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vom Saal FS, Antoniou M, Belcher SM, Bergman A, Bhandari RK, Birnbaum LS, Cohen A, Collins TJ, Demeneix B, Fine AM, Flaws JA, Gayrard V, Goodson WH, Gore AC, Heindel JJ, Hunt PA, Iguchi T, Kassotis CD, Kortenkamp A, Mesnage R, Muncke J, Myers JP, Nadal A, Newbold RR, Padmanabhan V, Palanza P, Palma Z, Parmigiani S, Patrick L, Prins GS, Rosenfeld CS, Skakkebaek NE, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM, Swan SH, Taylor JA, Toutain PL, von Hippel FA, Welshons WV, Zalko D, Zoeller RT. The Conflict between Regulatory Agencies over the 20,000-Fold Lowering of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for Bisphenol A (BPA) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:45001. [PMID: 38592230 PMCID: PMC11003459 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommended lowering their estimated tolerable daily intake (TDI) for bisphenol A (BPA) 20,000-fold to 0.2 ng / kg body weight ( BW ) / day . BPA is an extensively studied high production volume endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) associated with a vast array of diseases. Prior risk assessments of BPA by EFSA as well as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have relied on industry-funded studies conducted under good laboratory practice protocols (GLP) requiring guideline end points and detailed record keeping, while also claiming to examine (but rejecting) thousands of published findings by academic scientists. Guideline protocols initially formalized in the mid-twentieth century are still used by many regulatory agencies. EFSA used a 21st century approach in its reassessment of BPA and conducted a transparent, but time-limited, systematic review that included both guideline and academic research. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) opposed EFSA's revision of the TDI for BPA. OBJECTIVES We identify the flaws in the assumptions that the German BfR, as well as the FDA, have used to justify maintaining the TDI for BPA at levels above what a vast amount of academic research shows to cause harm. We argue that regulatory agencies need to incorporate 21st century science into chemical hazard identifications using the CLARITY-BPA (Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity) nonguideline academic studies in a collaborative government-academic program model. DISCUSSION We strongly endorse EFSA's revised TDI for BPA and support the European Commission's (EC) apparent acceptance of this updated BPA risk assessment. We discuss challenges to current chemical risk assessment assumptions about EDCs that need to be addressed by regulatory agencies to, in our opinion, become truly protective of public health. Addressing these challenges will hopefully result in BPA, and eventually other structurally similar bisphenols (called regrettable substitutions) for which there are known adverse effects, being eliminated from all food-related and many other uses in the EU and elsewhere. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13812.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S. vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Scott M. Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ake Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ramji K. Bhandari
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- Scientist Emeritus and Former Director, National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Scholar in Residence, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aly Cohen
- Integrative Rheumatology Associates, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Terrence J. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Comparative Physiology Laboratory, Natural History Museum, Paris, France
| | - Anne Marie Fine
- Environmental Medicine Education International, Mancos, Colorado, USA
| | - Jodi A. Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana—Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Veronique Gayrard
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - William H. Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrea C. Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jerrold J. Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patricia A. Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Christopher D. Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Retha R. Newbold
- Scientist Emeritus, NTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paola Palanza
- Unit of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Parmigiani
- Unit of Evolutionary and Functional Biology, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lyn Patrick
- Environmental Medicine Education International, Mancos, Colorado, USA
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cheryl S. Rosenfeld
- Biomedical Sciences, Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- MU Institute of Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Niels E. Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos Sonnenschein
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana M. Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shanna H. Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia A. Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- NTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frank A. von Hippel
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Wade V. Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel Zalko
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Besaratinia A. The State of Research and Weight of Evidence on the Epigenetic Effects of Bisphenol A. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097951. [PMID: 37175656 PMCID: PMC10178030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high-production-volume chemical with numerous industrial and consumer applications. BPA is extensively used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. The widespread utilities of BPA include its use as internal coating for food and beverage cans, bottles, and food-packaging materials, and as a building block for countless goods of common use. BPA can be released into the environment and enter the human body at any stage during its production, or in the process of manufacture, use, or disposal of materials made from this chemical. While the general population is predominantly exposed to BPA through contaminated food and drinking water, non-dietary exposures through the respiratory system, integumentary system, and vertical transmission, as well as other routes of exposure, also exist. BPA is often classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical as it can act as a xenoestrogen. Exposure to BPA has been associated with developmental, reproductive, cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic, or immune effects, as well as oncogenic effects. BPA can disrupt the synthesis or clearance of hormones by binding and interfering with biological receptors. BPA can also interact with key transcription factors to modulate regulation of gene expression. Over the past 17 years, an epigenetic mechanism of action for BPA has emerged. This article summarizes the current state of research on the epigenetic effects of BPA by analyzing the findings from various studies in model systems and human populations. It evaluates the weight of evidence on the ability of BPA to alter the epigenome, while also discussing the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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3
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Person E, Bruel S, Manzano TI, Jamin EL, Zalko D, Combelles CM. The fate of bisphenol A, bisphenol S, and their respective glucuronide metabolites in ovarian cells. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 118:108380. [PMID: 37003567 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cells are critical for reproduction and steroidogenesis, which are functions that can be impacted by exposure to xenobiotics. As in other extra-hepatic tissues, biotransformation events may occur at the ovarian level. Such metabolic events deserve interest, notably as they may modulate the overall exposure and toxicity of xenobiotics. In this study, the comparative metabolic fate of two bisphenols was investigated in ovarian cells. Bisphenol A (BPA), a model endocrine disruptor, and its major substitute bisphenol S (BPS) were selected. Bovine granulosa cells (primary cultures) and theca explants (ex vivo tissue) were exposed for 24hr to tritium-labeled BPA, BPS and their respective glucuronides (i.e. their major circulating forms), at concentrations consistent with low-dose exposure scenarios. Mass balance studies were performed, followed by radio-HPLC profiling. The capability of both cell compartments to biotransform BPA and BPS into their respective sulfo-conjugates was demonstrated, with sulfation being the predominant metabolic route. In theca, there was a significantly higher persistence of BPA (compared to BPS) residues over 24hr. Moreover, only theca explants were able to deconjugate inactive BPA-glucuronide and BPS-glucuronide back into their biologically active aglycone forms. Deconjugation rates were demonstrated to be higher for BPS-G than for BPA-G. These findings raise concerns about the in situ direct release of bisphenols at the level of the ovary and demonstrate the relevance of exploring the biotransformation of bisphenols and their circulating metabolites in different ovarian cells with specific metabolic capabilities. This work also provides essential knowledge for the improved risk assessment of bisphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Person
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Bruel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Emilien L Jamin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France; MetaboHUB-Metatoul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Metatoul-AXIOM, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Daniel Zalko
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027, Toulouse, France
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Liu J, Sun K, Zhu R, Wang X, Waigi MG, Li S. Biotransformation of bisphenol A in vivo and in vitro by laccase-producing Trametes hirsuta La-7: Kinetics, products, and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 321:121155. [PMID: 36709035 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous endocrine disruptor that poses adverse human health risks. Herein, biotransformation kinetics, products, and mechanisms of BPA undergoing a laccase-producing Trametes hirsuta La-7 metabolism were for the first time reported. Strain La-7 could completely biotransform ≤0.5 mmol·L-1 BPA within 6 d in vivo. Notably, its extracellular crude laccase solution (ECLS) and intracellular homogenized mycelium (HM) only required 6 h to convert 85.71% and 84.24% of 0.5 mmol·L-1 BPA in vitro, respectively. The removal of BPA was noticeably hampered by adding a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor (piperonyl butoxide) in HM, disclosing that cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase participated in BPA oxidation and metabolism. BPA intermediates were elaborately identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) combined with 13C stable isotope ratios (BPA: 13C12-BPA = 0.25: 0.25, molar concentration). Based on the accurate molecular mass, isotope labeling difference, and relative intensity ratio of product peaks, 6 versatile metabolic mechanisms of BPA, including polymerization, hydroxylation, dehydration, bond cleavage, dehydrogenation, and carboxylation in vivo and in vitro, were confirmed. Germination index values revealed that inoculating strain La-7 in a BPA-contaminated medium presented no phytotoxicity to the germinated radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds. In vivo, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Mn2+ were conducive to BPA removal, but Cd2+ and Hg2+ significantly obstructed BPA elimination. Additionally, strain La-7 also exhibited high-efficiency metabolic ability toward estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), with more than 96.13%, 96.65%, and 100% of E1, E2, and EE2 having been converted, respectively. Our findings provide an environmentally powerful laccase-producing fungus to decontaminate endocrine disruptor-contaminated water matrices by radical polymerization and oxidative decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China.
| | - Rui Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shunyao Li
- Laboratory of Wetland Protection and Ecological Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
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Metabolism of versicolorin A, a genotoxic precursor of aflatoxin B1: Characterization of metabolites using in vitro production of standards. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113272. [PMID: 35803361 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of mycotoxins containing bisfuranoid structures such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) depends largely on biotransformation processes. While the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of several bisfuranoid mycotoxins including AFB1 and sterigmatocystin have been linked to in vivo bioactivation of these molecules into reactive epoxide forms, the metabolites of genotoxic and mutagenic AFB1 precursor versicolorin A (VerA) have not yet been characterized. Because this molecule is not available commercially, our strategy was to produce a library of metabolites derived from the biotransformation of in-house purified VerA, following incubation with human liver S9 fractions, in presence of appropriate cofactors. The resulting chromatographic and mass-spectrometric data were used to identify VerA metabolites produced by intestinal cell lines as well as intestinal and liver tissues exposed ex vivo. In this way, we obtained a panel of metabolites suggesting the involvement of phase I (M + O) and phase II (glucuronide and sulfate metabolites) enzymes, the latter of which is implicated in the detoxification process. This first qualitative description of the metabolization products of VerA suggests bioactivation of the molecule into an epoxide form and provides qualitative analytic data to further conduct a precise metabolism study of VerA required for the risk assessment of this emerging mycotoxin.
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Hu X, Wu JL, Miao W, Long F, Pan H, Peng T, Yao X, Li N. Covalent Protein Modification: An Unignorable Factor for Bisphenol A-Induced Hepatotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9536-9545. [PMID: 35593067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modification of proteins by reactive pollutants/metabolites might trigger various toxicities resulting from the disruption of protein structures and/or functions, which is critical for understanding the mechanism of pollutants-induced toxicity. However, this mechanism has rarely been touched on due to the lack of a methodology. In this research, the protein modification of bisphenol A (BPA) in rats was characterized using a series of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approaches. BPA-modified cysteine (Cys1) was first released from proteins via enzymatic hydrolysis and identified using LC-MS. Moreover, the positive correlation between Cys1 and hepatotoxicity indicated the involvement of protein modification in BPA toxicity. Then, in vitro incubation of BPA with amino acids and protein confirmed that BPA could specifically modify cysteine residues of proteins after bioactivation and provided four additional modification patterns. Finally, 24 BPA-modified proteins were identified from the liver of BPA-exposed rats using proteomic analysis, and they were mainly enriched in oxidative stress-related pathways. The modification on superoxide dismutases, catalase, and glutathione S-transferases disrupted their enzymatic functions, leading to oxidative damage. These results revealed that the covalent protein modification is an unignorable factor for BPA hepatotoxicity. Moreover, the workflow can be applied to identify protein adducts of other emerging contaminants and possible risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Wen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Fei Long
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Hudan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Sino-French Hoffmann Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa 999078, Macau SAR, China
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Shao Y, Zhu L, Chen Z, Thalmann B, Zhou S, Hollert H, Seiler TB. Evidence of increased estrogenicity upon metabolism of Bisphenol F - Elucidation of the key metabolites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147669. [PMID: 34000551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing concern over bisphenol A (BPA) has directed much attention toward bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) as BPA alternatives for the development of "BPA-free" products. Consequently, BPS and BPF were frequently detected in surface water, sediment, sewage effluent, indoor dust, and even in food and biological fluids in humans. Thus, environmental researches start to focus on the potential environmental risks of BPA alternatives. While the estrogenically active metabolites and the specific estrogenically active structure are still unknown. In this study, the MTT assay on acute cytotoxicity and the recombinant transactivation assay were carried out to determine whether BPF and BPS are suitable alternatives to BPA. Our results show that the cytotoxic and estrogenic activities of BPS and BPF are lower than those of BPA. However, after the addition of a rat liver homogenate to simulate mammal metabolism, BPF exhibited higher estrogenic activity than BPA. To identify the chemical structures and estrogen receptor binding affinities of active estrogenic metabolites, LC-MS, MetaPrint2D(-React), and VirtualToxLab were integrated. The observed results indicated that the para-hydroxylated BPF and BPF-OCH3 might have strong ER binding affinities. These results demonstrate that metabolization is important to consider upon investigating endocrine disruption of chemicals getting into contact with humans, such as in dental sealing or food packaging. Alternatives to potentially hazardous substances should be thoroughly tested prior to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Road Shapingba, 400045 Chongqing, China; Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Research Center Jülich, ZEA-3, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Zhongli Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Road Shapingba, 400045 Chongqing, China
| | - Beat Thalmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; EWOMIS, Institute for Environmental Research, Schießstraße 26c, 63486 Bruchköbel, Germany
| | - Shangbo Zhou
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Road Shapingba, 400044 Chongqing, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Ruhr District Institute of Hygiene, Rotthauser Str. 21, 45879 Gelsenkirchen, Germany.
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Ramírez V, Gálvez-Ontiveros Y, Porras-Quesada P, Martinez-Gonzalez LJ, Rivas A, Álvarez-Cubero MJ. Metabolic pathways, alterations in miRNAs expression and effects of genetic polymorphisms of bisphenol a analogues: A systematic review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111062. [PMID: 33798517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most common endocrine disruptors found in the environment and its harmful health effects in humans and wildlife have been extensively reported One of the main aims of this review was to examine the metabolic pathways of BPA and BPA substitutes and the endocrine disrupting properties of their metabolites. According to the available literature, phase I and phase II metabolic reactions play an important role in the detoxification process of bisphenols (BPs), but their metabolism can also lead to the formation of highly reactive metabolites. The second part of this work addresses the associations between exposure to BPA and its analogues with the alterations in miRNAs expression and the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Available scientific evidence shows that BPs can dysregulate the expression of several miRNAs, and in turn, these miRNAs could be considered as epigenetic biomarkers to prevent the development of a variety of BP-mediated diseases. Interestingly, genetic polymorphisms are able to modify the relationship of BPA exposure with the risk of adverse health effects, suggesting that interindividual genetic differences modulate the susceptibility to the effects of environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Ramírez
- University of Granada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III, Faculty of Medicine, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gálvez-Ontiveros
- University of Granada, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Porras-Quesada
- University of Granada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III, Faculty of Medicine, PTS, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Martinez-Gonzalez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Rivas
- University of Granada, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Álvarez-Cubero
- University of Granada, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III, Faculty of Medicine, PTS, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
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Peeters L, Vervliet P, Foubert K, Hermans N, Pieters L, Covaci A. A comparative study on the in vitro biotransformation of medicagenic acid using human liver microsomes and S9 fractions. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 328:109192. [PMID: 32712081 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many natural products are prodrugs which are biotransformed and activated after oral administration. The investigation of gastrointestinal and hepatic biotransformation can be facilitated by in vitro screening methods. This study compares two widely used in vitro models for hepatic biotransformation: 1) human S9 fractions and 2) human liver microsomes and cytosolic fractions in a two-step sequence, with the purpose of identifying differences in the biotransformation of medicagenic acid, the putative precursor of active metabolites, responsible for the medicinal effects of the herb Herniaria hirsuta. The combination of liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with subsequent suspect and non-target data analysis allowed the identification of thirteen biotransformation products, four of which are reported here for the first time. Eight biotransformation products resulting from oxidative Phase I reactions were identified. Phase II conjugation reactions resulted in the formation of three glucuronidated and two sulfated biotransformation products. No major differences could be observed between incubations with human liver S9 or when utilizing human microsomal and cytosolic fractions. Apart from two metabolites, both methods rendered the same qualitative metabolic profile, with minor quantitative differences. As a result, both protocols applied in this study can be used to study in vitro human liver biotransformation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Peeters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Vervliet
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kenn Foubert
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Luc Pieters
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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10
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Plastics in Cyanobacterial Blooms-Genotoxic Effects of Binary Mixtures of Cylindrospermopsin and Bisphenols in HepG2 Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040219. [PMID: 32244372 PMCID: PMC7232240 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever-expanding environmental pollution is causing a rise in cyanobacterial blooms and the accumulation of plastics in water bodies. Consequently, exposure to mixtures of cyanotoxins and plastic-related contaminants such as bisphenols (BPs) is of increasing concern. The present study describes genotoxic effects induced by co-exposure to one of the emerging cyanotoxins-cylindrospermopsin (CYN)-(0.5 µg/mL) and BPs (bisphenol A (BPA), S (BPS), and F (BPF); (10 µg/mL)) in HepG2 cells after 24 and 72 h of exposure. The cytotoxicity was evaluated with an MTS assay and genotoxicity was assessed through the measurement of the induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) with the γH2AX assay. The deregulation of selected genes (xenobiotic metabolic enzyme genes, DNA damage, and oxidative response genes) was assessed using qPCR. The results showed a moderate reduction of cell viability and induction of DSBs after 72 h of exposure to the CYN/BPs mixtures and CYN alone. None of the BPs alone reduced cell viability or induced DSBs. No significant difference was observed between CYN and CYN/BPs exposed cells, except with CYN/BPA, where the antagonistic activity of BPA against CYN was indicated. The deregulation of some of the tested genes (CYP1A1, CDKN1A, GADD45A, and GCLC) was more pronounced after exposure to the CYN/BPs mixtures compared to single compounds, suggesting additive or synergistic action. The present study confirms the importance of co-exposure studies, as our results show pollutant mixtures to induce effects different from those confirmed for single compounds.
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11
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Ousji O, Ohlund L, Sleno L. Comprehensive In Vitro Metabolism Study of Bisphenol A Using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1468-1477. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ons Ousji
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, H3C 3P8 Québec, Canada
| | - Leanne Ohlund
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, H3C 3P8 Québec, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, H3C 3P8 Québec, Canada
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12
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Hercog K, Maisanaba S, Filipič M, Sollner-Dolenc M, Kač L, Žegura B. Genotoxic activity of bisphenol A and its analogues bisphenol S, bisphenol F and bisphenol AF and their mixtures in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:267-276. [PMID: 31207516 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of bisphenol A (BPA) in manufacturing of plastics is being gradually replaced by presumably safer analogues such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol AF (BPAF). Despite their widespread occurrence in the environment, there is a knowledge gap in their toxicological profiles. We investigated cytotoxic/genotoxic effects as well as changes in the expression of selected genes involved in the xenobiotic metabolism, response to oxidative stress and DNA damage upon exposure to BPs and their mixtures in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. BPS and BPF slightly decreased the viability of HepG2 cells, while BPAF was the most cytotoxic compound tested. BPA, BPF and BPAF induced the formation of DNA double strand breaks determined with γH2AX assay, while BPS was inactive (5-20 μg/mL). All four BPs up-regulated the expression of CYP1A1 and UGT1A1, while BPS up-regulated and BPAF down-regulated also the expression of GST1A. Only BPA up-regulated oxidative stress responsive gene GCLC, while BPAF up-regulated the expression of CDKN1A and GADD45a. At concentrations relevant for human exposure (ng/mL range) BPA and its analogues as individual compounds and in mixtures did not exert genotoxic activity, whereas BPA and BPAF as well as the mixtures up-regulated the expressions of CYP1A1 and UGT1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Hercog
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Maisanaba
- Area of Toxicology, Department of Nutrition and Bromatology, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Spain; Area of Toxicology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Engineering, University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Metka Filipič
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Lidija Kač
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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13
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The In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicokinetics of Citreoviridin Extracted from Penicillium citreonigrum. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060360. [PMID: 31226823 PMCID: PMC6628624 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Citreoviridin (CTVD), a mycotoxin called yellow rice toxin, is reported to be related to acute cardiac beriberi; however, its toxicokinetics remain unclear. The present study elucidated the toxicokinetics through in vivo experiments in swine and predicted the human toxicokinetics by comparing the findings to those from in vitro experiments. In vivo experiments revealed the high bioavailability of CTVD (116.4%) in swine. An intestinal permeability study using Caco-2 cells to estimate the toxicokinetics in humans showed that CTVD has a high permeability coefficient. When CTVD was incubated with hepatic S9 fraction from swine and humans, hydroxylation and methylation, desaturation, and dihydroxylation derivatives were produced as the predominant metabolites. The levels of these products produced using human S9 were higher than those obtained swine S9, while CTVD glucuronide was produced slowly in human S9 in comparison to swine S9. Furthermore, the elimination of CTVD by human S9 was significantly more rapid in comparison to that by swine S9. These results suggest that CTVD is easily absorbed in swine and that it remains in the body where it is slowly metabolized. In contrast, the absorption of CTVD in humans would be the same as that in swine, although its elimination would be faster.
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14
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Melnikov F, Botta D, White CC, Schmuck SC, Winfough M, Schaupp CM, Gallagher EP, Brooks BW, Williams ES, Coish P, Anastas PT, Voutchkova-Kostal A, Kostal J, Kavanagh TJ. Kinetics of Glutathione Depletion and Antioxidant Gene Expression as Indicators of Chemical Modes of Action Assessed in Vitro in Mouse Hepatocytes with Enhanced Glutathione Synthesis. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:421-436. [PMID: 30547568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a vertically integrated in vitro - in silico study that aims to elucidate the molecular initiating events involved in the induction of oxidative stress (OS) by seven diverse chemicals (cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, hydroquinone, t-butyl hydroquinone, bisphenol A, Dinoseb, and perfluorooctanoic acid). To that end, we probe the relationship between chemical properties, cell viability, glutathione (GSH) depletion, and antioxidant gene expression. Concentration-dependent effects on cell viability were assessed by MTT assay in two Hepa-1 derived mouse liver cell lines: a control plasmid vector transfected cell line (Hepa-V), and a cell line with increased glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) activity and GSH content (CR17). Changes to intracellular GSH content and mRNA expression levels for the Nrf2-driven antioxidant genes Gclc, Gclm, heme oxygenase-1 ( Hmox1), and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1 ( Nqo1) were monitored after sublethal exposure to the chemicals. In silico models of covalent and redox reactivity were used to rationalize differences in activity of quinones and peroxides. Our findings show CR17 cells were generally more resistant to chemical toxicity and showed markedly attenuated induction of OS biomarkers; however, differences in viability effects between the two cell lines were not the same for all chemicals. The results highlight the vital role of GSH in protecting against oxidative stress-inducing chemicals as well as the importance of probing molecular initiating events in order to identify chemicals with lower potential to cause oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fjodor Melnikov
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Dianne Botta
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Collin C White
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Stefanie C Schmuck
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Matthew Winfough
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington , D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Christopher M Schaupp
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Evan P Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Department of Environmental Science , Baylor University , Waco , Texas 76798 , United States
| | - Edward Spencer Williams
- Department of Environmental Science , Baylor University , Waco , Texas 76798 , United States
| | - Philip Coish
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Paul T Anastas
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States.,School of Public Health , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | | | - Jakub Kostal
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington , D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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15
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Maryam S, Khan MR, Shah SA, Zahra Z, Majid M, Sajid M, Ali S. In vitro antioxidant efficacy and the therapeutic potential of Wendlandia heynei (Schult.) Santapau & Merchant against bisphenol A-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:1173-1190. [PMID: 30510687 PMCID: PMC6220732 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of present study was to access the antioxidant and ameliorative efficacy of Wendlandia heynei stem bark's crude methanol extract (WHBM) against bisphenol A (BPA)-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat moel. WHBM and its derived fractions exhibited promising activity for the scavenging of DPPH, hydroxyl and nitrite radicals, iron chelation, and for the inhibition of β-carotene oxidation. The administration of BPA to Sprague Dawley rats (25 mg kg-1) for 28 days resulted in an elevated (p < 0.01) level of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and globulin, and at the same time a decrease (p < 0.01) in the level of total protein and albumin in the serum of the rats. In hepatic samples, the levels of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and reduced glutathione were decreased (p < 0.05), whereas thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydrogen peroxide, and the nitrite content were increased (p < 0.05) with BPA treatment to the rats. The administration of WHBM to BPA-intoxicated rats restored the altered levels of these parameters toward the control animals. Histopathological alterations of the hepatic tissues induced with BPA were restored with WHBM co-treatment to the rats. HPLC-DAD analysis ensured the occurrence of rutin, catechin, and caffeic acid in WHBM and WHBE. The results of this study suggested that the presence of phenolics and flavonoids in W. heynei bark might be responsible for it exhibiting antioxidant potential during the in vitro and in vivo studies and hence it has potential to be used as a therapeutic agent against oxidative stress associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Maryam
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan . ; ; ; ;
| | - Muhammad Rashid Khan
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan . ; ; ; ;
| | - Sayed Afzal Shah
- Department of Plant Sciences , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan .
| | - Zartash Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan . ; ; ; ;
| | - Muhammad Majid
- Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan .
| | - Moniba Sajid
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan . ; ; ; ;
| | - Saima Ali
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Biological Sciences , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan . ; ; ; ;
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16
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Shmarakov IO, Borschovetska VL, Blaner WS. Hepatic Detoxification of Bisphenol A is Retinoid-Dependent. Toxicol Sci 2018; 157:141-155. [PMID: 28123100 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane) is a widely used industrial chemical. The extensive distribution of BPA in the environment poses risks to humans. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BPA toxicity as well as its effective detoxification and elimination are not well understood. We have investigated specifically for BPA the notion raised in the literature that the optimal sensing, detoxification, and elimination of xenobiotics requires retinoid (natural derivatives and synthetic analogs of vitamin A) actions. The objective of the study was to explore how retinoids, both those stored in the liver and those originating from recent oral intake, help maintain an optimal xenobiotic detoxification response, affecting mRNA expression and activities of elements of xenobiotic detoxification system upon BPA administration to mice. Wild-type and mice lacking hepatic retinoid stores (Lrat-/-) were acutely treated with BPA (50 mg/kg body weight), with or without oral supplementation with retinyl acetate. Hepatic mRNA expression levels of the genes encoding nuclear receptors and their downstream targets involved in xenobiotic biotransformation, phase I and phase II enzyme activities, and levels of oxidative damage to cellular proteins and lipids in hepatic microsomes, mitochondria and cytosol, were assessed. BPA treatment induced hepatic activities needed for its detoxification and elimination in wild-type mice. However, BPA failed to induce these activities in the livers of Lrat-/- mice. Oral supplementation with retinyl acetate restored phase I and phase II enzyme activities, but accelerated BPA-induced oxidative damage through enhancement of non-mitochondrial ROS production. Thus, the activities of the enzymes involved in the hepatic elimination of BPA require hepatic retinoid stores. The extent of hepatic damage that arises from acute BPA intoxication is directly affected by retinoid administration during the period of BPA exposure and hepatic retinoid stores that have accumulated over the lifetime of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor O Shmarakov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vira L Borschovetska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chernivtsi National University, Chernivtsi, Ukraine
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17
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Bisphenol A induces DSB-ATM-p53 signaling leading to cell cycle arrest, senescence, autophagy, stress response, and estrogen release in human fetal lung fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:1453-1469. [PMID: 29275510 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and/or epidemiological studies suggest that prenatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) may delay fetal lung development and maturation and increase the susceptibility to childhood respiratory disease. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In our previous study with cultured human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFLF), we demonstrated that 24-h exposure to 1 and 100 µM BPA increased GPR30 protein in the nuclear fraction. Exposure to 100 μM BPA had no effects on cell viability, but increased cytoplasmic expression of ERβ and release of GDF-15, as well as decreased release of IL-6, ET-1, and IP-10 through suppression of NFκB phosphorylation. By performing global gene expression and pathway analysis in this study, we identified molecular pathways, gene networks, and key molecules that were affected by 100, but not 0.01 and 1 µM BPA in HFLF. Using multiple genomic and proteomic tools, we confirmed these changes at both gene and protein levels. Our data suggest that 100 μM BPA increased CYP1B1 and HSD17B14 gene and protein expression and release of endogenous estradiol, which was associated with increased ROS production and DNA double-strand breaks, upregulation of genes and/or proteins in steroid synthesis and metabolism, and activation of Nrf2-regulated stress response pathways. In addition, BPA activated ATM-p53 signaling pathway, resulting in increased cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, senescence and autophagy, and decreased cell proliferation in HFLF. The results suggest that prenatal exposure to BPA at certain concentrations may affect fetal lung development and maturation, and thereby affecting susceptibility to childhood respiratory diseases.
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18
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VandeVoort CA, Gerona RR, vom Saal FS, Tarantal AF, Hunt PA, Hillenweck A, Zalko D. Maternal and Fetal Pharmacokinetics of Oral Radiolabeled and Authentic Bisphenol A in the Rhesus Monkey. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165410. [PMID: 27930651 PMCID: PMC5145146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted in pregnant rhesus monkeys to determine the rapidity and extent to which BPA reaches the fetal compartment following oral ingestion, and the 24-hr fate of BPA. To assess metabolism changes during the course of pregnancy, we compared BPA biotransformation during the second and third trimesters in the same animals, measuring the levels of sulfated, gluronidated, and free BPA in maternal serum, amniotic fluid, and fetal serum. All animals showed measurable unconjugated and conjugated BPA in the fetal compartment and slow clearance compared to maternal serum. There were higher levels of BPA-G in amniotic fluid at 150 days gestation compared to 100 days gestation, as well as higher levels of BPA-G than BPA-S. We also monitored 3H-BPA (and metabolites) in key tissues and excreta from a mother and fetus and from a non-pregnant female. The elimination of radioactivity was rapid, but residues were still detectable 24 hr after dosing in all tissues analyzed. These data suggest that, in primates, rapid maternal processing of BPA does not alleviate the risk of exposure to the developing fetus. This study elevates concerns about levels of current BPA human exposure from potentially a large number of unknown sources and the risks posed to developing fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. VandeVoort
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Roy R. Gerona
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick S. vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alice F. Tarantal
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anne Hillenweck
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Zalko
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), Toulouse, France
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19
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Andra SS, Austin C, Yang J, Patel D, Arora M. Recent advances in simultaneous analysis of bisphenol A and its conjugates in human matrices: Exposure biomarker perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:770-781. [PMID: 27586167 PMCID: PMC5099122 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human exposures to bisphenol A (BPA) has attained considerable global health attention and represents one of the leading environmental contaminants with potential adverse health effects including endocrine disruption. Current practice of measuring of exposure to BPA includes the measurement of unconjugated BPA (aglycone) and total (both conjugated and unconjugated) BPA; the difference between the two measurements leads to estimation of conjugated forms. However, the measurement of BPA as the end analyte leads to inaccurate estimates from potential interferences from background sources during sample collection and analysis. BPA glucuronides (BPAG) and sulfates (BPAS) represent better candidates for biomarkers of BPA exposure, since they require in vivo metabolism and are not prone to external contamination. In this work, the primary focus was to review the current state of the art in analytical methods available to quantitate BPA conjugates. The entire analytical procedure for the simultaneous extraction and detection of aglycone BPA and conjugates is covered, from sample pre-treatment, extraction, separation, ionization, and detection. Solid phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatograph and tandem mass spectrometer analysis provides the most sensitive detection and quantification of BPA conjugates. Discussed herein are the applications of BPA conjugates analysis in human exposure assessment studies. Measuring these potential biomarkers of BPA exposure has only recently become analytically feasible and there are limitations and challenges to overcome in biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Christine Austin
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Dhavalkumar Patel
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Manish Arora
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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20
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Gramec Skledar D, Peterlin Mašič L. Bisphenol A and its analogs: Do their metabolites have endocrine activity? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 47:182-199. [PMID: 27771500 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Structural analogs of bisphenol A are commonly used as its alternatives in industrial and commercial applications. Nevertheless, the question arises whether the use of other bisphenols is justified as replacements for bisphenol A in mass production of plastic materials. To evaluate the influence of metabolic reactions on endocrine activities of bisphenols, we conducted a systematic review of the literature. Knowledge about the metabolic pathways and enzymes involved in metabolic biotransformations is essential for understanding and predicting mechanisms of toxicity. Bisphenols are metabolized predominantly by the glucuronidation reaction, which is considered their most important detoxification pathway, as based on current knowledge, glucuronides do not have activity on endocrine receptors. In contrast, several oxidative metabolites of bisphenols with enhanced endocrine activities are presented, and these findings indicate that oxidative metabolites of bisphenols can still have endocrine activities in humans.
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21
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Yousofshahi M, Manteiga S, Wu C, Lee K, Hassoun S. PROXIMAL: a method for Prediction of Xenobiotic Metabolism. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2015; 9:94. [PMID: 26695483 PMCID: PMC4687097 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-015-0241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Contamination of the environment with bioactive chemicals has emerged as a potential public health risk. These substances that may cause distress or disease in humans can be found in air, water and food supplies. An open question is whether these chemicals transform into potentially more active or toxic derivatives via xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes expressed in the body. We present a new prediction tool, which we call PROXIMAL (Prediction of Xenobiotic Metabolism) for identifying possible transformation products of xenobiotic chemicals in the liver. Using reaction data from DrugBank and KEGG, PROXIMAL builds look-up tables that catalog the sites and types of structural modifications performed by Phase I and Phase II enzymes. Given a compound of interest, PROXIMAL searches for substructures that match the sites cataloged in the look-up tables, applies the corresponding modifications to generate a panel of possible transformation products, and ranks the products based on the activity and abundance of the enzymes involved. Results PROXIMAL generates transformations that are specific for the chemical of interest by analyzing the chemical’s substructures. We evaluate the accuracy of PROXIMAL’s predictions through case studies on two environmental chemicals with suspected endocrine disrupting activity, bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-chlorobiphenyl (PCB3). Comparisons with published reports confirm 5 out of 7 and 17 out of 26 of the predicted derivatives for BPA and PCB3, respectively. We also compare biotransformation predictions generated by PROXIMAL with those generated by METEOR and Metaprint2D-react, two other prediction tools. Conclusions PROXIMAL can predict transformations of chemicals that contain substructures recognizable by human liver enzymes. It also has the ability to rank the predicted metabolites based on the activity and abundance of enzymes involved in xenobiotic transformation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0241-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Yousofshahi
- Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, 161 College Ave., Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
| | - Sara Manteiga
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Charmian Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Kyongbum Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Soha Hassoun
- Department of Computer Science, Tufts University, 161 College Ave., Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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Andra SS, Charisiadis P, Arora M, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV, Makris KC. Biomonitoring of human exposures to chlorinated derivatives and structural analogs of bisphenol A. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:352-79. [PMID: 26521216 PMCID: PMC6415542 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The high reactivity of bisphenol A (BPA) with disinfectant chlorine is evident in the instantaneous formation of chlorinated BPA derivatives (ClxBPA) in various environmental media that show increased estrogen-activity when compared with that of BPA. The documented health risks associated with BPA exposures have led to the gradual market entry of BPA structural analogs, such as bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol B (BPB), etc. A suite of exposure sources to ClxBPA and BPA analogs in the domestic environment is anticipated to drive the nature and range of halogenated BPA derivatives that can form when residual BPA comes in contact with disinfectant in tap water and/or consumer products. The primary objective of this review was to survey all available studies reporting biomonitoring protocols of ClxBPA and structural BPA analogs (BPS, BPF, BPB, etc.) in human matrices. Focus was paid on describing the analytical methodologies practiced for the analysis of ClxBPA and BPA analogs using hyphenated chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, because current methodologies for human matrices are complex. During the last decade, an increasing number of ecotoxicological, cell-culture and animal-based and human studies dealing with ClxBPA exposure sources and routes of exposure, metabolism and toxicity have been published. Up to date findings indicated the association of ClxBPA with metabolic conditions, such as obesity, lipid accumulation, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in in-vitro and in-vivo studies. We critically discuss the limitations, research needs and future opportunities linked with the inclusion of ClxBPA and BPA analogs into exposure assessment protocols of relevant epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Pantelis Charisiadis
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Manish Arora
- Exposure Biology, Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9700, RB, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Water and Health Laboratory, Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Andra SS, Kalyvas H, Andrianou XD, Charisiadis P, Christophi CA, Makris KC. Preliminary evidence of the association between monochlorinated bisphenol A exposure and type II diabetes mellitus: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2015; 50:243-259. [PMID: 25594118 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.981111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for the association of bisphenol A (BPA) with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been inconsistent in human studies. In-vitro and animal studies indicate that chlorinated BPA derivatives aggravate BPA health effects via higher estrogenic activity and alteration of membrane-initiating signaling pathways. We evaluated the association between urinary monochlorinated BPA (mono-ClBPA) concentrations and the incidence of T2DM. In our cross-sectional study, we identified 20 adult participants (≥18 yr) who reported having T2DM (doctor-diagnosed) and 131 adults with normal health. First morning void urine samples were analyzed for total BPA and mono-ClBPA. Detection limits of the analytical method were 95 ng L(-1) for BPA and 32 ng L(-1) for mono-ClBPA. Multivariable logistic regression analyses and additive Bayesian network modeling were performed. After adjusting for age, gender, BMI, urinary total BPA and other confounders, the odds of having T2DM was 3.29 times higher (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.10, 11.4; P < 0.05) per unit increase in log-transformed and creatinine-adjusted urinary mono-ClBPA levels (n = 151); this relation did not hold for total BPA. The globally optimum Bayesian model corroborated the results of the logistic regression by expressing mono-ClBPA in the pathway of T2DM, and not for total BPA. An age-matched sensitivity analysis confirmed the increase in OR of T2DM by 3.04 times (95% CI: 1.10, 11.0; P < 0.05) per unit increase in log-transformed and creatinine-adjusted urinary mono-ClBPA concentration (n = 68). The urinary monochlorinated BPA derivative was significantly associated with T2DM, whereas the parent compound (total BPA) was not. Caution should be applied in interpreting these findings, as this is the first study to report this association and the sample size of participants with T2DM is small. Additional research with a larger sample size coupled with relevant toxicological studies is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam S Andra
- a Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology , Limassol , Cyprus
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Si-si P, Bing W. Synthesis of Bisphenol A π-π Stacking Self-assembly Imprinted Polymer by Precipitation Polymerization and Study on Specificity Recognition Mechanism. ACTA POLYM SIN 2014. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2014.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Michałowicz J. Bisphenol A--sources, toxicity and biotransformation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:738-58. [PMID: 24632011 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound used in massive amounts in the production of synthetic polymers and thermal paper. In this review, the sources of BPA, which influence its occurrence in the environment and human surrounding will be presented. Data concerning BPA occurrence in food, water and indoor environments as well as its appearance in tissues and body fluids of human body will be shown. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies and the results of epidemiological surveys showing toxic, endocrine, mutagenic and cancerogenic action of BPA will also be discussed. Moreover, data suggesting that exposure of human to BPA may elevate risk of obesity, diabetes and coronary heart diseases will be presented. Finally, biotransformation of BPA in animals, plants and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae), resulting in the formation of various metabolites that exhibit different from BPA toxicity will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Michałowicz
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143St., 90-236 Łódź, Poland.
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26
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Schmidt J, Kotnik P, Trontelj J, Knez Ž, Mašič LP. Bioactivation of bisphenol A and its analogs (BPF, BPAF, BPZ and DMBPA) in human liver microsomes. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1267-76. [PMID: 23470418 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A analogs are a class of chemicals known as diphenylmethanes, which contain two benzene rings separated by one central carbon atom, usually with a para-hydroxy group on both benzene rings. Bisphenol A (BPA) can induce an uterotrophic response in immature CD-1 mice and elicits estrogenic responses in many other experimental systems. Besides highlighting endocrine effects, a number of metabolic studies provide strong support for the idea that reactive species of BPA are formed in vitro and in vivo that can form covalent adducts with nucleophilic macromolecules and/or produce oxidative stress. We used a liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the detection of metabolites and glutathione conjugates of BPA and its analogs (BPF, BPAF, BPZ and DMBPA) in human liver microsomes (HLM) or with recombinant CYP isozymes in the presence of NADPH and GSH as a trapping agent. We have confirmed that BPA and its structural analogs form hydroxylated metabolites and electrophilic species during bioactivation in HLM and CYP isozymes. These results provided important mechanistic insight into the metabolic fate of BPA structural analogs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Schmidt
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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27
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Singh D, Deota PT. Cycloaddition of Bis-cyclohexa-2,4-dienones: Synthesis of Novel Carbocycles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2011.598440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Yang Y, Yin J, Yang Y, Zhou N, Zhang J, Shao B, Wu Y. Determination of bisphenol AF (BPAF) in tissues, serum, urine and feces of orally dosed rats by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 901:93-7. [PMID: 22749589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As a homologue of bisphenol A (BPA), there is concern about the potential reproductive and developmental toxicity of bisphenol AF (BPAF) based on in vitro tests. In this study, a simple and universal analytical method was developed for the determination of trace BPAF in various tissues and excreta of rats after they were orally dosed. The samples were hydrolyzed with glucuronidase/arylsulfatase followed by ultrasonic extraction with acetonitrile. The crude extract was purified with a mixed-mode anion exchange (Oasis MAX) solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. Separation and quantification was then conducted by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) in negative ionization mode. The recoveries at three fortification levels in different biological samples were from 71.0% to 102.3% with relative standard deviations no more than 13.2% (n=6). The quantification limits of the method were from 0.5 μg/kg to 3 μg/kg depending on the matrix. This method was successfully applied to the determination of BPAF in tissues, serum, urine and feces of orally dosed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
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Geens T, Neels H, Covaci A. Distribution of bisphenol-A, triclosan and n-nonylphenol in human adipose tissue, liver and brain. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:796-802. [PMID: 22277880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an analytical method was optimized for the determination of bisphenol-A (BPA), triclosan (TCS) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4n-NP), environmental contaminants with potential endocrine disruptive activities, in human tissues. The method consisted of a liquid extraction step, derivatization with pentafluorobenzoylchloride followed by a clean-up on acidified silica and detection with gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-ECNI/MS). Recoveries ranged between 92% and 102% with a precision below 5%. Limits of quantification ranged between 0.3-0.4 ng g(-1), 0.045-0.06 ng g(-1) and 0.003-0.004 ng g(-1) for BPA, TCS and 4n-NP in different tissues, respectively. The method was applied for the determination of BPA, TCS and 4n-NP in paired adipose tissue, liver and brain samples from 11 individuals. BPA could be detected in almost all tissues, with the highest concentrations found in adipose tissue (mean 3.78 ng g(-1)), followed by liver (1.48 ng g(-1)) and brain (0.91 ng g(-1)). TCS showed the highest concentrations in liver (3.14 ng g(-1)), followed by adipose tissue (0.61 ng g(-1)), while it could be detected in only one brain sample. Levels of 4n-NP were much lower, mostly undetected, and therefore 4n-NP is considered of minor importance for human exposure. Despite the measurable concentrations in adipose tissue, these compounds seem to have a low bioaccumulation potential. The reported concentrations of free BPA in the various tissues are slight disagreement with pharmacokinetic models in humans and rats and therefore the possibility of external contamination with BPA during sample collection/storage cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinne Geens
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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30
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Uhnáková B, Ludwig R, Pěknicová J, Homolka L, Lisá L, Šulc M, Petříčková A, Elzeinová F, Pelantová H, Monti D, Křen V, Haltrich D, Martínková L. Biodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol A by oxidases in basidiomycetous fungi and estrogenic activity of the biotransformation products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9409-9415. [PMID: 21865031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) degradation was investigated using white rot fungi and their oxidative enzymes. Strains of the Trametes, Pleurotus, Bjerkandera and Dichomitus genera eliminated almost 1 mM TBBPA within 4 days. Laccase, whose role in TBBPA degradation was demonstrated in fungal cultures, was applied to TBBPA degradation alone and in combination with cellobiose dehydrogenase from Sclerotium rolfsii. Purified laccase from Trametes versicolor degraded approximately 2 mM TBBPA within 5 h, while the addition of cellobiose dehydrogenase increased the degradation rate to almost 2.5 mM within 3 h. Laccase was used to prepare TBBPA metabolites 2,6-dibromo-4-(2-hydroxypropane-2-yl) phenol (1), 2,6-dibromo-4-(2-methoxypropane-2-yl) phenol (2) and 1-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphen-1-yl)-2,2',6,6'-tetrabromo-4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol (3). As compounds 1 and 3 were identical to the TBBPA metabolites prepared by using rat and human liver fractions (Zalko et al., 2006), laccase can provide a simple means of preparing these metabolites for toxicity studies. Products 1 and 2 exhibited estrogenic effects, unlike TBBPA, but lower cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronislava Uhnáková
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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31
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Simultaneous quantification of bisphenol A and its glucuronide metabolite (BPA-G) in plasma and urine: applicability to toxicokinetic investigations. Talanta 2011; 85:2053-9. [PMID: 21872057 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used plasticizer that can contaminate food and the wider environment and lead to human exposure. In humans, it is mainly metabolized to bisphenol A-glucuronide (BPA-G) and eliminated in the urine. As BPA causes adverse physiological effects at low doses, it is necessary to document the toxicokinetics of both molecules for risk assessment. Because BPA-G is not available as an analytical standard, it is usually quantified after the assay of BPA, following an enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. With this approach, two separate assays are required for BPA and BPA-G quantification, which can lead to critical pitfalls in terms of accuracy and analysis time. To overcome this problem, we have developed a new method for the isolation and purification of BPA-G from urine by flash chromatography. Large amounts of BPA-G (1g) were isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR. This BPA-G is suitable for an use as analytical standard and enabled us to develop a novel method for the simultaneous quantification of BPA and BPA-G in biological matrices by UPLC/MS/MS. It has also been used for in vivo toxicokinetic studies in sheep. The method of quantification was validated according FDA guidelines and used to monitor the time course of plasma and urine concentrations of BPA or BPA-G following their administration. The simultaneous quantification of BPA and BPA-G was compared to the commonly used method for urine and plasma samples. For plasma samples, the results obtained with the direct assay of BPA-G were similar to those obtained by quantification after enzymatic hydrolysis. With urine samples, the simultaneous quantification appeared to be more suitable than the hydrolysis method for the BPA-G determination.
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Gualtieri AF, Iwachow MA, Venara M, Rey RA, Schteingart HF. Bisphenol A effect on glutathione synthesis and recycling in testicular Sertoli cells. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:e102-9. [PMID: 20924222 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Controversial effects of bisphenol A (BPA) have been reported on testicular function. These differences might reflect dissimilar exposure conditions. Dose responses to toxicants may be non-linear, e.g. U-shaped, with effects at low and at high levels of exposure and lower or inexistent effects at intermediate levels. Sertoli cells produce high levels of glutathione (GSH) as a cell defense mechanism. In this study, we addressed the question whether the exposure to different doses of BPA could influence Sertoli cell GSH synthesis and recycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary Sertoli cell cultures were exposed to various doses of BPA (0.5 nM-100 μM). Cell viability was measured as an outcome of toxic effect. GSH cell content was determined to evaluate cell response to toxicant exposure. Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) and modulatory (GCLM) subunit expression were assessed to estimate GSH synthesis, and GSH reductase (GR) expression to estimate GSH recycling. RESULTS BPA 100 μM, but not lower doses, decreased cell viability. BPA 10 and 50 μM, but not lower doses, induced an increment in Sertoli cell GSH levels, due to a rapid upregulation of GCLC and GR and a slower upregulation of GCLM. CONCLUSIONS High doses of BPA are deleterious for Sertoli cells. Intermediate doses do not affect Sertoli cell viability and increase cell content of GSH owing to increased GSH synthesis and recycling enzyme expression. Lower doses of BPA are not capable of eliciting a cell defense response. These observations may explain a non-linear dose response of Sertoli cells to BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Gualtieri
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas (CEDIE-CONICET), Hospital de Niños R. Gutiérrez, Gallo 1330, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Taylor JA, Vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Drury B, Rottinghaus G, Hunt PA, Toutain PL, Laffont CM, VandeVoort CA. Similarity of bisphenol A pharmacokinetics in rhesus monkeys and mice: relevance for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:422-30. [PMID: 20855240 PMCID: PMC3080921 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Daily adult human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been estimated at <1 µg/kg, with virtually complete first-pass conjugation in the liver in primates but not in mice. We measured unconjugated and conjugated BPA levels in serum from adult female rhesus monkeys and adult female mice after oral administration of BPA and compared findings in mice and monkeys with prior published data in women. METHODS Eleven adult female rhesus macaques were fed 400 µg/kg deuterated BPA (dBPA) daily for 7 days. Levels of serum dBPA were analyzed by isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (0.2 ng/mL limit of quantitation) over 24 hr on day 1 and on day 7. The same dose of BPA was fed to adult female CD-1 mice; other female mice were administered 3H-BPA at doses ranging from 2 to 100,000 µg/kg. RESULTS In monkeys, the maximum unconjugated serum dBPA concentration of 4 ng/mL was reached 1 hr after feeding and declined to low levels by 24 hr, with no significant bioaccumulation after seven daily doses. Mice and monkeys cleared unconjugated serum BPA at virtually identical rates. We observed a linear (proportional) relationship between administered dose and serum BPA in mice. CONCLUSIONS BPA pharmacokinetics in women, female monkeys, and mice is very similar. By comparison with approximately 2 ng/mL unconjugated serum BPA reported in multiple human studies, the average 24-hr unconjugated serum BPA concentration of 0.5 ng/mL in both monkeys and mice after a 400 µg/kg oral dose suggests that total daily human exposure is via multiple routes and is much higher than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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Cabaton NJ, Wadia PR, Rubin BS, Zalko D, Schaeberle CM, Askenase MH, Gadbois JL, Tharp AP, Whitt GS, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM. Perinatal exposure to environmentally relevant levels of bisphenol A decreases fertility and fecundity in CD-1 mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:547-52. [PMID: 21126938 PMCID: PMC3080939 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinatal exposure to low-doses of bisphenol A (BPA) results in alterations in the ovary, uterus, and mammary glands and in a sexually dimorphic region of the brain known to be important for estrous cyclicity. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine whether perinatal exposure to environmentally relevant doses of BPA alters reproductive capacity. METHODS Female CD-1 mice that were exposed to BPA at 0, 25 ng, 250 ng, or 25 µg/kg body weight (BW)/day or diethylstilbestrol (DES) at 10 ng/kg BW/day (positive control) from gestational day 8 through day 16 of lactation were continuously housed with proven breeder males for 32 weeks starting at 2 months of age. At each delivery, pups born to these mating pairs were removed. The cumulative number of pups, number of deliveries, and litter size were recorded. The purity of the BPA used in this and our previous studies was assessed using HPLC, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. RESULTS The forced breeding experiment revealed a decrease in the cumulative number of pups, observed as a nonmonotonic dose-response effect, and a decline in fertility and fecundity over time in female mice exposed perinatally to BPA. The BPA was 97% pure, with no evidence of contamination by other phenolic compounds. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal exposure to BPA leads to a dose-dependent decline in the reproductive capacity of female mice. The effects on the cumulative number of pups are comparable to those previously reported in mice developmentally exposed to DES, a compound well known to impair reproduction in women. This association suggests the possibility that early BPA exposure may also affect reproductive capacity in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. Cabaton
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Perinaaz R. Wadia
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beverly S. Rubin
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Zalko
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR1089 Xénobiotiques, Toulouse, France
| | - Cheryl M. Schaeberle
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael H. Askenase
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Gadbois
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew P. Tharp
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory S. Whitt
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos Sonnenschein
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana M. Soto
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Address correspondence to A.M. Soto, Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111 USA. Telephone: (617) 636-6954 Fax: (617) 636-3971. E-mail:
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Nakamura S, Tezuka Y, Ushiyama A, Kawashima C, Kitagawara Y, Takahashi K, Ohta S, Mashino T. Ipso substitution of bisphenol A catalyzed by microsomal cytochrome P450 and enhancement of estrogenic activity. Toxicol Lett 2011; 203:92-5. [PMID: 21402134 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), an industrial chemical with estrogenic activity, was investigated as a substrate for the ipso-metabolism catalyzed by microsomal cytochrome P450 (P450). BPA was expected to be transformed to a quinol via an ipso-addition reaction; however, hydroquinone (HQ) was detected as a metabolite via an ipso-substitution reaction. Isopropenylphenol (IPP) and hydroxycumyl alcohol (HCA) were also produced as eliminated metabolites by C-C bond scission via ipso-substitution. Incorporation of the ¹⁸O atom to HCA from H₂¹⁸O suggested the presence of a carbocation intermediate. Bulkiness of p-substituted group of BPA and/or stability of the eliminated carbocation intermediate may cause ipso-substitution of BPA. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 showed higher activity for ipso-substitution. CYP2D6*1 also showed the activity; however, the other 9 isozymes did not. IPP showed ER-binding activity in the same degree of BPA. Furthermore, the ER-binding activity of HCA was about a hundred times greater than that of BPA. These results suggested that this new metabolic pathway contributes to the activation of the estrogenic activity of BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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Zalko D, Jacques C, Duplan H, Bruel S, Perdu E. Viable skin efficiently absorbs and metabolizes bisphenol A. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 82:424-430. [PMID: 21030062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Skin contact has been hypothesized to contribute to human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA). We examined the diffusion and metabolism of BPA using viable skin models: human skin explants and short-term cultures of pig ear skin, an alternative model for the study of the fate of xenobiotics following contact exposure. 14C-BPA [50-800 nmol] was applied on the surface of skin models. Radioactivity distribution was measured in all skin compartments and in the diffusion cells of static cells diffusion systems. BPA and metabolites were further quantified by radio-HPLC. BPA was efficiently absorbed in short-term cultures, with no major difference between the models used in the study [viable pig ear skin: 65%; viable human explants: 46%; non-viable (previously frozen) pig skin: 58%]. BPA was extensively metabolized in viable systems only. Major BPA metabolites produced by the skin were BPA mono-glucuronide and BPA mono-sulfate, accounting together for 73% and 27% of the dose, in pig and human, respectively. In conclusion, experiments with viable skin models unequivocally demonstrate that BPA is readily absorbed and metabolized by the skin. The trans-dermal route is expected to contribute substantially to BPA exposure in human, when direct contact with BPA (free monomer) occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zalko
- INRA, UMR1089 Xénobiotiques, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 93173, 31027 Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
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Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. Is bisphenol A a weak carcinogen like the natural estrogens and diethylstilbestrol? IUBMB Life 2010; 62:746-51. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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38
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Bondesson M, Jönsson J, Pongratz I, Olea N, Cravedi JP, Zalko D, Håkansson H, Halldin K, Di Lorenzo D, Behl C, Manthey D, Balaguer P, Demeneix B, Fini JB, Laudet V, Gustafsson JA. A CASCADE of effects of bisphenol A. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 28:563-7. [PMID: 19577634 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fini JB, Dolo L, Cravedi JP, Demeneix B, Zalko D. Metabolism of the endocrine disruptor BPA by Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1163:394-7. [PMID: 19456369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of the plasticizer bisphenol A (BPA), a thyroid function disruptor, was investigated in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Uptake and biotransformation of [(3)H]-BPA was followed over 72 h at 1 micromol/L and 10 micromol/L +/- triiodothyronine. A rapid decrease of radioactivity in media was observed after [(3)H]-BPA was added. [(3)H]-BPA uptake reached 25% after 24 h then ranged between 6% and 15%. Metabolic profiles of water samples at 24, 48, and 72 h as well as tadpole extracts (at 72 h) were obtained using radio-HPLC. Parent (unmodified) BPA was consistently found in water samples and within tadpoles. Six peaks corresponding to BPA metabolites were detected. Based on retention time comparison with standards isolated from rat and human material, the two main metabolites were identified as BPA-glucuronide and BPA-sulfate. Thus, Xenopus laevis provides a useful model for studying BPA effects in vertebrates, as the main BPA metabolites are similar to those produced in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Fini
- UMR CNRS 5166, Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Dept. Regulations, Development and Molecular Diversity, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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40
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Cabaton N, Dumont C, Severin I, Perdu E, Zalko D, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Chagnon MC. Genotoxic and endocrine activities of bis(hydroxyphenyl)methane (bisphenol F) and its derivatives in the HepG2 cell line. Toxicology 2009; 255:15-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chapin RE, Adams J, Boekelheide K, Gray LE, Hayward SW, Lees PSJ, McIntyre BS, Portier KM, Schnorr TM, Selevan SG, Vandenbergh JG, Woskie SR. NTP-CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of bisphenol A. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 83:157-395. [PMID: 18613034 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Cabaton N, Zalko D, Rathahao E, Canlet C, Delous G, Chagnon MC, Cravedi JP, Perdu E. Biotransformation of bisphenol F by human and rat liver subcellular fractions. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1697-704. [PMID: 18672047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol F [4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl-methane] (BPF) has a broad range of applications in industry (liners lacquers, adhesives, plastics, coating of drinks and food cans). Free monomers of this bisphenol can be released into the environment and enter the food chain, very likely resulting in the exposure of humans to low doses of BPF. This synthetic compound has been reported to be estrogenic. A study of BPF distribution and metabolism in rats has demonstrated the formation of many metabolites, with multiple biotransformation pathways. In the present work we investigated the in vitro biotransformation of radio-labelled BPF using rat and human liver subcellular fractions. BPF metabolites were separated, isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and analysed by mass spectrometry (MS), MS(n), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Many of these metabolites were characterized for the first time in mammals and in humans. BPF is metabolised into the corresponding glucuronide and sulfate (liver S9 fractions). In addition to these phase II biotransformation products, various hydroxylated metabolites are formed, as well as structurally related apolar metabolites. These phase I metabolic pathways are dominant for incubations carried out with liver microsomes and also present for incubations carried out with liver S9 fractions. The formation of the main metabolites, namely meta-hydroxylated BPF and ortho-hydroxylated BPF (catechol BPF) is P450 dependent, as is the formation of the less polar metabolites characterized as BPF dimers. Both the formation of a catechol and of dimeric metabolites correspond to biotransformation pathways shared by BPF, other bisphenols and estradiol.
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Dekant W, Völkel W. Human exposure to bisphenol A by biomonitoring: Methods, results and assessment of environmental exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 228:114-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nakazawa H, Ito R, Iwasaki Y, Nakata A, Saito K. Trace Analysis of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals for Risk Assessment to Human Exposure. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2007. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.56.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rie Ito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | | | - Ayako Nakata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
| | - Koichi Saito
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hoshi University
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Zalko D, Prouillac C, Riu A, Perdu E, Dolo L, Jouanin I, Canlet C, Debrauwer L, Cravedi JP. Biotransformation of the flame retardant tetrabromo-bisphenol A by human and rat sub-cellular liver fractions. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 64:318-27. [PMID: 16473389 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The comparative in vitro metabolism of the flame retardant tetrabromo-bisphenol A was studied in rat and human using a [(14)C]-radio-labelled molecule. Tetrabromo-bisphenol A is metabolised into the corresponding glucuronide (liver S9 fractions) and several other metabolites produced by cytochrome P450 dependent pathways (liver microsomes and liver S9 fractions). No major qualitative differences were observed between rat and human, regardless of the selected concentration, within the 20-200 microM range. Tetrabromo-bisphenol A undergoes an oxidative cleavage near the central carbon of the molecule, that leads to the production of hydroxylated dibromo-phenol, hydroxylated dibromo-isopropyl-phenol and glutathione conjugated dibromo-isopropyl-phenol. The main metabolites of tetrabromo-bisphenol A are two molecules of lower polarity than the parent compound, characterised as a hexa-brominated compound with three aromatic rings and a hepta-brominated dimer-like compound, respectively. Both structures, as well as the lower molecular weight metabolites resulting from the breakdown of the molecule, suggest the occurrence of chemically reactive intermediates formed following a first step oxidation of tetrabromo-bisphenol A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zalko
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1089 Xénobiotiques, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille, BP3, 31931 Toulouse Cédex 9, France
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Tsai WT. Human health risk on environmental exposure to Bisphenol-A: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2006; 24:225-55. [PMID: 17114111 DOI: 10.1080/10590500600936482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA), identified as an environmental hormone (i.e., endocrine disruptor), is an industrially important chemical that is being used as a primary raw material for the production of engineering plastics (e.g., polycarbonate/epoxy resins), food cans (i.e., lacquer coatings), and dental composites/sealants. From the ecotoxicology, human health and regulatory points of view, it is urgent to restrict the emissions and releases of the estrogenic chemical from the industrial processes and commercial products. This article reviews BPA in the current literature in terms of physiochemical properties, industrial/commercial uses, environmental distributions in the atmospheric/aquatic/terrestrial phases, possible human toxicity, and its exposure standards and limits. Emphasis is put on the most significant distribution in the aquatic environment, and occupational and non-occupational human exposures. Overall, it is strongly convinced that BPA is not a carcinogenic risk to humans, and is also rapidly glucuronidated and excreted through the route of urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tien Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Debrauwer L, Riu A, Jouahri M, Rathahao E, Jouanin I, Antignac JP, Cariou R, Le Bize B, Zalko D. Probing new approaches using atmospheric pressure photo ionization for the analysis of brominated flame retardants and their related degradation products by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1082:98-109. [PMID: 16038199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure photo ionisation has been evaluated for the analysis of brominated flame retardants and their related degradation products by LC-MS. Degradation mixtures obtained from the photochemical degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A and decabromodiphenylether were used as model systems for the assessment of the developed methodology. Negative ion mode gave best results for TBBPA and its degradation compounds. [M - H]- ions were formed without the need of using a doping agent. MS and MS/MS experiments allowed the structural identification of new TBBPA "polymeric" degradation compounds formed by attachment of TBBPA moieties and/or their respective cleavage products. In the case of polybromodiphenylethers, the positive mode provided M*+ ions and gave better results for congeners ranging from mono- to pentabromodiphenylethers whereas for higher bromination degrees, the negative ion mode (providing [M - Br + O]- ions) was best suited. Under both positive and negative ionisation modes, the use of toluene as doping agent gave better results. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry by means of atmospheric pressure photo-ionisation was applied to the analysis of aromatic brominated flame retardants and their degradation products. This methodology proved to be particularly useful, for the characterisation and structural identification of some compounds which are not amenable to GC-MS, especially in the case of apolar "polymeric" degradation products of tetrabromobisphenol A investigated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Debrauwer
- UMR 1089 Xénobiotiques, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, BP 3, 31931 Toulouse, France.
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