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Yamaguchi Y, Sugiki M, Shimizu M, Ogawa K, Kumagai H. Comparative analysis of isothiocyanates in eight cruciferous vegetables and evaluation of the hepatoprotective effects of 4-(methylsulfinyl)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (sulforaphene) from daikon radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts. Food Funct 2024; 15:4894-4904. [PMID: 38597802 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00133h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The contributions of cruciferous vegetables to human health are widely recognised, particularly at the molecular level, where their isothiocyanates play a significant role. However, compared to the well-studied isothiocyanate 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl isothiocyanate (sulforaphane) produced from broccoli sprouts, less is known about the pharmacological effects of other isothiocyanates and the stage of vegetables preferable to obtain their benefits. We analysed the quantity and quality of isothiocyanates produced in both the sprouts and mature stages of eight cruciferous vegetables using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of isothiocyanates in a mouse model of acute hepatitis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Furthermore, we explored the detoxification enzyme-inducing activities of crude sprout extracts in normal rats. Among the eight cruciferous vegetables, daikon radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts produced the highest amount of isothiocyanates, with 4-(methylsulfinyl)-3-butenyl isothiocyanate (sulforaphene) being the dominant compound. The amount of sulforaphene in daikon radish sprouts was approximately 30 times that of sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts. Sulforaphene demonstrated hepatoprotective effects similar to sulforaphane in ameliorating CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice. A crude extract of 3-day-old daikon radish sprouts upregulated the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the liver, whereas the crude extract of broccoli sprouts showed limited upregulation. This study highlights that daikon radish sprouts and sulforaphene have the potential to serve as functional food materials with hepatoprotective effects. Furthermore, daikon radish sprouts may exhibit more potent hepatoprotective effects compared to broccoli sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yamaguchi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Mikio Sugiki
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Motomi Shimizu
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Ogawa
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Kumagai
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
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Tilahun S, Baek MW, An KS, Choi HR, Lee JH, Hong JS, Jeong CS. Radish microgreens produced without substrate in a vertical multi-layered growing unit are rich in nutritional metabolites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1236055. [PMID: 37780508 PMCID: PMC10536316 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1236055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Growing microgreens on trays without substrate in a vertical multilayered growing unit offers several advantages over traditional agriculture methods. This study investigated the yield performance and nutritional quality of five selections of radish microgreens grown in sprouting trays, without a substrate using only water, in an indoor multilayer cultivation system using artificial light. Various parameters were measured, including fresh weight, dry matter, chlorophyll, minerals, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, glucosinolates, and antioxidant activity with four different in vitro assays. After ten days, the biomass had increased by 6-10 times, and the dry matter varied from 4.75-7.65%. The highest yield was obtained from 'Asia red', while the lowest was from 'Koregon red'. However, 'Koregon red' and 'Asia red' had the highest dry matter. 'Asia red' was found to have the highest levels of both Chls and vitamin C compared to the other cultivars, while 'Koregon red' exhibited the highest levels of total phenolics and flavonoids. Although variations in the levels of individual glucosinolates were observed, there were no significant differences in the total content of glucosinolates among the five cultivars. 'Asia purple' had the highest anthocyanin content, while 'Asia green 2' had the lowest. The K, Mg, and Na concentrations were significantly highest in 'Asia green 2', and the highest Ca was recorded in 'Asia purple'. Overall, 'Asia purple' and 'Koregon red' were the best cultivars in terms of nutritional quality among the tested radish microgreens. These cultivars exhibited high levels of dry weight, total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, essential and total amino acids, and antioxidant activities. Moreover, the implementation of this vertical cultivation method for microgreens, which relies solely on water and seeds known for their tall shoots during the sprouting could hold promise as a sustainable approach. This method can effectively be utilized for cultivar screening and fulfilling the nutritional and functional needs of the population while minimizing the environmental impacts associated with traditional agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeles Tilahun
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Min Woo Baek
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seok An
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Kangwon National University Eco-friendly Agricultural Product Safety Center, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Ryul Choi
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sung Hong
- Department of Applied Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon Soon Jeong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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Cannavacciuolo C, Cerulli A, Dirsch VM, Heiss EH, Masullo M, Piacente S. LC-MS- and 1H NMR-Based Metabolomics to Highlight the Impact of Extraction Solvents on Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Daikon Sprouts ( Raphanus sativus L.). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1542. [PMID: 37627537 PMCID: PMC10451950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the interest of consumers towards functional foods as source of bioactive compounds is increasing. The sprouts of Raphanus sativus var longipinnatus (Brassicaceae) are "microgreens" popular, especially in gourmet cuisine, for their appealing aspect and piquant flavour. They represent a functional food due to their high nutritional value and health-promoting effects. Herein, the sprouts of daikon were extracted by different solvent mixtures to highlight how this process can affect the chemical profile and the antioxidant activity. An in-depth investigation based on a preliminary LC-ESI/LTQOrbitrap/MS profiling was carried out, leading to the identification of nineteen compounds, including glucosinolates and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives. An undescribed compound, 1-O-feruloyl-2-O-sinapoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, was isolated, and its structure was elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. The phenolic content and radical scavenging activity (DPPH and TEAC assays), along with the ability to activate Nrf2 (Nrf2-mediated luciferase reporter gene assay) of polar extracts, were evaluated. The results showed the highest antioxidant activity for the 70% EtOH/H2O extract with a TEAC value of 1.95 mM and IC50 = 93.97 µg/mL in the DPPH assay. Some 50% and 70% EtOH/H2O extracts showed a pronounced concentration-dependent induction of Nrf2 activity. The extracts of daikon sprouts were submitted to 1H NMR experiments and then analyzed by untargeted and targeted approaches of multivariate data analysis to highlight differences related to extraction solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Cannavacciuolo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonietta Cerulli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.M.D.); (E.H.H.)
| | - Elke H. Heiss
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.M.D.); (E.H.H.)
| | - Milena Masullo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.); (M.M.)
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Chen C, Kim RH, Hwang KT, Kim J. Chemical compounds and bioactivities of the extracts from radish (Raphanus sativus) sprouts exposed to red and blue light-emitting diodes during cultivation. Eur Food Res Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-023-04235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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A Comparative Transcriptome and Metabolome Combined Analysis Reveals the Key Genes and Their Regulatory Model Responsible for Glucoraphasatin Accumulation in Radish Fleshy Taproots. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23062953. [PMID: 35328374 PMCID: PMC8949420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23062953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is rich in specific glucosinolates (GSLs), which benefit human health and special flavor formation. Although the basic GSLs metabolic pathway in Brassicaceae plants is clear, the regulating mechanism for specific glucosinolates content in radish fleshy taproots is not well understood. In this study, we discovered that there was a significant difference in the GSLs profiles and the content of various GSLs components. Glucoraphasatin (GRH) is the most predominant GSL in radish taproots of different genotypes as assessed by HPLC analysis. Further, we compared the taproot transcriptomes of three radish genotypes with high and low GSLs content by employing RNA-seq. Totally, we identified forty-one differentially expressed genes related to GSLs metabolism. Among them, thirteen genes (RsBCAT4, RsIPMDH1, RsMAM1a, RsMAM1b, RsCYP79F1, RsGSTF9, RsGGP1, RsSUR1, RsUGT74C1, RsST5b, RsAPK1, RsGSL-OH, and RsMYB28) were significantly higher co-expressed in the high content genotypes than in low content genotype. Notably, correlation analysis indicated that the expression level of RsMYB28, as an R2R3 transcription factor directly regulating aliphatic glucosinolate biosynthesis, was positively correlated with the GRH content. Co-expression network showed that RsMYB28 probably positively regulated the expression of the above genes, particularly RsSUR1, and consequently the synthesis of GRH. Moreover, the molecular mechanism of the accumulation of this 4-carbon (4C) GSL in radish taproots was explored. This study provides new perspectives on the GSLs accumulation mechanism and genetic improvements in radish taproots.
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Sun Y, Zhang H, Cheng Z. A 96-Well Plates-based UV Spectrophotometric Assay for Determination
of Total Glucosinolates in Isatis indigotica Roots. CURR ANAL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411017666210809094602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Glucosinolates (GLS) are important secondary metabolites in Cruciferae
vegetables and herbs. Currently, the assays of total GLS determination are cumbersome (requiring
acidic or enzymatic hydrolysis and addition of staining reagents), time-consuming, and indirect.
High concentrations of inorganic salts are inevitably incorporated into the GLS products during
separation. There is a need for a quantitative method for simple and rapid determination of total
GLS after desalting process.
Methods:
A 96-well plates-based UV spectrophotometric method for determination of total GLS
of Isatis indigotica roots was developed in the present study. The detection wavelength is set at 230
nm using quartz plates. This assay was validated using gluconapin and sinigrin as reference standards,
and applied to determine the total GLS of I. indigotica roots prepared from five different desalting
methods.
Results:
This assay is specific for total GLS prepared from I. indigotica roots, and it has acceptable
accuracy (91.76–98.18% for quality control, and 95.59–102.52% for addition/recovery), precision
(0.24–0.70% pooled RSD), reproducibility (0.31–1.84% RSD), and stability (0.24–1.45% RSD)
over a 72-h period.
Conclusion:
The 96-well plates-based UV spectrophotometric assay is simple and accurate for
high-throughput determination of total GLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Sun
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- Shanghai Yeehope Biochemistry
Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Cheng
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chorol S, Angchok D, Stobdan T. Irrigation timing as a glucosinolate alteration factor in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) (Gya Labuk and Tsentay Labuk) in the Indian Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Attri P, Ishikawa K, Okumura T, Koga K, Shiratani M, Mildaziene V. Impact of seed color and storage time on the radish seed germination and sprout growth in plasma agriculture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2539. [PMID: 33510231 PMCID: PMC7844220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of low-temperature plasma for the pre-sowing seed treatment is still in the early stage of research; thus, numerous factors affecting germination percentage, seedling growth, and yield remains unknown. This study aimed to estimate how two critical factors, such as harvest year and seed coat color, affect the percentage of germination and seedling growth after plasma treatment. Radish seeds stored for 2 and 1 year after harvesting (harvested in 2017 and 2018) were sorted into two colors (brown and grey) to investigate the plasma effect on harvest year and seed coat color. We analyzed the amounts of seed phytohormones and antioxidant (γ-tocopherol) were analyzed using mass spectrometry, and physical changes were studied using SEM, EDX, and EPR to understand the mechanism of plasma-induced changes in radish seeds. The obtained results revealed that plasma treatment on seeds affects the germination kinetics, and the maximal germination percentage depends on seed color and the time of seed storage after harvest. Through this study, for the first time, we demonstrated that physical and chemical changes in radish seeds after plasma treatment depends upon the seed color and harvest year. Positive effects of plasma treatment on growth are stronger for sprouts from seeds harvested in 2017 than in 2018. The plasma treatment effect on the sprouts germinated from grey seeds effect was stronger than sprouts from brown radish seeds. The amounts of gibberellin A3 and abscisic acid in control seeds strongly depended on the seed color, and plasma induced changes were better in grey seeds harvested in 2017. Therefore, this study reveals that Air scalar-DBD plasma's reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) can efficiently accelerate germination and growth in older seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Attri
- Center of Plasma Nano-Interface Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Kenji Ishikawa
- Center of Plasma Nano-Interface Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takamasa Okumura
- Department of Electronics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kazunori Koga
- Department of Electronics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National Institute of Natural Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaharu Shiratani
- Center of Plasma Nano-Interface Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Electronics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Vida Mildaziene
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, 44404, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Blažević I, Đulović A, Burčul F, Popović M, Montaut S, Bilušić T, Vrca I, Markić J, Ljubenkov I, Ruščić M, Rollin P. Stability and bioaccessibility during ex vivo digestion of glucoraphenin and glucoraphasatin from Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Blažević I, Montaut S, Burčul F, Olsen CE, Burow M, Rollin P, Agerbirk N. Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 169:112100. [PMID: 31771793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolates (GSLs) is a well-defined group of plant metabolites characterized by having an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to an O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate function. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the sulfated aglucone can undergo rearrangement to an isothiocyanate, or form a nitrile or other products. The number of GSLs known from plants, satisfactorily characterized by modern spectroscopic methods (NMR and MS) by mid-2018, is 88. In addition, a group of partially characterized structures with highly variable evidence counts for approximately a further 49. This means that the total number of characterized GSLs from plants is somewhere between 88 and 137. The diversity of GSLs in plants is critically reviewed here, resulting in significant discrepancies with previous reviews. In general, the well-characterized GSLs show resemblance to C-skeletons of the amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, Trp, Ile, Phe/Tyr and Met, or to homologs of Ile, Phe/Tyr or Met. Insufficiently characterized, still hypothetic GSLs include straight-chain alkyl GSLs and chain-elongated GSLs derived from Leu. Additional reports (since 2011) of insufficiently characterized GSLs are reviewed. Usually the crucial missing information is correctly interpreted NMR, which is the most effective tool for GSL identification. Hence, modern use of NMR for GSL identification is also reviewed and exemplified. Apart from isolation, GSLs may be obtained by organic synthesis, allowing isotopically labeled GSLs and any kind of side chain. Enzymatic turnover of GSLs in plants depends on a considerable number of enzymes and other protein factors and furthermore depends on GSL structure. Identification of GSLs must be presented transparently and live up to standard requirements in natural product chemistry. Unfortunately, many recent reports fail in these respects, including reports based on chromatography hyphenated to MS. In particular, the possibility of isomers and isobaric structures is frequently ignored. Recent reports are re-evaluated and interpreted as evidence of the existence of "isoGSLs", i.e. non-GSL isomers of GSLs in plants. For GSL analysis, also with MS-detection, we stress the importance of using authentic standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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McKenzie M, Matich A, Hunter D, Esfandiari A, Trolove S, Chen R, Lill R. Selenium Application During Radish ( Raphanus sativus) Plant Development Alters Glucosinolate Metabolic Gene Expression and Results in the Production of 4-(methylseleno)but-3-enyl glucosinolate. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8100427. [PMID: 31635372 PMCID: PMC6843385 DOI: 10.3390/plants8100427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for human health, entering the diet mainly through the consumption of plant material. Members of the Brassicaceae are Se-accumulators that can accumulate up to 1g Se kg−1 dry weight (DW) from the environment without apparent ill effect. The Brassicaceae also produce glucosinolates (GSLs), sulfur (S)-rich compounds that benefit human health. Radish (Raphanussativus) has a unique GSL profile and is a Se-accumulating species that is part of the human diet as sprouts, greens and roots. In this report we describe the effects of Se-fertilisation on GSL production in radish during five stages of early development (from seed to mature salad greens) and on the transcript abundance of eight genes encoding enzymes involved in GSL metabolism. We tentatively identified (by tandem mass spectrometry) the selenium-containing glucosinolate, 4-(methylseleno)but-3-enyl glucosinolate, with the double bond geometry not resolved. Two related isothiocyanates were tentatively identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as (E/Z?) isomers of 4-(methylseleno)but-3-enyl isothiocyanate. Se fertilisation of mature radish led to the presence of selenoglucosinolates in the seed. While GSL concentration generally reduced during radish development, GSL content was generally not affected by Se fertilisation, aside from the indole GSL, indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, which increased on Se treatment, and the Se-GSLs, which significantly increased during development. The transcript abundance of genes involved in aliphatic GSL biosynthesis declined with Se treatment while that of genes involved in indole GSL biosynthesis tended to increase. APS kinase transcript abundance increased significantly in three of the four developmental stages following Se treatment. The remaining genes investigated were not significantly changed following Se treatment. We hypothesise that increased APS kinase expression in response to Se treatment is part of a general protection mechanism controlling the uptake of S and the production of S-containing compounds such as GSLs. The upregulation of genes encoding enzymes involved in indole GSL biosynthesis and a decrease in those involved in aliphatic GSL biosynthesis may be part of a similar mechanism protecting the plant’s GSL complement whilst limiting the amount of Se-GSLs produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian McKenzie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd., Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Adam Matich
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd., Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Donald Hunter
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd., Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Azadeh Esfandiari
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd., Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Stephen Trolove
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd., Private Bag 1401, Havelock North 4157, New Zealand.
| | - Ronan Chen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd., Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Ross Lill
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Ltd., Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Zhang J, Feng C, Tan X, Hagedoorn PL, Gu C, Xu H, Zhou X. Effect of aliphatic diamine spacer length on enzymatic performance of myrosinase immobilized on chitosan microsphere and its application for sulforaphene production. J Biotechnol 2019; 299:79-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Moreno DA, Pérez-Balibrea S, García-Viguera C. Phytochemical Quality and Bioactivity of Edible Sprouts. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600101120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Edible sprouts are phytonutrient-rich plant foods, good source of flavonoids, other polyphenols, glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, proteins, minerals and vitamins. The increasing consumption of sprouts requires optimisation of their quality, palatability and bioactivity. Multiple genetic and environmental factors (growth conditions, stress, elicitors) affect the production and accumulation of phytochemicals in these foods, offering the basis for further research on the improvement of the nutritional and health-relevant functional value of edible sprouts. In the present review, we focus on the phytochemical characteristics of edible sprouts, which can be regarded as a safe and promising a new dietary source of natural products for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Moreno
- Lab. Fitoquímica, Grupo de Investigación en Calidad, Seguridad y Bioactividad de Alimentos Vegetales, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Santiago Pérez-Balibrea
- Lab. Fitoquímica, Grupo de Investigación en Calidad, Seguridad y Bioactividad de Alimentos Vegetales, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Viguera
- Lab. Fitoquímica, Grupo de Investigación en Calidad, Seguridad y Bioactividad de Alimentos Vegetales, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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Induction of Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity by Raphasatin in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma MCF-7 Cells. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123092. [PMID: 30486382 PMCID: PMC6321584 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucoraphasatin (GRH), a glucosinolate present abundantly in the plants of the Brassicaceae family, is hydrolyzed by myrosinase to raphasatin, which is considered responsible for its cancer chemopreventive activity; however, the underlying mechanisms of action have not been investigated, particularly in human cell lines. The aims of this study are to determine the cytotoxicity of raphasatin, and to evaluate its potential to cause apoptosis and modulate cell cycle arrest in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. The cytotoxicity was determined following incubation of the cells with glucoraphasatin or raphasatin (0–100 µM), for 24, 48, and 72 h. GRH displayed no cytotoxicity as exemplified by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. When myrosinase was added to the incubation system to convert GRH to raphasatin, cytotoxicity was evident. Exposure of the cells to raphasatin stimulated apoptosis, as was exemplified by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. Moreover, using Annexin V-FITC assay, raphasatin induced apoptosis, as witnessed by changes in cellular distribution of cells, at different stages of apoptosis; in addition, raphasatin caused the arrest of the MCF-7 cells at the G2 + M phase. In conclusion, raphasatin demonstrated cancer chemopreventive potential against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells, through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
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15
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Induction of Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity by Isothiocyanate Sulforaphene in Human Hepatocarcinoma HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060718. [PMID: 29866995 PMCID: PMC6024841 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucoraphenin, a glucosinolate present in large quantities in radish is hydrolysed by myrosinase to form the isothiocyanate sulforaphene, which is believed to be responsible for its chemopreventive activity; however, the underlying mechanisms of action have not been investigated, particularly in human cell lines. The aim of the study is to assess the cytotoxicity of sulforaphene in HepG2 cells and evaluate its potential to enhance apoptosis. The cytotoxicity of sulforaphene in HepG2 cells was carried out ensuing an initial screening with two other cell lines, MFC-7 and HT-29, where sulforaphene displayed highest toxicity in HepG2 cells following incubation at 24, 48 and 72 h. In contrast, the intact glucosinolate showed no cytotoxicity. Morphological studies indicated that sulforaphene stimulated apoptosis as exemplified by cell shrinkage, blebbing, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. The Annexin V assay revealed significant increases in apoptosis and the same treatment increased the activity of caspases -3/7 and -9, whereas a decline in caspase-8 was observed. Impairment of cell proliferation was indicated by cell cycle arrest at the Sub G0/G1 phase as compared to the other phases. It may be concluded that sulforaphene, but not its parent glucosinolate, glucoraphenin, causes cytotoxicity and stimulates apoptosis in HepG2 cells.
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Mavratzotis M, Cassel S, Montaut S, Rollin P. ω-Methylsulfanylalkyl Glucosinolates: A General Synthetic Pathway. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040786. [PMID: 29597339 PMCID: PMC6017801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A general pathway was devised to synthesize ω-methylsulfanylalkyl glucosinolates, which represent an important class of structurally homogeneous plant secondary metabolites. The required thiofunctionalized hydroximoyl chlorides were obtained from the corresponding α,ω-nitroalkyl methylsulfide precursors, involving as the key-step, a nitronate chlorination strategy. A coupling reaction with 1-thio-beta-d-glucopyranose, followed by O-sulfation of the intermediate thiohydroximate and final deprotection of the sugar moiety afforded the target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Mavratzotis
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
| | - Stéphanie Cassel
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
- Laboratoire IMRCP, UMR CNRS 5623, Université P. Sabatier Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada.
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067 Orléans CEDEX 2, France.
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17
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Insights into the species-specific metabolic engineering of glucosinolates in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) based on comparative genomic analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16040. [PMID: 29167500 PMCID: PMC5700054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) and their hydrolysis products present in Brassicales play important roles in plants against herbivores and pathogens as well as in the protection of human health. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of species-specific GSLs and their hydrolysed products in Raphanus sativus L., we performed a comparative genomics analysis between R. sativus and Arabidopsis thaliana. In total, 144 GSL metabolism genes were identified, and most of these GSL genes have expanded through whole-genome and tandem duplication in R. sativus. Crucially, the differential expression of FMOGS-OX2 in the root and silique correlates with the differential distribution of major aliphatic GSL components in these organs. Moreover, MYB118 expression specifically in the silique suggests that aliphatic GSL accumulation occurs predominantly in seeds. Furthermore, the absence of the expression of a putative non-functional epithiospecifier (ESP) gene in any tissue and the nitrile-specifier (NSP) gene in roots facilitates the accumulation of distinctive beneficial isothiocyanates in R. sativus. Elucidating the evolution of the GSL metabolic pathway in R. sativus is important for fully understanding GSL metabolic engineering and the precise genetic improvement of GSL components and their catabolites in R. sativus and other Brassicaceae crops.
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18
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Probing the free-radical scavenging activity of the extract, the major glucosinolate and isothiocyanate of Eruca sativa Mill. and Lepidium densiflorum Schrad. seeds. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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19
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Petropoulos S, Di Gioia F, Ntatsi G. Vegetable Organosulfur Compounds and their Health Promoting Effects. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:2850-2875. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170111100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Petropoulos
- University of Thessaly, School of Agricultural Sciences, Fytokou Street, 38446, N. Ionia, Magnissia, Greece
| | - Francesco Di Gioia
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, South West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, Florida
| | - Georgia Ntatsi
- Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Sánchez-Pujante PJ, Borja-Martínez M, Pedreño MÁ, Almagro L. Biosynthesis and bioactivity of glucosinolates and their production in plant in vitro cultures. PLANTA 2017; 246:19-32. [PMID: 28492986 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are biologically active compounds which are involved in plant defense reaction. The use of plant in vitro cultures and genetic engineering is a promising strategy for their sustainable production. Glucosinolates are a class of secondary metabolites found mainly in Brassicaceae, which contain nitrogen and sulfur in their structures. Glucosinolates are divided into three groups depending on the amino acid from which they are biosynthesized. Aliphatic glucosinolates are generally derived from leucine, valine, methionine, isoleucine and alanine while indole and aromatic glucosinolates are derived from tryptophan and phenylalanine or tyrosine, respectively. These compounds are hydrolyzed by the enzyme myrosinase when plants are stressed by biotic and abiotic factors, obtaining different degradation products. Glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products play an important role in plant defense responses against different types of stresses. In addition, these compounds have beneficial effect on human health because they are strong antioxidants and they have potent cardiovascular, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and antitumoral activities. Due to all the properties described above, the demand for glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products has enormously increased, and therefore, new strategies that allow the production of these compounds to be improved are needed. The use of plant in vitro cultures is emerging as a biotechnological strategy to obtain glucosinolates and their derivatives. This work is focused on the biosynthesis of glucosinolates and the bioactivity of these compounds in plants. In addition, a detailed study on the strategies used to increase the production of several glucosinolates, in particular those synthesized in Brassicaceae, using in vitro plant cultures has been made. Special attention has been paid for increasing the production of glucosinolates and their derivatives using metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Borja-Martínez
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Pedreño
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Almagro
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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21
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Raphanus sativus Sprout Causes Selective Cytotoxic Effect on p53-Deficient Human Lung Cancer Cells in vitro. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Raphanus sativus L. (Brassicaceae) is widely consumed in many different forms worldwide. Its sprouts, in particular, are commonly consumed as a health food. R. sativus sprout has recently been shown to have anti-tumor activity on human colon cancer cells, suggesting that it may have potential use in cancer prevention and treatment. The extent of this anti-tumor activity and its underlying mechanisms, however, remain to be investigated in other types of cancer cells. In this study, we showed that the MeOH extract from R. sativus sprout exhibits significant but variable cytotoxic effects on human lung adenocarcinoma cells depending on their p53 status. The MeOH extract decreased the viability of p53-deleted human lung cancer cells (H1299 and Calu-6) by inducing apoptosis; this effect, however, did not occur for wild-type p53 cancer cells (A549), for cells expressing a p53 mutant lacking the C terminus (H1264), or for non-tumor fibroblast cells (NIH3T3). Phytochemical analyses of the MeOH extract allowed us to identify and isolate β-sitosterol as a major component of the MeOH extract. Direct treatment with β-sitosterol significantly reduced the viability of Calu-6 cells, suggesting that it may, in part, contribute to R. sativus sprout's anti-tumor activity. This work provides experimental evidence for a novel biological application of R. sativus sprout in treating human lung cancer, and it identifies the main component involved in this effect, further supporting its potential use as a functional food for cancer management.
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22
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Giacoppo S, Soundara Rajan T, De Nicola GR, Iori R, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Moringin activates Wnt canonical pathway by inhibiting GSK3β in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3291-3304. [PMID: 27784989 PMCID: PMC5063603 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s110514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant canonical Wnt-β-catenin signaling has been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS), although the results are controversial. The present study aimed to examine the role of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway in experimental MS and also to test moringin (4-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxy]-benzyl isothiocyanate), resulting from exogenous myrosinase hydrolysis of the natural phytochemical glucomoringin 4(α-L-rhamnosyloxy)-benzyl glucosinolate as a modulator of neuroinflammation via the β-catenin-PPARγ axis. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most common model of MS, was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with MOG35-55. Released moringin (10 mg/kg glucomoringin +5 μL myrosinase/mouse) was administered daily for 1 week before EAE induction and continued until mice were killed on day 28 after EAE induction. Our results clearly showed that the Wnt-β-catenin pathway was downregulated in the EAE model, whereas moringin pretreatment was able to avert this. Moringin pretreatment normalizes the aberrant Wnt-β-catenin pathway, resulting in GSK3β inhibition and β-catenin upregulation, which regulates T-cell activation (CD4 and FoxP3), suppresses the main inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, and COX2), through activation of PPARγ. In addition, moringin attenuates apoptosis by reducing the expression of the Fas ligand and cleaved caspase 9, and in parallel increases antioxidant Nrf2 expression in EAE mice. Taken together, our results provide an interesting discovery in identifying moringin as a modulator of the Wnt-β-catenin signaling cascade and as a new potential therapeutic target for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gina Rosalinda De Nicola
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Industrial Crops (CREA-CIN), Bologna, Italy
| | - Renato Iori
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Industrial Crops (CREA-CIN), Bologna, Italy
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23
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Identification of a New Antibacterial Sulfur Compound from Raphanus sativus Seeds. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9271285. [PMID: 27781070 PMCID: PMC5066007 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9271285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Raphanus sativus L. (radish), a member of Brassicaceae, is widely used in traditional medicine in various cultures for treatment of several diseases and disorders associated with microbial infections. The antibacterial activity of the different plant parts has been mainly attributed to several isothiocyanate (ITC) compounds. However, the low correlation between the ITC content and antibacterial activity suggests the involvement of other unknown compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial potential of red radish seeds and identify the active compounds. A crude ethanol seed extract was prepared and its antibacterial activity was tested against five medically important bacteria. The ethanol extract significantly inhibited the growth of all tested strains. However, the inhibitory effect was more pronounced against Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethanol extract followed by HPLC, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 15N-NMR, and HMBC analysis revealed that the active fraction consisted of a single new compound identified as [5-methylsulfinyl-1-(4-methylsulfinyl-but-3-enyl)-pent-4-enylidene]-sulfamic acid, which consisted of two identical sulfur side chains similar to those found in ITCs. The minimal inhibitory concentration values of the isolated compound were in the range of 0.5–1 mg/mL. These results further highlight the role of radish as a rich source of antibacterial compounds.
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24
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Hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide and UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 interact to mediate UV-B-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish sprouts. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29164. [PMID: 27404993 PMCID: PMC4941517 DOI: 10.1038/srep29164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross talk among hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO) and UV RESISTANCE LOCUS8 (UVR8) in UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation in the hypocotyls of radish sprouts was investigated. The results showed that UV-B irradiation significantly increased the anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of UVR8, and a similar trend appeared in radish sprouts subjected to cadmium, chilling and salt stresses regardless of light source. However, these responses disappeared under dark exposure. These results suggest that abiotic stress-induced anthocyanin accumulation and UVR8 expression were light-dependent. Moreover, abiotic stresses all enhanced the production of H2O2 and exogenous H2O2 addition significantly increased the anthocyanin concentration and UVR8 transcription, while these increases were severely inhibited by addition of dimethylthiourea (DMTU, a chemical trap for H2O2). It seems to suggest that H2O2 played an important role in the anthocyanin biosynthesis. Furthermore, addition of 0.5 mM sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO-releasing compound) substantially induced the anthocyanin accumulation, and H2O2-induced anthocyanin accumulation and UVR8 expression were significantly suppressed by co-treatment with 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl (PTIO, a NO scavenger), which was parallel with the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related transcription factors and structural genes. All these results demonstrate that both H2O2 and NO are involved in UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation, and there is a crosstalk between them as well as a classical UVR8 pathway.
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25
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Sulforaphene identified from radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds possesses antimicrobial properties against multidrug-resistant bacteria and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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26
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Jin HG, Ko HJ, Chowdhury MA, Lee DS, Woo ER. A new indole glycoside from the seeds of Raphanus sativus. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:755-61. [PMID: 27193305 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new indole glycoside, β-D-glucopyranosyl 2-(methylthio)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate, named raphanuside A (1), as well as eight known compounds, β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2 → 1)-(6-O-sinapoyl)-α-D-glucopyranoside (2), (3-O-sinapoyl)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2 → 1)-α-D-glucopyranoside (3), (3-O-sinapoyl)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2 → 1)-(6-O-sinapoyl)-α-D-glucopyranoside (4), (3,4-O-disinapoyl)-β-D-fructofuranosyl-(2 → 1)-(6-O-sinapoyl)-α-D-glucopyranoside (5), isorhamnetin 3,4'-di-O-β-D-glucoside (6), isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside-7-O-α-L-rhamnoside (7), isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-glucoside (8) and 3'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin 7-O-β-D-glucoside (9) were isolated from the seeds of Raphanus sativus. Furthermore, compounds 1-3 and 6-9, were isolated from this plant for the first time. The structures of compounds 1-9 were identified using 1D and 2D NMR, including (1)H-(1)H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY spectroscopic analyses. The inhibitory activity of these isolated compounds against interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in TNF-α stimulated MG-63 cells was also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Guang Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiu Jiang University, 320 Xun Yang Road, Jiujiang, 33200, China
| | - Hae Ju Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Anisuzzaman Chowdhury
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Rhan Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Su N, Lu Y, Wu Q, Liu Y, Xia Y, Xia K, Cui J. UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation in hypocotyls of radish sprouts continues in the dark after irradiation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:886-92. [PMID: 25754879 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raphanus sativus L. cv. Yanghua sprouts are rich in health-promoting anthocyanins; thus hypocotyls show a red color under light. In this study, effects of UV-B irradiation at 5 W m(-2) on anthocyanin biosynthesis in the hypocotyls of radish sprouts were investigated. RESULTS Anthocyanins began to accumulate rapidly from 24 h irradiation and increased continuously until 48 h, showing a similar pattern to phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.804. The expression of DFR and ANS paralleled the upward trend in anthocyanin accumulation, while CHS, CHI and F3H were upregulated before accumulation. When sprouts were moved into the dark from UV-B, the anthocyanin accumulation did not stop immediately. By contrast, anthocyanin accumulated continuously for more than 12 h in the dark, which was further supported by the significantly higher PAL activity monitored at 24 h after irradiation. Similarly, the transcript levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes were much higher over 6 h after 12 h UV-B irradiation. CONCLUSION UV-B-induced anthocyanin accumulation continues in the dark after irradiation, which was supported by unfading PAL activity and high levels of biosynthesis-related genes. This will provide evidence to produce high-quality sprouts with more anthocyanins but less energy wastage in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Su
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Yanwu Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Kai Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
| | - Jin Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's republic of China
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Integrated utilization of red radish seeds for the efficient production of seed oil and sulforaphene. Food Chem 2016; 192:541-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Park CH, Baskar TB, Park SY, Kim SJ, Valan Arasu M, Al-Dhabi NA, Kim JK, Park SU. Metabolic Profiling and Antioxidant Assay of Metabolites from Three Radish Cultivars (Raphanus sativus). Molecules 2016; 21:157. [PMID: 26828471 PMCID: PMC6273575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 13 anthocyanins and 33 metabolites; including organic acids, phenolic acids, amino acids, organic compounds, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, and sugars, were profiled in three radish cultivars by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)-based metabolite profiling. Total phenolics and flavonoids and their in vitro antioxidant activities were assessed. Pelargonidins were found to be the major anthocyanin in the cultivars studied. The cultivar Man Tang Hong showed the highest level of anthocyanins (1.89 ± 0.07 mg/g), phenolics (0.0664 ± 0.0033 mg/g) and flavonoids (0.0096 ± 0.0004 mg/g). Here; the variation of secondary metabolites in the radishes is described, as well as their association with primary metabolites. The low-molecular-weight hydrophilic metabolite profiles were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), Pearson’s correlation analysis. PCA fully distinguished the three radish cultivars tested. The polar metabolites were strongly correlated between metabolites that participate in the TCA cycle. The chemometrics results revealed that TCA cycle intermediates and free phenolic acids as well as anthocyanins were higher in the cultivar Man Tang Hong than in the others. Furthermore; superoxide radical scavenging activities and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging were investigated to elucidate the antioxidant activity of secondary metabolites in the cultivars. Man Tang Hong showed the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity (68.87%) at 1000 μg/mL, and DPPH activity (20.78%), followed by Seo Ho and then Hong Feng No. 1. The results demonstrate that GC-TOFMS-based metabolite profiling, integrated with chemometrics, is an applicable method for distinguishing phenotypic variation and determining biochemical reactions connecting primary and secondary metabolism. Therefore; this study might provide information on the relationship between primary and secondary metabolites and a synergistic antioxidant ability derived from the secondary metabolites in the radish cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ha Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Thanislas Bastin Baskar
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Soo-Yun Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Korea.
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Korea.
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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Bhandari SR, Jo JS, Lee JG. Comparison of Glucosinolate Profiles in Different Tissues of Nine Brassica Crops. Molecules 2015; 20:15827-41. [PMID: 26334264 PMCID: PMC6331803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200915827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolate (GSL) profiles and concentrations in various tissues (seeds, sprouts, mature root, and shoot) were determined and compared across nine Brassica species, including cauliflower, cabbage, broccoli, radish, baemuchae, pakchoi, Chinese cabbage, leaf mustard, and kale. The compositions and concentrations of individual GSLs varied among crops, tissues, and growth stages. Seeds had highest total GSL concentrations in most of crops, whereas shoots had the lowest GSL concentrations. Aliphatic GSL concentrations were the highest in seeds, followed by that in sprouts, shoots, and roots. Indole GSL concentration was the highest in the root or shoot tissues in most of the crops. In contrast, aromatic GSL concentrations were highest in roots. Of the nine crops examined, broccoli exhibited the highest total GSL concentration in seeds (110.76 µmol·g(-1)) and sprouts (162.19 µmol·g(-1)), whereas leaf mustard exhibited the highest total GSL concentration in shoots (61.76 µmol·g(-1)) and roots (73.61 µmol·g(-1)). The lowest GSL concentrations were observed in radish across all tissues examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Ram Bhandari
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
| | - Jung Su Jo
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
| | - Jun Gu Lee
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
- Institute of Agricultural Science & Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
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Yang R, Guo L, Zhou Y, Shen C, Gu Z. Calcium mitigates the stress caused by ZnSO4 as a sulphur fertilizer and enhances the sulforaphane formation of broccoli sprouts. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11371c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CaCl2 improved the growth and sulforaphane formation of broccoli sprouts under ZnSO4via enhancing key bioactive substances level, antioxidant capacity, myrosinase activity and related genes expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqiang Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Yulin Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxin Gu
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Nanjing Agricultural University
- Nanjing
- People's Republic of China
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Su N, Wu Q, Liu Y, Cai J, Shen W, Xia K, Cui J. Hydrogen-rich water reestablishes ROS homeostasis but exerts differential effects on anthocyanin synthesis in two varieties of radish sprouts under UV-A irradiation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:6454-62. [PMID: 24955879 DOI: 10.1021/jf5019593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The aims of the study were to investigate whether hydrogen gas (H2) was involved in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in two contrasting radish (Raphanus sativus L.) varieties (low [LA] and high [HA] level of anthocyanin) under UV irradiation. The results showed that hydrogen-rich water (HRW) significantly blocked the UV-A-induced increase of H2O2 and O2(•-) accumulation, and enhanced the UV-A-induced increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities in LA and HA. Furthermore, UV-A-induced increase of anthocyanin and total phenols was further enhanced only in HA sprouts cotreated with HRW. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that five anthocyanidins existed in HA sprouts, but only two in LA sprouts. Meanwhile, the cyanidin was the most abundant anthocyanidin in HA, and the cyanidin was 2-fold higher cotreated with HRW than UV-A. Molecular analyses showed that the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes were upregulated significantly in both HA (in particular) and LA sprouts treated with HRW plus UV-A. These data imply that HRW reestablishes reactive oxygen species homeostasis in both LA and HA, but exerts different effects on anthocyanin accumulation between them under UV-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Su
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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Kim KH, Moon E, Kim SY, Choi SU, Lee JH, Lee KR. 4-Methylthio-butanyl derivatives from the seeds of Raphanus sativus and their biological evaluation on anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 151:503-508. [PMID: 24231071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Raphanus sativus seeds (Brassicaceae) known as Raphani Semen have long been used as anti-cancer and/or anti-inflammatory agents in Korean traditional medicine. This study was designed to isolate the bioactive constituents from the seed extracts of Raphanus sativus and evaluate their anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. MATERIAL AND METHODS Bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical investigation of a methanolic extract of the seeds of Raphanus sativus led to the isolation and identification of seven 4-methylthio-butanyl derivatives. Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was carried out using 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques ((1)H, (13)C, COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments) and mass spectrometry. RESULTS The isolated compounds were characterized as in the following: three new 4-methylthio-butanyl derivatives, sinapoyl desulfoglucoraphenin (1), (E)-5-(methylsulfinyl)pent-4-enoxylimidic acid methyl ester (2), and (S)-5-((methylsulfinyl)methyl)pyrrolidine-2-thione (3), together with four known compounds, 5-(methylsulfinyl)-4-pentenenitrile (4), 5-(methylsulfinyl)-pentanenitrile (5), sulforaphene (6), and sulforaphane (7). Full NMR data assignments of the three known compounds 4-6 were also reported for the first time. We evaluated the anti-neuroinflammatory effect of 1-7 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine microglia BV2 cells. Compound 1 significantly inhibited nitrite oxide production with IC50 values of 45.36 μM. Moreover, it also reduced the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. All isolates were also evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against four human tumor cell lines (A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, and HCT-15), and all of them showed antiproliferative activity against the HCT-15 cell, with IC50 values of 8.49-23.97 μM. CONCLUSIONS 4-Methylthio-butanyl derivatives were one of the main compositions of Raphanus sativus seeds, and activities demonstrated by the isolated compounds support the ethnopharmacological use of Raphanus sativus seeds (Brassicaceae) as anti-cancer and/or anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hyun Kim
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chonchon-dong, Jangan-ku, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjung Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yeou Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, #191 Hambakmoero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea; Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Inchon 405-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Teajeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Jei Hyun Lee
- College of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeong Ju 780-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ro Lee
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Chonchon-dong, Jangan-ku, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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De Nicola GR, Bagatta M, Pagnotta E, Angelino D, Gennari L, Ninfali P, Rollin P, Iori R. Comparison of bioactive phytochemical content and release of isothiocyanates in selected brassica sprouts. Food Chem 2013; 141:297-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Foti Cuzzola V, Galuppo M, Iori R, De Nicola GR, Cassata G, Giacoppo S, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Beneficial effects of (RS)-glucoraphanin on the tight junction dysfunction in a mouse model of restraint stress. Life Sci 2013; 93:288-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Song D, Liang H, Kuang P, Tang P, Hu G, Yuan Q. Instability and Structural Change of 4-Methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl Isothiocyanate in the Hydrolytic Process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5097-5102. [PMID: 23688308 DOI: 10.1021/jf400355d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulforaphene (4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate), which has significant chemopreventive activities, is an important phytochemical ingredient produced by myrosinase hydrolysis of glucoraphenin (4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl glucosinolate) found in radish seeds. In this research, we found that sulforaphene was unstable and converted rapidly to a water-soluble degradation product in the hydrolytic process. The degradation product was successfully purified by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography on a C18 column using 10% methanol in water as the mobile phase. On the basis of MS and NMR spectroscopy data, the degradation product was identified to be 6-[(methylsulfinyl)methyl]-1,3-thiazinan-2-thione. The degradation pathway of sulforaphene was proposed in our study. Furthermore, low pH and metal ions were also found to have an effective inhibition to the degradation reaction of sulforaphene. Through adjusting the pH value of the system or adding metal ions after the content of sulforaphene has reached its maximum, the yield of sulforaphene increased significantly compared with that of the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
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38
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Papi A, Farabegoli F, Iori R, Orlandi M, De Nicola GR, Bagatta M, Angelino D, Gennari L, Ninfali P. Vitexin-2-O-xyloside, raphasatin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate synergistically affect cell growth and apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Food Chem 2012; 138:1521-30. [PMID: 23411276 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic effects of the combination of the food components vitexin-2-O-xyloside (X), raphasatin (4-methylsulphanyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanates; G) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (E) were investigated in colon (LoVo and CaCo-2) and breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) cancer cells. Breast cancer cells were more resistant than colon cells to X, G and E inhibition. On the contrary, marked synergistic effects among X, G and E on cell growth were found in both colon cancer cells. Further analysis revealed a G0/G1 arrest of the phase cell progression and apoptosis, linked to modulation of Bax, Bcl2, caspase-9 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase as well as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation in both colon cancer cells, whereas apoptosis and ROS were not significantly detected in normal human lymphocytes. We conclude that the X, G and E mixture might act by mitochondrial pathway activation of apoptosis, possibly elicited by ROS and the mixture may be effective in the chemoprevention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Papi
- Department of Experimental Evolutive Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Melega S, Canistro D, Pagnotta E, Iori R, Sapone A, Paolini M. Effect of sprout extract from Tuscan black cabbage on xenobiotic-metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes in rat liver. Mutat Res 2012. [PMID: 23183052 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, health protection by natural products has received considerable attention, and a multitude of nutraceuticals have been characterized and their use promoted. Dietary consumption of Cruciferous vegetables, rich in glucosinolates (GLs), and their myrosinase-mediated hydrolysis products isothiocyanates (ITCs), were associated with reductions in cancer risk. In this study, the chemo-preventive potential of sprout extract of Tuscan black cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala subvar. Laciniata L.) (TBCSE), through modulation of the xenobiotic-metabolizing apparatus and antioxidant defenses, was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rat liver. TBCSE was administered either orally or intraperitoneally, at a dose of 15mg/kg b.w., daily for twenty-one consecutive days, in the absence or presence of exogenous myrosinase, β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase (MYR), to distinguish the effects of intact GLs and ITCs, in the context of the extract. A complex, mild modulation pattern of P450-related monooxygenases was observed, mainly regarding CYP content (up to 36% loss), NADPH cytochrome (P450) c-reductase (up to 26% loss), CYP1A1 (up to 23% loss), but no evident distinctions among the effects of the extracts containing GLs or ITCs, were noted. In contrast, significant inductions of phase-II enzymes (up to 107% for UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase, and up to 36% for glutathione S-transferase) were recorded only where the GLs to ITCs conversion had occurred. A boosting effect on catalase (up to 38%), NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (up to 70%), glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase (up to 10%) was also recorded, suggesting an indirect antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Overall, the general phase-I inhibition, together with the up-regulation of detoxifying phase-II and antioxidant enzymes, exerted by the TBCSE supplementation, seem to be in line with the classical chemopreventive theory, but whether the addition of exogenous MYR is relevant, still remains to be clarified. These results are in support of the potential health-promoting application of TBCSE, as a nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Melega
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Molecular Toxicology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Preparative separation and purification of sulforaphene from radish seeds by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. Food Chem 2012; 136:309-15. [PMID: 23122063 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulforaphene, a kind of isothiocyanates, derived from glucoraphenin which is the important ingredient of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds, has shown significant pharmacological activities. In this paper, the separation and purification of sulforaphene from radish seeds, was achieved by high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC). A two-phase solvent system consisted of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (35:100:35:100, v/v/v/v) was applied. The revolution speed of the separation column, flow rate of the mobile phase and separation temperature were 800 rpm, 2 ml/min and 30°C, respectively. From about 1000 mg amount of the crude plant extract, 249.4 mg of pure sulforaphene was obtained by one-step separation on a 280 ml HSCCC column. The purified sulforaphene was at a high purity of 96.9% and the mass recovery was more than 95%. The purity of sulforaphene was determined by HPLC analysis and its chemical structure was assessed by MS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and DEPT-135 NMR.
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Montaut S, Grandbois J, Rossi LS, Kamal S, Khouri J, Ménard MG, Joly HA. Composition of Dithyrea wislizenii fruit extract and free-radical scavenging activity of its constituents. CAN J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/v2012-042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucolesquerellin (2), glucohesperin (3), quercetin 3-O-sophoroside (4), and quercetin 3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside (5), isolated from the fruit of Dithyrea wislizenii , were quantified by HPLC. The fruit extract and flavonoids were not found to be toxic by using a brine shrimp lethality assay. The fruit extract and the flavonoids and glucosinolates were submitted to a free-radical scavenging activity assay with the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•). The concentration of quercetin (6) (a positive control for the flavonoids) able to scavenge 50% of DPPH• (SC50) was 32 ± 2 µmol/L (or 4 ± 1 µg/mL), which was about 27 times more potent than the crude extract. Compounds 4 and 5 had a SC50, the concentration of the compound required to scavenge 50% of the DPPH•, of 78 ± 1 µmol/L and 113 ± 10 µmol/L, respectively. The positive control for the glucosinolates, glucoraphasatin, (1) had a SC50 of 1768 ± 60 µmol/L. The glucosinolates 2 and 3 had a SC50 of 7819 ± 1968 and 970 ± 63 µmol/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Julie Grandbois
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Laura S. Rossi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Sonia Kamal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - James Khouri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Melissa G. Ménard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Hélène A. Joly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
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Matera R, Gabbanini S, De Nicola GR, Iori R, Petrillo G, Valgimigli L. Identification and analysis of isothiocyanates and new acylated anthocyanins in the juice of Raphanus sativus cv. Sango sprouts. Food Chem 2012; 133:563-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Silva AX, Bacigalupe LD, Luna-Rudloff M, Figueroa CC. Insecticide resistance mechanisms in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) II: Costs and benefits. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36810. [PMID: 22685539 PMCID: PMC3369902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among herbivorous insects that have exploited agro-ecosystems, the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae, is recognized as one of the most important agricultural pests worldwide. Uses over 400 plant species and has evolved different insecticides resistance mechanisms. As M. persicae feeds upon a huge diversity of hosts, it has been exposed to a wide variety of plant allelochemicals, which probably have promoted a wide range of detoxification systems. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this work we (i) evaluated whether insecticide resistance mutations (IRM) in M. persicae can give an advantage in terms of reproductive fitness when aphids face two hosts, pepper (Capsicum annuum) a suitable host and radish (Raphanus sativus) the unfavorable host and (ii) examined the transcriptional expression of six genes that are known to be up-regulated in response to insecticides. Our results show a significant interaction between host and IRM on the intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)). Susceptible genotypes (not carrying insensitivity mutations) had a higher r(m) on pepper, and the transcriptional levels of five genes increased on radish. The r(m) relationship was reversed on the unfavorable host; genotypes with multiple IRM exhibited higher r(m), without altering the transcriptional levels of the studied genes. Genotypes with one IRM kept a similar r(m) on both hosts, but they increased the transcriptional levels of two genes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Although we have studied only nine genotypes, overall our results are in agreement with the general idea that allelochemical detoxification systems could constitute a pre-adaptation for the development of insecticide resistance. Genotypes carrying IRM exhibited a higher r(m) than susceptible genotypes on radish, the more unfavorable host. Susceptible genotypes should be able to tolerate the defended host by up-regulating some metabolic genes that are also responding to insecticides. Hence, our results suggest that the trade-off among resistance mechanisms might be quite complex, with a multiplicity of costs and benefits depending on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea X. Silva
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Leonardo D. Bacigalupe
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Manuela Luna-Rudloff
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Christian C. Figueroa
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Canistro D, Barillari J, Melega S, Sapone A, Iori R, Speroni E, Paolini M. Black cabbage seed extract affects rat Cyp-mediated biotransformation: organ and sex related differences. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2612-21. [PMID: 22634264 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Brassicaceae are widely consumed in many parts of the world and their dietary intake has been associated with cancer risk reduction. Extracts and metabolites derived from cruciferous vegetables have thus gained popularity as potential cancer chemopreventive agents. We have previously found, unexpectly, that glucoraphanin, the most extensively present glucosinolate in these vegetables, is a potent mutagen bioactivating Phase-I enzyme inducer. In the present study, the influence of black cabbage seed extract, rich in glucoraphanin, was investigated on Phase-I enzymes in different organs of male or female rats. Oral seed extract injection at 120 or 240 mg/kg b.w. for one or four consecutive days, significantly affected various cytochrome P450 (CYP) -linked monooxygenases in a complex way being the lung the most responsive organ (in males, up to ∼2600% increase for CYP2B1/2 isoform and ∼96% loss for CYP1A1, CYP3A1/2). These findings indicate that the extract may strongly enhance and/or suppress rat xenobiotic biotransformation pathways and that caution should be paid to the possible influence on human metabolism. These data suggest an overall evaluation of the balance between beneficial vs. possible adverse effects for each agent, even if of natural origin, prior to routinely, preventive mass use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacology, Molecular Toxicology Unit, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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De Nicola GR, Blažević I, Montaut S, Rollin P, Mastelić J, Iori R, Tatibouët A. Glucosinolate distribution in aerial parts of Degenia velebitica. Chem Biodivers 2012; 8:2090-6. [PMID: 22083920 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The glucosinolates present in the leaf, stem, and seed extracts of Degenia velebitica (Degen) Hayek were characterized and quantified according to the ISO 9167-1 method, which is based on the HPLC analysis of desulfoglucosinolates. The stems contained glucoalyssin (3a) as the major compound as well as glucoberteroin (1a) and glucoaubrietin (4a). The leaves contained three glucosinolates, the major one being 3a, followed by glucobrassicanapin (2a) and 1a. Glucoberteroin (1a) was the major glucosinolate in the seeds, along with the two minor glucosinolates 3a and glucoerucin (5a). The content of 1a in the whole, non-defatted seeds amounted to 4% (w/w). The compound was characterized as its desulfo counterpart by spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R De Nicola
- Agricultural Research Council-Industrial Crop Research Centre (CRA-CIN), Bologna
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Abdull Razis AF, De Nicola GR, Pagnotta E, Iori R, Ioannides C. 4-Methylsulfanyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate derived from glucoraphasatin is a potent inducer of rat hepatic phase II enzymes and a potential chemopreventive agent. Arch Toxicol 2011; 86:183-94. [PMID: 21960141 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish whether the phytochemical glucoraphasatin, a glucosinolate present in cruciferous vegetables, and its corresponding isothiocyanate, 4-methylsulfanyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate, up-regulate enzymes involved in the detoxification of carcinogens and are thus potential chemopreventive agents. Glucoraphasatin and myrosinase were isolated and purified from Daikon sprouts and Sinapis alba L., respectively. Glucoraphasatin (0-10 μM) was incubated for 24 h with precision-cut rat liver slices in the presence and absence of myrosinase, the enzyme that converts the glucosinolate to the isothiocyanate. The intact glucosinolate failed to influence the O-dealkylations of methoxy- and ethoxyresorufin or the apoprotein expression of CYP1 enzymes. Supplementation with myrosinase led to an increase in the dealkylation of methoxyresorufin, but only at the highest concentration of the glucosinolate, and CYP1A2 expression. In the absence of myrosinase, glucoraphasatin caused a marked increase in epoxide hydrolase activity at concentrations as low as 1 μM paralleled by a rise in the enzyme protein expression; at the highest concentration only, a rise was also observed in glucuronosyl transferase activity, but other phase II enzyme systems were unaffected. Addition of myrosinase to the glucoraphasatin incubation maintained the rise in epoxide hydrolase and glucuronosyl transferase activities, further elevated quinone reductase and glutathione S-transferase activities, and increased total glutathione concentrations. It is concluded that at low concentrations, glucoraphasatin, either intact and/or through the formation of 4-methylsulfanyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate, is a potent inducer of hepatic enzymes involved in the detoxification of chemical carcinogens and merits further investigation for chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Faizal Abdull Razis
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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Hanlon PR, Barnes DM. Phytochemical composition and biological activity of 8 varieties of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts and mature taproots. J Food Sci 2011; 76:C185-92. [PMID: 21535648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Radishes (Raphanus sativus L.) are members of the cruciferous vegetable family that contain many classes of biologically active phytochemicals. This study determined the phytochemical composition of the sprouts and mature taproots of 8 radish varieties. Radish sprouts contained significantly greater concentrations of glucosinolates (3.8-fold) and isothiocyanates (8.2-fold) than the mature radish taproot and also contained significantly greater concentrations of phenolics (on average 6.9-fold). The anthocyanin concentrations of the mature radish taproot were significantly greater than in the sprouts of red, pink, and purple varieties. The primary anthocyanidins present in the red and pink radish varieties were pelargonidin and delphinidin, while the primary anthocyanidin in the purple radish variety was cyanidin. Radish sprouts were between 9- and 59-fold more potent than the corresponding mature taproot at activating the antioxidant response element (ARE) in a stably transfected hepatoma cell line. The ARE activity of the radish sprouts and mature taproots was significantly correlated with the total isothiocyanate concentration of the radishes. Practical Application: Understanding the influence variety and developmental stage has on the biological activity of cruciferous vegetables provides important information for further studies examining the in vivo effects of radish treatment and foundation for providing recommendations to reduce the risk of chronic disease through dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Hanlon
- Dept. of Research and Development, Standard Process, 1200 West Royal Lee Dr., Palmyra, WI 53156, USA
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Njumbe Ediage E, Diana Di Mavungu J, Scippo M, Schneider Y, Larondelle Y, Callebaut A, Robbens J, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. Screening, identification and quantification of glucosinolates in black radish (Raphanus sativus L. niger) based dietary supplements using liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array and liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4395-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Baasanjav-Gerber C, Monien BH, Mewis I, Schreiner M, Barillari J, Iori R, Glatt H. Identification of glucosinolate congeners able to form DNA adducts and to induce mutations upon activation by myrosinase. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:783-92. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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