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Damian-Medina K, Cernioglo K, Waheed M, DiMaggio DM, Porto AF, Smilowitz JT. Cross-Sectional Analysis of Infant Diet, Outcomes, Consumer Behavior and Parental Perspectives to Optimize Infant Feeding in Response to the 2022 U.S. Infant Formula Shortage. Nutrients 2024; 16:748. [PMID: 38474876 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In May of 2022, millions of U.S. parents encountered uncertainty in safely feeding their infants due to the infant formula shortage. METHODS An anonymous, electronic, cross-sectional, retrospective survey was used. RESULTS U.S. parents (n = 178) whose infants were ~10 weeks old during the shortage completed the survey. Of parents, 81% switched formulas during the shortage, 87% switched because they could not find the formula they typically used, 34% switched 3-5 times, 29% of parents visited ≥4 stores/24 h and 26% of parents traveled >20 miles/24 h to purchase formula. Use of infant formula increased (p < 0.01); in infants requiring specialty formula, use of intact cow's milk formula increased (p < 0.05) and use of premature infant formulas decreased (p < 0.05). Infants relying on specialty formulas experienced at least one undesirable outcome compared with non-specialty users. Parents used social media, relatives/friends and healthcare providers for support during the shortage, but their helpfulness scores were suboptimal. Parents reported the need for greater infant formula availability, free prenatal lactation education and postpartum lactation support. CONCLUSIONS Government, regulatory and healthcare policy oversight are needed to protect the infant feeding system, including more commercially available products, access to banked donor milk and lactation support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Damian-Medina
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karina Cernioglo
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maha Waheed
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Anthony F Porto
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Larke JA, Chin EL, Bouzid YY, Nguyen T, Vainberg Y, Lee DH, Pirsiavash H, Smilowitz JT, Lemay DG. Surveying Nutrient Assessment with Photographs of Meals (SNAPMe): A Benchmark Dataset of Food Photos for Dietary Assessment. Nutrients 2023; 15:4972. [PMID: 38068830 PMCID: PMC10708545 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Photo-based dietary assessment is becoming more feasible as artificial intelligence methods improve. However, advancement of these methods for dietary assessment in research settings has been hindered by the lack of an appropriate dataset against which to benchmark algorithm performance. We conducted the Surveying Nutrient Assessment with Photographs of Meals (SNAPMe) study (ClinicalTrials ID: NCT05008653) to pair meal photographs with traditional food records. Participants were recruited nationally, and 110 enrollment meetings were completed via web-based video conferencing. Participants uploaded and annotated their meal photos using a mobile phone app called Bitesnap and completed food records using the Automated Self-Administered 24-h Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24®) version 2020. Participants included photos before and after eating non-packaged and multi-serving packaged meals, as well as photos of the front and ingredient labels for single-serving packaged foods. The SNAPMe Database (DB) contains 3311 unique food photos linked with 275 ASA24 food records from 95 participants who photographed all foods consumed and recorded food records in parallel for up to 3 study days each. The use of the SNAPMe DB to evaluate ingredient prediction demonstrated that the publicly available algorithms FB Inverse Cooking and Im2Recipe performed poorly, especially for single-ingredient foods and beverages. Correlations between nutrient estimates common to the Bitesnap and ASA24 dietary assessment tools indicated a range in predictive capacity across nutrients (cholesterol, adjusted R2 = 0.85, p < 0.0001; food folate, adjusted R2 = 0.21, p < 0.05). SNAPMe DB is a publicly available benchmark for photo-based dietary assessment in nutrition research. Its demonstrated utility suggested areas of needed improvement, especially the prediction of single-ingredient foods and beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules A. Larke
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Elizabeth L. Chin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yasmine Y. Bouzid
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Tu Nguyen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yael Vainberg
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dong Hee Lee
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA (H.P.)
| | - Hamed Pirsiavash
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA (H.P.)
| | | | - Danielle G. Lemay
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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3
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Cernioglo K, Smilowitz JT. Infant feeding practices and parental perceptions during the 2022 United States infant formula shortage crisis. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:320. [PMID: 37355589 PMCID: PMC10290398 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In May of 2022, parents living in the United States experienced a dramatic infant formula shortage caused by supply chain issues and the recall of several infant formula products over contamination concerns. METHODS An anonymous, electronic, cross-sectional survey was designed to understand infant feeding practices, parental experience and perceived support during the crisis. RESULTS Ninety-nine parents that lived in the U.S. and fulfilled study criteria completed the survey. 66% of respondents were female, and 75% of respondents were recipients of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infant Children (WIC). Parental mean age was 30.0 years, and the mean infant age was 26.8 weeks. The number of individuals that used at least one unsafe infant feeding practice increased from 8% before the infant formula shortage to 48.5% during the shortage (p < 0.001). 79% of parents fed their infants U.S. infant formula brands and 39% of parents fed their infants imported infant formula brands before the shortage which were significantly reduced during the shortage to 27% (p < 0.005) and 11% (p < 0.005), respectively. The percentage of parents that reported infant feeding practices before and during the infant formula shortage significantly increased from 2 to 28% for banked donor milk use (p < 0.005); 5-26% for use of human milk from informal sharing (p < 0.005); and 2-29% for use of watered-down infant formula (p < 0.005). The resources that parents reported as most helpful in navigating the crisis differed by parental sex and WIC recipient status and included other parents, friends, and family; lactation consultants; healthcare providers; and WIC. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that feeding practices in response to the infant formula shortage may pose health risks to infants including nutrition and food insecurity. These data suggest the need for policy changes within regulatory and the healthcare system to provide families with clinical prenatal and postnatal lactation support, access to pasteurized banked donor milk, and access to more commercially available products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Cernioglo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, 1139 Robert Mondavi Institute, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, 1139 Robert Mondavi Institute, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Smilowitz JT, Allen LH, Dallas DC, McManaman J, Raiten DJ, Rozga M, Sela DA, Seppo A, Williams JE, Young BE, McGuire MK. Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 2. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117 Suppl 1:S28-S42. [PMID: 37173059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is universally recognized as the preferred food for infants during the first 6 mo of life because it provides not only essential and conditionally essential nutrients in necessary amounts but also other biologically active components that are instrumental in protecting, communicating important information to support, and promoting optimal development and growth in infants. Despite decades of research, however, the multifaceted impacts of human milk consumption on infant health are far from understood on a biological or physiological basis. Reasons for this lack of comprehensive knowledge of human milk functions are numerous, including the fact that milk components tend to be studied in isolation, although there is reason to believe that they interact. In addition, milk composition can vary greatly within an individual as well as within and among populations. The objective of this working group within the Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN) Project was to provide an overview of human milk composition, factors impacting its variation, and how its components may function to coordinately nourish, protect, and communicate complex information to the recipient infant. Moreover, we discuss the ways whereby milk components might interact such that the benefits of an intact milk matrix are greater than the sum of its parts. We then apply several examples to illustrate how milk is better thought of as a biological system rather than a more simplistic "mixture" of independent components to synergistically support optimal infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - James McManaman
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel J Raiten
- Pediatric Growth and Nutrition Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Rozga
- Evidence Analysis Center, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David A Sela
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Antti Seppo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Janet E Williams
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Bridget E Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Michelle K McGuire
- Margaret Ritchie School of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA.
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Taft DH, Lewis ZT, Nguyen N, Ho S, Masarweh C, Dunne-Castagna V, Tancredi DJ, Huda MN, Stephensen CB, Hinde K, von Mutius E, Kirjavainen PV, Dalphin JC, Lauener R, Riedler J, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Morrow AL, Mills DA. Bifidobacterium Species Colonization in Infancy: A Global Cross-Sectional Comparison by Population History of Breastfeeding. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071423. [PMID: 35406036 PMCID: PMC9003546 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium species are beneficial and dominant members of the breastfed infant gut microbiome; however, their health benefits are partially species-dependent. Here, we characterize the species and subspecies of Bifidobacterium in breastfed infants around the world to consider the potential impact of a historic dietary shift on the disappearance of B. longum subsp. infantis in some populations. Across populations, three distinct patterns of Bifidobacterium colonization emerged: (1) The dominance of Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis, (2) prevalent Bifidobacterium of multiple species, and (3) the frequent absence of any Bifidobacterium. These patterns appear related to a country’s history of breastfeeding, with infants in countries with historically high rates of long-duration breastfeeding more likely to be colonized by B. longum subspecies infantis compared with infants in countries with histories of shorter-duration breastfeeding. In addition, the timing of infant colonization with B. longum subsp. infantis is consistent with horizontal transmission of this subspecies, rather than the vertical transmission previously reported for other Bifidobacterium species. These findings highlight the need to consider historical and cultural influences on the prevalence of gut commensals and the need to understand epidemiological transmission patterns of Bifidobacterium and other major commensals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H. Taft
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.H.T.); (Z.T.L.); (N.N.); (S.H.); (C.M.); (V.D.-C.); (J.T.S.); (J.B.G.)
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zachery T. Lewis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.H.T.); (Z.T.L.); (N.N.); (S.H.); (C.M.); (V.D.-C.); (J.T.S.); (J.B.G.)
| | - Nhu Nguyen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.H.T.); (Z.T.L.); (N.N.); (S.H.); (C.M.); (V.D.-C.); (J.T.S.); (J.B.G.)
| | - Steve Ho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.H.T.); (Z.T.L.); (N.N.); (S.H.); (C.M.); (V.D.-C.); (J.T.S.); (J.B.G.)
| | - Chad Masarweh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.H.T.); (Z.T.L.); (N.N.); (S.H.); (C.M.); (V.D.-C.); (J.T.S.); (J.B.G.)
| | - Vanessa Dunne-Castagna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.H.T.); (Z.T.L.); (N.N.); (S.H.); (C.M.); (V.D.-C.); (J.T.S.); (J.B.G.)
| | - Daniel J. Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - M. Nazmul Huda
- US Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.N.H.); (C.B.S.)
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Charles B. Stephensen
- US Department of Agriculture, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.N.H.); (C.B.S.)
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University, 80337 Munich, Germany;
- Institute for Asthma and Allergy Prevention, Helmholtz Centre Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pirkka V. Kirjavainen
- Environment Health Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jean-Charles Dalphin
- Department of Respiratory Disease, UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environment, University Hospital of Besançon, F-25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Roger Lauener
- Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, 7265 Davos, Switzerland;
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Josef Riedler
- Children’s Hospital Schwarzach, 5620 Schwarzach, Austria;
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.H.T.); (Z.T.L.); (N.N.); (S.H.); (C.M.); (V.D.-C.); (J.T.S.); (J.B.G.)
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.H.T.); (Z.T.L.); (N.N.); (S.H.); (C.M.); (V.D.-C.); (J.T.S.); (J.B.G.)
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.M.); (D.A.M.); Tel.: +1-513-558-0809 (A.L.M.); +1-530-754-7821 (D.A.M.)
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (D.H.T.); (Z.T.L.); (N.N.); (S.H.); (C.M.); (V.D.-C.); (J.T.S.); (J.B.G.)
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence: (A.L.M.); (D.A.M.); Tel.: +1-513-558-0809 (A.L.M.); +1-530-754-7821 (D.A.M.)
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6
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Vinjamuri A, Davis JCC, Totten SM, Wu LD, Klein LD, Martin M, Quinn EA, Scelza B, Breakey A, Gurven M, Jasienska G, Kaplan H, Valeggia C, Hinde K, Smilowitz JT, Bernstein RM, Zivkovic AM, Barratt MJ, Gordon JI, Underwood MA, Mills DA, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Human Milk Oligosaccharide Compositions Illustrate Global Variations in Early Nutrition. J Nutr 2022; 152:1239-1253. [PMID: 35179194 PMCID: PMC9071347 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are an abundant class of compounds found in human milk and have been linked to the development of the infant, and specifically the brain, immune system, and gut microbiome. OBJECTIVES Advanced analytical methods were used to obtain relative quantitation of many structures in approximately 2000 samples from over 1000 mothers in urban, semirural, and rural sites across geographically diverse countries. METHODS LC-MS-based analytical methods were used to profile the compounds with broad structural coverage and quantitative information. The profiles revealed their structural heterogeneity and their potential biological roles. Comparisons of HMO compositions were made between mothers of different age groups, lactation periods, infant sexes, and residing geographical locations. RESULTS A common behavior found among all sites was a decrease in HMO abundances during lactation until approximately postnatal month 6, where they remained relatively constant. The greatest variations in structural abundances were associated with the presence of α(1,2)-fucosylated species. Genomic analyses of the mothers were not performed; instead, milk was phenotyped according to the abundances of α(1,2)-fucosylated structures. Mothers from the South American sites tended to have higher proportions of phenotypic secretors [mothers with relatively high concentrations of α(1,2)-fucosylated structures] in their populations compared to the rest of the globe, with Bolivia at ∼100% secretors, Peru at ∼97%, Brazil at ∼90%, and Argentina at ∼85%. Conversely, the cohort sampled in Africa manifested the lowest proportion of secretors (South Africa ∼ 63%, the Gambia ∼ 64%, and Malawi ∼ 75%). Furthermore, we compared total abundances of HMOs in secretors compared with nonsecretors and found that nonsecretors have lower abundances of HMOs compared to secretors, regardless of geographical location. We also observed compositional differences of the 50+ most abundant HMOs between milk types and geographical locations. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the largest structural HMO study to date and reveals the general behavior of HMOs during lactation among different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Vinjamuri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine C C Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M Totten
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lauren D Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Laura D Klein
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Melanie Martin
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E A Quinn
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brooke Scelza
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | - Katie Hinde
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ,
USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robin M Bernstein
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA,Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Barratt
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO,
USA,Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO,
USA,Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, MO, USA
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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7
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O’Brien CE, Meier AK, Cernioglo K, Mitchell RD, Casaburi G, Frese SA, Henrick BM, Underwood MA, Smilowitz JT. Early probiotic supplementation with B. infantis in breastfed infants leads to persistent colonization at 1 year. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:627-636. [PMID: 33762689 PMCID: PMC8460680 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported a dysfunctional gut microbiome in breastfed infants. Probiotics have been used in an attempt to restore the gut microbiome; however, colonization has been transient, inconsistent among individuals, or has not positively impacted the host's gut. METHODS This is a 2-year follow-up study to a randomized controlled trial wherein 7-day-old infants received 1.8 × 1010 colony-forming unit Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) EVC001 (EVC) daily for 21 days or breast milk alone (unsupplemented (UNS)). In the follow-up study, mothers (n = 48) collected infant stool at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months postnatal and completed the health-diet questionnaires. RESULTS Fecal B. infantis was 2.5-3.5 log units higher at 6-12 months in the EVC group compared with the UNS group (P < 0.01) and this relationship strengthened with the exclusion of infants who consumed infant formula and antibiotics. Infants in the EVC group had significantly higher Bifidobacteriaceae and lower Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae (P < 0.05). There were no differences in any health conditions between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Probiotic supplementation with B. infantis within the first month postnatal, in combination with breast milk, resulted in stable colonization that persisted until at least 1 year postnatal. IMPACT A dysfunctional gut microbiome in breastfed infants is common in resource-rich nations and associated with an increased risk of immune diseases. Probiotics only transiently exist in the gut without persistent colonization or altering the gut microbiome. This is the first study to show that early probiotic supplementation with B. infantis with breast milk results in stable colonization of B. infantis and improvements to the gut microbiome 1 year postnatal. This study addresses a key gap in the literature whereby probiotics can restore the gut microbiome if biologically selected microorganisms are matched with their specific food in an open ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. O’Brien
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Anna K. Meier
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Karina Cernioglo
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | | | | | - Steven A. Frese
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XDepartment of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Children’s Hospital, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
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8
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Henrick BM, Rodriguez L, Lakshmikanth T, Pou C, Henckel E, Arzoomand A, Olin A, Wang J, Mikes J, Tan Z, Chen Y, Ehrlich AM, Bernhardsson AK, Mugabo CH, Ambrosiani Y, Gustafsson A, Chew S, Brown HK, Prambs J, Bohlin K, Mitchell RD, Underwood MA, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Frese SA, Brodin P. Bifidobacteria-mediated immune system imprinting early in life. Cell 2021; 184:3884-3898.e11. [PMID: 34143954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune-microbe interactions early in life influence the risk of allergies, asthma, and other inflammatory diseases. Breastfeeding guides healthier immune-microbe relationships by providing nutrients to specialized microbes that in turn benefit the host's immune system. Such bacteria have co-evolved with humans but are now increasingly rare in modern societies. Here we show that a lack of bifidobacteria, and in particular depletion of genes required for human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) utilization from the metagenome, is associated with systemic inflammation and immune dysregulation early in life. In breastfed infants given Bifidobacterium infantis EVC001, which expresses all HMO-utilization genes, intestinal T helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 cytokines were silenced and interferon β (IFNβ) was induced. Fecal water from EVC001-supplemented infants contains abundant indolelactate and B. infantis-derived indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) upregulated immunoregulatory galectin-1 in Th2 and Th17 cells during polarization, providing a functional link between beneficial microbes and immunoregulation during the first months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Henrick
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA 95618, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205, USA.
| | - Lucie Rodriguez
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Tadepally Lakshmikanth
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Christian Pou
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ewa Henckel
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden; Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aron Arzoomand
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Axel Olin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jaromir Mikes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ziyang Tan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Yang Chen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Karin Bernhardsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Constantin Habimana Mugabo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ylva Ambrosiani
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Kajsa Bohlin
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neonatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mark A Underwood
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Steven A Frese
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-6205, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Petter Brodin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden; Pediatric Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Solna, Sweden.
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9
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Pedersen TL, Smilowitz JT, Winter CK, Emami S, Schmidt RJ, Bennett DH, Hertz-Picciotto I, Taha AY. Quantification of Nonpersistent Pesticides in Small Volumes of Human Breast Milk with Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:6676-6689. [PMID: 34098718 PMCID: PMC8422964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Existing methods for the analysis of pesticides in human breast milk involve multiple extraction steps requiring large sample and solvent volumes, which can be a major obstacle in large epidemiologic studies. Here, we developed a simple, low-volume method for extracting organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, atrazine, and imidacloprid from 100 to 200 μL of human breast milk. Multiple extraction protocols were tested including microwave-assisted acid/base digestion and double-solvent extraction with 2 or 20 mL of 2:1 (v/v) dichloromethane/hexane, with or without subsequent solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Analyte recoveries and reproducibility were highest when 100-200 μL of milk were extracted with 2 mL of dichloromethane/hexane without subsequent SPE steps. Analysis of 79 breast milk samples using this method revealed the presence of carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and imidacloprid at detection frequencies of 79-96, 53-90, 1-7, and 61%, respectively. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a simple low-volume extraction method for measuring pesticides in human breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Pedersen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616, California, United States
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616, California, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616, California, United States
| | - Carl K Winter
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616, California, United States
| | - Shiva Emami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616, California, United States
| | - Rebecca J Schmidt
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616, California, United States
- University of California-Davis, MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento 95817, California, United States
| | - Deborah H Bennett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616, California, United States
| | - Irva Hertz-Picciotto
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616, California, United States
- University of California-Davis, MIND (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, Sacramento 95817, California, United States
| | - Ameer Y Taha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616, California, United States
- NIH-West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616, California, United States
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10
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Amicucci MJ, Nandita E, Galermo AG, Castillo JJ, Chen S, Park D, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Mills DA, Lebrilla CB. A nonenzymatic method for cleaving polysaccharides to yield oligosaccharides for structural analysis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3963. [PMID: 32770134 PMCID: PMC7414865 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are the most abundant biomolecules in nature, but are the least understood in terms of their chemical structures and biological functions. Polysaccharides cannot be simply sequenced because they are often highly branched and lack a uniform structure. Furthermore, large polymeric structures cannot be directly analyzed by mass spectrometry techniques, a problem that has been solved for polynucleotides and proteins. While restriction enzymes have advanced genomic analysis, and trypsin has advanced proteomic analysis, there has been no equivalent enzyme for universal polysaccharide digestion. We describe the development and application of a chemical method for producing oligosaccharides from polysaccharides. The released oligosaccharides are characterized by advanced liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods with high sensitivity, accuracy and throughput. The technique is first used to identify polysaccharides by oligosaccharide fingerprinting. Next, the polysaccharide compositions of food and feces are determined, further illustrating the utility of technique in food and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Amicucci
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eshani Nandita
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ace G Galermo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Juan Jose Castillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dayoung Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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11
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Westreich ST, Salcedo J, Durbin-Johnson B, Smilowitz JT, Korf I, Mills DA, Barile D, Lemay DG. Fecal metatranscriptomics and glycomics suggest that bovine milk oligosaccharides are fully utilized by healthy adults. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 79:108340. [PMID: 32028108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides play a vital role in the development of the gut microbiome in the human infant. Although oligosaccharides derived from bovine milk (BMO) differ in content and profile with those derived from human milk (HMO), several oligosaccharide structures are shared between the species. BMO are commercial alternatives to HMO, but their fate in the digestive tract of healthy adult consumers is unknown. Healthy human subjects consumed two BMO doses over 11-day periods each and provided fecal samples. Metatranscriptomics of fecal samples were conducted to determine microbial and host gene expression in response to the supplement. Fecal samples were also analyzed by mass spectrometry to determine levels of undigested BMO. No changes were observed in microbial gene expression across all participants. Repeated sampling enabled subject-specific analyses: four of six participants had minor, yet statistically significant, changes in microbial gene expression. No significant change was observed in the gene expression of host cells exfoliated in stool. Levels of BMO excreted in feces after supplementation were not significantly different from baseline and were not correlated with dosage or expressed microbial enzyme levels. Collectively, these data suggest that BMO are fully fermented in the human gastrointestinal tract upstream of the distal colon. Additionally, the unaltered host transcriptome provides further evidence for the safety of BMO as a dietary supplement or food ingredient. Further research is needed to investigate potential health benefits of this completely fermentable prebiotic that naturally occurs in cow's milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Westreich
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States; Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States.
| | - Jaime Salcedo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States.
| | | | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States.
| | - Ian Korf
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States; Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States.
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States.
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States.
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States; Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States; USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States.
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12
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Goonatilleke E, Smilowitz JT, Mariño KV, German BJ, Lebrilla CB, Barboza M. Immunoglobulin A N-glycosylation Presents Important Body Fluid-specific Variations in Lactating Mothers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2165-2177. [PMID: 31409668 PMCID: PMC6823845 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is central to mucosal immunity: represents one of the main immunological mechanisms of defense against the potential attack of pathogens. During lactation SIgA is produced by plasmablasts in the mammary gland and is present in breast milk, playing a vital role in the passive immunity of the newborn. Interestingly, the different components of SIgA are highly N-glycosylated, and these N-Glycans have an essential role in health maintenance. In this work, we performed a glycomic study to compare N-glycosylation of SIgA purified from mature breast milk and saliva, and plasma IgA from the same lactating participants. Our results revealed a greater diversity than previously reported, with 89 glycan compositions that may correspond to over 250 structures. Among these glycans, 54 glycan compositions were characterized as body-fluid specific. Most of these unique N-Glycan compositions identified in SIgA from mature milk and IgA from plasma were fucosylated and both fucosylated and sialylated species, whereas in salivary SIgA the unique structures were mainly undecorated complex N-Glycans. In addition, we evaluated the effect of delivery mode on (S)IgA glycosylation. Lactating participants who had given birth by vaginal delivery presented an increased proportion of high mannose and fucosylated glycans in salivary SIgA, and selected high mannose, fucosylated, sialylated, and both fucosylated and sialylated glycans in plasma IgA, indicating that the hormonal changes during vaginal delivery could affect plasma and saliva IgA. These results reveal the structural details that provide a new dimension to the roles of (S)IgA N-Glycans in different tissues, and especially in maternal and new-born protection and infant development. The design of optimal recombinant IgA molecules specifically targeted to protect mucosal surfaces will need to include this dimension of structural detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Goonatilleke
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Karina V Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IBYME-CONICET), C1428ADN, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruce J German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Mariana Barboza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616.
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13
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Casaburi G, Duar RM, Vance DP, Mitchell R, Contreras L, Frese SA, Smilowitz JT, Underwood MA. Early-life gut microbiome modulation reduces the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:131. [PMID: 31423298 PMCID: PMC6693174 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria are a global threat. AR bacteria can be acquired in early life and have long-term sequelae. Limiting the spread of antibiotic resistance without triggering the development of additional resistance mechanisms is of immense clinical value. Here, we show how the infant gut microbiome can be modified, resulting in a significant reduction of AR genes (ARGs) and the potentially pathogenic bacteria that harbor them. Methods The gut microbiome was characterized using shotgun metagenomics of fecal samples from two groups of healthy, term breastfed infants. One group was fed B. infantis EVC001 in addition to receiving lactation support (n = 29, EVC001-fed), while the other received lactation support alone (n = 31, controls). Coliforms were isolated from fecal samples and genome sequenced, as well as tested for minimal inhibitory concentrations against clinically relevant antibiotics. Results Infants fed B. infantis EVC001 exhibited a change to the gut microbiome, resulting in a 90% lower level of ARGs compared to controls. ARGs that differed significantly between groups were predicted to confer resistance to beta lactams, fluoroquinolones, or multiple drug classes, the majority of which belonged to Escherichia, Clostridium, and Staphylococcus. Minimal inhibitory concentration assays confirmed the resistance phenotypes among isolates with these genes. Notably, we found extended-spectrum beta lactamases among healthy, vaginally delivered breastfed infants who had never been exposed to antibiotics. Conclusions Colonization of the gut of breastfed infants by a single strain of B. longum subsp. infantis had a profound impact on the fecal metagenome, including a reduction in ARGs. This highlights the importance of developing novel approaches to limit the spread of these genes among clinically relevant bacteria. Future studies are needed to determine whether colonization with B. infantis EVC001 decreases the incidence of AR infections in breastfed infants. Trial registration This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02457338.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Steven A. Frese
- Evolve Biosystems, Inc, Davis, CA 95618 USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Children’s Hospital, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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14
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Goonatilleke E, Huang J, Xu G, Wu L, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Human Milk Proteins and Their Glycosylation Exhibit Quantitative Dynamic Variations during Lactation. J Nutr 2019; 149:1317-1325. [PMID: 31098625 PMCID: PMC6686052 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteins in human milk are essential and known to support the growth, development, protection, and health of the newborn. These proteins are highly modified by glycans that are currently being recognized as vital to protein structure, stability, function, and health of the intestinal mucosa. Although milk proteins have been studied, the quantitative changes in milk proteins and their respective site-specific glycosylation are unknown. OBJECTIVE This study expanded the analytical tools for milk proteins and their site-specific glycosylation and applied these tools to a large cohort to determine changes in individual protein concentrations and their site-specific N-glycosylation across lactation. DESIGN A tandem mass spectrometry method was applied to 231 breast-milk samples from 33 mothers in Davis, California, obtained during 7 different periods of lactation. Dynamic changes in the absolute abundances of milk proteins, as well as variation in site-specific N-glycosylation of individual proteins, were quantified. RESULTS α-Lactalbumin, β-casein, k-casein, and α-antitrypsin were significantly increased from colostrum to transitional milk (4.37 ± 1.33 g/L to 6.41 ± 0.72 g/L, 2.25 ± 0.86 g/L to 2.59 ± 0.78 g/L, 1.33 ± 0.44 g/L to 1.60 ± 0.39 g/L, and 0.09 ± 0.10 g/L to 0.11 ± 0.04 g/L, respectively; P < 0.002). α-Lactalbumin (37%), β-casein (9%), and lysozyme (159%) were higher in mature milk than in colostrum. Glycans exhibited different behavior. Fucosylated glycans of lactoferrin and high-mannose, undecorated, fucosylated, sialylated, and combined fucosylated + sialylated glycans of secretory immunoglobulin A increased during lactation even when the concentrations of the parent proteins decreased. CONCLUSIONS Proteins in healthy mothers vary dynamically through lactation to support the development of infants. Individual milk proteins carried unique glycan modifications that varied systematically in structure even with site specificity. The role of glycosylation in human milk proteins will be important in understanding the functional components of human milk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01817127.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gege Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Davis, CA
| | | | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods for Health Institute, Davis, CA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Davis, CA
| | - J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, Davis, CA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Davis, CA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, Davis, CA
- Foods for Health Institute, Davis, CA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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15
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Sanctuary MR, Kain JN, Chen SY, Kalanetra K, Lemay DG, Rose DR, Yang HT, Tancredi DJ, German JB, Slupsky CM, Ashwood P, Mills DA, Smilowitz JT, Angkustsiri K. Pilot study of probiotic/colostrum supplementation on gut function in children with autism and gastrointestinal symptoms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210064. [PMID: 30625189 PMCID: PMC6326569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half of all children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have gastrointestinal (GI) co-morbidities including chronic constipation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome. The severity of these symptoms has been correlated with the degree of GI microbial dysbiosis. The study objective was to assess tolerability of a probiotic (Bifidobacterium infantis) in combination with a bovine colostrum product (BCP) as a source of prebiotic oligosaccharides and to evaluate GI, microbiome and immune factors in children with ASD and GI co-morbidities. This pilot study is a randomized, double blind, controlled trial of combination treatment (BCP + B. infantis) vs. BCP alone in a cross-over study in children ages 2-11 with ASD and GI co-morbidities (n = 8). This 12-week study included 5 weeks of probiotic-prebiotic supplementation, followed by a two-week washout period, and 5 weeks of prebiotic only supplementation. The primary outcome of tolerability was assessed using validated questionnaires of GI function and atypical behaviors, along with side effects. Results suggest that the combination treatment is well-tolerated in this cohort. The most common side effect was mild gassiness. Some participants on both treatments saw a reduction in the frequency of certain GI symptoms, as well as reduced occurrence of particular aberrant behaviors. Improvement may be explained by a reduction in IL-13 and TNF-α production in some participants. Although limited conclusions can be drawn from this small pilot study, the results support the need for further research into the efficacy of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. Sanctuary
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer N. Kain
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Shin Yu Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Kalanetra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle G. Lemay
- USDA ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, United States of America
- Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Destanie R. Rose
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Houa T. Yang
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Ashwood
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Angkustsiri
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
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16
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Yang Y, Rader E, Peters-Carr M, Bent RC, Smilowitz JT, Guillemin K, Rader B. Ontogeny of alkaline phosphatase activity in infant intestines and breast milk. BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:2. [PMID: 30606146 PMCID: PMC6318838 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease of intestinal inflammation that primarily affects premature infants. A potential risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis is exposure of the premature neonatal intestine to environmental bacteria and their proinflammatory products such as lipopolysaccharide. The metalloenzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) has been shown to reduce lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation. Additionally, premature rat pups have reduced alkaline phosphatase activity and expression as compared to full term pups. To explore the possibility that the human premature neonatal intestine has a paucity of alkaline phosphatase activity, we measured endogenously produced intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity in meconium as a function of gestational age. To test whether breast milk could serve as a source of exogenous alkaline phosphatase to the neonatal intestine through ingestion, we measured alkaline phosphatase activity in breast milk across a range of time points post-birth. Methods Alkaline phosphatase activity was quantified in 122 meconium samples from infants of gestational ages ranging from 24 to 40 weeks and in 289 breast milk samples collected from 78 individual mothers between days 2–49 post-birth. Results We observed a strong positive correlation between the meconium alkaline phosphatase activity and gestational age, with preterm infants having lower meconium alkaline phosphatase activities than early term or term infants. Breast milk alkaline phosphatase activity was highest in the first week post-birth, with peak alkaline phosphatase activity at day 2 post-birth, followed by relatively low alkaline phosphatase activity in weeks 2–7. Conclusions Our results are consistent with the two major risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis development, preterm birth and lack of breast milk feeding, both contributing to a paucity of alkaline phosphatase activity and impaired capacity to detoxify proinflammatory bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emilee Rader
- Department of Media and Information, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Rebecca C Bent
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, RiverBend Medical Center, Springfield, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karen Guillemin
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Bethany Rader
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, Life Science II Room 131, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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17
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Henrick BM, Chew S, Casaburi G, Brown HK, Frese SA, Zhou Y, Underwood MA, Smilowitz JT. Colonization by B. infantis EVC001 modulates enteric inflammation in exclusively breastfed infants. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:749-757. [PMID: 31443102 PMCID: PMC6887859 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant gut dysbiosis, often associated with low abundance of bifidobacteria, is linked to impaired immune development and inflammation-a risk factor for increased incidence of several childhood diseases. We investigated the impact of B. infantis EVC001 colonization on enteric inflammation in a subset of exclusively breastfed term infants from a larger clinical study. METHODS Stool samples (n = 120) were collected from infants randomly selected to receive either 1.8 × 1010 CFU B. infantis EVC001 daily for 21 days (EVC001) or breast milk alone (controls), starting at day 7 postnatal. The fecal microbiome was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA, proinflammatory cytokines using multiplexed immunoassay, and fecal calprotectin using ELISA at three time points: days 6 (Baseline), 40, and 60 postnatal. RESULTS Fecal calprotectin concentration negatively correlated with Bifidobacterium abundance (P < 0.0001; ρ = -0.72), and proinflammatory cytokines correlated with Clostridiaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, yet negatively correlated with Bifidobacteriaceae abundance. Proinflammatory cytokines were significantly lower in EVC001-fed infants on days 40 and 60 postnatally compared to baseline and compared to control infants. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that gut dysbiosis (absence of B. infantis) is associated with increased intestinal inflammation. Early addition of EVC001 to diet represents a novel strategy to prevent enteric inflammation during a critical developmental phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M. Henrick
- Evolve Biosystems, Inc, Davis, CA USA ,0000 0004 1937 0060grid.24434.35Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven A. Frese
- Evolve Biosystems, Inc, Davis, CA USA ,0000 0004 1937 0060grid.24434.35Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - You Zhou
- 0000 0004 1937 0060grid.24434.35Morrison Microscopy Core Research Facility, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bFoods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Children’s Hospital, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- 0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bFoods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,0000 0004 1936 9684grid.27860.3bDepartment of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
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18
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Nijman RM, Liu Y, Bunyatratchata A, Smilowitz JT, Stahl B, Barile D. Characterization and Quantification of Oligosaccharides in Human Milk and Infant Formula. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:6851-6859. [PMID: 29799744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are known to affect the health of infants. The analysis of these complex molecules in (human) milk samples requires state-of-the-art techniques. This study analyzed the composition and concentration of oligosaccharides in early (day 3) and mature (day 42) human milk as well as in five different infant formula brands. The oligosaccharide content decreased in human milk from 9.15 ± 0.25 g/L at day 3 to 6.38 ± 0.29 g/L at day 42 of lactation. All formulas resulted to be fortified with galacto-oligosaccharides, with one also fortified with polydextrose and another with long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. About 130 unique oligosaccharide structures were identified in the human milk samples, whereas infant formula contained less diversity of structures. The comparisons indicated that composition and abundance of oligosaccharides unique to human milk are not yet reproduced in infant formulas. The analytical workflow developed is suitable for the determination of prebiotic oligosaccharides in foods that contain diverse carbohydrate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M Nijman
- Danone Nutricia Research , 3584 CT Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Apichaya Bunyatratchata
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Danone Nutricia Research , 3584 CT Utrecht , Netherlands
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology , University of California, Davis , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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19
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Bever CS, Rand AA, Nording M, Taft D, Kalanetra KM, Mills DA, Breck MA, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Hammock BD. Effects of triclosan in breast milk on the infant fecal microbiome. Chemosphere 2018; 203:467-473. [PMID: 29635158 PMCID: PMC5915298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is frequently used for its antimicrobial properties and has been detected in human serum, urine, and breast milk. Animal and molecular studies have shown that triclosan exerts a wide range of adverse health effects at both high (ppm) and low (ppb) concentrations. Since triclosan is of growing concern to human and environmental health, there is a need to improve extraction procedures and to study additional effects from triclosan exposure. In this study, we have improved triclosan extraction from breast milk by using salt (MgSO4) to reduce emulsion formation and increase water polarity and water (∼80%) to enhance the overall extraction efficiency (∼3.5 fold). This extraction method was applied to breast milk samples collected from donors who i) recorded their use of triclosan-containing personal care products and ii) provided matching infant stool samples. Of the participants who had detectable amounts of triclosan in their breast milk, nine (75%) of them reported daily use of triclosan-containing personal care products. Levels of triclosan in breast milk were compared to the donor's infant's fecal microbiome. We found that the bacterial diversity in the fecal microbiome of the infants exposed to breast milk with detectable triclosan levels differed compared to their peers exposed to milk containing non-detectable amounts. This finding implies that exogenous chemicals are impacting microbiome diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace S Bever
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Amy A Rand
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Malin Nording
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diana Taft
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karen M Kalanetra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Melissa A Breck
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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20
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Beals E, Demmer E, Rivera N, Rogers TS, Gertz ER, Van Loan MD, German JB, Smilowitz JT, Zivkovic AM. Effects of Milk Fat Globule Membrane on Lymphocyte Gene Expression and Markers of Metabolism and Inflammation in the Postprandial Period. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.767.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erik R. Gertz
- USDA/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research CenterDavisCA
| | - Marta D. Van Loan
- NutritionUniversity of CaliforniaDavisDavisCA
- USDA/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research CenterDavisCA
| | - J. Bruce German
- Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisDavisCA
- Foods For Health InstituteDavisCA
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- Food Science and TechnologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisDavisCA
- Foods For Health InstituteDavisCA
| | - Angela M. Zivkovic
- NutritionUniversity of CaliforniaDavisDavisCA
- Foods For Health InstituteDavisCA
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE A pilot study to determine lipoprotein classes and subclasses in premature infants and examine associations with nutritional intake, gestational age (GA), and morbidity. STUDY DESIGN Plasma lipoprotein particle concentrations were analyzed in a cohort of 15 premature infants in the first 5 days of life and again at 2 weeks. Breast milk samples were analyzed for fatty acid content. Associations between lipoprotein particle subclasses and GA, breast milk intake, milk fatty acid intake, and chronic lung disease (CLD) were determined. RESULTS At 2 weeks of age, more premature infants had higher concentrations of total very low-density lipoprotein and lower concentrations of total high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and large HDL particles (similar to profiles seen in adults and children with infectious disease, cardiometabolic disease, and diabetes). Lower total HDL, large HDL, and medium HDL and a higher small HDL:total HDL ratio at 2 weeks were each associated with CLD with GA a likely confounder. Intake of human milk C18 and C20 fatty acids was inversely correlated with plasma total LDL concentration at 2 weeks of age. CONCLUSION Dyslipidemia was common in extremely premature infants and was associated with CLD and with lower intake of specific long chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Scoble
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Nurit Argov-Argaman
- Department of Animal Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California
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22
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Meredith-Dennis L, Xu G, Goonatilleke E, Lebrilla CB, Underwood MA, Smilowitz JT. Composition and Variation of Macronutrients, Immune Proteins, and Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Human Milk From Nonprofit and Commercial Milk Banks. J Hum Lact 2018; 34:120-129. [PMID: 28614672 DOI: 10.1177/0890334417710635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When human milk is unavailable, banked milk is recommended for feeding premature infants. Milk banks use processes to eliminate pathogens; however, variability among methods exists. Research aim: The aim of this study was to compare the macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, fat, energy), immune-protective protein, and human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk from three independent milk banks that use pasteurization (Holder vs. vat techniques) or retort sterilization. METHODS Randomly acquired human milk samples from three different milk banks ( n = 3 from each bank) were analyzed for macronutrient concentrations using a Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy human milk analyzer. The concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme, α-lactalbumin, α antitrypsin, casein, and HMO were analyzed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS The concentrations of protein and fat were significantly ( p < .05) less in the retort sterilized compared with the Holder and vat pasteurized samples, respectively. The concentrations of all immune-modulating proteins were significantly ( p < .05) less in the retort sterilized samples compared with vat and/or Holder pasteurized samples. The total HMO concentration and HMOs containing fucose, sialic acid, and nonfucosylated neutral sugars were significantly ( p < .05) less in retort sterilized compared with Holder pasteurized samples. CONCLUSION Random milk samples that had undergone retort sterilization had significantly less immune-protective proteins and total and specific HMOs compared with samples that had undergone Holder and vat pasteurization. These data suggest that further analysis of the effect of retort sterilization on human milk components is needed prior to widespread adoption of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gege Xu
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- 2 Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Underwood
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- 4 Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,5 Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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23
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Cajka T, Smilowitz JT, Fiehn O. Validating Quantitative Untargeted Lipidomics Across Nine Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Platforms. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12360-12368. [PMID: 29064229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods are most often used for untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics. However, methods have not been standardized as accepted "best practice" documents, and reports lack harmonization with respect to quantitative data that enable interstudy comparisons. Researchers use a wide variety of high-resolution mass spectrometers under different operating conditions, and it is unclear if results would yield different biological conclusions depending on the instrument performance. To this end, we used 126 identical human plasma samples and 29 quality control samples from a nutritional intervention study. We investigated lipidomic data acquisitions across nine different MS instruments (1 single TOF, 1 Q/orbital ion trap, and 7 QTOF instruments). Sample preparations, chromatography conditions, and data processing methods were kept identical. Single-point internal standard calibrations were used to estimate absolute concentrations for 307 unique lipids identified by accurate mass, MS/MS spectral match, and retention times. Quantitative results were highly comparable between the LC-MS platforms tested. Using partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to compare results between platforms, a 92% overlap for the most discriminating lipids based on variable importance in projection (VIP) scores was achieved for all lipids that were detected by at least two instrument platforms. Importantly, even the relative positions of individual samples on the PLS-DA projections were identical. The key for success in harmonizing results was to avoid ion saturation by carefully evaluating linear dynamic ranges using serial dilutions and adjusting the resuspension volume and/or injection volume before running actual study samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Cajka
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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24
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Smilowitz JT, Moya J, Breck MA, Cook C, Fineberg A, Angkustsiri K, Underwood MA. Erratum to: Safety and tolerability of Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis EVC001 supplementation in healthy term breastfed infants: a phase I clinical trial. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:180. [PMID: 28810848 PMCID: PMC5558702 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jackelyn Moya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melissa A Breck
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chelsea Cook
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, CA, USA
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25
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Smilowitz JT, Moya J, Breck MA, Cook C, Fineberg A, Angkustsiri K, Underwood MA. Safety and tolerability of Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis EVC001 supplementation in healthy term breastfed infants: a phase I clinical trial. BMC Pediatr 2017; 17:133. [PMID: 28558732 PMCID: PMC5450358 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-017-0886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, bifidobacteria were the dominant intestinal bacteria in breastfed infants. Still abundant in infants in developing nations, levels of intestinal bifidobacteria are low among infants in developed nations. Recent studies have described an intimate relationship between human milk and a specific subspecies of Bifidobacterium, B. longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis), yet supplementation of breastfed, healthy, term infants with this organism, has not been reported. The IMPRINT Study, a Phase I clinical trial, was initiated to determine the safety and tolerability of supplementing breastfed infants with B. infantis (EVC001). METHODS Eighty mother-infant dyads were enrolled in either lactation support plus B. infantis supplementation (BiLS) or lactation support alone (LS). Starting with Day 7 postnatal, BiLS infants were fed 1.8-2.8 × 1010 CFU B. infantis EVC001 daily in breast milk for 21 days. Mothers collected fecal samples, filled out health questionnaires, and kept daily logs about their infants' feeding and gastrointestinal symptoms from birth until Day 61 postnatal. Safety and tolerability were determined from maternal reports. RESULTS There were no differences in the mean gestational age at birth, weight 1 and 2 months postnatal, and breast milk intake between groups. The mean Log10 change in fecal Bifidobacterium from Day 6 to Day 28 was higher (p = 0.0002) for BiLS (6.6 ± 2.8 SD) than for LS infants (3.5 ± 3.5 SD). Daily stool number was higher (p < 0.005) for LS and lower (p < 0.05) for BiLS infants during supplementation than at Baseline. During supplementation, watery stools decreased and soft stools increased by 36% over baseline in BiLS infants (p < 0.05) with no significant changes in stool consistency for the LS infants. None of the safety and tolerability endpoints, including flatulence, bloody stool, body temperature, ratings of gastrointestinal symptoms, use of antibiotics or gas-relieving medications, infant colic, jaundice, number of illnesses, sick doctor visits, or diagnoses of eczema were different for the groups at any point. CONCLUSIONS The B. infantis EVC001 supplement was safely consumed and well-tolerated. Stools were fewer and better formed in infants in the BiLS group compared with LS group. Adverse events were those expected in healthy infants and not different between groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02457338 . Registered May 27, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jackelyn Moya
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melissa A Breck
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Chelsea Cook
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Children's Hospital, Sacramento, CA, USA
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26
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Rogers TS, Demmer E, Rivera N, Gertz ER, German JB, Smilowitz JT, Zivkovic AM, Van Loan MD. The role of a dairy fraction rich in milk fat globule membrane in the suppression of postprandial inflammatory markers and bone turnover in obese and overweight adults: an exploratory study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:36. [PMID: 28529534 PMCID: PMC5436451 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is associated with increased bone resorption; the role of inflammation in postprandial bone turnover has not been explored. Consumption of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) reduces inflammation in animal models. This study aimed to measure postprandial changes in bone turnover after intake of high saturated fat test meals, with- and without the anti-inflammatory ingredient MFGM. Methods Subjects (n = 36 adults) were obese (BMI 30–39.9 kg/m2) or overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2) with two traits of Metabolic Syndrome. Subjects consumed a different test meal on four occasions at random; blood draws were taken at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 h postprandial. Test meals included whipping cream (WC), WC + MFGM, palm oil (PO) and PO + MFGM. Biomarkers of bone turnover and inflammation were analyzed from all four time points. Results Test meal (treatment) by time interactions were significant for bone resorption marker C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) (p < 0.0001) and inflammatory marker interleukin 10 (IL-10) (p = 0.012). Significant differences in overall postprandial response among test meals were found for CTX and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM), with the greatest overall postprandial suppression of CTX occurring in meals containing MFGM. However, test meal by MFGM interactions were non- significant for bone and inflammatory markers. Correlations between CTX and inflammatory markers were non-significant. Conclusion This exploratory analysis advances the study of postprandial suppression of bone turnover by demonstrating differing effects of high SFA meals that contained MFGM; however MFGM alone did not directly moderate the difference in postprandial CTX response among test meals in this analysis. These observations may be useful for identifying foods and ingredients which maximize the suppression of bone resorption, and for generating hypotheses to test in future studies examining the role of inflammation in postprandial bone turnover. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01811329. Registered 11 March 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0189-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara S Rogers
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Health, University of California, Davis Medical Center, 4625 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Elieke Demmer
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Nancy Rivera
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Erik R Gertz
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA.,Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA.,Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA.,Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Marta D Van Loan
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA.,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Xu G, Davis JCC, Goonatilleke E, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Absolute Quantitation of Human Milk Oligosaccharides Reveals Phenotypic Variations during Lactation. J Nutr 2017; 147:117-124. [PMID: 27798342 PMCID: PMC5177733 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.238279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quantitation of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) is challenging because of the structural complexity and lack of standards. OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to rapidly measure the absolute concentrations of HMOs in milk using LC-mass spectrometry (MS) and to determine the phenotypic secretor status of the mothers. METHODS This quantitative method for measuring HMO concentration was developed by using ultraperformance LC multiple reaction monitoring MS. It was validated and applied to milk samples from Malawi (88 individuals; 88 samples from postnatal month 6) and the United States (Davis, California; 45 individuals, mean age: 32 y; 103 samples collected on postnatal days 10, 26, 71, or 120, repeated measures included). The concentrations of α(1,2)-fucosylated HMOs were used to determine the mothers' phenotypic secretor status with high sensitivity and specificity. We used Friedman's test and Wilcoxon's signed rank test to evaluate the change in HMO concentration during the course of lactation, and Student's t test was used to compare secretors and nonsecretors. RESULTS A decrease (P < 0.05) in HMO concentration was observed during the course of lactation for the US mothers, corresponding to 19.3 ± 2.9 g/L for milk collected on postnatal day 10, decreasing to 8.53 ± 1.18 g/L on day 120 (repeated measures; n = 14). On postnatal day 180, the total concentration of HMOs in Malawi milk samples from secretors (6.46 ± 1.74 mg/mL) was higher (P < 0.05) than that in samples from nonsecretors (5.25 ± 2.55 mg/mL ). The same trend was observed for fucosylated species; the concentration was higher in Malawi milk samples from secretors (4.91 ± 1.22 mg/mL) than from nonsecretors (3.42 ± 2.27 mg/mL) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS HMOs significantly decrease during the course of lactation. Secretor milk contains higher concentrations of total and fucosylated HMOs than does nonsecretor milk. These HMO concentrations can be correlated to the health of breastfed infants in order to investigate the protective effects of milk components. The trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01817127 and NCT00524446.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gege Xu
- Department of Chemistry,,Foods for Health Institute, and
| | | | | | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Foods for Health Institute, and,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - J Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, and,Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
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O'Sullivan A, Farver M, Smilowitz JT. Correction to "The Influence of Early Infant-Feeding Practices on the Intestinal Microbiome and Body Composition in Infants". Nutr Metab Insights 2016; 8:87. [PMID: 27812287 PMCID: PMC5084830 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s41125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aifric O'Sullivan
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie Farver
- Sutter Davis Hospital Birthing Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.; Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Davis JCC, Totten SM, Huang JO, Nagshbandi S, Kirmiz N, Garrido DA, Lewis ZT, Wu LD, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Mills DA, Lebrilla CB. Identification of Oligosaccharides in Feces of Breast-fed Infants and Their Correlation with the Gut Microbial Community. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2987-3002. [PMID: 27435585 PMCID: PMC5013312 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans in breast milk are abundant and found as either free oligosaccharides or conjugated to proteins and lipids. Free human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) function as prebiotics by stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria while preventing the binding of harmful bacteria to intestinal epithelial cells. Bacteria have adapted to the glycan-rich environment of the gut by developing enzymes that catabolize glycans. The decrease in HMOs and the increase in glycan digestion products give indications of the active enzymes in the microbial population. In this study, we quantitated the disappearance of intact HMOs and characterized the glycan digestion products in the gut that are produced by the action of microbial enzymes on HMOs and glycoconjugates from breast milk. Oligosaccharides from fecal samples of exclusively breast-fed infants were extracted and profiled using nanoLC-MS. Intact HMOs were found in the fecal samples, additionally, other oligosaccharides were found corresponding to degraded HMOs and non-HMO based compounds. The latter compounds were fragments of N-glycans released through the cleavage of the linkage to the asparagine residue and through cleavage of the chitobiose core of the N-glycan. Marker gene sequencing of the fecal samples revealed bifidobacteria as the dominant inhabitants of the infant gastrointestinal tracts. A glycosidase from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum was then expressed to digest HMOs in vitro, which showed that the digested oligosaccharides in feces corresponded to the action of glycosidases on HMOs. Similar expression of endoglycosidases also showed that N-glycans were released by bacterial enzymes. Although bifidobacteria may dominate the gut, it is possible that specific minority species are also responsible for the major products observed in feces. Nonetheless, the enzymatic activity correlated well with the known glycosidases in the respective bacteria, suggesting a direct relationship between microbial abundances and catabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C C Davis
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616; §Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sarah M Totten
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616; §Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Julie O Huang
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sadaf Nagshbandi
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Nina Kirmiz
- §Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ¶Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniel A Garrido
- §Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ‖Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Zachery T Lewis
- §Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ¶Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Lauren D Wu
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616; §Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- §Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ¶Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - J Bruce German
- §Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ¶Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - David A Mills
- §Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ¶Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, California 95616; ‖Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- From the ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616; §Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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30
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Awasthi S, Wilken R, Patel F, German JB, Mills DA, Lebrilla CB, Kim K, Freeman SL, Smilowitz JT, Armstrong AW, Maverakis E. Dietary supplementation with Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) in healthy breastfed infants: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:340. [PMID: 27449926 PMCID: PMC4957407 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of probiotics as therapies to cure or prevent disease lags far behind that of other investigational medications. Rigorously designed phase I clinical trials are nearly non-existent in the field of probiotic research, which is a contributing factor to this disparity. As a consequence, how to appropriately dose probiotics to study their efficacy is unknown. Herein we propose a novel phase I ascending dose trial of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) to identify the dose required to produce predominant gut colonisation in healthy breastfed infants at 6 weeks of age. Methods/design This is a parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind ascending dose phase I clinical trial of dietary supplementation with B. infantis in healthy breastfed infants. The objective is to determine the pharmacologically effective dose (ED) of B. infantis required to produce predominant (>50 %) gut colonisation in breastfed infants at 6 weeks of age. Successively enrolled infant groups will be randomised to receive two doses of either B. infantis or placebo on days 7 and 14 of life. Stool samples will be used to characterise the gut microbiota at increasing doses of B. infantis. Discussion Probiotic supplementation has shown promising results for the treatment of a variety of ailments, but evidence-based dosing regimes are currently lacking. The ultimate goal of this trial is to establish a recommended starting dose of B. infantis for further efficacy-testing phase II trials designed to evaluate B. infantis for the prevention of atopic dermatitis and food allergies in at-risk children. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov #NCT02286999, date of trial registration 23 October 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Awasthi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Reason Wilken
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Forum Patel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, USA
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, USA
| | - Samara L Freeman
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis , Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - April W Armstrong
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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31
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Zeng NF, Mancuso JE, Zivkovic AM, Smilowitz JT, Ristenpart WD. Red Blood Cells from Individuals with Abdominal Obesity or Metabolic Abnormalities Exhibit Less Deformability upon Entering a Constriction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156070. [PMID: 27258098 PMCID: PMC4892523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) are multifactorial conditions associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus. Previous work has demonstrated that the hemorheological profile is altered in patients with abdominal obesity and MS, as evidenced for example by increased whole blood viscosity. To date, however, no studies have examined red blood cell (RBC) deformability of blood from individuals with obesity or metabolic abnormalities under typical physiological flow conditions. In this study, we pumped RBCs through a constriction in a microfluidic device and used high speed video to visualize and track the mechanical behavior of ~8,000 RBCs obtained from either healthy individuals (n = 5) or obese participants with metabolic abnormalities (OMA) (n = 4). We demonstrate that the OMA+ cells stretched on average about 25% less than the healthy controls. Furthermore, we examined the effects of ingesting a high-fat meal on RBC mechanical dynamics, and found that the postprandial period has only a weak effect on the stretching dynamics exhibited by OMA+ cells. The results suggest that chronic rigidification of RBCs plays a key role in the increased blood pressure and increased whole blood viscosity observed in OMA individuals and was independent of an acute response triggered by consumption of a high-fat meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F. Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
| | - Jordan E. Mancuso
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
| | - Angela M. Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
| | - William D. Ristenpart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Napoli E, Ross-Inta C, Song G, Wong S, Hagerman R, Gane LW, Smilowitz JT, Tassone F, Giulivi C. Premutation in the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) Gene Affects Maternal Zn-milk and Perinatal Brain Bioenergetics and Scaffolding. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:159. [PMID: 27147951 PMCID: PMC4835505 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X premutation alleles have 55–200 CGG repeats in the 5′ UTR of the FMR1 gene. Altered zinc (Zn) homeostasis has been reported in fibroblasts from >60 years old premutation carriers, in which Zn supplementation significantly restored Zn-dependent mitochondrial protein import/processing and function. Given that mitochondria play a critical role in synaptic transmission, brain function, and cognition, we tested FMRP protein expression, brain bioenergetics, and expression of the Zn-dependent synaptic scaffolding protein SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (Shank3) in a knock-in (KI) premutation mouse model with 180 CGG repeats. Mitochondrial outcomes correlated with FMRP protein expression (but not FMR1 gene expression) in KI mice and human fibroblasts from carriers of the pre- and full-mutation. Significant deficits in brain bioenergetics, Zn levels, and Shank3 protein expression were observed in the Zn-rich regions KI hippocampus and cerebellum at PND21, with some of these effects lasting into adulthood (PND210). A strong genotype × age interaction was observed for most of the outcomes tested in hippocampus and cerebellum, whereas in cortex, age played a major role. Given that the most significant effects were observed at the end of the lactation period, we hypothesized that KI milk might have a role at compounding the deleterious effects on the FMR1 genetic background. A higher gene expression of ZnT4 and ZnT6, Zn transporters abundant in brain and lactating mammary glands, was observed in the latter tissue of KI dams. A cross-fostering experiment allowed improving cortex bioenergetics in KI pups nursing on WT milk. Conversely, WT pups nursing on KI milk showed deficits in hippocampus and cerebellum bioenergetics. A highly significant milk type × genotype interaction was observed for all three-brain regions, being cortex the most influenced. Finally, lower milk-Zn levels were recorded in milk from lactating women carrying the premutation as well as other Zn-related outcomes (Zn-dependent alkaline phosphatase activity and lactose biosynthesis—whose limiting step is the Zn-dependent β-1,4-galactosyltransferase). In premutation carriers, altered Zn homeostasis, brain bioenergetics and Shank3 levels could be compounded by Zn-deficient milk, increasing the risk of developing emotional and neurological/cognitive problems and/or FXTAS later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Davis, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Ross-Inta
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gyu Song
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Wong
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Davis, CA, USA
| | - Randi Hagerman
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical CenterSacramento, CA, USA
| | - Louise W Gane
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary MedicineDavis, CA, USA; Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
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Beals EG, Demmer E, Rivera N, Rogers TS, Gertz E, Van Loan M, German JB, Smilowitz JT, Zivkovic AM. Variation of fasting plasma inflammatory markers in overweight and obese individuals. FASEB J 2016. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.30.1_supplement.908.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erik Gertz
- USDA/ARS Western Human Nutrition Research CenterDavisCA
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Lewis ZT, Davis JCC, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. The impact of freeze-drying infant fecal samples on measures of their bacterial community profiles and milk-derived oligosaccharide content. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1612. [PMID: 26819854 PMCID: PMC4727960 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infant fecal samples are commonly studied to investigate the impacts of breastfeeding on the development of the microbiota and subsequent health effects. Comparisons of infants living in different geographic regions and environmental contexts are needed to aid our understanding of evolutionarily-selected milk adaptations. However, the preservation of fecal samples from individuals in remote locales until they can be processed can be a challenge. Freeze-drying (lyophilization) offers a cost-effective way to preserve some biological samples for transport and analysis at a later date. Currently, it is unknown what, if any, biases are introduced into various analyses by the freeze-drying process. Here, we investigated how freeze-drying affected analysis of two relevant and intertwined aspects of infant fecal samples, marker gene amplicon sequencing of the bacterial community and the fecal oligosaccharide profile (undigested human milk oligosaccharides). No differences were discovered between the fecal oligosaccharide profiles of wet and freeze-dried samples. The marker gene sequencing data showed an increase in proportional representation of Bacteriodes and a decrease in detection of bifidobacteria and members of class Bacilli after freeze-drying. This sample treatment bias may possibly be related to the cell morphology of these different taxa (Gram status). However, these effects did not overwhelm the natural variation among individuals, as the community data still strongly grouped by subject and not by freeze-drying status. We also found that compensating for sample concentration during freeze-drying, while not necessary, was also not detrimental. Freeze-drying may therefore be an acceptable method of sample preservation and mass reduction for some studies of microbial ecology and milk glycan analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery T Lewis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jasmine C C Davis
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - David A Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Foods For Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
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O’Sullivan A, Farver M, Smilowitz JT. The Influence of Early Infant-Feeding Practices on the Intestinal Microbiome and Body Composition in Infants. Nutr Metab Insights 2015; 8:1-9. [PMID: 26715853 PMCID: PMC4686345 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s29530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite many years of widespread international recommendations to support exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life, common hospital feeding and birthing practices do not coincide with the necessary steps to support exclusive breastfeeding. These common hospital practices can lead to the infant receiving formula in the first weeks of life despite mothers' dedication to exclusively breastfeed. Consequently, these practices play a role in the alarmingly high rate of formula-feeding worldwide. Formula-feeding has been shown to alter the infant gut microbiome in favor of proinflammatory taxa and increase gut permeability and bacterial load. Furthermore, several studies have found that formula-feeding increases the risk of obesity in later childhood. While research has demonstrated differences in the intestinal microbiome and body growth between exclusively breast versus formula-fed infants, very little is known about the effects of introducing formula to breastfed infants either briefly or long term on these outcomes. Understanding the relationships between mixed-feeding practices and infant health outcomes is complicated by the lack of clarity in the definition of mixed-feeding as well as the terminology used to describe this type of feeding in the literature. In this commentary, we highlight the need for hospitals to embrace the 10 steps of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative developed by UNICEF and the WHO for successful breastfeeding. We present a paucity of studies that have focused on the effects of introducing formula to breastfed infants on the gut microbiome, gut health, growth, and body composition. We make the case for the need to conduct well-designed studies on mixed-feeding before we can truly answer the question: how does brief or long-term use of formula influence the health benefits of exclusive breastfeeding?
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifric O’Sullivan
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie Farver
- Sutter Davis Hospital Birthing Center, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Goldsmith F, O'Sullivan A, Smilowitz JT, Freeman SL. Lactation and Intestinal Microbiota: How Early Diet Shapes the Infant Gut. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2015; 20:149-58. [PMID: 26227402 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9335-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is a multifunctional biofluid that provides nutrients along with highly diverse non-nutritive bioactive components such as antibodies, glycans, bacteria, and immunomodulatory proteins. Research over the past decade has confirmed the essential role of breast milk bioactives in the establishment a healthy intestinal microbiota within the infant. The intestinal microbiota of an exclusively breastfed baby is dominated by several species of Bifidobacteria - the most influential member of which is Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) - and is referred to as the milk-oriented microbiome (MOM). MOM is associated with reduced risk of infection in infancy as well as a reduced risk of certain chronic illnesses in adulthood. Establishment and persistence of MOM is dependent on the selective digestion of complex sugar structures in breast milk that are otherwise indigestible to the infant by B. infantis and its relatives. This review focuses primarily on the influence of breast milk glycans and glycosylated proteins on the development of the intestinal microbiome, and how maternal phenotype may influence the development of MOM providing a framework to understand how variation in diet shapes a protective intestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Goldsmith
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Aifric O'Sullivan
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, 2.05 Science Centre, South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Samara L Freeman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Spevacek AR, Smilowitz JT, Chin EL, Underwood MA, German JB, Slupsky CM. Infant Maturity at Birth Reveals Minor Differences in the Maternal Milk Metabolome in the First Month of Lactation. J Nutr 2015; 145:1698-708. [PMID: 26041675 PMCID: PMC4516766 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.210252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is the gold standard of nutrition for infants, providing both protective and essential nutrients. Although much is known about milk from mothers giving birth to term infants, less is known about milk from mothers giving birth to premature infants. In addition, little is known about the composition and diversity of small molecules in these milks and how they change over the first month of lactation. OBJECTIVE The objective was to understand how milk metabolites vary over the first month of lactation in mothers giving birth to term and preterm infants. METHODS (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics was used to characterize metabolites that were present in micromolar to molar concentrations in colostrum (day 0-5 postpartum), transition milk (day 14), and mature milk (day 28) from mothers who delivered term (n = 15) and preterm (n = 13) infants. Principal components analysis, linear mixed-effects models (LMMs), and linear models (LMs) were used to explore the relation between infant maturity and the postpartum day of collection of milk samples. RESULTS By using a standard NMR metabolite library, 69 metabolites were identified in the milks, including 15 sugars, 23 amino acids and derivatives, 11 energy-related metabolites, 10 fatty acid-associated metabolites, 3 nucleotides and derivatives, 2 vitamins, and 5 bacteria-associated metabolites. Many metabolite concentrations followed a similar progression over time in both term and preterm milks, with more biological variation in metabolite concentrations in preterm milk. However, although lacto-N-neotetraose (LMM, P = 4.0 × 10(-5)) and lysine (LM, P = 1.5 × 10(-4)) significantly decreased in concentration in term milk over time, they did not significantly change in preterm milk. CONCLUSION Overall, the metabolic profile of human milk is dynamic throughout the first month of lactation, with more variability in preterm than in term milk and subtle differences in some metabolite concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01841268.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Mark A Underwood
- Pediatrics, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - J Bruce German
- Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Departments of Nutrition, Food Science and Technology, and Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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Beck KL, Weber D, Phinney BS, Smilowitz JT, Hinde K, Lönnerdal B, Korf I, Lemay DG. Comparative Proteomics of Human and Macaque Milk Reveals Species-Specific Nutrition during Postnatal Development. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2143-57. [PMID: 25757574 DOI: 10.1021/pr501243m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Milk has been well established as the optimal nutrition source for infants, yet there is still much to be understood about its molecular composition. Therefore, our objective was to develop and compare comprehensive milk proteomes for human and rhesus macaques to highlight differences in neonatal nutrition. We developed a milk proteomics technique that overcomes previous technical barriers including pervasive post-translational modifications and limited sample volume. We identified 1606 and 518 proteins in human and macaque milk, respectively. During analysis of detected protein orthologs, we identified 88 differentially abundant proteins. Of these, 93% exhibited increased abundance in human milk relative to macaque and include lactoferrin, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, alpha-1 antichymotrypsin, vitamin D-binding protein, and haptocorrin. Furthermore, proteins more abundant in human milk compared with macaque are associated with development of the gastrointestinal tract, the immune system, and the brain. Overall, our novel proteomics method reveals the first comprehensive macaque milk proteome and 524 newly identified human milk proteins. The differentially abundant proteins observed are consistent with the perspective that human infants, compared with nonhuman primates, are born at a slightly earlier stage of somatic development and require additional support through higher quantities of specific proteins to nurture human infant maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Katie Hinde
- ⊥Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Dallas DC, Smink CJ, Robinson RC, Tian T, Guerrero A, Parker EA, Smilowitz JT, Hettinga KA, Underwood MA, Lebrilla CB, German JB, Barile D. Endogenous human milk peptide release is greater after preterm birth than term birth. J Nutr 2015; 145:425-33. [PMID: 25540406 PMCID: PMC4336528 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.203646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hundreds of naturally occurring milk peptides are present in term human milk. Preterm milk is produced before complete maturation of the mammary gland, which could change milk synthesis and secretion processes within the mammary gland, leading to differences in protein expression and enzymatic activity, thereby resulting in an altered peptide profile. OBJECTIVE This study examined differences in peptides present between milk from women delivering at term and women delivering prematurely. METHODS Nano-LC tandem mass spectrometry was employed to identify naturally occurring peptides and compare their abundances between term and preterm human milk samples at multiple time points over lactation. Term milk samples were collected from 8 mothers and preterm milk was collected from 14 mothers. The 28 preterm and 32 term human milk samples were divided into 4 groups based on day of collection (<14, 14-28, 29-41, and 42-58 d). RESULTS Preterm milk peptide counts, ion abundance, and concentration were significantly higher in preterm milk than term milk. Bioinformatic analysis of the cleavage sites for peptides identified suggested that plasmin was more active in preterm milk than term milk and that cytosol aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase B2 likely contribute to extensive milk protein breakdown. Many identified milk peptides in both term and preterm milk overlapped with known functional peptides, including antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory peptides. CONCLUSION The high protein degradation by endogenous proteases in preterm milk might attenuate problems because of the preterm infant's immature digestive system. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01817127.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Dallas
- Department of Food Science and Technology Foods for Health Institute
| | - Christina J Smink
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tian Tian
- Department of Food Science and Technology
| | | | | | | | - Kasper A Hettinga
- Dairy Science and Technology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA; and
| | | | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology,Foods for Health Institute
| | - Daniela Barile
- Department of Food Science and Technology,Foods for Health Institute
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40
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Huang J, Guerrero A, Parker E, Strum JS, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Site-specific glycosylation of secretory immunoglobulin A from human colostrum. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1335-49. [PMID: 25629924 DOI: 10.1021/pr500826q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) is a major glycoprotein in milk and plays a key role in mediating immune protection of the gut mucosa. Although it is a highly glycosylated protein, its site-specific glycosylation and associated glycan micro-heterogeneity have still not been fully elucidated. In this study, the site-specific glycosylation of sIgA isolated from human colostrum (n = 3) was analyzed using a combination of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS and in-house software (Glycopeptide Finder). The majority of the glycans found are biantennary structures with one or more acidic Neu5Ac residues; however, a large fraction belonged to truncated complex structures with terminal GlcNAc. Multiple glycosites were identified with nearly 30 glycan compositions located at seven sites on the secretory component, six compositions at a single site on the J chain, and 16 compositions at five sites on the IgA heavy (H) chain. Site-specific heterogeneity and relative quantitation of each composition and the extent of occupation at each site were determined using nonspecific proteases. Additionally, 54 O-linked glycan compositions located at the IgA1 hinge region (HR) were identified by comparison against a theoretical O-glycopeptide library. This represents the most comprehensive report to date detailing the complexity of glycan micro-heterogeneity with relative quantitation of glycoforms for each glycosylation site on milk sIgA. This strategy further provides a general method for determining site-specific glycosylation in large protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Foods for Health Institute, §Department of Food Science and Technology, and ∥Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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41
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Lewis ZT, Totten SM, Smilowitz JT, Popovic M, Parker E, Lemay DG, Van Tassell ML, Miller MJ, Jin YS, German JB, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA. Maternal fucosyltransferase 2 status affects the gut bifidobacterial communities of breastfed infants. Microbiome 2015; 3:13. [PMID: 25922665 PMCID: PMC4412032 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-015-0071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with inactive alleles of the fucosyltransferase 2 gene (FUT2; termed the 'secretor' gene) are common in many populations. Some members of the genus Bifidobacterium, common infant gut commensals, are known to consume 2'-fucosylated glycans found in the breast milk of secretor mothers. We investigated the effects of maternal secretor status on the developing infant microbiota with a special emphasis on bifidobacterial species abundance. RESULTS On average, bifidobacteria were established earlier and more often in infants fed by secretor mothers than in infants fed by non-secretor mothers. In secretor-fed infants, the relative abundance of the Bifidobacterium longum group was most strongly correlated with high percentages of the order Bifidobacteriales. Conversely, in non-secretor-fed infants, Bifidobacterium breve was positively correlated with Bifidobacteriales, while the B. longum group was negatively correlated. A higher percentage of bifidobacteria isolated from secretor-fed infants consumed 2'-fucosyllactose. Infant feces with high levels of bifidobacteria had lower milk oligosaccharide levels in the feces and higher amounts of lactate. Furthermore, feces containing different bifidobacterial species possessed differing amounts of oligosaccharides, suggesting differential consumption in situ. CONCLUSIONS Infants fed by non-secretor mothers are delayed in the establishment of a bifidobacteria-laden microbiota. This delay may be due to difficulties in the infant acquiring a species of bifidobacteria able to consume the specific milk oligosaccharides delivered by the mother. This work provides mechanistic insight into how milk glycans enrich specific beneficial bacterial populations in infants and reveals clues for enhancing enrichment of bifidobacterial populations in at risk populations - such as premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery T Lewis
- />Department of Food Science and Technology, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Sarah M Totten
- />Department of Chemistry, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- />Department of Food Science and Technology, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Mina Popovic
- />Department of Life Sciences, PhD School in Science and Technologies for Health Products, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Università, 4, Modena, MO 41100 Italy
| | - Evan Parker
- />Department of Chemistry, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Danielle G Lemay
- />Genome Center, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Maxwell L Van Tassell
- />Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Michael J Miller
- />Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- />Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - J Bruce German
- />Department of Food Science and Technology, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- />Department of Chemistry, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - David A Mills
- />Department of Food Science and Technology, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Department of Viticulture and Enology, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- />Foods For Health Institute, UC Davis, 1 Peter J Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Grapov D, Lemay DG, Weber D, Phinney BS, Azulay Chertok IR, Gho DS, German JB, Smilowitz JT. The human colostrum whey proteome is altered in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:512-20. [PMID: 25338220 PMCID: PMC4286167 DOI: 10.1021/pr500818d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics of human milk has been used to identify the comprehensive cargo of proteins involved in immune and cellular function. Very little is known about the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on lactation and breast milk components. The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of GDM on the expression of proteins in the whey fraction of human colostrum. Colostrum was collected from women who were diagnosed with (n = 6) or without (n = 12) GDM at weeks 24-28 in pregnancy. Colostral whey was analyzed for protein abundances using high-resolution, high-mass accuracy liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 601 proteins were identified, of which 260 were quantified using label free spectral counting. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis identified 27 proteins that best predict GDM. The power law global error model corrected for multiple testing was used to confirm that 10 of the 27 proteins were also statistically significantly different between women with versus without GDM. The identified changes in protein expression suggest that diabetes mellitus during pregnancy has consequences on human colostral proteins involved in immunity and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Grapov
- National Institute of Health West Coast Metabolomics Center, ‡Genome Center, §Genome Center Proteomics Core Facility, ⊥Department of Food Science and Technology, and ¶Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
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43
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Totten SM, Wu LD, Parker EA, Davis JCC, Hua S, Stroble C, Ruhaak LR, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Rapid-throughput glycomics applied to human milk oligosaccharide profiling for large human studies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7925-35. [PMID: 25358913 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycomic analysis is the comprehensive determination of glycan (oligosaccharide) structures with quantitative information in a biological sample. Rapid-throughput glycomics is complicated due to the lack of a template, which has greatly facilitated analysis in the field of proteomics. Furthermore, the large similarities in structures make fragmentation spectra (as obtained in electron impact ionization and tandem mass spectrometry) less definitive for identification as it has been in metabolomics. In this study, we develop a concept of rapid-throughput glycomics on human milk oligosaccharides, which have proven to be an important bioactive component of breast milk, providing the infant with protection against pathogenic infection and supporting the establishment of a healthy microbiota. To better understand the relationship between diverse oligosaccharides structures and their biological function as anti-pathogenic and prebiotic compounds, large human studies are needed, which necessitate rapid- to high-throughput analytical platforms. Herein, a complete glycomics methodology is presented, evaluating the most effective human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) extraction protocols, the linearity and reproducibility of the nano-liquid chromatography chip time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nano-LC chip-TOF MS) method, and the efficacy of newly developed, in-house software for chromatographic peak alignment that allows for rapid data analysis. High instrument stability and retention time reproducibility, together with the successful automated alignment of hundreds of features in hundreds of milk samples, allow for the use of an HMO library for rapid assignment of fully annotated structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Totten
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Khaldi N, Vijayakumar V, Dallas D, Guerrero A, Wickramasinghe S, Smilowitz JT, Medrano JF, Lebrilla C, Shields DC, German JB. Predicting the important enzymes in human breast milk digestion. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:7225-7232. [PMID: 24620897 PMCID: PMC4264622 DOI: 10.1021/jf405601e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is known to contain several proteases, but little is known about whether these enzymes are active, which proteins they cleave, and their relative contribution to milk protein digestion in vivo. This study analyzed the mass spectrometry-identified protein fragments found in pooled human milk by comparing their cleavage sites with the enzyme specificity patterns of an array of enzymes. The results indicate that several enzymes are actively taking part in the digestion of human milk proteins within the mammary gland, including plasmin and/or trypsin, elastase, cathepsin D, pepsin, chymotrypsin, a glutamyl endopeptidase-like enzyme, and proline endopeptidase. Two proteins were most affected by enzyme hydrolysis: β-casein and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. In contrast, other highly abundant milk proteins such as α-lactalbumin and lactoferrin appear to have undergone no proteolytic cleavage. A peptide sequence containing a known antimicrobial peptide is released in breast milk by elastase and cathepsin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Khaldi
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular
and Biomedical Research, School
of Medicine and Medical Sciences and Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Vaishnavi Vijayakumar
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular
and Biomedical Research, School
of Medicine and Medical Sciences and Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - David
C. Dallas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrés Guerrero
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Saumya Wickramasinghe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University
of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Juan F. Medrano
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Carlito
B. Lebrilla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Denis C. Shields
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular
and Biomedical Research, School
of Medicine and Medical Sciences and Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Foods for Health Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Department of
Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Abstract
In addition to providing complete postnatal nutrition, breast milk is a complex biofluid that delivers bioactive components for the growth and development of the intestinal and immune systems. Lactation is a unique opportunity to understand the role of diet in shaping the intestinal environment including the infant microbiome. Of considerable interest is the diversity and abundance of milk glycans that are energetically costly for the mammary gland to produce yet indigestible by infants. Milk glycans comprise free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycopeptides, and glycolipids. Emerging technological advances are enabling more comprehensive, sensitive, and rapid analyses of these different classes of milk glycans. Understanding the impact of inter- and intraindividual glycan diversity on function is an important step toward interventions aimed at improving health and preventing disease. This review discusses the state of technology for glycan analysis and how specific structure-function knowledge is enhancing our understanding of early nutrition in the neonate.
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Smilowitz JT, Gho DS, Mirmiran M, German JB, Underwood MA. Rapid measurement of human milk macronutrients in the neonatal intensive care unit: accuracy and precision of fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy. J Hum Lact 2014; 30:180-9. [PMID: 24423984 DOI: 10.1177/0890334413517941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is well established that human milk varies widely in macronutrient content, it remains common for human milk fortification for premature infants to be based on historic mean values. As a result, those caring for premature infants often underestimate protein intake. Rapid precise measurement of human milk protein, fat, and lactose to allow individualized fortification has been proposed for decades but remains elusive due to technical challenges. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of a Fourier transform (FT) mid-infrared (IR) spectroscope in the neonatal intensive care unit to measure human milk fat, total protein, lactose, and calculated energy compared with standard chemical analyses. METHODS One hundred sixteen breast milk samples across lactation stages from women who delivered at term (n = 69) and preterm (n = 5) were analyzed with the FT mid-IR spectroscope and with standard chemical methods. Ten of the samples were tested in replicate using the FT mid-IR spectroscope to determine repeatability. RESULTS The agreement between the FT mid-IR spectroscope analysis and reference methods was high for protein and fat and moderate for lactose and energy. The intra-assay coefficients of variation for all outcomes were less than 3%. CONCLUSION The FT mid-IR spectroscope demonstrated high accuracy in measurement of total protein and fat of preterm and term milk with high precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Smilowitz
- 1Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Hong Q, Ruhaak LR, Totten SM, Smilowitz JT, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Label-free absolute quantitation of oligosaccharides using multiple reaction monitoring. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2640-7. [PMID: 24502421 PMCID: PMC3983013 DOI: 10.1021/ac404006z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
An absolute quantitation method for
measuring free human milk oligosaccharides
(HMOs) in milk samples was developed using multiple reaction monitoring
(MRM). To obtain the best sensitivity, the instrument conditions were
optimized to reduce the source and postsource fragmentation prior
to the quadrupole transmission. Fragmentation spectra of HMOs using
collision-induced dissociation were studied to obtain the best characteristic
fragments. At least two MRM transitions were used to quantify and
identify each structure in the same run. The fragment ions corresponded
to the production of singly charged mono-, di-, and trisaccharide
fragments. The sensitivity and accuracy of the quantitation using
MRM were determined, with the detection limit in the femtomole level
and the calibration range spanning over 5 orders of magnitude. Seven
commercial HMO standards were used to create calibration curves and
were used to determine a universal response for all HMOs. The universal
response factor was used to estimate absolute amounts of other structures
and the total oligosaccharide content in milk. The quantitation method
was applied to 20 human milk samples to determine the variations in
HMO concentrations from women classified as secretors and nonsecretors,
a phenotype that can be identified by the concentration of 2′-fucosylation
in their milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuting Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Huang J, Lee H, Zivkovic AM, Smilowitz JT, Rivera N, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Glycomic analysis of high density lipoprotein shows a highly sialylated particle. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:681-91. [PMID: 24417605 PMCID: PMC3975653 DOI: 10.1021/pr4012393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Many
of the functional proteins and lipids in high density lipoprotein
(HDL) particles are potentially glycosylated, yet very little is known
about the glycoconjugates of HDL. In this study, HDL was isolated
from plasma by sequential micro-ultracentrifugation, followed by glycoprotein
and glycolipid analysis. N-Glycans, glycopeptides, and gangliosides
were extracted and purified followed by analysis with nano-HPLC Chip
quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry and MS/MS. HDL particles
were found to be highly sialylated. Most of the N-glycans (∼90%)
from HDL glycoproteins were sialylated with one or two neuraminic
acids (Neu5Ac). The most abundant N-glycan was a biantennary complex
type glycan with two sialic acids (Hexose5HexNAc4Neu5Ac2) and was found in multiple glycoproteins using
site-specific glycosylation analysis. The observed O-glycans were
all sialylated, and most contained a core 1 structure with two Neu5Acs,
including those that were associated with apolipoprotein CIII (ApoC-III)
and fetuin A. GM3 (monosialoganglioside, NeuAc2–3Gal1–4Glc–Cer)
and GD3 (disialoganglioside, NeuAc2–8NeuAc2–3Gal1–4Glc–Cer)
were the major gangliosides in HDL. A 60% GM3 and 40% GD3 distribution
was observed. Both GM3 and GD3 were composed of heterogeneous ceramide
lipid tails, including d18:1/16:0 and d18:1/23:0. This report describes
for the first time a glycomic approach for analyzing HDL, highlighting
that HDL are highly sialylated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Food Science and Technology, and §Foods for Health Institute, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Lemay DG, Hovey RC, Hartono SR, Hinde K, Smilowitz JT, Ventimiglia F, Schmidt KA, Lee JWS, Islas-Trejo A, Silva PI, Korf I, Medrano JF, Barry PA, German JB. Sequencing the transcriptome of milk production: milk trumps mammary tissue. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:872. [PMID: 24330573 PMCID: PMC3871720 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of normal human mammary gland development and function have mostly relied on cell culture, limited surgical specimens, and rodent models. Although RNA extracted from human milk has been used to assay the mammary transcriptome non-invasively, this assay has not been adequately validated in primates. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to assess the suitability of lactating rhesus macaques as a model for lactating humans and to determine whether RNA extracted from milk fractions is representative of RNA extracted from mammary tissue for the purpose of studying the transcriptome of milk-producing cells. RESULTS We confirmed that macaque milk contains cytoplasmic crescents and that ample high-quality RNA can be obtained for sequencing. Using RNA sequencing, RNA extracted from macaque milk fat and milk cell fractions more accurately represented RNA from mammary epithelial cells (cells that produce milk) than did RNA from whole mammary tissue. Mammary epithelium-specific transcripts were more abundant in macaque milk fat, whereas adipose or stroma-specific transcripts were more abundant in mammary tissue. Functional analyses confirmed the validity of milk as a source of RNA from milk-producing mammary epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS RNA extracted from the milk fat during lactation accurately portrayed the RNA profile of milk-producing mammary epithelial cells in a non-human primate. However, this sample type clearly requires protocols that minimize RNA degradation. Overall, we validated the use of RNA extracted from human and macaque milk and provided evidence to support the use of lactating macaques as a model for human lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Lemay
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stella R Hartono
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Peabody Museum, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Frank Ventimiglia
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kimberli A Schmidt
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joyce WS Lee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pedro Ivo Silva
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ian Korf
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Smilowitz JT, Totten SM, Huang J, Grapov D, Durham HA, Lammi-Keefe CJ, Lebrilla C, German JB. Human milk secretory immunoglobulin a and lactoferrin N-glycans are altered in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. J Nutr 2013; 143:1906-12. [PMID: 24047700 PMCID: PMC3827637 DOI: 10.3945/jn.113.180695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Very little is known about the effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on lactation and milk components. Recent reports suggested that hyperglycemia during pregnancy was associated with altered breast milk immune factors. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and N-glycans of milk immune-modulatory proteins are implicated in modulation of infant immunity. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of GDM on HMO and protein-conjugated glycan profiles in breast milk. Milk was collected at 2 wk postpartum from women diagnosed with (n = 8) or without (n = 16) GDM at week 24-28 in pregnancy. Milk was analyzed for HMO abundances, protein concentrations, and N-glycan abundances of lactoferrin and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). HMOs and N-glycans were analyzed by mass spectrometry and milk lactoferrin and sIgA concentrations were analyzed by the Bradford assay. The data were analyzed using multivariate modeling confirmed with univariate statistics to determine differences between milk of women with compared with women without GDM. There were no differences in HMOs between milk from women with vs. without GDM. Milk from women with GDM compared with those without GDM was 63.6% lower in sIgA protein (P < 0.05), 45% higher in lactoferrin total N-glycans (P < 0.0001), 36-72% higher in lactoferrin fucose and sialic acid N-glycans (P < 0.01), and 32-43% lower in sIgA total, mannose, fucose, and sialic acid N-glycans (P < 0.05). GDM did not alter breast milk free oligosaccharide abundances but decreased total protein and glycosylation of sIgA and increased glycosylation of lactoferrin in transitional milk. The results suggest that maternal glucose dysregulation during pregnancy has lasting consequences that may influence the innate immune protective functions of breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dmitry Grapov
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA; and
| | - Holiday A. Durham
- Agricultural Center and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Carol J. Lammi-Keefe
- Agricultural Center and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- Foods for Health Institute
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