The application of the two methods, supporting each other, increases the security of identification. For better reproducibility and faster analysis, the SCAR markers derived from the RAPD results provide a new method for quick authentication of Cordyceps.
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Al-gabr HM, Zheng T, Yu X. Occurrence and quantification of fungi and detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in drinking water in Xiamen City, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 466-467:1103-11. [PMID: 23391452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are known to play an important role in nutrient and carbon cycling, and the occurrence of fungi in the water supply may result in a variety of human health problems. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and frequency of various fungi in drinking water over a one-year period. The study also aimed to quantify the fungal presence using real-time PCR, and to effectively detect mycotoxigenic fungi in a variety of water sources. Water samples were collected from different water systems (surface water, public system water, house water, and tank water), from different sites (n=15) in Xiamen, China. Each month from February 2011 to January 2012, 22 water samples were collected and analyzed. The results showed that surface water samples possessed a higher frequency of fungi than did the other water samples. Identification of fungal species was conducted using morphological and molecular methods. The most dominant fungi found were Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Pencillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Mucor sp., and Rhizopus sp. Notably, the more-frequency observed fungi in the tap water of houses and public systems were Fusarium sp., Exophiala sp., and Phialophora sp. Meanwhile, mycotoxigenic fungi were detected in some water samples at different times. The strains isolated from samples collected in September to November had the aflatoxigenic fungi, and for fumonisin and trichothecenes, the fungi strains were re-isolated from water in November and December.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Moh Al-gabr
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coast and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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Lei W, Li S, Peng Q, Zhang G, Liu X. A real-time qPCR assay to quantify Ophiocordyceps sinensis biomass in Thitarodes larvae. J Microbiol 2013; 51:229-33. [PMID: 23625225 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2241-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis, an entomogenous fungus parasitic in the larvae of moths (Lepidoptera), is one of the most valuable medicinal fungi, and it only distributed naturally on the Tibetan Plateau. The parasitical amount of O. sinensis in various tissues of the host Thitarodes larvae has an important role in study the occurrence and developmental mechanisms of O. sinensis, but there no an effective method to detect the fungal anamorph. A real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) system, including a pair of species-specific ITS primers and its related program, was developed for O. sinensis assay with high reliability and efficiency. A calibration curve was established and exhibited a very good linear correlation between the fungal biomass and the C T values (R (2)=0.999419) by the qPCR system. Based on this method, O. sinensis was detected rapidly in four tissues of its host caterpillars, and the results were shown as following: the maximum content of O. sinensis parasitized in the fat-body, and next came body-wall; both of them were much larger than that observed in the haemolymph and intestinal-wall. Taken together, these results show that qPCR assays may become useful tools for study on developmental mechanism of O. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Food and Health Engineering Research Center of State Education Ministry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Yang ZY, Pan SL, Huo KK, Wu BY, Chao Z. Molecular Analysis of Leonurus Species in China Based on ITS and matK Sequences. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 39:411-22. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11008919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The genus Leonurus has long been recognized as a natural group, but its interspecific relationship has not yet been studied in the light of sequence data. The ITS regions and matK sequences of all subgenera of Leonurus in China were amplified, sequenced and investigated. Phylogenies generated by maximum parsimony and neighbor-joining methods and division of the genus into two major clades. The phylogenetic results indicated that L. chaituroides has the very close phylogenetic relationship with Subg. Cardiochilium and supported the notion that L. macranthus acts as the bridge between Subg. cardiochilium and Subg. Leonurus. According to the analysis of information given by ITS and matK sequences, we suggest that ITS sequences would be more suitable to serve as markers for authentication of Herba Leonuri than matK does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ye Yang
- Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou 510180, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng-Li Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ke-Ke Huo
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bing-Yi Wu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhi Chao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Rhoden S, Garcia A, Rubin Filho C, Azevedo J, Pamphile J. Phylogenetic diversity of endophytic leaf fungus isolates from the medicinal tree Trichilia elegans (Meliaceae). GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:2513-22. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.june.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Zheng Z, Jiang K, Huang C, Mei C, Han R. Cordyceps militaris (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae): transcriptional analysis and molecular characterization of cox1 and group I intron with putative LAGLIDADG endonuclease. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 28:371-80. [PMID: 22806813 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The full-length cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (cox1) containing a group I intron was isolated from an important medical fungus Cordyceps militaris (Cordycipitaceae). The open reading frame (ORF) of 1,593 nucleotides encoded a predicted protein COX1 of 530 amino acids. The group I intron encoded a putative homing endonuclease (HE) with two LAGLIDADG motifs. RT-PCR and Northern analysis showed a mature transcript of spliced cox1. Both 5'exon-intron and intron-3'exon junctions were also found by RT-PCR, suggesting the possible presence of unspliced cox1 RNA in total RNA. Sequence comparison by BLASTn showed that the coding region of cox1 (CRcox1) of C. militaris had significant similarities to those of related species (such as Cordyceps bassiana and C. brongniartii), while the intron had no significant homologous sequences of Cordycipitaceae fungi in NCBI database. The phylogenetic tree based on the CRcox1 confirmed the present taxonomic status of related species, but the cox1 introns were phylogenetically distinct. Compared to C. bassiana and C. brongniartii, the cox1 intron of C. militaris exhibited specific splicing site and different intronic ORF. The analysis of the folding RNA structures of the known cox1 introns from Cordyceps species showed different base pairs and conserved regions (P1-P10) in their structures. The present results provide useful information on the studies of cox1 intron splicing and Cordyceps evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangli Zheng
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang S, Wang M, Bai F, Liu X. High diversity of the fungal community structure in naturally-occurring Ophiocordyceps sinensis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15570. [PMID: 21179540 PMCID: PMC3002287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis), which is a parasite of caterpillars and is endemic to alpine regions on the Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most valuable medicinal fungi in the world. "Natural O. sinensis specimens" harbor various other fungi. Several of these other fungi that have been isolated from natural O. sinensis specimens have similar chemical components and/or pharmaceutical effects as O. sinensis. Nevertheless, the mycobiota of natural O. sinensis specimens has not been investigated in detail. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Based on the technique of PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP), the mycobiota of three different sections (stromata, sclerotia, and mycelial cortices) from natural O. sinensis specimens were investigated using both culture-dependent and -independent methods. For the culture-dependent method, 572 fungal strains were isolated, and 92 putative operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified from 226 sequenced strains with the threshold of 97%. For the culture-independent method, 490 fungal clones were identified from about 3000 clones of ITS fragments from the whole-community DNA; based on PCR-SSCP analyses, 266 of these clones were selected to be sequenced, and 118 putative OTUs were detected. The overwhelming majority of isolates/clones and OTUs were detected from mycelial cortices; only a few were detected from stromata and sclerotia. The most common OTUs detected with both methods belonged to Ascomycota; however, only 13 OTUs were detected simultaneously by both methods. Potential novel lineages were detected by each of the two methods. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A great number of fungal species present in the mycobiota of naturally-occurring O. sinensis specimens were detected, and many of them may represent undescribed lineages. That only a few of the same OTUs were detected by both methods indicated that different methods should be used. This study increased our understanding about the fungal community structure of this valuable medicinal herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mu Wang
- School of Plant Sciences and Technology, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College of Tibet, Nyingchi, Tibet, China
| | - Fengyan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Shrestha B, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Liu X. What is the Chinese caterpillar fungusOphiocordyceps sinensis(Ophiocordycipitaceae)? Mycology 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2010.536791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Shrestha
- a Green Energy Mission/Nepal, Anam Nagar , Kathmandu, P.O. Box 10647, Nepal
| | - Weimin Zhang
- b Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- c School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- d Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District , Beijing, 100101, China
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Zhang S, Feng H, Li X, Jin Y, Dong W. Genome research profile of two Cordyceps sinensis cDNA libraries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-0113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yang HL, Lu CK, Chen SF, Chen YM, Chen YM. Isolation and characterization of Taiwanese heterotrophic microalgae: screening of strains for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 12:173-185. [PMID: 19609613 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-009-9207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Marine heterotrophic microalgal species which are potentially rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) have been found in Taiwan; however, there was a lack of detailed analysis and characterization of these indigenous algae which is needed for the development of commercial applications. Hence, the objective of this study was to screen DHA-rich heterotrophic microalgae species indigenous to Taiwan for commercial purposes. Heterotrophic microalgae from a variety of marine habitats were isolated, cultivated, and then identified according to their 18S rRNA gene sequences and morphological characteristics. A comparison was made of their fatty acid profiles, fatty acid content, and amount of biomass. For the strain with highest DHA yield, the optimal growth conditions were determined in order to establish the best fermentation conditions for scale-up. In this study, 25 heterotrophic microalgal strains were successfully isolated from marine habitats around Taiwan. All of the isolated strains showed a close phylogenic relationship with the Thraustochytriaceae family according to their 18S rRNA gene sequences. GC/MS analysis discerned seven distinctive fatty acid profiles of these strains, with the production of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) ranging from 0.02 to 2.61 mg L(-1), and DHA ranging from 0.8 to 18.0 mg L(-1). An Aurantiochytrium strain BL10 with high DHA production was subsequently chosen for further manipulation. Under optimal growth conditions it could produce up to 59.0 g of dry biomass per liter of culture, with dry biomass containing 73% total fatty acid and 29% DHA, revealing BL10 as an excellent source of microbial DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Lang Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Feng K, Wang S, Hu D, Yang F, Wang H, Li S. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and the nucleosides assessment of fungal strains isolated from natural Cordyceps sinensis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:522-6. [PMID: 19481405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Chen CS, Huang CT, Hseu RS. Identification ofCordyceps sinensisby 18S nrDNA Sequencing and Characterization of Fermented Products in Taiwan. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430903099487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kuo HC, Su YL, Yang HL, Chen TY. Establishment and Application of PCR-SSCP Profile for Molecular Typing ofCordycepsFungi. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430802458354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Kuo HC, Su YL, Yang HL, Huang IC, Chen TY. Differentiation ofCordyceps Sinensisby a PCR-Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism-Based Method and Characterization of the Fermented Products in Taiwan. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430600709461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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