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Zhong P, Yang Y, Han T, Huang W, Liu Y, Gong G, Huang L, Lu Y, Wang Z. Comparative Analysis of Free and Glycoconjugates Oligosaccharide Content in Milk from Different Species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:670-678. [PMID: 38135877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is important for infant growth, and oligosaccharides are one of its main functional nutrients. To enable a systematic comparison of free oligosaccharide and glycoconjugate content in milk from different species, the phenol-sulfuric acid and resorcinol assays were combined to determine the content. Using real samples, the method revealed that human milk contained the highest amount of total, neutral (9.84 ± 0.31 g/L), and sialylated (3.21 ± 0.11 g/L) free oligosaccharides, followed by goat milk, with neutral (0.135 ± 0.015 g/L) and sialylated (0.192 ± 0.016 g/L) free oligosaccharides and at a distance by bovine and yak milk. The highest total glycoconjugate content was detected in yak milk (0.798 ± 0.011 g/L), followed by human, bovine, and goat milk. These findings suggest that goat milk is the best source of free oligosaccharides in infant formula and functional dairy products and yak milk is the best source of glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyun Zhong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuerong Yang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Tianjiao Han
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Wenqi Huang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuxia Liu
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Guiping Gong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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Fang X, Zhu W, Zhao H, Yin W, Song X, Liu F. Preclinical Safety Evaluation of the Human-Identical Milk Oligosaccharide Lacto-N-Triose II. Int J Toxicol 2024; 43:27-45. [PMID: 37769680 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231203515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Lacto-N-triose II (LNT II), an essential human milk oligosaccharide and precursor to lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), was evaluated for safety. Genotoxicity was assessed through in vitro tests including Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test and mammalian cell micronucleus test, and a subchronic oral gavage toxicity study was conducted on juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats. In this study, LNT II was administered at dose levels of 0, 1,500, 2,500, or 5,000 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day for 90 days, followed by a 4-week treatment-free recovery period. LNT II was non-genotoxic in the in vitro assays. No compound-related effects were observed across all dosage levels based on various measures, including clinical observations, body weight gain, feed consumption, clinical pathology, organ weights, and histopathology. Consequently, the highest dosage of 5,000 mg/kg bw/day was established as the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL). These results suggest the safe use of LNT II in young children formula and as a food ingredient, within the limits found naturally in human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Fang
- Research and Development Department of Shandong Henglu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Technical Department, Anchor Center for Certification, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Specialty Toxicology Department, Pharmaron TSP, Beijing, China
| | - Wencheng Yin
- Research and Development Department of Shandong Henglu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Song
- Research and Development Department of Shandong Henglu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan, China
| | - Fengxin Liu
- Research and Development Department of Shandong Henglu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Jinan, China
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3
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Analysis of milk with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry: a review. Eur Food Res Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractAs a widely consumed foodstuff, milk and dairy products are increasingly studied over the years. At the present time, milk profiling is used as a benchmark to assess the properties of milk. Modern biomolecular mass spectrometers have become invaluable to fully characterize the milk composition. This review reports the analysis of milk and its components using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC–MS). LC–MS analysis as a whole will be discussed subdivided into the major constituents of milk, namely, lipids, proteins, sugars and the mineral fraction.
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Mills DA, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Underwood MA. Translating neonatal microbiome science into commercial innovation: metabolism of human milk oligosaccharides as a basis for probiotic efficacy in breast-fed infants. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2192458. [PMID: 37013357 PMCID: PMC10075334 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2192458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For over a century, physicians have witnessed a common enrichment of bifidobacteria in the feces of breast-fed infants that was readily associated with infant health status. Recent advances in bacterial genomics, metagenomics, and glycomics have helped explain the nature of this unique enrichment and enabled the tailored use of probiotic supplementation to restore missing bifidobacterial functions in at-risk infants. This review documents a 20-year span of discoveries that set the stage for the current use of human milk oligosaccharide-consuming bifidobacteria to beneficially colonize, modulate, and protect the intestines of at-risk, human milk-fed, neonates. This review also presents a model for probiotic applications wherein bifidobacterial functions, in the form of colonization and HMO-related catabolic activity in situ, represent measurable metabolic outcomes by which probiotic efficacy can be scored toward improving infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carlito B. Lebrilla
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Jang SI, Eom HY, Hwang JH, Kim L, Lee JH. Simultaneous Quantification of 3'- and 6'-Sialyllactose in Rat Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041177. [PMID: 33671827 PMCID: PMC7926300 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialyllactose (SL), an acidic oligosaccharide, has immune-protective effects against pathogens and helps with the development of the immune system and intestinal microorganisms. To elucidate the pharmacokinetic characterization after oral administration to rats, the simultaneous quantification method for 3'-SL and 6'-SL in rat plasma was validated, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in an electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. Several types of columns [C18, amide, and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) phase] were used to separate the peaks of 3'-SL and 6'-SL, which improved chromatographic selectivity. Ultimately, the HILIC phase column had a good peak shape and quick resolution, with a mobile phase comprising ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile obtained by gradient elution. In addition, the simultaneous quantification of 3'-SL and 6'-SL in rat plasma samples were adequately applied to pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-In Jang
- Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (S.-I.J.); (H.Y.E.)
| | - Han Young Eom
- Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (S.-I.J.); (H.Y.E.)
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do, Daejeon 53212, Korea;
| | - Lila Kim
- GeneChem Inc., A-501, 187 Techno 2-ro, Daejeon 34025, Korea;
| | - Jong-Hwa Lee
- Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (S.-I.J.); (H.Y.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-610-8092
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Eom HY, Jang SI, Hwang JH, Kim L, Kang JS, Lee JH. Development and validation of a bioanalytical method of analyzing 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in minipig plasma and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 195:113827. [PMID: 33358084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sialyllactose (SL) is an acidic oligosaccharide, consisting of a combination of sialic acid and lactose. It is found in human milk. It has immune-protective effects against pathogens in newborns and helps with the development of the immune system and intestinal microorganisms. We developed and validated a method by which 3'-SL and 6'-SL levels were simultaneously analyzed via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and evaluated the pharmacokinetics of the materials after systemic delivery to minipigs. To improve chromatographic selectivity, several types of columns (C18, amide, and HILIC phase) were used to separate the peaks of 3'-SL and 6'-SL. Ultimately the HILIC phase column was selected, as it had a good peak shape and quick resolution. The mobile phase comprised ammonium acetate buffer and acetonitrile with gradient elution. MS was performed in the negative ion and multiple reaction monitoring modes. Plasma samples were prepared using the protein precipitation method with methanol. A surrogate matrix was used for quantification because SLs are endogenous plasma compounds. The method developed was validated according to U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidance. A pharmacokinetic study was performed with intravenous administration of 3'-SL and 6'-SL in minipigs (Sus scrofa/Yucatan). The concentrations of 3'-SL and 6'-SL were readily measurable in the plasma samples, which suggests that the method adequately determined systemic exposure in minipigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Young Eom
- Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-In Jang
- Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 53212, Republic of Korea
| | - Lila Kim
- GeneChem Inc., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34025, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hwa Lee
- Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Study Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Development and Validation of a Bioanalytical Method for 3′- and 6′-Sialyllactose in Minipig Liver and Kidney Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Application to Analysis of Tissue Distribution. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235721. [PMID: 33287423 PMCID: PMC7731434 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk contains human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), including sialyllactose (SL). SL is composed of sialic acid and lactose, and is divided into 3′-SL and 6′-SL according to the binding position. SL has immunoprotective effects against bacteria and viruses, and acts as a probiotic in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we developed a bioanalytical method for simultaneous analysis of 3′-SL and 6′-SL in liver and kidney tissues of Yucatan minipigs using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) under conditions optimized in our previous study. LC-MS/MS was performed using a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 3 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium acetate in water (pH 4.5) and acetonitrile with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. A surrogate matrix method using water was applied for analysis of endogenous SL. The developed method was validated with regard to selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, the matrix effect, recovery, parallelism, dilution integrity, carryover, and stability according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. We performed a tissue distribution study of minipigs, and analyzed liver and kidney tissues using the developed method to determine the tissue distribution of 3′-SL and 6′-SL. The tissue concentrations of 3′-SL and 6′-SL were readily measurable, suggesting that the method would be useful for evaluating the tissue distributions of these compounds in minipigs.
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From lab bench to formulated ingredient: Characterization, production, and commercialization of human milk oligosaccharides. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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10
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Jin W, Li C, Zou M, Lu Y, Wei M, Nan L, Jia Y, Wang C, Huang L, Wang Z. A preliminary study on isomer-specific quantification of sialylated N-glycans released from whey glycoproteins in human colostrum and mature milk using a glycoqueuing strategy. Food Chem 2020; 339:127866. [PMID: 32858386 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sialylated N-glycans are an integral component of whey proteins in human milk and play an irreplaceable role in infant growth and development. Currently, there are few studies on quantitative comparison of sialylated N-glycans in milk obtained at different lactation stages. Here, a preliminary isomer-specific quantification of whey sialylated N-glycans of human colostrum milk (CM) and mature milk (MM) was performed by using our recently developed glycoqueuing strategy. Such a preliminary comparison revealed that the whey sialylated N-glycan content was 86.4% lower in MM than in CM. Twenty-three α2,6-linked sialylated N-glycan isomers were detected with no α2,3-linked isomer observed. For the first time, three mono-sialylated and four bi-sialylated glycan isomers were reported. With the prolongation of lactation, the relative abundance of mono-sialylated glycans increased, whilst the relative abundance of bi-sialylated glycans decreased significantly. These findings contribute to the understanding of the structure-function relationship of sialylated N-glycans in the human whey fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Jin
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Shannxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Meiyi Zou
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yu Lu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Ming Wei
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Lijing Nan
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yue Jia
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Chengjian Wang
- Shannxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Shannxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; Shannxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Chichlowski M, Shah N, Wampler JL, Wu SS, Vanderhoof JA. Bifidobacterium longum Subspecies infantis ( B. infantis) in Pediatric Nutrition: Current State of Knowledge. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1581. [PMID: 32481558 PMCID: PMC7352178 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Since originally isolated in 1899, the genus Bifidobacterium has been demonstrated to predominate in the gut microbiota of breastfed infants and to benefit the host by accelerating maturation of the immune response, balancing the immune system to suppress inflammation, improving intestinal barrier function, and increasing acetate production. In particular, Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) is well adapted to the infant gut and has co-evolved with the mother-infant dyad and gut microbiome, in part due to its ability to consume complex carbohydrates found in human milk. B. infantis and its human host have a symbiotic relationship that protects the preterm or term neonate and nourishes a healthy gut microbiota prior to weaning. To provide benefits associated with B. infantis to all infants, a number of commercialized strains have been developed over the past decades. As new ingredients become available, safety and suitability must be assessed in preclinical and clinical studies. Consideration of the full clinical evidence for B. infantis use in pediatric nutrition is critical to better understand its potential impacts on infant health and development. Herein we summarize the recent clinical studies utilizing select strains of commercialized B. infantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Chichlowski
- Nutrition Science, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA;
| | - Neil Shah
- Nutrition Science, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA;
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (J.L.W.); (S.S.W.)
- University College London, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Jennifer L. Wampler
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (J.L.W.); (S.S.W.)
| | - Steven S. Wu
- Clinical Research, Department of Medical Affairs, Mead Johnson Nutrition, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (J.L.W.); (S.S.W.)
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jon A. Vanderhoof
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Gastroenterology, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
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Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M, Lis-Kuberka J. The Impact of Dietary Fucosylated Oligosaccharides and Glycoproteins of Human Milk on Infant Well-Being. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041105. [PMID: 32316160 PMCID: PMC7230487 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from optimal nutritional value, human milk is the feeding strategy to support the immature immunological system of developing newborns and infants. The most beneficial dietary carbohydrate components of breast milk are human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and glycoproteins (HMGs), involved in both specific and nonspecific immunity. Fucosylated oligosaccharides represent the largest fraction of human milk oligosaccharides, with the simplest and the most abundant being 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL). Fucosylated oligosaccharides, as well as glycans of glycoproteins, as beneficial dietary sugars, elicit anti-adhesive properties against fucose-dependent pathogens, and on the other hand are crucial for growth and metabolism of beneficial bacteria, and in this aspect participate in shaping a healthy microbiome. Well-documented secretor status related differences in the fucosylation profile of HMOs and HMGs may play a key but underestimated role in assessment of susceptibility to fucose-dependent pathogen infections, with a potential impact on applied clinical procedures. Nevertheless, due to genetic factors, about 20% of mothers do not provide their infants with beneficial dietary carbohydrates such as 2'-FL and other α1,2-fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycans of glycoproteins, despite breastfeeding them. The lack of such structures may have important implications for a wide range of aspects of infant well-being and healthcare. In light of the above, some artificial mixtures used in infant nutrition are supplemented with 2'-FL to more closely approximate the unique composition of maternal milk, including dietary-derived fucosylated oligosaccharides and glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jolanta Lis-Kuberka
- Correspondence: (M.O.-P.); (J.L.-K.); Tel.: +48-71-770-30-64 (M.O.-P.); +48-71-770-32-17 (J.L.-K.)
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Huang X, Zhu B, Jiang T, Yang C, Qiao W, Hou J, Han Y, Xiao H, Chen L. Improved Simple Sample Pretreatment Method for Quantitation of Major Human Milk Oligosaccharides Using Ultrahigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12237-12244. [PMID: 31560847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) maintain and promote infant health. Most of the current methods for HMOs quantitation require labor-intensive and time-consuming steps for sample preparation. This study presents two very simple and easy-to-operate pretreatment methods, requiring either ultrafiltration or centrifugation to separate free oligosaccharides from whole fat human milk and other milk matrix before oligosaccharides labeling for quantifying HMOs using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. A single chromatography run quantified 15 sialylated and neutral HMOs with high sensitivity (with an LOD less than 8 pg for all HMOs tested: about 1 pg for 2'-fucosyllactose, 3-fucosyllactose, 4'-galactosyllactose, 3'-galactosyllactose, and 6'-galactosyllactose) and good linearity with coefficient of correlation above 0.999. Accuracy and precision were satisfactory for both pretreatment methods. Overall, the centrifugation pretreatment was efficient and reliable for samples with high levels of oligosaccharides, and the ultrafiltration pretreatment was especially suitable for samples with low oligosaccharide abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunwen Huang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health , Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100163 , P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy , Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100163 , P. R. China
- Institute of Microbiology , China Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , P. R. China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Institute of Microbiology , China Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , P. R. China
| | - Tiemin Jiang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health , Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100163 , P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy , Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100163 , P. R. China
| | - Chunying Yang
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health , Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100163 , P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy , Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100163 , P. R. China
| | - Weicang Qiao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health , Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100163 , P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy , Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100163 , P. R. China
| | - Juncai Hou
- College of Food Science , Northeast Agricultural University , Harbin 150030 , P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Han
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 010003 , United States
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 010003 , United States
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Maternal and Child Health , Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100163 , P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Dairy , Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd. , Beijing 100163 , P. R. China
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14
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Profile and content of sialylated oligosaccharides in donkey milk at early lactation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Fischöder T, Cajic S, Grote V, Heinzler R, Reichl U, Franzreb M, Rapp E, Elling L. Enzymatic Cascades for Tailored 13C 6 and 15N Enriched Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2019; 24:E3482. [PMID: 31557948 PMCID: PMC6803985 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several health benefits, associated with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS), have been revealed in the last decades. Further progress, however, requires not only the establishment of a simple "routine" method for absolute quantification of complex HMOS mixtures but also the development of novel synthesis strategies to improve access to tailored HMOS. Here, we introduce a combination of salvage-like nucleotide sugar-producing enzyme cascades with Leloir-glycosyltransferases in a sequential pattern for the convenient tailoring of stable isotope-labeled HMOS. We demonstrate the assembly of [13C6]galactose into lacto-N- and lacto-N-neo-type HMOS structures up to octaoses. Further, we present the enzymatic production of UDP-[15N]GlcNAc and its application for the enzymatic synthesis of [13C6/15N]lacto-N-neo-tetraose for the first time. An exemplary application was selected-analysis of tetraose in complex biological mixtures-to show the potential of tailored stable isotope reference standards for the mass spectrometry-based quantification, using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) as a fast and straightforward method for absolute quantification of HMOS. Together with the newly available well-defined tailored isotopic HMOS, this can make a crucial contribution to prospective research aiming for a more profound understanding of HMOS structure-function relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischöder
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Samanta Cajic
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Valerian Grote
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Heinzler
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstraße 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
- glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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16
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Abstract
Breast milk is a complex biological fluid that is rich in nutrients and bioactive agents that support the healthy growth and development of the newborns. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are unconjugated glycans that constitute an important component of the protection conferred by breast milk on the neonate. HMOs may act locally on the neonatal intestine by acting as signalling molecules and directly interacting with the host cells. Although fucosylated and sialylated HMOs have little nutritional value, they exert important prebiotic as well as immunomodulatory effects on the infant gut. However, there is heterogeneity in the quantity and quality of HMOs in breast milk produced by mothers under influence of the genetic and environmental factors. This review encompasses the salient aspects of HMOs such as composition, function, structural diversity, and functional impact on the growth and survival of newborns. In this review, the current knowledge on HMOs is contextualised to discuss the gaps in scientific understanding and the avenues for future research.
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Bhattacharya M, Salcedo J, Robinson RC, Henrick BM, Barile D. Peptidomic and glycomic profiling of commercial dairy products: identification, quantification and potential bioactivities. NPJ Sci Food 2019; 3:4. [PMID: 31304276 PMCID: PMC6550233 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-019-0037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidomics and glycomics are recently established disciplines enabling researchers to characterize functional characteristics of foods at a molecular level. Milk-derived bioactive peptides and oligosaccharides have garnered both scientific and commercial interest because they possess unique functional properties, such as anti-hypertensive, immunomodulatory and prebiotic activities; therefore, the objective of this work was to employ peptidomic and glycomic tools to identify and measure relative and absolute quantities of peptides and oligosaccharides in widely consumed dairy products. Specifically, we identified up to 2117 unique peptides in 10 commercial dairy products, which together represent the most comprehensive peptidomic profiling of dairy milk in the literature to date. The quantity of peptides, measured by ion-exchange chromatography, varied between 60 and 130 mg/L among the same set of dairy products, which the majority originated from caseins, and the remaining from whey proteins. A recently published bioactive peptide database was used to identify 66 unique bioactive peptides in the dataset. In addition, 24 unique oligosaccharide compositions were identified in all the samples by nano LC Chip QTOF. Neutral oligosaccharides were the most abundant class in all samples (66-91.3%), followed by acidic (8.6-33.7%), and fucosylated oligosaccharides (0-4.6%). Variation of total oligosaccharide concentration ranged from a high of 65.78 to a low of 24.82 mg/L. Importantly, characterizing bioactive peptides and oligosaccharides in a wider number of dairy products may lead to innovations that go beyond the traditional vision of dairy components used for nutritional purposes but that will rather focus on improving human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrittika Bhattacharya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jaime Salcedo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Randall C. Robinson
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Bethany Michele Henrick
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Evolve Biosystems, 2121 2nd Street, B107, Davis, CA 95618 USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Jantscher-Krenn E, Aigner J, Reiter B, Köfeler H, Csapo B, Desoye G, Bode L, van Poppel MNM. Evidence of human milk oligosaccharides in maternal circulation already during pregnancy: a pilot study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E347-E357. [PMID: 30422706 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00320.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are bioactive glycans linked with health benefits to both the breast-fed infant and lactating mother. We hypothesized that HMOs are present before lactation, already during pregnancy, and are influenced by maternal body composition. In a pilot study, we investigated individual and temporal variations in HMO composition and concentration in maternal serum at gestational weeks 10-14 ( visit 1), 20-24 ( visit 2), and 30-35 (visit 3) (V1, V2, and V3, respectively) and associations with maternal body composition. HMOs were quantified by HPLC and confirmed by enzymatic digest and mass spectrometry. Associations of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) thickness, and adipokines with absolute and relative HMO concentrations were analyzed by Spearman correlation. We identified 16 HMOs and 2 oligosaccharides not common to human milk. HMO concentration and composition varied with gestational age and secretor status. HMO concentration increased with gestational age and changed from a predominantly sialylated profile at V1 to a more balanced fucosylated-to-sialylated ratio at V3, mostly due to a profound increase in 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), reflecting secretor phenotype. In secretor-positive women, BMI was negatively correlated with 2'-FL at V2. SAT at V1 and V2 were strongly negatively correlated with 2'-FL concentrations. This pilot study shows that prenatal HMOs are present in maternal serum, suggesting roles for HMOs already during pregnancy. Our result that maternal body composition is associated with prenatal HMOs might indicate that maternal metabolism modulates HMO composition with unknown implications for maternal and fetal health already during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Aigner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Birgit Reiter
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Harald Köfeler
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Bence Csapo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Gernot Desoye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics and Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (LRF MoMI CoRE), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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19
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Sialylated Oligosaccharides and Glycoconjugates of Human Milk. The Impact on Infant and Newborn Protection, Development and Well-Being. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020306. [PMID: 30717166 PMCID: PMC6413137 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk not only has nutritional value, but also provides a wide range of biologically active molecules, which are adapted to meet the needs of newborns and infants. Mother’s milk is a source of sialylated oligosaccharides and glycans that are attached to proteins and lipids, whose concentrations and composition are unique. Sialylated human milk glycoconjugates and oligosaccharides enrich the newborn immature immune system and are crucial for their proper development and well-being. Some of the milk sialylated oligosaccharide structures can locally exert biologically active effects in the newborn’s and infant’s gut. Sialylated molecules of human milk can be recognized and bound by sialic acid-dependent pathogens and inhibit their adhesion to the epithelial cells of newborns and infants. A small amount of intact sialylated oligosaccharides can be absorbed from the intestine and remain in the newborn’s circulation in concentrations high enough to modulate the immunological system at the cellular level and facilitate proper brain development during infancy. Conclusion: The review summarizes the current state of knowledge on sialylated human milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, discusses the significance of sialylated structures of human milk in newborn protection and development, and presents the advantages of human milk over infant formula.
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Ma L, McJarrow P, Jan Mohamed HJB, Liu X, Welman A, Fong BY. Lactational changes in the human milk oligosaccharide concentration in Chinese and Malaysian mothers' milk. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Garwolińska D, Namieśnik J, Kot-Wasik A, Hewelt-Belka W. Chemistry of Human Breast Milk-A Comprehensive Review of the Composition and Role of Milk Metabolites in Child Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11881-11896. [PMID: 30247884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Early nutrition has an enormous influence on a child's physiological function, immune system maturation, and cognitive development. Human breast milk (HBM) is recognized as the gold standard for human infant nutrition. According to a WHO report, breastfeeding is considered as an unequaled way of providing ideal food to the infant, which is required for his healthy growth and development. HBM contains various macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins) as well as numerous bioactive compounds and interactive elements (growth factors, hormones, cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial compounds. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the current knowledge about metabolites, which are the least understood components of HBM, and their potential role in infant development. We focus on small metabolites (<1500 Da) and characterize the chemical structure and biological function of polar metabolites such as human milk oligosaccharides, nonprotein molecules containing nitrogen (creatine, amino acids, nucleotides, polyamines), and nonpolar lipids. We believe that this manuscript will provide a comprehensive insight into a HBM metabolite composition, chemical structure, and their role in a child's early life nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Garwolińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
| | - Weronika Hewelt-Belka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Gdańsk University of Technology , Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12 , 80-233 Gdańsk , Poland
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22
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Monaco MH, Wang M, Pan X, Li Q, Richards JD, Chichlowski M, Berg BM, Dilger RN, Donovan SM. Evaluation of Sialyllactose Supplementation of a Prebiotic-Containing Formula on Growth, Intestinal Development, and Bacterial Colonization in the Neonatal Piglet. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy067. [PMID: 30443641 PMCID: PMC6226774 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sialyllactose (SL) is a highly abundant oligosaccharide in human milk that has been shown to influence intestinal maturation and cognitive development and exert bifidogenic effects on the gut microbiota. The SL content of infant formula is significantly less than that of human milk, therefore there is interest in determining the effect of supplementing SL to infant formula at the levels in human milk on neonatal outcomes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of varying doses of dietary SL compared with a milk replacer formula on weight gain, gastrointestinal development, and microbiota composition in piglets. METHODS Thirty-eight intact male piglets were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental diets from 2 to 32-33 d of age. Diets were formulated to contain SL at 0 mg/L (CON), 130 mg/L (LOW), 380 mg/L (MOD), or 760 mg/L (HIGH). At 32-33 d of age, blood was collected for serum chemistry and blood cellular analyses, and coagulation time. Immediately after humane killing, the small intestine was excised and intestinal segments fixed for quantification of mucin-producing goblet cells and morphologic analysis. In addition, mucosal disaccharide activity was assessed. Colonic luminal contents and feces were collected for measurement of pH, dry matter, volatile fatty acids, and the microbiota. RESULTS SL at ≤760 mg/L supported normal growth, intestinal development, and enzyme activity as well as serum chemistries and hematology (P > 0.05). In addition, SL supplementation did not affect overall microbiota structure and diversity in ascending colon contents and feces, but had minor effects on the relative abundances of specific microbes. CONCLUSIONS The findings in this study demonstrate that SL addition to a prebiotic-containing formula was well-tolerated by neonatal piglets, supported normal growth, and did not result in any adverse effects on serum chemistries or intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia H Monaco
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Xiao Pan
- Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN
| | - Qian Li
- Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN
| | | | | | - Brian M Berg
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
- Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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23
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Rajani PS, Seppo AE, Järvinen KM. Immunologically Active Components in Human Milk and Development of Atopic Disease, With Emphasis on Food Allergy, in the Pediatric Population. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:218. [PMID: 30131949 PMCID: PMC6090044 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast-feeding is currently recommended to prevent the development of allergic diseases; however, data are conflicting and mechanisms are unclear. The immunomodulatory composition of human milk is poorly characterized and varies between mothers. We and others have shown that high levels of human milk IgA and certain cytokines and human milk oligosaccharides are associated with protection against food allergy in the infant, but it is unclear whether they are responsible for or simply biomarkers of the vertical transfer of protection. Because human milk has pre- and probiotic properties, the anti-allergy protection afforded by human milk may be due to its control on the developing gut microbiome. In mice, murine milk IgA supports gut homeostasis and shapes the microbiota, which in turn diversifies the intestinal IgA repertoire that reciprocally promotes the diversity of gut microbiome; these mechanisms are poorly understood in humans. In addition, several human milk bioactives are immunostimulatory, which may in part provide protection against allergic diseases. The regulation of immunologically active components in human milk is incompletely understood, although accumulating evidence suggests that IgA and cytokines in human milk reflect maternal exposures. This review summarizes the current literature on human milk components that have been associated with protection against food allergy and related allergic disorders in early childhood and discusses the work relating to regulation of these levels in human milk and possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kirsi M. Järvinen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and Center for Food Allergy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
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24
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Winkel SM, Trenhaile-Grannemann MD, Van Sambeek DM, Miller PS, Salcedo J, Barile D, Burkey TE. Effects of energy restriction during gilt development on milk nutrient profile, milk oligosaccharides, and progeny biomarkers. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3077-3088. [PMID: 29860339 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An ongoing study at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (which included 14 batches of gilts; n = 90 gilts/batch) demonstrated that energy restriction during the developmental period of a gilt increases longevity and may also have beneficial effects on progeny health and growth, particularly, parity 1 progeny. Therefore, we hypothesized that energy restriction during gilt development may affect milk nutrient profile, milk oligosaccharides (OS), and postnatal progeny biomarkers. During the development period, batch 14 gilts (n = 128, 8 gilts/pen) were fed 3 dietary treatments including the following: 1) Control diet formulated to NRC (2012) specifications (CTL); 2) Restricted (20% energy restriction via addition of 40% soy hulls; RESTR); and 3) CTL diet plus addition of crystalline amino acids equivalent to the SID Lys:ME of the RESTR diet (CTL+). All diets were fed ad libitum and applied in a 3-phase feeding regimen during gilt development (days 123 to 230 of age). Average daily feed intake was used to estimate daily metabolizable energy intake (Mcal/d) during each phase (Phase 1: 10.13, 6.97, 9.95; Phase 2: 11.25, 8.05, 10.94; and Phase 3: 9.47, 7.95,11.07) for CTL, RESTR, and CTL+, respectively. After 230 d of age, gilts were bred and fed a common diet. Milk samples were collected from batch 14 gilts (n = 7 per treatment) on days 0 and 14 postfarrowing for compositional analysis of N, CP, dry matter (DM), GE, insulin, and OS. Piglet blood samples (n = 6 piglets/gilt) were obtained on days 1 and 15 postfarrowing for quantification of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) and insulin. No effects of developmental diet were observed for milk N, CP, DM, or GE; however, N, CP, DM, and insulin were increased (P < 0.05) on day 1 compared with day 14. A total of 61 different milk OS were identified. Milk OS profile was significantly different for neutral and acidic OS (P < 0.05) on day 0, but there were no significant differences on day 14. For piglet GLP-2, a treatment by day interaction was observed (P < 0.009); specifically, on day 1 GLP concentrations were greater (P < 0.001) in CTL+ compared with RESTR (6.73 vs. 1.21 ng/mL). For serum insulin, a treatment by day interaction was observed (P < 0.01); specifically, insulin in RESTR progeny was greater (P < 0.03) than CTL on day 1. In conclusion, nutritional management of the developing gilt may affect milk nutrient composition, milk OS profile, and piglet serum biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana M Winkel
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | | | | | - Phillip S Miller
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Jaime Salcedo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Thomas E Burkey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
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25
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Wei J, Wang ZA, Wang B, Jahan M, Wang Z, Wynn PC, Du Y. Characterization of porcine milk oligosaccharides over lactation between primiparous and multiparous female pigs. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4688. [PMID: 29549280 PMCID: PMC5856818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk oligosaccharides (MOs) are complex carbohydrates with multifunctional health benefits for the neonate. Poor reproductive performance in primiparous gilts limits their productivity. Changes in the structure and abundance of porcine MO (PMOs) through lactation with parity remains unknown and may explain superior new-born growth in litters from multiparous sows relative to gilts. We report 55 PMOs structures, of which 25 are new (17 sialylated and 8 neutral). Their incidence in gilt and sow colostrum was almost identical (53 vs. 54), but not in transitional milk (48 vs. 53) nor mature milk (41 vs. 47). These PMOs including neutral-, sialyl- and fucosyl- MOs in colostrum were more abundant in the gilt than the sow, but always decreased during lactation. Structural diversity decreased, although fucosylated MO were conserved. In conclusion, high diversity and levels of MO in porcine milk is parity dependent. Given the similarity between porcine and human MO profiles, our findings may help define key roles for MOs as potential dietary additives to improve growth of neonates from first pregnancies in both human and sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo A Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China. .,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia.
| | - Marefa Jahan
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Zhongfu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P.R. China
| | - Peter C Wynn
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650, Australia
| | - Yuguang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.
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Thurl S, Munzert M, Boehm G, Matthews C, Stahl B. Systematic review of the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. Nutr Rev 2018; 75:920-933. [PMID: 29053807 PMCID: PMC5914348 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Oligosaccharides are the third largest solid component in human milk. These diverse compounds are thought to have numerous beneficial functions in infants, including protection against infectious diseases. The structures of more than 100 oligosaccharides in human milk have been elucidated so far. Objective The aim of this review was to identify the main factors that affect the concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk and to determine whether it is possible to calculate representative and reliable mean concentrations. Data Sources A comprehensive literature search on oligosaccharide concentrations in human milk was performed in 6 electronic databases: BIOSIS, Current Contents Search, Embase, Lancet Titles, MEDLINE and PubMed. Study Selection The initial search resulted in 1363 hits. After the elimination of duplicates, the literature was screened. The application of strict inclusion criteria resulted in 21 articles selected. Data Extraction Oligosaccharide concentrations, both mean values and single values, reported in the literature were sorted by gestational age, secretor status of mothers, and defined lactation periods. Results Mean concentrations, including confidence limits, of 33 neutral and acidic oligosaccharides reported could be calculated. Concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk show variations that are dependent on both the secretor type of the mother and the lactation period as examined by analyses of variance. In addition, large interlaboratory variations in the data were observed. Conclusions Worldwide interlaboratory quantitative analyses of identical milk samples would be required to identify the most reliable methods of determining concentrations of oligosaccharides in human milk. The data presented here contribute to the current knowledge about the composition and quantities of oligosaccharides in human milk and may foster greater understanding of the biological functions of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Thurl
- Department of Food Technology, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Manfred Munzert
- Bavarian State Research Centre for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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27
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Analytical characterization of human milk oligosaccharides - potential applications in pharmaceutical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:168-178. [PMID: 28881314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human breast milk is the gold standard for infant feeding and the best possible nourishment a new-born could have. Breastfeeding is the natural way to provide optimal nutritional, immunological and emotional nurturing for the healthy growth and development of infants. Human milk is a complex and dynamic biofluid comprised of many hundreds to thousands of distinct bioactive structures, among which one of the most abundant substances are the non-conjugated complex carbohydrates referred to as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Due to their structural diversity and abundance, HMOs possess many beneficial biological functions. In order to understand human milk composition and HMO functions, state-of-the-art glycomic methods are inevitable. The industrial, large scale chemoenzymatic production of the most abundant HMOs became a reality in the last years and it evokes the need for straightforward and genuine analytical procedures to monitor the synthetic process and the quality of the products. It is obvious, that HMOs represent the next breakthrough in infant nutrition, as the addition of HMOs (such as 2'-fucosyllactose or lacto-N-neotetraose) to infant- and follow-on formulas, processed cereal-based food and baby foods for infants and young children etc. will revolutionize this field. This review highlights the potential applications of HMOs in the (bio)pharmaceutical industry, also summarizes the analytical methods available for the characterization of HMOs. An overview of the structure and function of HMOs along with their determination methods in complex matrices are provided. Various separation methods including liquid- and gas chromatography and capillary electrophoresis for the characterization and novel approaches for the quantitation of HMOs are discussed.
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O'Sullivan A, Henrick B, Dixon B, Barile D, Zivkovic A, Smilowitz J, Lemay D, Martin W, German JB, Schaefer SE. 21st century toolkit for optimizing population health through precision nutrition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:3004-3015. [PMID: 28678528 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1348335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Scientific, technological, and economic progress over the last 100 years all but eradicated problems of widespread food shortage and nutrient deficiency in developed nations. But now society is faced with a new set of nutrition problems related to energy imbalance and metabolic disease, which require new kinds of solutions. Recent developments in the area of new analytical tools enable us to systematically study large quantities of detailed and multidimensional metabolic and health data, providing the opportunity to address current nutrition problems through an approach called Precision Nutrition. This approach integrates different kinds of "big data" to expand our understanding of the complexity and diversity of human metabolism in response to diet. With these tools, we can more fully elucidate each individual's unique phenotype, or the current state of health, as determined by the interactions among biology, environment, and behavior. The tools of precision nutrition include genomics, metabolomics, microbiomics, phenotyping, high-throughput analytical chemistry techniques, longitudinal tracking with body sensors, informatics, data science, and sophisticated educational and behavioral interventions. These tools are enabling the development of more personalized and predictive dietary guidance and interventions that have the potential to transform how the public makes food choices and greatly improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bethany Henrick
- b Foods for Health Institute , University of California , Davis , USA
| | - Bonnie Dixon
- b Foods for Health Institute , University of California , Davis , USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- c Food Science and Technology , University of California , Davis , USA
| | - Angela Zivkovic
- d Department of Nutrition , University of California , Davis , USA
| | - Jennifer Smilowitz
- b Foods for Health Institute , University of California , Davis , USA.,e USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center , Davis , USA
| | - Danielle Lemay
- f Nutritional Biology , University of California , Davis , USA
| | | | - J Bruce German
- h Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California , Davis , USA
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Sischo WM, Short DM, Geissler M, Bunyatratchata A, Barile D. Comparative composition, diversity, and abundance of oligosaccharides in early lactation milk from commercial dairy and beef cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3883-3892. [PMID: 28318588 PMCID: PMC5557269 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics are nondigestible dietary ingredients, usually oligosaccharides (OS), that provide a health benefit to the host by directly modulating the gut microbiota. Although there is some information describing OS content in dairy-source milk, no information is available to describe the OS content of beef-source milk. Given the different trait emphasis between dairy and beef for milk production and calf survivability, it is plausible that OS composition, diversity, and abundance differ between production types. The goal of this study was to compare OS in milk from commercial dairy and beef cows in early lactation. Early-lactation multiparous cows (5–12 d in milk) from 5 commercial Holstein dairy herds and 5 Angus or Angus hybrid beef herds were sampled once. Milk was obtained from each enrolled cow and frozen on the farm. Subsequently, each milk sample was assessed for total solids, pH, and OS content and relative abundance. Oligosaccharide diversity and abundance within and between samples was transformed through principal component analysis to reduce data complexity. Factors from principal component analysis were used to create similarity clusters, which were subsequently used in a multivariate logistic regression. In total, 30 OS were identified in early-lactation cow milk, including 21 distinct OS and 9 isomers with unique retention times. The majority of OS detected in the milk samples were present in all individual samples regardless of production type. Two clusters described distribution patterns of OS for the study sample; when median OS abundance was compared between the 2 clusters, we found that overall OS relative abundance was consistently greater in the cluster dominated by beef cows. For several of the structures, including those with known prebiotic effect, the difference in abundance was 2- to 4-fold greater in the beef-dominated cluster. Assuming that beef OS content in milk is the gold standard for cattle, it is likely that preweaning dairy calves are deprived of dietary-source OS. Although supplementing rations with OS is an approach to rectify this deficiency, understanding the health and productivity effects of improving OS abundance being fed to preweaning calves is a necessary next step before recommending supplementation. These studies should account for the observation that OS products are variable for both OS diversity and structural complexity, and some products may not be suitable as prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Sischo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Food and Waterborne Disease Research, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.
| | - Diana M Short
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Food and Waterborne Disease Research, Washington State University, Pullman 99164
| | - Mareen Geissler
- Department of Food Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | | | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science, University of California, Davis 95616; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis 95616
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Schwab C, Ruscheweyh HJ, Bunesova V, Pham VT, Beerenwinkel N, Lacroix C. Trophic Interactions of Infant Bifidobacteria and Eubacterium hallii during L-Fucose and Fucosyllactose Degradation. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:95. [PMID: 28194144 PMCID: PMC5277004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucosyllactoses (2′- or 3′-FL) account for up to 20% of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Infant bifidobacteria, such as Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis, utilize the lactose moiety to form lactate and acetate, and metabolize L-fucose to 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD). Eubacterium hallii is a common member of the adult gut microbiota that can produce butyrate from lactate and acetate, and convert 1,2-PD to propionate. Recently, a Swiss cohort study identified E. hallii as one of the first butyrate producers in the infant gut. However, the global prevalence of E. hallii and its role in utilization of HMO degradation intermediates remains unexplored. Fecal 16S rRNA gene libraries (n = 857) of humans of all age groups from Venezuela, Malawi, Switzerland, and the USA were screened for the occurrence of E. hallii. Single and co-culture experiments of B. longum subsp. infantis and E. hallii were conducted in modified YCFA containing acetate and glucose, L-fucose, or FL. Bifidobacterium spp. (n = 56) of different origin were screened for the ability to metabolize L-fucose. Relative abundance of E. hallii was low (10−5–10−3%) during the first months but increased and reached adult levels (0.01–10%) at 5–10 years of age in all four populations. In single culture, B. longum subsp. infantis grew in the presence of all three carbohydrates while E. hallii was metabolically active only with glucose. In co-culture E. hallii also grew with L-fucose or FL. In co-cultures grown with glucose, acetate, and glucose were consumed and nearly equimolar proportions of formate and butyrate were formed. B. longum subsp. infantis used L-fucose and produced 1,2-PD, acetate and formate in a ratio of 1:1:1, while 1,2-PD was used by E. hallii to form propionate. E. hallii consumed acetate, lactate and 1,2-PD released by B. longum subsp. infantis from FL, and produced butyrate, propionate, and formate. Beside B. longum subsp. infantis, Bifidobacterium breve, and a strain of B. longum subsp. suis were able to utilize L-fucose. This study identified a trophic interaction of infant bifidobacteria and E. hallii during L-fucose degradation, and pointed at E. hallii as a metabolically versatile species that occurs in infants and utilizes intermediates of bifidobacterial HMO fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Schwab
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Joachim Ruscheweyh
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH ZurichBasel, Switzerland; Scientific IT Services, ETH ZurichBasel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBasel, Switzerland
| | - Vera Bunesova
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland; Department of Microbiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague, Czechia
| | - Van Thanh Pham
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH ZurichBasel, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBasel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a highly abundant constituent in human milk, and its protective and prebiotic properties have attracted considerable attention. HMOs have been shown to directly and indirectly benefit the overall health of the infant due to a number of functions including serving as a beneficial food for gut bacteria, block to pathogens, and aiding in brain development. Researchers are currently exploring whether these structures may act as possible disease and nutrition biomarkers. Because of this, rapid-throughput methods are desired to investigate biological activity in large patient sets. We have optimized a rapid-throughput protocol to analyze human milk oligosaccharides using micro-volumes of human breast milk for nutritional biomarkers. This method may additionally be applied to other biological fluid substrates such as plasma, urine, and feces. The protocol involves lipid separation via centrifugation, protein precipitation using ethanol, alditol reduction with sodium borohydride, and a final solid-phase extraction purification step using graphitized carbon cartridges. Samples are analyzed using HPLC-Chip/TOF-MS and data filtered on Agilent MassHunter using an in-house library. Individual structural identification is matched against a previously developed HMO library using accurate mass and retention time. Using this method will allow in-depth characterization and profiling of HMOs in large patient sets, and will ease the process of discovering significant nutritional biomarkers in human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - L Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Chemistry, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Sun YS, Zhu XD. Real-time, label-free characterization of oligosaccharide-binding proteins using carbohydrate microarrays and an ellipsometry-based biosensor. INSTRUMENTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 45:506-524. [PMID: 30918436 PMCID: PMC6432655 DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2016.1278017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates present on cell surfaces mediate cell behavior through interactions with other biomolecules. Due to their structural complexity, diversity, and heterogeneity, it is difficult to fully characterize a variety of carbohydrates and their binding partners. As a result, novel technologies for glycomics applications have been developed, including carbohydrate microarrays and label-free detection methods. In this paper, we report using the combination of oligosaccharide microarrays and the label-free oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OI-RD) microscopy for real-time characterization of oligosaccharide binding proteins. Aminated human milk oligosaccharides were immobilized on epoxy-coated glass substrates as microarrays for reactions with Family 1 of solute binding proteins from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis). Binding affinities of these protein-oligosaccharide interactions showed preferences of Family 1 of solute binding proteins to host glycans, which helps in characterizing the complex process of human milk oligosaccharides foraging by B. infantis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Shin Sun
- Department of Physics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New
Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - X. D. Zhu
- Department of Physics, University of California at Davis,
Davis, CA, USA
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33
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A microbial perspective of human developmental biology. Nature 2016; 535:48-55. [PMID: 27383979 DOI: 10.1038/nature18845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When most people think of human development, they tend to consider only human cells and organs. Yet there is another facet that involves human-associated microbial communities. A microbial perspective of human development provides opportunities to refine our definitions of healthy prenatal and postnatal growth and to develop innovative strategies for disease prevention and treatment. Given the dramatic changes in lifestyles and disease patterns that are occurring with globalization, we issue a call for the establishment of 'human microbial observatories' designed to examine microbial community development in birth cohorts representing populations with diverse anthropological characteristics, including those undergoing rapid change.
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Mudd AT, Salcedo J, Alexander LS, Johnson SK, Getty CM, Chichlowski M, Berg BM, Barile D, Dilger RN. Porcine Milk Oligosaccharides and Sialic Acid Concentrations Vary Throughout Lactation. Front Nutr 2016; 3:39. [PMID: 27660754 PMCID: PMC5014862 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk oligosaccharides (OSs) are bioactive components known to influence neonatal development. These compounds have specific physiological functions acting as prebiotics, immune system modulators, and enhancing intestine and brain development. OBJECTIVES The pig is a commonly used model for studying human nutrition, and there is interest in quantifying OS composition of porcine milk across lactation compared with human milk. In this study, we hypothesized that OS and sialic acid (SA) composition of porcine milk would be influenced by stage of lactation. METHODS Up to 250 mL of milk were collected from seven sows at each of three time points: day 0 (colostrum), days 7-9 (mature), and days 17-19 (weaning). Colostrum was collected within 6 h of farrowing and 3-day intervals were used for mature and weaning milk to ensure representative sampling. Milk samples were analyzed for OS profiles by Nano-LC Chip-QTOF MS, OS concentrations via HPAEC-PAD, and SA (total and free) was assessed by enzymatic reaction fluorescence detection. RESULTS Sixty unique OSs were identified in porcine milk. Neutral OSs were the most abundant at each lactation stage (69-81%), followed by acidic-sialylated OSs (16-29%) and neutral-fucosylated OSs (2-4%). As lactation progressed, acidic OSs decreased (P = 0.003), whereas neutral-fucosylated (P < 0.001) and neutral OSs (P = 0.003) increased throughout lactation. Six OSs were present in all samples analyzed across lactation [lacto-N-difucohexaose I (LNDFH-I), 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I), lacto-N-neohexaose (LNnH), α1-3,β-4-d-galactotriose (3-Hex), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL)], while LDFT was present only in colostrum samples. Analysis of individual OS concentrations indicated differences (P = 0.023) between days 0 and 7. Conversely, between days 7 and 18, OS concentrations remained stable with only LNnH (P < 0.001) and LNDFH-I (P = 0.002) decreasing over this period. Analysis of free SA indicated a decrease (P < 0.001) as lactation progressed, while bound (P < 0.001) and total (P < 0.001) SA increased across lactation. CONCLUSION Concentrations of OS differ between colostrum and mature milk in the pig, and SA concentrations shift from free to bound forms as lactation progresses. Our results suggest that although porcine milk OS concentration and the number of structures is lower than human milk, the OS profile appears to be closer to human milk rather than to bovine milk, based on previously published profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin T Mudd
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, University of Illinois , Urbana, IL , USA
| | - Jaime Salcedo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA
| | - Lindsey S Alexander
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, University of Illinois , Urbana, IL , USA
| | - Stacey K Johnson
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, University of Illinois , Urbana, IL , USA
| | - Caitlyn M Getty
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Brian M Berg
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Mead Johnson Pediatric Nutrition Institute, Evansville, IN, USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Foods for Health Institute, Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Piglet Nutrition and Cognition Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Salcedo J, Frese SA, Mills DA, Barile D. Characterization of porcine milk oligosaccharides during early lactation and their relation to the fecal microbiome. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7733-7743. [PMID: 27522435 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The composition of porcine milk oligosaccharides (PMO) was analyzed during early lactation and their relation to piglet gut microbiome was investigated. Pigs are considered ideal intestinal models to simulate humans because of the striking similarity in intestinal physiopathology to humans. The evolution of PMO was investigated in the milk from 3 healthy sows at prefarrowing, farrowing, and d 7 and 14 postpartum by Nano-LC Chip Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). Previously sequenced metagenome libraries were reanalyzed to examine changes with specific gut bacterial populations. Over 30 oligosaccharides (OS) were identified in the milk, with 3'-sialyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, α1-3,β1-4-d-galactotriose, 2'-fucosyllactose, and 6'-sialyllactose being the most abundant species (accounting for ~70% of the total OS). Porcine milk had lower OS diversity (number of unique structures) than human milk, and appeared closer to bovine and caprine milk. In agreement with previous studies, only 3 fucosylated OS were identified. Surprisingly, their contribution to total OS abundance was greater than in bovine milk (9 vs. 1%). Indeed, fucosylated PMO increased during lactation, mirroring a similar trend observed for neutral and type I OS content during early lactation. Taken together, these results suggest that, in terms of abundance, PMO are closer to human milk than other domestic species, such as bovine and caprine milks. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that fucose-consuming bacterial taxa in the gut microbiota of piglets were qualitatively but not quantitatively different between nursing and weaning stages, suggesting that both the composition and structure of dietary glycans may play a critical role in shaping the distal gut microbiome. The similarity of both intestinal physiopathology and milk OS composition in human and porcine species suggests similar effects on gastrointestinal development of early nutrition, reinforcing the use of the pig intestinal model to simulate human intestinal models in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Salcedo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - S A Frese
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - D A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis 95616; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - D Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis 95616; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis 95616.
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Cheng L, Xu Q, Yang K, He J, Chen D, Du Y, Yin H. Annotation of porcine milk oligosaccharides throughout lactation by hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled with quadruple time of flight tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1525-31. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Likun Cheng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Xu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian P. R. China
| | - Kaiyun Yang
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Jun He
- Animal Nutrition Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University; Chengdu P. R. China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Du
- Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing P. R. China
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian P. R. China
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O’Sullivan A, Farver M, Smilowitz JT. The Influence of Early Infant-Feeding Practices on the Intestinal Microbiome and Body Composition in Infants. Nutr Metab Insights 2015; 8:1-9. [PMID: 26715853 PMCID: PMC4686345 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s29530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite many years of widespread international recommendations to support exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, common hospital feeding and birthing practices do not coincide with the necessary steps to support exclusive breastfeeding. These common hospital practices can lead to the infant receiving formula in the first weeks of life despite mothers' dedication to exclusively breastfeed. Consequently, these practices play a role in the alarmingly high rate of formula-feeding worldwide. Formula-feeding has been shown to alter the infant gut microbiome in favor of proinflammatory taxa and increase gut permeability and bacterial load. Furthermore, several studies have found that formula-feeding increases the risk of obesity in later childhood. While research has demonstrated differences in the intestinal microbiome and body growth between exclusively breast versus formula-fed infants, very little is known about the effects of introducing formula to breastfed infants either briefly or long term on these outcomes. Understanding the relationships between mixed-feeding practices and infant health outcomes is complicated by the lack of clarity in the definition of mixed-feeding as well as the terminology used to describe this type of feeding in the literature. In this commentary, we highlight the need for hospitals to embrace the 10 steps of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative developed by UNICEF and the WHO for successful breastfeeding. We present a paucity of studies that have focused on the effects of introducing formula to breastfed infants on the gut microbiome, gut health, growth, and body composition. We make the case for the need to conduct well-designed studies on mixed-feeding before we can truly answer the question: how does brief or long-term use of formula influence the health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding?
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifric O’Sullivan
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie Farver
- Sutter Davis Hospital Birthing Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Characterization of goat colostrum oligosaccharides by nano-liquid chromatography on chip quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1428:143-53. [PMID: 26427327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A detailed qualitative and quantitative characterization of goat colostrum oligosaccharides (GCO) has been carried out for the first time. Defatted and deproteinized colostrum samples, previously treated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to remove lactose, were analyzed by nanoflow liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (Nano-LC-Chip-Q-TOF MS). Up to 78 oligosaccharides containing hexose, hexosamine, fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid or N-glycolylneuraminic acid monomeric units were identified in the samples, some of them detected for the first time in goat colostra. As a second step, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS) methodology was developed for the separation and quantitation of the main GCO, both acidic and neutral carbohydrates. Among other experimental chromatographic conditions, mobile phase additives and column temperature were evaluated in terms of retention time, resolution, peak width and symmetry of target carbohydrates. Narrow peaks (wh: 0.2-0.6min) and good symmetry (As: 0.8-1.4) were obtained for GCO using an acetonitrile:water gradient with 0.1% ammonium hydroxide at 40°C. These conditions were selected to quantify the main oligosaccharides in goat colostrum samples. Values ranging from 140 to 315mgL(-1) for neutral oligosaccharides and from 83 to 251mgL(-1) for acidic oligosaccharides were found. The combination of both techniques resulted to be useful to achieve a comprehensive characterization of GCO.
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Goldman R, Sanda M. Targeted methods for quantitative analysis of protein glycosylation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:17-32. [PMID: 25522218 PMCID: PMC5780646 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of proteins by LC-MS/MS-MRM has become a standard method with broad projected clinical applicability. MRM quantification of protein modifications is, however, far less utilized, especially in the case of glycoproteins. This review summarizes current methods for quantitative analysis of protein glycosylation with a focus on MRM methods. We describe advantages of this quantitative approach, analytical parameters that need to be optimized to achieve reliable measurements, and point out the limitations. Differences between major classes of N- and O-glycopeptides are described and class-specific glycopeptide assays are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Goldman
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Miloslav Sanda
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
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40
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Metabolomics and Milk: The Development of the Microbiota in Breastfed Infants. MOLECULAR AND INTEGRATIVE TOXICOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6539-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lewis ZT, Totten SM, Smilowitz JT, Popovic M, Parker E, Lemay DG, Van Tassell ML, Miller MJ, Jin YS, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Maternal fucosyltransferase 2 status affects the gut bifidobacterial communities of breastfed infants. MICROBIOME 2015; 3:13. [PMID: 25922665 PMCID: PMC4412032 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with inactive alleles of the fucosyltransferase 2 gene (FUT2; termed the 'secretor' gene) are common in many populations. Some members of the genus Bifidobacterium, common infant gut commensals, are known to consume 2'-fucosylated glycans found in the breast milk of secretor mothers. We investigated the effects of maternal secretor status on the developing infant microbiota with a special emphasis on bifidobacterial species abundance. RESULTS On average, bifidobacteria were established earlier and more often in infants fed by secretor mothers than in infants fed by non-secretor mothers. In secretor-fed infants, the relative abundance of the Bifidobacterium longum group was most strongly correlated with high percentages of the order Bifidobacteriales. Conversely, in non-secretor-fed infants, Bifidobacterium breve was positively correlated with Bifidobacteriales, while the B. longum group was negatively correlated. A higher percentage of bifidobacteria isolated from secretor-fed infants consumed 2'-fucosyllactose. Infant feces with high levels of bifidobacteria had lower milk oligosaccharide levels in the feces and higher amounts of lactate. Furthermore, feces containing different bifidobacterial species possessed differing amounts of oligosaccharides, suggesting differential consumption in situ. CONCLUSIONS Infants fed by non-secretor mothers are delayed in the establishment of a bifidobacteria-laden microbiota. This delay may be due to difficulties in the infant acquiring a species of bifidobacteria able to consume the specific milk oligosaccharides delivered by the mother. This work provides mechanistic insight into how milk glycans enrich specific beneficial bacterial populations in infants and reveals clues for enhancing enrichment of bifidobacterial populations in at risk populations - such as premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery T Lewis
- />Department of Food Science and Technology, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Sarah M Totten
- />Department of Chemistry, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- />Department of Food Science and Technology, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Mina Popovic
- />Department of Life Sciences, PhD School in Science and Technologies for Health Products, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Università, 4, Modena, MO 41100 Italy
| | - Evan Parker
- />Department of Chemistry, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- />Genome Center, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Maxwell L Van Tassell
- />Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Michael J Miller
- />Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- />Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - J Bruce German
- />Department of Food Science and Technology, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- />Department of Chemistry, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - David A Mills
- />Department of Food Science and Technology, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Department of Viticulture and Enology, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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De Leoz MLA, Kalanetra KM, Bokulich NA, Strum JS, Underwood MA, German JB, Mills DA, Lebrilla CB. Human milk glycomics and gut microbial genomics in infant feces show a correlation between human milk oligosaccharides and gut microbiota: a proof-of-concept study. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:491-502. [PMID: 25300177 PMCID: PMC4286166 DOI: 10.1021/pr500759e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
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Human
milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) play a key role in shaping and
maintaining a healthy infant gut microbiota. This article demonstrates
the potential of combining recent advances in glycomics and genomics
to correlate abundances of fecal microbes and fecal HMOs. Serial fecal
specimens from two healthy breast-fed infants were analyzed by bacterial
DNA sequencing to characterize the microbiota and by mass spectrometry
to determine abundances of specific HMOs that passed through the intestinal
tract without being consumed by the luminal bacteria. In both infants,
the fecal bacterial population shifted from non-HMO-consuming microbes
to HMO-consuming bacteria during the first few weeks of life. An initial
rise in fecal HMOs corresponded with bacterial populations composed
primarily of non-HMO-consuming Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcaeae. This was followed
by decreases in fecal HMOs as the proportion of HMO-consuming Bacteroidaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae increased. Analysis of HMO structures with isomer differentiation
revealed that HMO consumption is highly structure-specific, with unique
isomers being consumed and others passing through the gut unaltered.
These results represent a proof-of-concept and are consistent with
the highly selective, prebiotic effect of HMOs in shaping the gut
microbiota in the first weeks of life. The analysis of selective fecal
bacterial substrates as a measure of alterations in the gut microbiota
may be a potential marker of dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lorna A De Leoz
- Departments of Chemistry, ‡Viticulture and Enology, §Food Science and Technology, ∥Pediatrics, and ⊥Biochemistry, #Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Claps S, Di Napoli M, Sepe L, Caputo A, Rufrano D, Di Trana A, Annicchiarico G, Fedele V. Sialyloligosaccharides content in colostrum and milk of two goat breeds. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Smilowitz JT, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA, German JB, Freeman SL. Breast milk oligosaccharides: structure-function relationships in the neonate. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 34:143-69. [PMID: 24850388 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071813-105721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In addition to providing complete postnatal nutrition, breast milk is a complex biofluid that delivers bioactive components for the growth and development of the intestinal and immune systems. Lactation is a unique opportunity to understand the role of diet in shaping the intestinal environment including the infant microbiome. Of considerable interest is the diversity and abundance of milk glycans that are energetically costly for the mammary gland to produce yet indigestible by infants. Milk glycans comprise free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and glycolipids. Emerging technological advances are enabling more comprehensive, sensitive, and rapid analyses of these different classes of milk glycans. Understanding the impact of inter- and intraindividual glycan diversity on function is an important step toward interventions aimed at improving health and preventing disease. This review discusses the state of technology for glycan analysis and how specific structure-function knowledge is enhancing our understanding of early nutrition in the neonate.
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Castanys-Muñoz E, Martin MJ, Prieto PA. 2'-fucosyllactose: an abundant, genetically determined soluble glycan present in human milk. Nutr Rev 2013; 71:773-89. [PMID: 24246032 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactose is the preeminent soluble glycan in milk and a significant source of energy for most newborn mammals. Elongation of lactose with additional monosaccharides gives rise to a varied repertoire of free soluble glycans such as 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), which is the most abundant oligosaccharide in human milk. In infants, 2'-FL is resistant to digestion and reaches the colon where it is partially fermented, behaving as soluble prebiotic fiber. Evidence also suggests that portions of small soluble milk glycans, including 2'-FL, are absorbed, thus raising the possibility of systemic biological effects. 2'-FL bears an epitope of the Secretor histo-blood group system; approximately 70-80% of all milk samples contain 2'-FL, since its synthesis depends on a fucosyltransferase that is not uniformly expressed. The fact that some infants are not exposed to 2'-FL has helped researchers to retrospectively probe for biological activities of this glycan. This review summarizes the attributes of 2'-FL in terms of its occurrence in mammalian phylogeny, its postulated biological activities, and its variability in human milk.
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Ahn G, Park DM, Park JW, Cho JY, Rhee SJ, Kim HY, Lee DS, Jang IJ, Kim HK. Development and validation of a microfluidic chip-based nano-liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method for a sensitive and reliable quantification of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) in mouse plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9817-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Santos-Fandila A, Zafra-Gómez A, Vazquez E, Navalón A, Rueda R, Ramírez M. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of soluble milk glycans in rat serum. Talanta 2013; 118:137-46. [PMID: 24274281 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the present work was to develop and validate a multicompound method to measure soluble milk glycans (SMGs) in biological fluids such as serum. An ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the identification and quantification of the following SMGs and their precursors 2'-fucosyllactose, 3'-sialyllactose, 6'-sialyllactose, lacto-N-neotetraose, N-acetylneuraminic acid, fucose, lactose and glucose in rat serum samples was set up. These analytes were separated in an Acquity UPLC BEH Amide column using acetonitrile-water gradient with ammonia as additive, in a 10 min run, and were detected and quantified using a triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometric conditions in negative electrospray ionization mode (ESI-) were individually optimized for each analyte to obtain maximum sensitivity in the Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) mode. Selection of two specific fragmentation reactions for each compound allowed simultaneous quantification and identification in one run, ensuring a high specificity of the method. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 5 to 70 ng mL(-1) and the limits of quantification (LOQs) from 20 to 200 ng mL(-1). The inter- and intra-day variability was lower than 15% and the recoveries ranged from 85% to 115%. A biological application of the method was also described, specifically the time-course of SMGs in rat serum after an oral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santos-Fandila
- Abbott Nutrition, Discovery R&D, Abbott Laboratories, Camino de Purchil 68, E-18004 Granada, Spain; Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
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Gao D, Liu H, Jiang Y, Lin JM. Recent advances in microfluidics combined with mass spectrometry: technologies and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3309-22. [PMID: 23824006 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50449b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Instrument miniaturization is one of the critical issues to improve sensitivity, speed, throughput, and to reduce the cost of analysis. Microfluidics possesses the ability to handle small sample amounts, with minimal concerns related to sample loss and cross-contamination, problems typical for standard fluidic manipulations. Moreover, the native properties of microfluidics provide the potential for high-density, parallel sample processing, and high-throughput analysis. Recently, the coupling of microfluidic devices to mass spectrometry, especially electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), has attracted an increasing interest and produced tremendous achievements. The interfaces between microfluidics and mass spectrometry are one of the primary focused problems. In this review, we summarize the latest achievements since 2008 in the field of the technologies and applications in the combining of microfluidics with ESI-MS and MALDI-MS. The integration of several analytical functions on a microfluidic device such as sample pretreatment and separations before sample introduction into the mass spectrometer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Aldredge DL, Geronimo MR, Hua S, Nwosu CC, Lebrilla CB, Barile D. Annotation and structural elucidation of bovine milk oligosaccharides and determination of novel fucosylated structures. Glycobiology 2013; 23:664-76. [PMID: 23436288 PMCID: PMC3641798 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 01/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) are recognized by the dairy and food industries, as well as by infant formula manufacturers, as novel, high-potential bioactive food ingredients. Recent studies revealed that bovine milk contains complex oligosaccharides structurally related to those previously thought to be present in only human milk. These BMOs are microbiotic modulators involved in important biological activities, including preventing pathogen binding to the intestinal epithelium and serving as nutrients for a selected class of beneficial bacteria. Only a small number of BMO structures are fully elucidated. To better understand the potential of BMOs as a class of biotherapeutics, their detailed structure analysis is needed. This study initiated the development of a structure library of BMOs and a comprehensive evaluation of structure-related specificity. The bovine milk glycome was profiled by high-performance mass spectrometry and advanced separation techniques to obtain a comprehensive catalog of BMOs, including several novel, lower abundant neutral and fucosylated oligosaccharides that are often overlooked during analysis. Structures were identified using isomer-specific tandem mass spectroscopy and targeted exoglycosidase digestions to produce a BMO library detailing retention time, accurate mass and structure to allow their rapid identification in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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