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Đulović A, Usanović K, Kukoč Modun L, Blažević I. Selenium Biofortification Effect on Glucosinolate Content of Brassica oleracea var. italic and Eruca vesicaria. Molecules 2023; 28:7203. [PMID: 37894683 PMCID: PMC10609431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) in different plant parts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italic) and rocket (Eruca vesicaria) were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively before and after treatment with sodium selenate (2 and 5 mM), by their desulfo-counterparts using the UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS technique. Twelve GSLs were detected in broccoli (five aliphatic, one arylaliphatic, and six indolic), where 4-(methylsulfanyl)butyl GSL (glucoerucin) was the main one in the roots (4.88-9.89 µmol/g DW), 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl GSL (glucoraphanin) in stems (0.44-1.11 µmol/g DW), and 4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethyl GSL (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin) in leaves (0.51-0.60 µmol/g DW). No GSL containing selenium was detected in the treated broccoli. Ten GSLs were detected in rocket (seven aliphatic and three indolic), where 4-(methylsulfanyl)butyl GSL (glucoerucin) was the main one in the roots (4.50-20.59 µmol/g DW) and 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl GSL (4-methoxyglucobrassicin) in the aerial part (0.57-5.69 µmol/g DW). As a result of induced stress by selenium fertilization, the total GSL content generally increased in both plants. In contrast to broccoli, the roots and the aerial part of the rocket treated with a high concentration of sodium selenate contained 4-(methylseleno)butyl GSL (glucoselenoerucin) (0.36-4.48 µmol/g DW). Although methionine-derived GSLs are the most abundant in both plants, the plants' ability to tolerate selenate and its regulation by selenoglucosinolate production is species- and growth-stage-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (K.U.)
| | - Katarina Usanović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (K.U.)
| | - Lea Kukoč Modun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (K.U.)
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Đulović A, Burčul F, Čikeš Čulić V, Rollin P, Blažević I. Glucosinolates and Cytotoxic Activity of Collard Volatiles Obtained Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041657. [PMID: 36838645 PMCID: PMC9965355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) in Brassica oleracea L. convar. acephala var. viridis (collard) flower, leaf, stem, and root were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively via their desulfo-counterparts using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Twelve GSLs were identified, including Met-derived GSLs (sinigrin, glucoibervirin, glucoerucin, glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, progoitrin), Trp-derived GSLs (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and neoglucobrassicin), and Phe-derived GSLs (glucotropaeolin and gluconasturtiin). Total GSL content was highest in the root, having 63.40 μmol/g dried weight (DW), with gluconasturtiin (34.02 μmol/g DW) as the major GSL, followed by sinigrin and glucoibervirin (12.43 and 7.65 μmol/g DW, respectively). Total GSL contents in the flower, leaf, and stem were lower than in root, having 6.27, 2.64, and 1.84 μmol/g DW, respectively, with Trp and/or Met-derived GSLs as the predominant ones. GSL breakdown products were obtained via microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) and volatile breakdown products were analyzed using GC-MS techniques. Volatile isolates were tested for their cytotoxic activity using MTT assay. MHG volatile extract from the root demonstrated the best cytotoxic activity against human bladder cancer cell line T24 and breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 during an incubation time of 72 h (IC50 21.58, and 11.62 μg/mL, respectively). The activity of the root extract can be attributed to its major volatile, 2-phenylethyl isothiocyanate (gluconasturtiin breakdown product).
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Patrick Rollin
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA), University of Orléans and the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21-329-434
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Đulović A, Popović M, Burčul F, Čikeš Čulić V, Marijan S, Ruščić M, Anđelković N, Blažević I. Glucosinolates of Sisymbrium officinale and S. orientale. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238431. [PMID: 36500524 PMCID: PMC9736730 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) from Sysimbrium officinale and S. orientale were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by their desulfo-counterparts using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Eight GSLs were identified in S. officinale, including Val-derived (glucoputranjivin) and Trp-derived (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, and neoglucobrassicin) as the major ones followed by Leu-derived (Isobutyl GSL), Ile-derived (glucocochlearin) and Phe/Tyr-derived (glucosinalbin). Different S. orientale plant parts contained six GSLs, with Met-derived (progoitrin, epiprogoitrin, and gluconapin) and homoPhe-derived (gluconasturtiin) as the major ones, followed by glucosinalbin and neoglucobrassicin. GSL breakdown products obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted distillation from S. officinale, as well as isopropyl isothiocyanate, as the major volatile in both isolates, were tested for their cytotoxic activity using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Generally, all volatile isolates showed similar activity toward the three cancer cell lines. The best activity was shown by isopropyl isothiocyanate at a concentration of 100 µg/mL after 72 h of incubation, with 53.18% for MDA-MB-231, 56.61% for A549, and 60.02% for the T24 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marijana Popović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Sandra Marijan
- School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mirko Ruščić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Anđelković
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21-329-434
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Vrca I, Ramić D, Fredotović Ž, Smole Možina S, Blažević I, Bilušić T. Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Essential Oil and Extract from the Seeds of Tropaeolum majus L. var. altum. Food Technol Biotechnol 2022; 60:533-542. [PMID: 36816870 PMCID: PMC9901342 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.60.04.22.7667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research background Plant Tropaeolum majus L. (garden nasturtium) belongs to the family Tropaeolaceae and contains benzyl glucosinolate. The breakdown product of benzyl glucosinolate, benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), exhibits various biological activities such as antiproliferative, antibacterial and antiinflammatory. In order to optimize the content of biologically active volatile compounds in plant extract and essential oil, the use of appropriate extraction technique has a crucial role. Experimental approach The current study investigates the effect of two modern extraction methods, microwave-assisted distillation (MAD) and microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG), on the chemical composition of volatile components present in the essential oil and extract of garden nasturtium (T. majus L. var. altum) seeds. Investigation of the biological activity of samples (essential oil, extract and pure compounds) was focused on the antiproliferative effect against different cancer cell lines: cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), human colon cancer cell line (HCT116) and human osteosarcoma cell line (U2OS), and the antibacterial activity which was evaluated against the growth and adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to polystyrene surface. Results and conclusions Essential oil and extract of garden nasturtium (T. majus) seeds were isolated by two extraction techniques: MAD and MHG. BITC and benzyl cyanide (BCN) present in the extract were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Essential oil of T. majus showed higher antiproliferative activity (IC50<5 µg/mL) than T. majus extract (IC50<27 µg/mL) against three cancer cell lines: HeLa, HCT116 and U2OS. BITC showed much higher inhibitory effect on all tested cells than BCN. The essential oil and extract of T. majus showed strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. Novelty and scientific contribution This work represents the first comparative report on the antiproliferative activity of the essential oil and extract of T. majus seeds, BITC and BCN against HeLa, HCT116 and U2OS cells as well as their antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli. This study demonstrates that the essential oil of T. majus seeds exhibits stronger antiproliferative and antimicrobial activity than the plant extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vrca
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia,Corresponding author: Phone: +38521329425, Fax: +38521329461, E-mail:
| | - Dina Ramić
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Željana Fredotović
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva ulica 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Tea Bilušić
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Dziurka M, Blažević I, Đulović A, Apola A, Ekiert H, Szopa A. Correction to: Impacts of elicitors on metabolite production and on antioxidant potential and tyrosinase inhibition in watercress microshoot cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:1781. [PMID: 35106637 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11802-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Aesthetic Surgery, The Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Jan Kochanowski University, Stefana Żeromskiego 5, 25-369, Kielce, Poland
| | - Michał Dziurka
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Anna Apola
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Kraków, Poland.
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Mužek MN, Burčul F, Omanović D, Đulović A, Svilović S, Blažević I. Rocket ( Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.) vs. Copper: The Dose Makes the Poison? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030711. [PMID: 35163976 PMCID: PMC8838321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of copper addition, from various adsorbents, on the accumulation ability and glucosinolate content of cultivated rocket were studied. Different adsorbents (zeolite NaX, egg shells, substrate, fly ash) were treated with copper(II) solution with an adsorption efficiency of 98.36, 96.67, 51.82 and 39.13%, respectively. The lowest copper content and the highest total glucosinolate content (44.37 μg/g DW and 4269.31 µg/g DW, respectively) were detected in the rocket grown in the substrate with the addition of a substrate spiked with copper(II) ions. Rocket grown in the fly ash-substrate mixture showed an increase in copper content (84.98 μg/g DW) and the lowest total glucosinolate content (2545.71 µg/g DW). On the other hand, when using the egg shells-substrate mixture, the rocket copper content increased (113.34 μg/g DW) along with the total GSLs content (3780.03 µg/g DW), indicating the influence of an adsorbent type in addition to the copper uptake. The highest copper content of 498.56 μg/g DW was detected in the rocket watered with copper(II) solution with a notable decrease in the glucosinolate content, i.e., 2699.29 µg/g DW. According to these results rocket can be considered as a copper accumulator plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Nikola Mužek
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: (M.N.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Correspondence: (M.N.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Dario Omanović
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Traces, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (I.B.)
| | - Sandra Svilović
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (I.B.)
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Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Dziurka M, Blažević I, Đulović A, Apola A, Ekiert H, Szopa A. Impacts of elicitors on metabolite production and on antioxidant potential and tyrosinase inhibition in watercress microshoot cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:619-633. [PMID: 34985568 PMCID: PMC8763773 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study has proved the stimulating effects of different strategies of treatments with elicitors on the production of glucosinolates (GSLs), flavonoids, polyphenols, saccharides, and photosynthetic pigments in watercress (Nasturtium officinale) microshoot cultures. The study also assessed antioxidant and anti-melanin activities. The following elicitors were tested: ethephon (ETH), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), sodium salicylate (NaSA), and yeast extract (YeE) and were added on day 10 of the growth period. Cultures not treated with the elicitor were used as control. The total GSL content estimations and UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS analyses showed that elicitation influenced the qualitative and quantitative profiles of GSLs. MeJA stimulated the production of gluconasturtiin (68.34 mg/100 g dried weight (DW)) and glucobrassicin (65.95 mg/100 g DW). The elicitation also increased flavonoid accumulation (max. 1131.33 mg/100 g DW, for 100 μM NaSA, collection after 24 h). The elicitors did not boost the total polyphenol content. NaSA at 100 μM increased the production of total chlorophyll a and b (5.7 times after 24 h of treatment), and 50 μM NaSA caused a 6.5 times higher production of carotenoids after 8 days of treatment. The antioxidant potential (assessed with the CUPRAC FRAP and DPPH assays) increased most after 24 h of treatment with 100 μM MeJA. The assessment of anti-melanin activities showed that the microshoot extracts were able to cause inhibition of tyrosinase (max. 27.84% for 1250 µg/mL). KEY POINTS: • Elicitation stimulated of the metabolite production in N. officinale microshoots. • High production of pro-health glucosinolates and polyphenols was obtained. • N. officinale microshoots have got tyrosinase inhibition potential. • The antioxidant potential of N. officinale microshoots was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Aesthetic Surgery, The Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College, Jan Kochanowski University, Stefana Żeromskiego 5, 25-369 Kielce, Poland
| | - Michał Dziurka
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Anna Apola
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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Vrca I, Burčul F, Blažević I, Bratanić A, Bilušić T. Comparison of gastrointestinal stability of isothiocyanates from Tropaeolum Majus L. Altum using in vitro and ex vivo digestion methods. Croat j food sci technol (Online) 2021. [DOI: 10.17508/cjfst.2021.13.2.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropaeolum majus L. is an annual herbaceous plant and a member of the
Tropaeolaceae family, which belongs to the Brassicales order. It is an excellent
source of flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic acids, vitamin C, and it is a plant
that contains the glucosinolate glucotropaeolin. The major degradation product
of glucotropaeolin is benzyl isothiocyanate which is known for its various
biological activities. In this study, an essential oil was isolated from the seeds
of the Tropaeolum majus L. altum plant by microwave-assisted distillation and
analysed using the GC-MS technique. Two compounds were identified, benzyl
isothiocyanate as the major one (97.81%), and 2-phenylacetonitrile as a minor
one (0.80%). Tropaeolum majus L. altum essential oil and pure benzyl isothiocyanate were then submitted to the two-phase in vitro and ex vivo digestion simulations. The
analysis performed by the GC-MS/MS technique showed greater stability of
benzyl isothiocyanate from essential oil after in vitro (97.57%), and ex vivo
(73.47%) gastric phases of the simulated digestion methods, compared to its
stability after in vitro (71.17%) and ex vivo (54.90%) intestinal phases. A
similar trend was shown for pure benzyl isothiocyanate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vrca
- University of Split, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Franko Burčul
- University of Split, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Blažević
- University of Split, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21 000 Split, Croatia
| | - Andre Bratanić
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Tea Bilušić
- University of Split, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21 000 Split, Croatia
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Drvenica I, Blažević I, Bošković P, Bratanić A, Bugarski B, Bilusic T. Sinigrin Encapsulation in Liposomes: Influence on In Vitro Digestion and Antioxidant Potential. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/143574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Đulović A, Burčul F, Čulić VČ, Ruščić M, Brzović P, Montaut S, Rollin P, Blažević I. Lepidium graminifolium L.: Glucosinolate Profile and Antiproliferative Potential of Volatile Isolates. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175183. [PMID: 34500622 PMCID: PMC8434519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) from Lepidium graminifolium L. were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by their desulfo-counterparts using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS technique and by their volatile breakdown products-isothiocyanates (ITCs) using GC-MS analysis. Thirteen GSLs were identified with arylaliphatic as the major ones in the following order: 3-hydroxybenzyl GSL (glucolepigramin, 7), benzyl GSL (glucotropaeolin, 9), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl GSL (11), 3-methoxybenzyl GSL (glucolimnanthin, 12), 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzyl GSL (3,5-dimethoxysinalbin, 8), 4-hydroxybenzyl GSL (glucosinalbin, 6), 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl GSL (10) and 2-phenylethyl GSL (gluconasturtiin, 13). GSL breakdown products obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and CH2Cl2 extraction after hydrolysis by myrosinase for 24 h (EXT) as well as benzyl ITC were tested for their cytotoxic activity using MTT assay. Generally, EXT showed noticeable antiproliferative activity against human bladder cancer cell line UM-UC-3 and human glioblastoma cell line LN229, and can be considered as moderately active, while IC50 of benzyl ITC was 12.3 μg/mL, which can be considered as highly active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (P.B.)
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | | | - Mirko Ruščić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Petra Brzović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (P.B.)
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Biomolecular Sciences Programme, School of Biological, Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, Université d’Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, 45000 Orléans, France;
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21-329-434
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11
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Klimek-Szczykutowicz M, Dziurka M, Blažević I, Đulović A, Granica S, Korona-Glowniak I, Ekiert H, Szopa A. Phytochemical and Biological Activity Studies on Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) Microshoot Cultures Grown in RITA ® Temporary Immersion Systems. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225257. [PMID: 33187324 PMCID: PMC7696031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The main compounds in both extracts were gluconasturtiin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin and rutoside, the amounts of which were, respectively, determined as 182.93, 58.86 and 23.24 mg/100 g dry weight (DW) in biomass extracts and 640.94, 23.47 and 7.20 mg/100 g DW in plant herb extracts. The antioxidant potential of all the studied extracts evaluated using CUPRAC (CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Activity), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma), and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays was comparable. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was tested based on the inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and phospholipase A2. The results demonstrate significantly higher inhibition of COX-2 for in vitro cultured biomass compared with the herb extracts (75.4 and 41.1%, respectively). Moreover, all the studied extracts showed almost similar antibacterial and antifungal potential. Based on these findings, and due to the fact that the growth of in vitro microshoots is independent of environmental conditions and unaffected by environmental pollution, we propose that biomass that can be rapidly grown in RITA® bioreactors can serve as an alternative source of bioactive compounds with valuable biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.K.-S.); (H.E.)
| | - Michał Dziurka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.B.); (A.Đ.)
| | - Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (I.B.); (A.Đ.)
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis and Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Izabela Korona-Glowniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Halina Ekiert
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.K.-S.); (H.E.)
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (M.K.-S.); (H.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-620-5436
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12
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Burčul F, Blažević I, Radan M, Politeo O. Terpenes, Phenylpropanoids, Sulfur and Other Essential Oil Constituents as Inhibitors of Cholinesterases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4297-4343. [PMID: 29600750 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180330092607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils constituents are a diverse family of low molecular weight organic compounds with comprehensive biological activity. According to their chemical structure, these active compounds can be divided into four major groups: terpenes, terpenoids, phenylpropenes, and "others". In addition, they may contain diverse functional groups according to which they can be classified as hydrocarbons (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and aliphatic hydrocarbons); oxygenated compounds (monoterpene and sesquiterpene alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and other oxygenated compounds); and sulfur and/or nitrogen containing compounds (thioesters, sulfides, isothiocyanates, nitriles, and others). Compounds that act as cholinesterase inhibitors still represent the only pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer´s disease. Numerous in vitro studies showed that some compounds, found in essential oils, have a promising cholinesterase inhibitory activity, such as α-pinene, δ-3-carene, 1,8-cineole, carvacrol, thymohydroquinone, α- and β-asarone, anethole, etc. This review summarizes the most relevant research published to date on essential oil constituents and their acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory potential as well as their structure related activity, synergistic and antagonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franko Burčul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mila Radan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Olivera Politeo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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13
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Blažević I, Đulović A, Burčul F, Popović M, Montaut S, Bilušić T, Vrca I, Markić J, Ljubenkov I, Ruščić M, Rollin P. Stability and bioaccessibility during ex vivo digestion of glucoraphenin and glucoraphasatin from Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. J Food Compost Anal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2020.103483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Popović M, Maravić A, Čikeš Čulić V, Đulović A, Burčul F, Blažević I. Biological Effects of Glucosinolate Degradation Products from Horseradish: A Horse that Wins the Race. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E343. [PMID: 32098279 PMCID: PMC7072351 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Horseradish degradation products, mainly isothiocyanates (ITC) and nitriles, along with their precursors glucosinolates, were characterized by GC-MS and UHPLC-MS/MS, respectively. Volatiles from horseradish leaves and roots were isolated using microwave assisted-distillation (MAD), microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG) and hydrodistillation (HD). Allyl ITC was predominant in the leaves regardless of the isolation method while MAD, MHG, and HD of the roots resulted in different yields of allyl ITC, 2-phenylethyl ITC, and their nitriles. The antimicrobial potential of roots volatiles and their main compounds was assessed against sixteen emerging food spoilage and opportunistic pathogens. The MHG isolate was the most active, inhibiting bacteria at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) from only 3.75 to 30 µg/mL, and fungi at MIC50 between <0.12 and 0.47 µg/mL. Cytotoxic activity of volatile isolates and their main compounds were tested against two human cancer cell lines using MTT assay after 72 h. The roots volatiles showed best cytotoxic activity (HD; IC50 = 2.62 μg/mL) against human lung A549 and human bladder T24 cancer cell lines (HD; IC50 = 0.57 μg/mL). Generally, 2-phenylethyl ITC, which was tested for its antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities along with two other major components allyl ITC and 3-phenylpropanenitrile, showed the best biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Popović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ana Maravić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Vedrana Čikeš Čulić
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 2100 Split, Croatia;
| | - Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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Blažević I, Đulović A, Čikeš Čulić V, Popović M, Guillot X, Burčul F, Rollin P. Microwave-Assisted versus Conventional Isolation of Glucosinolate Degradation Products from Lunaria annua L. and Their Cytotoxic Activity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E215. [PMID: 32024150 PMCID: PMC7072642 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) from Lunaria annua L. seeds were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by their desulfo counterparts using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS technique and by their volatile breakdown products, isothiocyanates (ITCs), using GC-MS technique. GSL breakdown products were obtained by conventional techniques (hydrodistillation in a Clevenger type apparatus (HD), CH2Cl2 extraction after myrosinase hydrolysis (EXT) for 24 h) as well as by modern techniques, microwave-assisted distillation (MAD) and microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG). Seven GSLs were identified as follows: isopropyl GSL (1), sec-butyl GSL (2), 5-(methylsulfinyl)pentyl GSL (3), 6-(methylsulfinyl)hexyl GSL (4), 5-(methylsulfanyl)pentyl GSL (5), 6-(methylsulfanyl)hexyl GSL (6), and benzyl GSL (7). Additionally, pent-4-enyl- and hex-5-enyl ITCs were detected in the volatile extracts. However, their corresponding GSLs were not detected using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Thus, they are suggested to be formed during GC-MS analysis via thermolysis of 5-(methylsulfinyl)pentyl- and 6-(methylsulfinyl)hexyl ITCs, respectively. Volatile isolates were tested for their cytotoxic activity using MTT assay. EXT and MHG showed the best cytotoxic activity against human lung cancer cell line A549 during an incubation time of 72 h (IC50 18.8, and 33.5 μg/mL, respectively), and against breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 after 48 h (IC50 6.0 and 11.8 μg/mL, respectively). These activities can be attributed to the ITCs originating from 3 and 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (M.P.)
| | - Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Marijana Popović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.Đ.); (M.P.)
| | | | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067 Orléans, France;
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16
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Blažević I, Montaut S, Burčul F, Olsen CE, Burow M, Rollin P, Agerbirk N. Glucosinolate structural diversity, identification, chemical synthesis and metabolism in plants. Phytochemistry 2020; 169:112100. [PMID: 31771793 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucosinolates (GSLs) is a well-defined group of plant metabolites characterized by having an S-β-d-glucopyrano unit anomerically connected to an O-sulfated (Z)-thiohydroximate function. After enzymatic hydrolysis, the sulfated aglucone can undergo rearrangement to an isothiocyanate, or form a nitrile or other products. The number of GSLs known from plants, satisfactorily characterized by modern spectroscopic methods (NMR and MS) by mid-2018, is 88. In addition, a group of partially characterized structures with highly variable evidence counts for approximately a further 49. This means that the total number of characterized GSLs from plants is somewhere between 88 and 137. The diversity of GSLs in plants is critically reviewed here, resulting in significant discrepancies with previous reviews. In general, the well-characterized GSLs show resemblance to C-skeletons of the amino acids Ala, Val, Leu, Trp, Ile, Phe/Tyr and Met, or to homologs of Ile, Phe/Tyr or Met. Insufficiently characterized, still hypothetic GSLs include straight-chain alkyl GSLs and chain-elongated GSLs derived from Leu. Additional reports (since 2011) of insufficiently characterized GSLs are reviewed. Usually the crucial missing information is correctly interpreted NMR, which is the most effective tool for GSL identification. Hence, modern use of NMR for GSL identification is also reviewed and exemplified. Apart from isolation, GSLs may be obtained by organic synthesis, allowing isotopically labeled GSLs and any kind of side chain. Enzymatic turnover of GSLs in plants depends on a considerable number of enzymes and other protein factors and furthermore depends on GSL structure. Identification of GSLs must be presented transparently and live up to standard requirements in natural product chemistry. Unfortunately, many recent reports fail in these respects, including reports based on chromatography hyphenated to MS. In particular, the possibility of isomers and isobaric structures is frequently ignored. Recent reports are re-evaluated and interpreted as evidence of the existence of "isoGSLs", i.e. non-GSL isomers of GSLs in plants. For GSL analysis, also with MS-detection, we stress the importance of using authentic standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- DynaMo Center and Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, BP 6759, F-45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Abstract
The glucosinolate (GSL) profiles (inflorescence, stem, root, and fruit) of the wild-growing plant Lepidium graminifolium L. (Brassicaceae) from Croatia was established by LC-MS analysis. During this investigation, we confirmed the presence of benzyl- (1), 3-methoxybenzyl- (2), 4-hydroxybenzyl- (4), 4-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl- (7) GSLs and reported for the first time in the plant the presence of (2 R)-hydroxybut-3-enyl- (11), (2S)-hydroxybut-3-enyl- (12), but-3-enyl- (13), and 2-phenylethyl- (14) GSLs. Finally, 3-hydroxybenzyl GSL (3) was isolated for the first time from L. graminifolium inflorescence and characterised by spectroscopic data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharayah Read
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Jean-Marc Nuzillard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne et CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, Reims, France
| | - Dominique Harakat
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne et CNRS, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312, Reims, France
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Université d'Orléans et CNRS, Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique, UMR 7311, Orléans, France
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18
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Blažević I, Đulović A, Maravić A, Čikeš Čulić V, Montaut S, Rollin P. Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities of Lepidium latifolium L. Hydrodistillate, Extract and Its Major Sulfur Volatile Allyl Isothiocyanate. Chem Biodivers 2019; 16:e1800661. [PMID: 30714673 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cultivated Lepidium latifolium L. was investigated to decipher its glucosinolate profile, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. HPLC/ESI-MS analyses of the intact glucosinolates and GC/MS analysis of their hydrolysis products showed the presence of sinigrin (1), glucocochlearin (2), glucotropaeolin (3), and 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (4). Hydrodistillate, extract, and allyl isothiocyanate, the main volatile resulting from sinigrin degradation, showed antimicrobial activity against all eleven tested pathogenic and food spoilage bacteria and fungi, with highest effect observed against Candida albicans with MIC50 8 and 16 μg/mL. Hydrodistillate and extract showed the best cytotoxic activity on bladder cancer UM-UC-3 cell line during an incubation time of 24 h (IC50 192.9 and 133.8 μg/mL, respectively), while the best effect on glioblastoma LN229 cell line was observed after 48 h (IC50 110.8 and 30.9 μg/mL, respectively). Pure allyl isothiocyanate displayed a similar trend in cytotoxic effect on both cell lines (IC50 23.3 and 36.5 μg/mL after 24 h and 48 h, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Azra Đulović
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Maravić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Čikeš Čulić
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Patrick Rollin
- ICOA, Université d'Orléans et CNRS, UMR 7311, 45067, Orléans, France
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Abstract
Finding a new type of cholinesterase inhibitor that would overcome the brain availability and pharmacokinetic parameters or hepatotoxic liability has been a focus of investigations dealing with the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Isothiocyanates have not been previously investigated as potential cholinesterase inhibitors. These compounds can be naturally produced from their glucosinolate precursors, secondary metabolites widely distributed in our daily Brassica vegetables. Among 11 tested compounds, phenyl isothiocyanate and its derivatives showed the most promising inhibitory activity. 2-Methoxyphenyl ITC showed best inhibition on acetylcholinesterase with IC50 of 0.57 mM, while 3-methoxyphenyl ITC showed the best inhibition on butyrylcholinesterase having 49.2% at 1.14 mM. Assessment of the antioxidant efficacy using different methods led to a similar conclusion. The anti-inflammatory activity was also tested using human COX-2 enzyme, ranking phenyl isothiocyanate, and 3-methoxyphenyl isothiocyanate as most active, with ∼99% inhibition at 50 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franko Burčul
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Ivana Generalić Mekinić
- b Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Mila Radan
- c Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Patrick Rollin
- d ICOA, UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans et CNRS , Orléans , France
| | - Ivica Blažević
- e Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology , University of Split , Split , Croatia
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Montaut S, Blažević I, Ruščić M, Rollin P. LC–MS profiling of glucosinolates in the seeds of Brassica elongata Ehrh., and of the two stenoendemic B. botteri Vis and B. cazzae Ginzb. & Teyber. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:58-62. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1212032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirko Ruščić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Patrick Rollin
- Université d’Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, Orléans, France
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Generalić Mekinić I, Blažević I, Mudnić I, Burčul F, Grga M, Skroza D, Jerčić I, Ljubenkov I, Boban M, Miloš M, Katalinić V. Sea fennel ( Crithmum maritimum L.): phytochemical profile, antioxidative, cholinesterase inhibitory and vasodilatory activity. J Food Sci Technol 2016; 53:3104-3112. [PMID: 27765981 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sea fennel, a rediscovered star of the coastal cuisine, has been investigated for its phytochemical profile and biological potential. Sea fennel flowers, stems and leaves were analyzed for essential oils (EOs) isolated by hydrodistillation, as well as non-volatiles obtained by ethanolic extraction. Limonene were found to be a dominant compound in EOs and ethanolic extracts; ranging from 57.5-74.2 % and 0.7-8.1 mg/g dry plant material, respectively. In addition total phenolic content was determined for ethanolic extracts. All samples and their main phytochemicals were tested for various methods. EO and extract obtained from flowers were tested for vasodilatory activity on rat aortic rings. Antioxidant activity of EOs was extremely low in comparison to extracts, on the contrary to cholinesterase inhibition where EOs showed better activity than extracts. Flower extract and chlorogenic acid showed stronger vasodilators in comparison to EO and limonene. The obtained results point out the potential impact of the dominant compounds from EO and extract on the biological properties of the sea fennel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Generalić Mekinić
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Mudnić
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mia Grga
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Danijela Skroza
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Iva Jerčić
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Ljubenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mladen Boban
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mladen Miloš
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Višnja Katalinić
- Department of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 35, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Abstract
C8-C10 methylsulfinylalkyl glucosinolates (GLs), and C8-C10 methylsulfonylalkyl GLs were identified in the seed of Arabis turrita L. by HPLC-MS/ESI analysis of intact GLs. Enzymatic (with myrosinase) and non-enzymatic (thermal at 100°C, and chemical at different pH) hydrolyses were performed and the volatile isolates were analyzed by GC-MS. Only the enzymatic and chemical (pH 10) degradations produced volatiles which are originating from GL degradation. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of long-chain olefinic isothiocyanates (ITCs) along with other the long-chain thiofunctionalized GL breakdown products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- University of Split, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Teslina 10/V, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Sciences Programme, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Gina Rosalinda De Nicola
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali (CRA-CIN), Via di Corticella 133, I-40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrick Rollin
- ICOA-UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, B.P. 6759, F-45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Blažević I, De Nicola GR, Montaut S, Rollin P, Ruščić M. Glucosinolate Profile of Croatian Stenoendemic Plant Fibigia triquetra (DC.) Boiss. ex Prantl. CROAT CHEM ACTA 2015. [DOI: 10.5562/cca2687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Blažević I, De Nicola GR, Montaut S, Rollin P. Glucosinolates in Two Endemic Plants of the Aurinia Genus and their Chemotaxonomic Significance. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLs) were characterized in the seed and root of Aurinia leucadea (Guss.) C. Koch and A. sinuata (L.) Griseb., and quantified according to the ISO 9167–1 official method based on the HPLC analysis of desulfo-GLs. Glucoalyssin (GAL, 1), glucobrassicanapin (GBN, 2) and glucoberteroin (GBE, 3) were the major GLs identified in A. leucadea and A. sinuata. GC/MS analysis of the volatile fractions obtained after enzyme hydrolysis showed that they mostly contain isothiocyanates (ITCs) originating from the parent GLs. On this basis and from previous reports, C-5 alkyl GLs 1, 2, and 3 can be considered as chemotaxonomic markers of the Aurinia genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- University of Split, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, Department of Organic Chemistry, Teslina 10/V, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Gina Rosalinda De Nicola
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali (CRA-CIN), Via di Corticella 133, I-40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabine Montaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Patrick Rollin
- ICOA-UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, B.P. 6759, F-45067 Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Blažević I, Radonić A, Skočibušić M, De Nicola GR, Montaut S, Iori R, Rollin P, Mastelić J, Zekić M, Maravić A. Glucosinolate profiling and antimicrobial screening of Aurinia leucadea (Brassicaceae). Chem Biodivers 2012; 8:2310-21. [PMID: 22162169 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GLs) were characterized in various aerial parts (stems, leaves, and flowers) of Aurinia leucadea (Guss.) C. Koch and quantified according to the ISO 9167-1 official method based on the HPLC analysis of desulfoglucosinolates. Eight GLs, i.e., glucoraphanin (GRA), glucoalyssin (GAL; 1), gluconapin (GNA; 2), glucocochlearin (GCC), glucobrassicanapin (GBN; 3), glucotropaeolin (GTL), glucoerucin (GER), and glucoberteroin (GBE) were identified. The total GL contents were 57.1, 37.8, and 81.3 μmol/g dry weight in the stems, leaves, and flowers, respectively. The major GL detected in all parts of the plant was 2, followed by 1 and 3. GC/MS Analysis of the volatile fractions extracted from the aerial parts of fresh plant material either by hydrodistillation or CH(2) Cl(2) extraction showed that these fractions mostly contained isothiocyanates (ITCs). The main ITCs were but-3-enyl- (55.6-71.8%), pent-4-enyl- (7.6-15.3%), and 5-(methylsulfinyl)pentyl ITC (0-9.5%), originating from the corresponding GLs 2, 3, and 1, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the volatile samples was investigated by determining inhibition zones with the disk-diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) with the microdilution method. They were found to inhibit a wide range of bacteria and fungi, with MIC values of 2.0-32.0 μg/ml, indicating their promising antimicrobial potential, especially against the fungi Candida albicans and Rhizopus stolonifer as well as against the clinically important pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Split.
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De Nicola GR, Blažević I, Montaut S, Rollin P, Mastelić J, Iori R, Tatibouët A. Glucosinolate distribution in aerial parts of Degenia velebitica. Chem Biodivers 2012; 8:2090-6. [PMID: 22083920 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The glucosinolates present in the leaf, stem, and seed extracts of Degenia velebitica (Degen) Hayek were characterized and quantified according to the ISO 9167-1 method, which is based on the HPLC analysis of desulfoglucosinolates. The stems contained glucoalyssin (3a) as the major compound as well as glucoberteroin (1a) and glucoaubrietin (4a). The leaves contained three glucosinolates, the major one being 3a, followed by glucobrassicanapin (2a) and 1a. Glucoberteroin (1a) was the major glucosinolate in the seeds, along with the two minor glucosinolates 3a and glucoerucin (5a). The content of 1a in the whole, non-defatted seeds amounted to 4% (w/w). The compound was characterized as its desulfo counterpart by spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R De Nicola
- Agricultural Research Council-Industrial Crop Research Centre (CRA-CIN), Bologna
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Radonić A, Blažević I, Mastelić J, Zekić M, Skočibušić M, Maravić A. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. volatiles. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1170-81. [PMID: 21674789 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two different volatile isolates from the aerial parts of Cardaria draba (L.) Desv., obtained either by hydrodistillation (Extract I) or by CH(2) Cl(2) extraction subsequent to hydrolysis by exogenous myrosinase (Extract II), were characterized by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses. The main volatiles obtained by hydrodistillation, i.e., 4-(methylsulfanyl)butyl isothiocyanate (1; 28.0%) and 5-(methylsulfanyl)pentanenitrile (2; 13.8%), originated from the degradation of glucoerucin. In Extract I, also volatiles without sulfur and/or nitrogen were identified. These were mostly hexadecanoic acid (10.8%), phytol (10.2%), dibutyl phthalate (4.5%), and some other compounds in smaller percentages. Extract II contained mostly glucosinolate degradation products. They originated from glucoraphanin, viz., 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl isothiocyanate (3; 69.2%) and 5-(methylsulfinyl)pentanenitrile (4; 4.5%), glucosinalbin, viz., 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetonitrile (5; 7.2%), and glucoerysolin, viz., 4-(methylsulfonyl)butyl isothiocyanate (6; 5.0%). Moreover, the volatile samples were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using the disc-diffusion method and determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). All volatile isolates expressed a wide range of growth inhibition activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. The MIC values varied between 4 and 128 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Radonić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, N. Tesle 10/V, HR-21000 Split.
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Bezić N, Vuko E, Dunkić V, Ruščić M, Blažević I, Burčul F. Antiphytoviral activity of sesquiterpene-rich essential oils from four croatian teucrium species. Molecules 2011; 16:8119-29. [PMID: 21937971 PMCID: PMC6264614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16098119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the essential oil profiles of four Croatian Teucrium species (Lamiaceae), as determined by GC and GC/MS, with their antiphytoviral efficiency. A phytochemical analysis showed that T. polium, T. flavum, T. montanum and T. chamaedrys are characterized by similar essential oil compositions. The investigated oils are characterized by a high proportion of the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons β-caryophyllene (7.1–52.0%) and germacrene D (8.7–17.0%). Other important components were β-pinene from T. montanum and α-pinene from T. flavum. The investigated essential oils were proved to reduce lesion number in the local host Chenopodium quinoa Willd. infected with Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV), with reductions of 41.4%, 22.9%, 44.3% and 25.7%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Bezić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.B.); (E.V.); (M.R.)
| | - Elma Vuko
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.B.); (E.V.); (M.R.)
| | - Valerija Dunkić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.B.); (E.V.); (M.R.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +385-21-385-133; Fax: +385-21-384-0086
| | - Mirko Ruščić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Teslina 12, 21000 Split, Croatia; (N.B.); (E.V.); (M.R.)
| | - Ivica Blažević
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Teslina 10, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Franko Burčul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, Teslina 10, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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Mastelić J, Blažević I, Kosalec I. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of volatiles from Degenia velebitica, a European stenoendemic plant of the Brassicaceae family. Chem Biodivers 2011; 7:2755-65. [PMID: 21072775 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Free and glucosidic bound leaf volatiles of Degenia velebitica were isolated and fractionated simultaneously into H(2)O-soluble, H(2)O-insoluble, and highly volatile compounds by hydrodistillation-adsorption (HDA) and analyzed by GC/MS. Among the 24 constituents identified, the main compounds obtained by the HDA method were S- and/or N-atom containing compounds, i.e., 6-(methylsulfanyl)hexanenitrile (10; 26.78%), dimethyl trisulfide (6; 26.35%), 3,4,5-trimethylpyrazole (17; 13.33%), hex-5-enenitrile (2; 10.11%), dimethyl tetrasulfide (8; 4.93%), and pent-4-enyl isothiocyanate (7; 4.45%). In addition, O-glycosidically bound volatiles and free volatiles were isolated by solvent extraction. Sixteen volatile O-aglycones and twelve free volatile components were identified. The main O-aglycones were eugenol (19; 24.15%), 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (11; 11.50%), and benzyl alcohol (20; 9.49%), and the main free volatiles were (9Z,12Z)-octa-9,12-dienic acid (38.35%), hexadecanoic acid (22.64%), and phytol (5.80%). The H(2)O-soluble volatile fraction obtained by HDA, containing mostly glucosinolate degradation products and 3,4,5-trimethylpyrazole (17), was evaluated for antimicrobial activity by determining inhibition zones with the diffusion method as well as minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal microbicidal concentrations (MMC) with the micro-dilution method. The fraction expressed activity against the tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as against yeast, with MIC values equal to or lower than 16.7 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Mastelić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Technology, University of Split, N. Tesle 10/V, Split
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Blažević I, Mastelić J. Glucosinolate degradation products and other bound and free volatiles in the leaves and roots of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Food Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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