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Damian-Medina K, Cernioglo K, Waheed M, DiMaggio DM, Porto AF, Smilowitz JT. Cross-Sectional Analysis of Infant Diet, Outcomes, Consumer Behavior and Parental Perspectives to Optimize Infant Feeding in Response to the 2022 U.S. Infant Formula Shortage. Nutrients 2024; 16:748. [PMID: 38474876 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In May of 2022, millions of U.S. parents encountered uncertainty in safely feeding their infants due to the infant formula shortage. METHODS An anonymous, electronic, cross-sectional, retrospective survey was used. RESULTS U.S. parents (n = 178) whose infants were ~10 weeks old during the shortage completed the survey. Of parents, 81% switched formulas during the shortage, 87% switched because they could not find the formula they typically used, 34% switched 3-5 times, 29% of parents visited ≥4 stores/24 h and 26% of parents traveled >20 miles/24 h to purchase formula. Use of infant formula increased (p < 0.01); in infants requiring specialty formula, use of intact cow's milk formula increased (p < 0.05) and use of premature infant formulas decreased (p < 0.05). Infants relying on specialty formulas experienced at least one undesirable outcome compared with non-specialty users. Parents used social media, relatives/friends and healthcare providers for support during the shortage, but their helpfulness scores were suboptimal. Parents reported the need for greater infant formula availability, free prenatal lactation education and postpartum lactation support. CONCLUSIONS Government, regulatory and healthcare policy oversight are needed to protect the infant feeding system, including more commercially available products, access to banked donor milk and lactation support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Damian-Medina
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karina Cernioglo
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maha Waheed
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - Anthony F Porto
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Cernioglo K, Smilowitz JT. Infant feeding practices and parental perceptions during the 2022 United States infant formula shortage crisis. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:320. [PMID: 37355589 PMCID: PMC10290398 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In May of 2022, parents living in the United States experienced a dramatic infant formula shortage caused by supply chain issues and the recall of several infant formula products over contamination concerns. METHODS An anonymous, electronic, cross-sectional survey was designed to understand infant feeding practices, parental experience and perceived support during the crisis. RESULTS Ninety-nine parents that lived in the U.S. and fulfilled study criteria completed the survey. 66% of respondents were female, and 75% of respondents were recipients of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women Infant Children (WIC). Parental mean age was 30.0 years, and the mean infant age was 26.8 weeks. The number of individuals that used at least one unsafe infant feeding practice increased from 8% before the infant formula shortage to 48.5% during the shortage (p < 0.001). 79% of parents fed their infants U.S. infant formula brands and 39% of parents fed their infants imported infant formula brands before the shortage which were significantly reduced during the shortage to 27% (p < 0.005) and 11% (p < 0.005), respectively. The percentage of parents that reported infant feeding practices before and during the infant formula shortage significantly increased from 2 to 28% for banked donor milk use (p < 0.005); 5-26% for use of human milk from informal sharing (p < 0.005); and 2-29% for use of watered-down infant formula (p < 0.005). The resources that parents reported as most helpful in navigating the crisis differed by parental sex and WIC recipient status and included other parents, friends, and family; lactation consultants; healthcare providers; and WIC. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that feeding practices in response to the infant formula shortage may pose health risks to infants including nutrition and food insecurity. These data suggest the need for policy changes within regulatory and the healthcare system to provide families with clinical prenatal and postnatal lactation support, access to pasteurized banked donor milk, and access to more commercially available products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Cernioglo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, 1139 Robert Mondavi Institute, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer T Smilowitz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, 1139 Robert Mondavi Institute, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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O’Brien CE, Meier AK, Cernioglo K, Mitchell RD, Casaburi G, Frese SA, Henrick BM, Underwood MA, Smilowitz JT. Early probiotic supplementation with B. infantis in breastfed infants leads to persistent colonization at 1 year. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:627-636. [PMID: 33762689 PMCID: PMC8460680 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01350-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported a dysfunctional gut microbiome in breastfed infants. Probiotics have been used in an attempt to restore the gut microbiome; however, colonization has been transient, inconsistent among individuals, or has not positively impacted the host's gut. METHODS This is a 2-year follow-up study to a randomized controlled trial wherein 7-day-old infants received 1.8 × 1010 colony-forming unit Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) EVC001 (EVC) daily for 21 days or breast milk alone (unsupplemented (UNS)). In the follow-up study, mothers (n = 48) collected infant stool at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months postnatal and completed the health-diet questionnaires. RESULTS Fecal B. infantis was 2.5-3.5 log units higher at 6-12 months in the EVC group compared with the UNS group (P < 0.01) and this relationship strengthened with the exclusion of infants who consumed infant formula and antibiotics. Infants in the EVC group had significantly higher Bifidobacteriaceae and lower Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae (P < 0.05). There were no differences in any health conditions between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Probiotic supplementation with B. infantis within the first month postnatal, in combination with breast milk, resulted in stable colonization that persisted until at least 1 year postnatal. IMPACT A dysfunctional gut microbiome in breastfed infants is common in resource-rich nations and associated with an increased risk of immune diseases. Probiotics only transiently exist in the gut without persistent colonization or altering the gut microbiome. This is the first study to show that early probiotic supplementation with B. infantis with breast milk results in stable colonization of B. infantis and improvements to the gut microbiome 1 year postnatal. This study addresses a key gap in the literature whereby probiotics can restore the gut microbiome if biologically selected microorganisms are matched with their specific food in an open ecological niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. O’Brien
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Anna K. Meier
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Karina Cernioglo
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | | | | | - Steven A. Frese
- grid.266818.30000 0004 1936 914XDepartment of Nutrition, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557 USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Bethany M. Henrick
- Evolve BioSystems, Inc., Davis, CA USA ,grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Mark A. Underwood
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Children’s Hospital, Sacramento, CA USA
| | - Jennifer T. Smilowitz
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
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