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Göl E, Çok İ, Battal D, Şüküroğlu AA. Assessment of Preschool Children's Exposure Levels to Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticide: A Human Biomonitoring Study in Two Turkish Provinces. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:318-331. [PMID: 36877224 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are products developed to prevent, destroy, repel or control certain forms of plant or animal life that are considered to be pests. However, now they are one of the critical risk factors threatening the environment, and they create a significant threat to the health of children. Organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides are widely used in Turkey as well as all over the world. The main focus of this presented study was to analyze the OP and PYR exposure levels in urine samples obtained from 3- to 6-year-old Turkish preschool children who live in the Ankara (n:132) and Mersin (n:54) provinces. In order to measure the concentrations of three nonspecific metabolites of PYR insecticides and four nonspecific and one specific metabolite of OPs, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses were performed. The nonspecific PYR metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) found in 87.1% of samples (n = 162) and the specific OP metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) found in 60.2% of samples (n = 112) were the most frequently detected metabolites in all urine samples. The mean concentrations of 3-PBA and TCPY were 0.38 ± 0.8 and 0.11 ± 0.43 ng/g creatinine, respectively. Although due to the large individual variation no statistically significant differences were found between 3-PBA (p = 0.9969) and TCPY (p = 0.6558) urine levels in the two provinces, significant exposure differences were determined both between provinces and within the province in terms of gender. Risk assessment strategies performed in light of our findings do not disclose any proof of a possible health problems related to analyzed pesticide exposure in Turkish children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Göl
- Ankara Toxicology Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, 06300, Keçiören, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmet Çok
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Battal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ayça Aktaş Şüküroğlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Liang D, Batross J, Fiedler N, Prapamontol T, Suttiwan P, Panuwet P, Naksen W, Baumert BO, Yakimavets V, Tan Y, D'Souza P, Mangklabruks A, Sittiwang S, Kaewthit K, Kohsuwan K, Promkam N, Pingwong S, Ryan PB, Barr DB. Metabolome-wide association study of the relationship between chlorpyrifos exposure and first trimester serum metabolite levels in pregnant Thai farmworkers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114319. [PMID: 36108722 PMCID: PMC9909724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organophosphate (OP) insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, have been linked with numerous harmful health effects on maternal and child health. Limited data are available on the biological mechanisms and endogenous pathways underlying the toxicity of chlorpyrifos exposures on pregnancy and birth outcomes. In this study, we measured a urinary chlorpyrifos metabolite and used high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) to identify biological perturbations associated with chlorpyrifos exposure among pregnant women in Thailand, who are disparately exposed to high levels of OP insecticides. METHODS This study included 50 participants from the Study of Asian Women and their Offspring's Development and Environmental Exposures (SAWASDEE). We used liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry to conduct metabolic profiling on first trimester serum samples collected from participants to evaluate metabolic perturbations in relation to chlorpyrifos exposures. We measured 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a specific metabolite of chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl, in first trimester urine samples to assess the levels of exposures. Following an untargeted metabolome-wide association study workflow, we used generalized linear models, pathway enrichment analyses, and chemical annotation to identify significant metabolites and pathways associated with urinary TCPy levels. RESULTS In the 50 SAWASDEE participants, the median urinary TCPy level was 4.36 μg TCPy/g creatinine. In total, 691 unique metabolic features were found significantly associated with TCPy levels (p < 0.05) after controlling for confounding factors. Pathway analysis of metabolic features associated with TCPy indicated perturbations in 24 metabolic pathways, most closely linked to the production of reactive oxygen species and cellular damage. These pathways include tryptophan metabolism, fatty acid oxidation and peroxisome metabolism, cytochromes P450 metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and vitamin B3 metabolism. We confirmed the chemical identities of 25 metabolites associated with TCPy levels, including glutathione, cystine, arachidic acid, itaconate, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. DISCUSSION The metabolic perturbations associated with TCPy levels were related to oxidative stress, cellular damage and repair, and systemic inflammation, which could ultimately contribute to health outcomes, including neurodevelopmental deficits in the child. These findings support the future development of sensitive biomarkers to investigate the metabolic underpinnings related to pesticide exposure during pregnancy and to understand its link to adverse outcomes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Liang
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Jonathan Batross
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nancy Fiedler
- Rutgers University, Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Chiang Mai University, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Panrapee Suttiwan
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Psychology, LIFE Di Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Brittney O Baumert
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Volha Yakimavets
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Youran Tan
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Priya D'Souza
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ampica Mangklabruks
- Chiang Mai University, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Supattra Sittiwang
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Psychology, LIFE Di Center, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kanyapak Kohsuwan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Nattawadee Promkam
- Chiang Mai University, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sureewan Pingwong
- Chiang Mai University, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Sukuroglu AA, Battal D, Kocadal K, Sungur MA, Cok İ, Unlusayin I. Biomonitoring of bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, and 4-t-octylphenol in Turkish population: exposure and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26250-26262. [PMID: 34850348 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring studies are important tools to understand the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds on human health. Up to now, there have been no biomonitoring and risk assessment studies conducted in Turkish population in which urinary bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP) levels were measured simultaneously. The aim of this study is to measure urinary BPA, 4-NP, and 4-t-OP on Turkish population and conduct a risk assessment using urinary levels of chemicals of interest. During the study, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to measure urinary levels of above-mentioned chemicals, and human biomonitoring was used as a risk assessment tool in 103 volunteers, living in Mersin Region, Turkey. Urinary BPA, 4-NP, and 4-t-OP were founded as 0.0079 μg/g creatinine, 0.0177 μg/g creatinine, and 0.0114 μg/g creatinine, respectively. The obtained estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated as 0.095 μg/kg bw/day, 0.041 μg/kg bw/day, and 0.091 μg/kg bw/day, for BPA, 4-NP, and 4-t-OP, respectively. In conclusion, although no potential health risk due to BPA and 4-NP exposure was observed, there might be health risks associated with 4-t-OP exposure in the Turkish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Aktas Sukuroglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, 33169, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Battal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, 33169, Mersin, Turkey
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, 99138, Turkey
| | - Kumsal Kocadal
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, 99138, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Sungur
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, 81620, Turkey
| | - İsmet Cok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, 06330, Turkey
| | - Irfan Unlusayin
- Acibadem Lab Med Research and Development Laboratory, Istanbul, 34662, Turkey
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Battal D, Sukuroglu AA, Kocadal K, Cok I, Unlusayin I. Establishment of rapid, sensitive, and quantitative liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method coupled with liquid-liquid extraction for measurement of urinary bisphenol A, 4-t-octylphenol, and 4-nonylphenol. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9084. [PMID: 33733529 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) are ubiquitous manufactured chemicals classified as endocrine disruptors. Now these substances are prevalent and found in a wide range of biological and environmental matrices globally. Acting as xenoestrogens, their target is to bind estrogen receptors and compete against natural hormones. Thus, there is an increasing concern on their negative health consequences. METHODS A rapid, sensitive, and robust method was established, validated, and used for the trace analysis of BPA, 4-t-OP, and 4-NP in human urine using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The linear ranges for BPA, 4-t-OP, and 4-NP were 5.0-500 ng/mL. The correlation coefficient was higher than 0.996. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation for the compounds were 0.001, 0.007, and 0.005 ng/mL and 0.005, 0.023, and 0.180 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries were as follows: 99.539%-108.557%, 97.780%-110.768%, and 99.694%-106.908% for BPA, 4-NP, and 4-t-OP respectively, with relative standard deviation <8.26%. CONCLUSIONS The established method was also applied effectively for the determination of BPA, 4-t-OP, and 4-NP levels in 15 human urine samples. This method was specifically developed for easy and precise analysis of BPA, 4-t-OP, and 4-NP in human urine. The method developed has been shown to be accurate, precise, and sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Battal
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Kumsal Kocadal
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ismet Cok
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irfan Unlusayin
- Acibadem Lab Med Research and Development Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
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GC-MS Studies on Derivatization of Creatinine and Creatine by BSTFA and Their Measurement in Human Urine. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113206. [PMID: 34071971 PMCID: PMC8198549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In consideration of its relatively constant urinary excretion rate, creatinine (2-amino-1-methyl-5H-imidazol-4-one, MW 113.1) in urine is a useful endogenous biochemical parameter to correct the urinary excretion rate of numerous endogenous and exogenous substances. Reliable measurement of creatinine by gas chromatography (GC)-based methods requires derivatization of its amine and keto groups. Creatinine exists in equilibrium with its open form creatine (methylguanidoacetic acid, MW 131.1), which has a guanidine and a carboxylic group. Trimethylsilylation and trifluoroacetylation of creatinine and creatine are the oldest reported derivatization methods for their GC-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis in human serum using flame- or electron-ionization. We performed GC-MS studies on the derivatization of creatinine (d0-creatinine), [methylo-2H3]creatinine (d3-creatinine, internal standard) and creatine (d0-creatine) with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) using standard derivatization conditions (60 min, 60 °C), yet in the absence of any base. Reaction products were characterized both in the negative-ion chemical ionization (NICI) and in the positive-ion chemical ionization (PICI) mode. Creatinine and creatine reacted with BSTFA to form several derivatives. Their early eluting N,N,O-tris(trimethylsilyl) derivatives (8.9 min) were found to be useful for the precise and accurate measurement of the sum of creatinine and creatine in human urine (10 µL, up to 20 mM) by selected-ion monitoring (SIM) of m/z 271 (d0-creatinine/d0-creatine) and m/z 274 (d3-creatinine) in the NICI mode. In the PICI mode, SIM of m/z 256, m/z 259, m/z 272 and m/z 275 was performed. BSTFA derivatization of d0-creatine from a freshly prepared solution in distilled water resulted in formation of two lMate-eluting derivatives (14.08 min, 14.72 min), presumably creatinyl-creatinine, with the creatininyl residue existing in its enol form (14.08 min) and keto form (14.72 min). Our results suggest that BSTFA derivatization does not allow specific analysis of creatine and creatinine by GC-MS. Preliminary analyses suggest that pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA) is also not useful for the measurement of creatinine in the presence of creatine. Both BSTFA and PFPA facilitate the conversion of creatine to creatinine. Specific measurement of creatinine in urine is possible by using pentafluorobenzyl bromide in aqueous acetone.
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Dilute-and-Shoot HPLC-UV Method for Determination of Urinary Creatinine as a Normalization Tool in Mycotoxin Biomonitoring in Pigs. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102445. [PMID: 32456313 PMCID: PMC7288144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and accurate HPLC-UV method was developed for the determination of creatinine in pig urine. Usually, it is determined in urine in biomonitoring of xenobiotics to correct for variations in dilutions of urine samples. The colorimetric method (based on Jaffe reaction), which was mainly used for this purpose in mycotoxin biomonitoring, is not a reliable approach for pig urine. Therefore, a novel and accurate HPLC method for creatinine determination was developed. The sample preparation was based on the dilute and shoot approach. An HPLC separation was performed with a porous graphitic carbon column with an aqueous mobile phase to achieve satisfactory retention time for creatinine. The method has been successfully validated, applied for the determination of creatinine in pig urine, and compared with other methods commonly used for that purpose—a colorimetric method based on Jaffe reaction and commercial ELISA test. The developed HPLC method shows the highest precision and accuracy for pig urine samples. Finally, the method was applied as a normalization tool in LC-MS/MS mycotoxin biomarkers analysis. The standardization to a constant creatinine level (0.5 mg/mL) enables similar matrix effects for eleven mycotoxin biomarkers for pig urine samples with different creatinine levels.
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Zhu W, Wen BY, Jie LJ, Tian XD, Yang ZL, Radjenovic PM, Luo SY, Tian ZQ, Li JF. Rapid and low-cost quantitative detection of creatinine in human urine with a portable Raman spectrometer. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 154:112067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Çok İ, İkidağ ÖT, Battal D, Aktaş A. Assessment of Bisphenol A Levels in Preschool Children: Results of a Human Biomonitoring Study in Ankara, Turkey. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 12:86-94. [PMID: 31475509 PMCID: PMC7127886 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2019.2019.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is general concern regarding environmental chemical exposure and the impact it may have on human health. This is particularly important for vulnerable populations such as infants and children during critical periods of development. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical used worldwide over the last 30 years in many consumer products. Evidence points to widespread human exposure to BPA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure of Turkish preschool children to BPA. METHODS This study was conducted as a preliminary investigation of BPA in urine, collected from 3-6 year old children living in Ankara. After spot urine samples were taken from preschool children, free BPA, β-D-glucuronide and total BPA were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and adjusted by creatinine concentration. RESULTS Preschool children from Ankara (n=125; males n=70, females n=55; mean age: 4.50±1.26) were recruited. BPA was detected in 76.8% of children from Ankara city, with urinary concentrations ranging from < limit of quantification to 18.36 μg/g creatinine. Total BPA levels were not statistically different between boys (1.26 μg/g creatinine) and girls (2.24 μg/g creatinine) (p>0.05). CONCLUSION This study is an important contribution to the limited information about childhood exposure to BPA. The estimated daily BPA intake in this study is substantially lower than the European Food Safety Authority derived tolerable daily intake of 4 μg/kg BW/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmet Çok
- Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey E-mail:
| | - Özlem Toprak İkidağ
- Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Battal
- Mersin University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ayça Aktaş
- Mersin University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin, Turkey
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Huang Z, Scotland KB, Li Y, Guo J, McGeer PL, Lange D, Chen DDY. Application of multisegment injection on quantification of creatinine and standard addition analysis of urinary 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid simultaneously with creatinine normalization. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:183-193. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi‐Ao Huang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Kymora B. Scotland
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The Stone Centre at Vancouver General HospitalUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Yueyang Li
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Jian‐Ping Guo
- Aurin Biotech Inc. Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Dirk Lange
- Department of Urologic Sciences, The Stone Centre at Vancouver General HospitalUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - David D. Y. Chen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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Zahoor N, Danilenko U, Vesper HW. A fully automated high-throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for measuring creatinine in urine. CLINICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY (DEL MAR, CALIF.) 2019; 11:1-7. [PMID: 34414261 PMCID: PMC8372835 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinms.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Reliable creatinine measurements are important to evaluate kidney function and for creatinine correction to reduce biological variability of other urinary analytes. A high-throughput, accurate liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitation of human urinary creatinine has been developed and validated. Sample preparation was fully automated including cryovial decapping, sample ID scanning and two serial dilution steps. Quantitation was performed using a stable isotope-labeled internal standard. Multiplexed chromatographic separation of creatinine was achieved within a one-minute analysis and followed by tandem mass spectrometry in positive electrospray ionization mode. The precursor and product ions of creatinine and D3-creatinine were monitored in selected reaction monitoring mode. Method validation results showed reproducibility with within-run precision of 3.59, 3.49 and 2.84% and between-run precision of 4.01, 3.28 and 3.57% for low, medium and high quality control materials prepared from pooled donor urine, respectively. The method showed excellent accuracy with a bias of -1.94%, -0.78% and -1.07% for three levels of certified reference material. The calibration curve was linear throughout a 7.50-300 mg/dL (0.663-26.5 mmol/L) measurement range (R2 = 0.999), with the mean slope of 0.0115 (95%CI, 0.0108-0.0122) and intercept of 0.0027 (95%CI, 0.0003-0.0051). The limit of detection (LOD) of the method was 3.17 mg/dL (0.280 mmol/L). Analytical specificity was achieved by chromatographically separating creatinine from potentially interfering creatine within a one-minute run and monitoring the Quantitation Ion/Confirmation Ion (QI/CI) ratios in samples. A simple, accurate, high-throughput method was successfully developed for measuring creatinine in human urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Zahoor
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS F25, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Uliana Danilenko
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS F25, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Hubert W. Vesper
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS F25, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Dziadosz M. Adduct Formation-Supported Two-Way Electrospray Ionization Strategy for the Determination of Urinary Creatinine Concentration with LC–MS-MS in Abstinence Control. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:625-629. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Dziadosz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Germany
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Jurdáková H, Górová R, Addová G, Šalingová A, Ostrovský I. FIA-MS/MS determination of creatinine in urine samples undergoing butylation. Anal Biochem 2018; 549:113-118. [PMID: 29567404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Flow injection analysis-tandem mass spectrometry has become widely used for analysis of many biomarkers in various biological matrices. To improve the sensitivity, the compounds are often determined as their butylesters. Since the concentration of urinary excreted compounds are generally reported after normalization to creatinine, the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of creatinine determination in urine samples which underwent butylation. The impact of derivatization on urinary creatinine determination was investigated by measuring of underivatized and derivatized samples. The 10% creatine to creatinine conversion was observed during butylation, what above 700 μmol creatine/mmol creatinine caused significant creatinine overestimation. In that case, correction for creatine conversion rate was done. QC samples at six concentration levels were examined and precision and accuracy values fulfill the European Medicine Agency validation requirements. The elaborated method was applied for determination of creatinine in 41 real human urine samples. Determined creatinine concentrations were in the range of 0.27-22.3 mmol/L, linearity was confirmed within the concentration range of 0.27-31.7 mmol/L. Obtained results highly correlated with routinely used enzymatic assay for all tested samples and proposed method provide reliable determination of creatinine in butylated urine in a single run with butylesters of other analytes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Jurdáková
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-2, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Renáta Górová
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-2, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gabriela Addová
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-2, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Šalingová
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Comenius University Children's Hospital, Limbová 1, 83340 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Ostrovský
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina CH-2, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Sydow K, Wiedfeld C, Musshoff F, Madea B, Tschoepe D, Stratmann B, Hess C. Evaluation of 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol in clinical and forensic urine samples. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 287:88-97. [PMID: 29655100 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Because of the lack of characteristic morphological findings post mortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and identification of diabetic coma can be complicated. 1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), the 1-deoxy form of glucose, competes with glucose for renal reabsorption. Therefore low serum concentrations of 1,5-AG, reflect hyperglycemic excursions over the prior 1-2 weeks in diabetic patients. Next to clinical applications determination of 1,5-AG can also be used in forensic analysis. To investigate the elimination of 1,5-AG, a liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of 1,5-AG and creatinine in urine was developed and validated according to international guidelines. To evaluate ante mortem concentrations of 1,5-AG spot urine samples of 30 healthy subjects, 46 type 1 and 46 type 2 diabetic patients were analyzed. 1,5-AG urine concentrations of diabetic patients were significantly (p<0.001) lower (mean: 1.54μg/ml, n=92) compared to concentrations of healthy subjects (mean: 4.76μg/ml, n=30) which led to the idea that 1,5-AG urine concentrations post mortem might help in the interpretation of a diabetic coma post mortem. Urine of 47 deceased non-diabetics, 37 deceased diabetic and 9 cases of diabetic coma were measured. Comparison of blood and urine 1,5-AG concentrations in clinic samples (linear, R2=0.13) and forensic samples (linear, R2=0.02) showed no correlation. Urinary levels of 1,5-AG in deceased diabetic (mean 6.9μg/ml) and in non-diabetic patients (mean 6.3μg/ml) did not show a significant difference (p=0.752). However, urinary 1,5-AG concentrations in deceased due to diabetic coma (mean: 1.7μg/ml) were significantly lower than in non-diabetic (mean: 6.3μg/ml, p=0.039) and lower than in diabetic cases (mean: 4.7μg/ml, p=0.058). The determination of a reliable cut-off for the differentiation of diabetic to diabetic coma cases was not possible. Normalization of urinary 1,5-AG concentrations with the respective creatinine concentrations did not show any gain of information. In clinical (serum) and forensic blood samples a significant difference between all groups could be detected (p<0.05). Comparison of blood and urine 1,5-AG concentrations in clinical samples (linear, R2=0.13) and forensic samples (linear, R2=0.02) showed no correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sydow
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christopher Wiedfeld
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frank Musshoff
- Forensic Toxicological Center, Bayerstraße 53, 80335 Munich, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Diethelm Tschoepe
- Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Bernd Stratmann
- Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Ruhr Universität Bochum, Georgstraße 11, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
| | - Cornelius Hess
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111 Bonn, Germany.
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14
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Li M, Du Y, Zhao F, Zeng J, Mohan C, Shih WC. Reagent- and separation-free measurements of urine creatinine concentration using stamping surface enhanced Raman scattering (S-SERS). BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:849-58. [PMID: 25798309 PMCID: PMC4361439 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel reagent- and separation-free method for urine creatinine concentration measurement using stamping surface enhanced Raman scattering (S-SERS) technique with nanoporous gold disk (NPGD) plasmonic substrates, a label-free, multiplexed molecular sensing and imaging technique recently developed by us. The performance of this new technology is evaluated by the detection and quantification of creatinine spiked in three different liquids: creatinine in water, mixture of creatinine and urea in water, and creatinine in artificial urine within physiologically relevant concentration ranges. Moreover, the potential application of our method is demonstrated by creatinine concentration measurements in urine samples collected from a mouse model of nephritis. The limit of detection of creatinine was 13.2 nM (0.15 µg/dl) and 0.68 mg/dl in water and urine, respectively. Our method would provide an alternative tool for rapid, cost-effective, and reliable urine analysis for non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
| | - Fusheng Zhao
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
| | - Jianbo Zeng
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Rd., Houston, Texas 77024,
USA
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15
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Fraselle S, De Cremer K, Coucke W, Glorieux G, Vanmassenhove J, Schepers E, Neirynck N, Van Overmeire I, Van Loco J, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. Development and validation of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to measure creatinine in human urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:88-97. [PMID: 25756209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of creatinine measurement in biological fluids using a large variety of analytical methods, an accurate determination of this compound remains challenging. Especially with the novel trend to assess biomarkers on large sample sets preserved in biobanks, a simple and fast method that could cope with both a high sample throughput and a low volume of sample is still of interest. In answer to these challenges, a fast and accurate ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to measure creatinine in small volumes of human urine. In this method, urine samples are simply diluted with a basic mobile phase and injected directly under positive electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions, without further purification steps. The combination of an important diluting factor (10(4) times) due to the use of a very sensitive triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (XEVO TQ) and the addition of creatinine-d3 as internal standard completely eliminates matrix effects coming from the urine. The method was validated in-house in 2012 according to the EMA guideline on bioanalytical method validation using Certified Reference samples from the German External Quality Assessment Scheme (G-Equas) proficiency test. All obtained results for accuracy and recovery are within the authorized tolerance ranges defined by G-Equas. The method is linear between 0 and 5 g/L, with LOD and LOQ of 5 × 10(-3) g/L and 10(-2) g/L, respectively. The repeatability (CV(r) = 1.03-2.07%) and intra-laboratory reproducibility (CV(RW) = 1.97-2.40%) satisfy the EMA 2012 guideline. The validated method was firstly applied to perform the German G-Equas proficiency test rounds 51 and 53, in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The obtained results were again all within the accepted tolerance ranges and very close to the reference values defined by the organizers of the proficiency test scheme, demonstrating an excellent accuracy of the developed method. The method was finally applied to measure the creatinine concentration in 210 urine samples, coming from 190 patients with a chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 20 healthy subjects. The obtained creatinine concentrations (ranging from 0.12 g/L up to 3.84 g/L) were compared, by means of a Passing Bablok regression, with the creatinine contents obtained for the same samples measured using a traditional compensated Jaffé method. The UHPLC-MS/MS method described in this paper can be used to normalize the concentration of biomarkers in urine for the extent of dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fraselle
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - K De Cremer
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Coucke
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Quality of Medical Laboratories, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Glorieux
- Ghent University Hospital, Renal Division, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - E Schepers
- Ghent University Hospital, Renal Division, Ghent, Belgium
| | - N Neirynck
- Ghent University Hospital, Renal Division, Ghent, Belgium
| | - I Van Overmeire
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Van Loco
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Van Biesen
- Ghent University Hospital, Renal Division, Ghent, Belgium
| | - R Vanholder
- Ghent University Hospital, Renal Division, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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West CE, Rhodes BN. Determination of Urinary Creatinine in Washington State Residents via Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Int J Anal Chem 2014; 2014:247316. [PMID: 25614740 PMCID: PMC4295589 DOI: 10.1155/2014/247316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A viable, quick, and reliable method for determining urinary creatinine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed and used to evaluate spot urine samples collected for the Washington Environmental Biomonitoring Survey (WEBS): part of the Washington State Department of Health, Public Health Laboratories (PHL). 50 µL of urine was mixed with a 1 : 1 acetonitrile/water solution containing deuterated creatinine as the internal standard and then analyzed by LC/MS/MS. Utilizing electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode, the transition ions for creatinine and creatinine-d3 were determined to be 114.0 to 44.1 (quantifier), 114.0 to 86.1 (qualifier), and 117.0 to 47.1 (creatinine-d3). The retention time for creatinine was 0.85 minutes. The linear calibration range was 20-4000 mg/L, with a limit of detection at 1.77 mg/L and a limit of quantitation at 5.91 mg/L. LC/MS/MS and the colorimetric Jaffé reaction were associated significantly (Pearson r = 0.9898 and R (2) = 0.9797, ρ ≤ 0.0001). The LC/MS/MS method developed at the PHL to determine creatinine in the spot urine samples had shorter retention times, and was more sensitive, reliable, reproducible, and safer than other LC/MS/MS or commercial methods such as the Jaffé reaction or modified versions thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E. West
- The Washington State Department of Health, Public Health Laboratories, 1610 NE 150th Street, Shoreline, WA 98155, USA
| | - Blaine N. Rhodes
- The Washington State Department of Health, Public Health Laboratories, 1610 NE 150th Street, Shoreline, WA 98155, USA
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17
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A clinical biomarker assay for the quantification of d3-creatinine and creatinine using LC-MS/MS. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:745-59. [PMID: 24702109 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods to measure skeletal muscle mass are not practical in a clinical setting. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods that measure the amount of urinary d3-creatinine enrichment after a single tracer dose of d3-creatine was developed. RESULTS The biomarkers d3-creatinine and creatinine were detected in human urine using LC-MS/MS. In this assay a surrogate analyte, d3-creatinine, was used to quantify endogenous creatinine. However, since endogenous concentrations of creatinine were orders of magnitude higher than d3-creatinine, the peak area of a less intense isotope of creatinine was acquired. A response factor is used to correct for using a less intense isotope multiple reaction monitoring transition. CONCLUSION Novel LC-MS/MS assays were developed that quantify the biomarkers d3-creatinine, creatinine and d3-creatine in urine. This method allows the estimation of total body creatine pool size and subsequent calculation of muscle mass. This assay was originally validated as fit-for-purpose and was followed by full validation.
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18
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Battal D, Cok I, Unlusayin I, Aktas A, Tunctan B. Determination of urinary levels of Bisphenol A in a Turkish population. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:8443-8452. [PMID: 25171897 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals that is widely used in common consumer products. The aim of this study was to report the total urinary BPA concentrations (free plus conjugated) in 200 urine samples (children: 57; male: 74; female: 69) obtained from residents of a Mediterranean city, Mersin. Analyses were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and for assessing environmental exposure to free BPA and its major metabolite bisphenol A glucuronide (BPAG) in human urine were determinated. Our results indicated that the free BPA and BPAG concentrations were in the range of 0.06-0.99 μg/g creatinine and 0.24-615 μg/g creatinine, respectively. No statistically significant difference obtained in BPA concentrations between genders (male and female) or domicile of residence (rural and urban) (p > 0.05). In our study, the mean level of detected free BPA was 0.46 μg/g creatinine in the urban area and 0.37 μg/g creatinine in the rural area. The average amount of BPAG was 60.56 μg/g creatinine in the urban area and 30.28 μg/g creatinine in the rural area. The data demonstrate that determined amount of total BPA in the present study is lower than the results of similar studies conducted in developed countries. There is no data about the levels of BPA in humans and environment in Turkey. Because of this reason, present study is very important since it is the first study in Turkey which determined the concentrations of free BPA and total BPA in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Battal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin University, 33169, Mersin, Turkey,
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19
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Hewavitharana AK, Darch KM, Shaw PN. Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Determination of Creatinine in Human Urine. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.848363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Andersen EM, Sobus JR, Strynar MJ, Pleil JD, Nakayama SF. Evaluating an alternative method for rapid urinary creatinine determination. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1114-1123. [PMID: 25072898 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.922391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Creatinine (CR) is an endogenously produced chemical that is routinely assayed in urine specimens to assess kidney function and sample dilution. The industry-standard method for CR determination, known as the kinetic Jaffé (KJ) method, relies on an exponential rate of a colorimetric change, and can therefore require automated processing equipment for moderate- to high-throughput analysis (hundreds to thousands of samples per day). This study evaluates an alternative colorimetric method, the "plateau Jaffé" (PJ) method, which utilizes the chemistry of the KJ method, a commercially available kit, and a multipoint calibration curve. This method is amenable to moderate-throughput sample analysis and does not require automated processing equipment. Thirty-two spot urine samples from healthy adult volunteers were analyzed for creatinine concentration (CRc) using the KJ and PJ methods. Samples were also analyzed using a liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS) method, which acted as an analytical control. Replicate measurements of spot samples (natural log-transformed values) were used to estimate method precision, and linear regression models were used to evaluate method accuracy (LC-TOF/MS measurements were considered the analytical benchmark). Measurement precision was comparable across all three methods, with coefficent of variation estimates ranging from 3 to 6%. Regression models generally showed good agreement across methods with R(2) estimates ranging from .996 to .998, slope estimates ranging from .944 to .986, and y-intercept estimates ranging from 0.111 to 0.303. Minor bias (between 2 and 16%) was observed across methods at the tails of the measurement distributions. The provided regression equations can be used to adjust for this bias and to improve CR measurement comparisons across studies employing different methods. Considering these results, the PJ method is a suitable alternative to the industry standard KJ method for urinary CRc determination. It can be implemented for moderate-throughput sample analysis using modest and commonly available lab instrumentation and manual sample preparation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Andersen
- a Human Exposure and Atmospheric Sciences Division , National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA
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21
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Battal D, Cok I, Unlusayin I, Tunctan B. Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitative analysis of free and conjugated bisphenol A in human urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:686-93. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Battal
- Mersin University; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology; 33169 Mersin Turkey
| | - Ismet Cok
- Gazi University; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology; 06330 Ankara Turkey
| | - Irfan Unlusayin
- Acibadem Laboratory Medical Research and Development Laboratory; 34662 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Bahar Tunctan
- Mersin University; Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology; 33169 Mersin Turkey
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22
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Asimakopoulos AG, Wang L, Thomaidis NS, Kannan K. A multi-class bioanalytical methodology for the determination of bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers, p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters, benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters, triclosan, and triclocarban in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1324:141-8. [PMID: 24315674 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A liquid-liquid extraction (LLE; ethyl acetate) protocol, followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) methodology, was developed for the determination of 19 compounds, including bisphenol A diglycidyl ethers (BADGEs; industrial ethers), benzophenone-type UV filters (BP-UV filters; precursors and metabolites), p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters (parabens; preservatives), triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) in human urine. Urine specimens were enzymatically deconjugated with β-glucuronidase (from Helix pomatia) and extracted by a LLE procedure for the measurement of total concentrations (i.e., free+conjugated forms) of target analytes. Absolute recoveries of BADGEs, BP-UV filters, parabens, TCS and TCC ranged 25-135%, 84-125%, 52-126%, 75-118% and 90-124%, respectively. Method precision (absolute values; N=5 replicate analyses at the fortification level of 10 ng, k=5 days) ranged from 5.8 (ethyl paraben) to 24.0% (TCS). The limits of quantification (LOQs) varied depending on the target compound and generally ranged from 0.2 to 2.0 ng/mL. The matrix effects ranged from +11 (2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone) to -86% (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone). A total of 30 urine specimens collected from Athens, Greece, were analyzed for the 19 target compounds to demonstrate the applicability of the developed method. The concentrations of target chemicals in urine were presented on volume-, specific gravity (SG)-, and creatinine-normalization bases. MeP, EtP, PrP, OH-EtP, BADGE·2H2O, BP-1 and TCS were found frequently in urine at concentrations in the range of 2.7-436 ng/mL, <0.5-25.4 ng/mL, <0.5-575 ng/mL, <2-18.4 ng/mL, <0.5-13.8 ng/mL, <1-14.6 ng/mL and <0.5-95.3 ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA; Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Lei Wang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.
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23
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Zhang T, Sun H, Qin X, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Ma J, Kannan K. Benzophenone-type UV filters in urine and blood from children, adults, and pregnant women in China: partitioning between blood and urine as well as maternal and fetal cord blood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 461-462:49-55. [PMID: 23712115 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Limited information exists on the exposure of benzophenone (BP)-type UV filters (i.e., sunscreen compounds) in children, adults, and pregnant women in China. In this study, we determined the concentrations of five BP derivatives, BP-1, BP-2, BP-3, BP-8, and 4OH-BP in urine (n=101) as well as paired specimens of blood and urine (n=24 pairs) collected from adults; in matched maternal and fetal cord blood (n=20 pairs) collected from pregnant women; and in blood collected from children (n=10). 4OH-BP, BP-1, and BP-3 were found in 61%, 57%, and 25%, respectively, of the urine samples analyzed. 4OH-BP was found in all blood samples; BP-3 was found more frequently in the blood of adults (83%), followed, in decreasing order, by pregnant women (35%) and children (30%). Among all adults, urinary BP-3 concentrations were significantly (p<0.001) positively correlated with urinary BP-1 concentrations. Nevertheless, no significant correlations were found between urinary concentrations of BP-3 (or BP-1) and 4OH-BP. Our results suggest that human exposure to BP-3 and BP-1 is related, whereas 4OH-BP originates from a discrete source. Females had higher urinary concentrations of BP-3, BP-1 and 4OH-BP than males. The distribution profiles of BP-1 and its parent compound (i.e., BP-3) in urine decreased with increasing age of donors (p<0.05). The ratio of concentrations of BP-3 between blood and urine was 0.21 in adults, which was significantly lower than that for 4OH-BP (0.36). The concentration ratio of BPs between cord blood and maternal blood was higher for 4OH-BP (0.61) than that for BP-3 (0.48), which suggested greater trans-placental transfer potential of 4OH-BP. This is the first study to document the occurrence of BPs in paired urine and blood, and in matched maternal and fetal cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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24
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Asimakopoulos AG, Bletsou AA, Wu Q, Thomaidis NS, Kannan K. Determination of Benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 85:441-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303266m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New
York, United States
- Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna A. Bletsou
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New
York, United States
- Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Qian Wu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New
York, United States
| | - Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
- Laboratory
of Analytical Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New
York, United States
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25
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Niesser M, Koletzko B, Peissner W. Determination of Creatinine in Human Urine with Flow Injection Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000342774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Chen S, Chen L, Wang J, Hou J, He Q, Liu J, Wang J, Xiong S, Yang G, Nie Z. 2,3,4,5-Tetrakis(3′,4′-dihydroxylphenyl)thiophene: A New Matrix for the Selective Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Amines and Direct Determination of Creatinine in Urine by MALDI-TOF MS. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10291-7. [PMID: 23113720 DOI: 10.1021/ac3021278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suming Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qing He
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jian’an Liu
- Beijing Center for Mass Spectrometry, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiyun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | | | - Guoqiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for
Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing Center for Mass Spectrometry, Beijing 100190, China
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27
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Li X, Fang X, Yu Z, Sheng G, Wu M, Fu J, Chen H. Direct quantification of creatinine in human urine by using isotope dilution extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 748:53-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kwon W, Kim JY, Suh S, In MK. Simultaneous determination of creatinine and uric acid in urine by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with polarity switching electrospray ionization. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 221:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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Liao C, Liu F, Alomirah H, Loi VD, Mohd MA, Moon HB, Nakata H, Kannan K. Bisphenol S in urine from the United States and seven Asian countries: occurrence and human exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:6860-6. [PMID: 22620267 DOI: 10.1021/es301334j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As concern regarding the toxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) grows, BPA in many consumer products is gradually being replaced with compounds such as bisphenol S (BPS). Nevertheless, data on the occurrence of BPS in human specimens are limited. In this study, 315 urine samples, collected from the general populations in the United States, China, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, and Vietnam, were analyzed for the presence of total BPS (free plus conjugated) concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). BPS was detected in 81% of the urine samples analyzed at concentrations ranging from below the limit of quantitation (LOQ; 0.02 ng/mL) to 21 ng/mL (geometric mean: 0.168 ng/mL). The urinary BPS concentration varied among countries, and the highest geometric mean concentration [1.18 ng/mLor 0.933 μg/g creatinine (Cre)] of BPS was found in urine samples from Japan, followed by the United States (0.299 ng/mL, 0.304 μg/g Cre), China (0.226 ng/mL, 0.223 μg/g Cre), Kuwait (0.172 ng/mL, 0.126 μg/g Cre), and Vietnam (0.160 ng/mL, 0.148 μg/g Cre). Median concentrations of BPS in urine samples from the Asian countries were 1 order of magnitude lower than the median concentrations reported earlier for BPA in the same set of samples, with the exception of samples from Japan. There were no significant differences in BPS concentrations between genders (male versus female), or among age groups (categorized as ≤ 19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and ≥ 50 years), or races (Caucasian versus Asian). The daily intake (EDI) of BPS was estimated on the basis of urinary concentrations using a simple pharmacokinetic approach. The median EDI values of BPS in Japan, China, United States, Kuwait, Vietnam, Malaysia, India, and Korea were 1.67, 0.339, 0.316, 0.292, 0.217, 0.122, 0.084, and 0.023 μg/person, respectively. This is the first study to report the occurrence of BPS in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Liao
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, PO Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States
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30
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Nagaraja P, Avinash K, Shivakumar A, Krishna H. Quantification of creatinine in biological samples based on the pseudoenzyme activity of copper-creatinine complex. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 92:318-324. [PMID: 22446781 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the marker of chronic kidney disease can be analyzed by the concentration of cystatin C or creatinine and its clearance in human urine and serum samples. The determination of cystatin C alone as an indicator of GFR does not provide high accuracy, and is more expensive, thus measurement of creatinine has an important role in estimating GFR. We have made an attempt to quantify creatinine based on its pseudoenzyme activity of creatinine in the presence of copper. Creatinine in the presence of copper oxidizes paraphenylenediamine dihydrochloride (PPDD) which couples with dimethylamino benzoicacid (DMAB) giving green colored chromogenic product with maximum absorbance at 710 nm. Kinetic parameters relating this reaction were evaluated. Analytical curves of creatinine by fixed time and rate methods were linear at 8.8-530 μmol L(-1) and 0.221-2.65 mmol L(-1), respectively. Recovery of creatinine varied from 97.8 to 107.8%. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 2.55 and 8.52 μmol L(-1) respectively whereas Sandell's sensitivity and molar absorption coefficient values were 0.0407 μg cm(-2) and 0.1427×10(4) L mol(-1) cm(-1) respectively. Precision studies showed that within day imprecision was 0.745-1.26% and day-to-day imprecision was 1.55-3.65%. The proposed method was applied to human urine and serum samples and results were validated in accordance with modified Jaffe's procedure. Wide linearity ranges with good recovery, less tolerance from excipients and application of the method to serum and urine samples are the claims which ascertain much advantage to this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmarajaiah Nagaraja
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, India.
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31
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Assessment of human deoxynivalenol exposure using an LC–MS/MS based biomarker method. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Liao C, Kannan K. Determination of free and conjugated forms of bisphenol A in human urine and serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:5003-9. [PMID: 22489688 DOI: 10.1021/es300115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to bisphenol A (BPA), a widely used industrial chemical, is well-known. In humans and animals, conjugation of BPA molecule with glucuronide or sulfate is considered as a mechanism for detoxification. Nevertheless, very few studies have directly measured free, conjugated (e.g., glucuronidated), and substituted (e.g., chlorinated) forms of BPA in human specimens. In this study, free, conjugated (BPA glucuronide or BPAG and BPA disulfate or BPADS), and substituted (chlorinated BPA; mono- [BPAMC], di-[BPADC], and trichloride [BPATrC]) forms of BPA were determined in human urine and serum samples, using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. The instrumental calibration for each of the target compounds ranged from 0.01 to 100 ng/mL and showed excellent linearity (r > 0.99). The limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.01 ng/mL for free BPA and 0.05 ng/mL for the conjugated and substituted BPA. Respective recoveries of the six target compounds spiked into water blanks and sample matrices (urine and serum), and passed through the entire analytical procedure, were 96 ± 14% and 105 ± 18% (mean ± SD) for urine samples and 87 ± 8% and 80 ± 13% for serum samples. The optimal recoveries of BPAG and BPADS in the analytical procedure indicted that no deconjugation occurred during the SPE procedure. The method was applied to measure six target chemicals in urine and serum samples collected from volunteers in Albany, New York. BPA and its derivatives were found in urine samples at concentrations ranging from < LOQ to a few tens of ng/mL. In serum, free and conjugated BPA were detected at sub ng/mL concentrations, whereas BPA chlorides were not detected. The urine and serum samples were also analyzed by enzymatic deconjugation and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for the determination of total BPA, and the results were compared with those measured by the SPE method. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of BPAG and BPADS in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Liao
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA
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33
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Kim JY, Kwon WY, Suh SI, In MK. Uncertainty evaluation for the determination of creatinine in urine by LC-MS/MS. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2012.25.1.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Hou H, Xiong W, Zhang X, Song D, Tang G, Hu Q. LC-MS-MS Measurements of Urinary Creatinine and the Application of Creatinine Normalization Technique on Cotinine in Smokers' 24 Hour Urine. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:245415. [PMID: 23209947 PMCID: PMC3503330 DOI: 10.1155/2012/245415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS-MS) method was developed and validated for the quantification of creatinine in human urine. The analysis was carried out on an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 3.5 μm). The mobile phase was 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (50/50, v/v). Linear calibration curves were obtained in the concentration range of 1-2000.0 ng/mL, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.99 ng/mL. The intra- and interday precision (RSD) values were below 3%. The method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of creatinine in Chinese smokers and nonsmokers. The total cotinine in 24 h urine and cotinine : creatinine ratio were also positively associated (Pearson R = 0.942, P < 0.0001). However, cotinine : creatinine ratio varied significantly across smoking groups for the difference of individual. 24 h urinary cotinine was more appropriate for expressing correlation with tar than cotinine : creatinine ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- *Hongwei Hou: and
| | - Wei Xiong
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dongkui Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Gangling Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- *Qingyuan Hu:
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Ryan D, Robards K, Prenzler PD, Kendall M. Recent and potential developments in the analysis of urine: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 684:8-20. [PMID: 21167980 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of urine is a widely used diagnostic tool that traditionally measured one or, at most, a few metabolites. However, the recognition of the need for a holistic approach to metabolism led to the application of metabolomics to urine for disease diagnostics. This review looks at various aspects of urinalysis including sampling and traditional approaches before reviewing recent developments using metabolomics. Spectrometric approaches are covered briefly since there are already a number of very good reviews on NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry and other spectrometries are not as highly developed in their applications to metabolomics. On the other hand, there has been a recent surge in chromatographic applications dedicated to characterising the human urinary metabolome. While developments in the analysis of urine encompassing both classical approaches of urinalysis and metabolomics are covered, it must be emphasized that these approaches are not orthogonal - they both have their uses and are complementary. Regardless, the need to normalise analytical data remains an important impediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ryan
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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36
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Chipuk JE, Gelb MH, Brodbelt JS. Rapid and selective screening for sulfhydryl analytes in plasma and urine using surface-enhanced transmission mode desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4130-9. [PMID: 20402469 PMCID: PMC2872998 DOI: 10.1021/ac100242b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nylon mesh substrates were derivatized to include VICAT(SH), a biotinylated reagent that contains both a photolabile linking group and a thiol specific capture agent. The enhanced mesh substrates were then used to capture sulfhydryl analytes directly from urine and plasma samples via covalent reaction between the reactive thiols of the analytes and the iodoacetaminyl unit of VICAT(SH). Photocleavage of the labile linker was followed by direct analysis of the mesh surface via transmission mode desorption electrospray ionization (TM-DESI). This chemoselective capture method promoted enrichment of sulfhydryl analytes and reduced matrix interferences, thereby resulting in increased analytical performance of surface enhanced TM-DESI-MS when compared to standard DESI-MS. The present work describes the manufacture of the derivatized mesh substrates and the quality control assessments made during the manufacturing process, the optimization of the chemoselective capture method, and results of experiments pertinent to biological applications. Integration of the chemoselective capture materials with ambient ionization and tandem mass spectrometry results in a powerful combination of speed and selectivity for targeted analyte screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Chipuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712
| | | | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, University Station A5300, Austin, Texas 78712
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GC-MS determination of creatinine in human biological fluids as pentafluorobenzyl derivative in clinical studies and biomonitoring: Inter-laboratory comparison in urine with Jaffé, HPLC and enzymatic assays. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2582-92. [PMID: 20462809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In consideration of its relatively constant urinary excretion rate, creatinine in urine is a useful biochemical parameter to correct the urinary excretion rate of endogenous and exogenous biomolecules. Assays based on the reaction of creatinine and picric acid first reported by Jaffé in 1886 still belong to the most frequently used laboratory approaches for creatinine measurement in urine. Further analytical methods for creatinine include HPLC-UV, GC-MS, and LC-MS and LC-MS/MS approaches. In the present article we report on the development, validation and biomedical application of a new GC-MS method for the reliable quantitative determination of creatinine in human urine, plasma and serum. This method is based on the derivatization of creatinine (d(0)-Crea) and the internal standard [methyl-trideutero]creatinine (d(3)-Crea) with pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) bromide in the biological sample directly or after dilution with phosphate buffered saline, extraction of the reaction products with toluene and quantification in 1-μl aliquots of the toluene extract by selected-ion monitoring of m/z 112 for d(0)-Crea-PFB and m/z 115 for d(3)-Crea-PFB in the electron-capture negative-ion chemical ionization mode. The limit of detection of the method is 100 amol of creatinine. In an inter-laboratory study on urine samples from 100 healthy subjects, the GC-MS method was used to test the reliability of currently used Jaffé, enzymatic and HPLC assays in clinical and occupational studies. The results of the inter-laboratory study indicate that all three tested methods allow for satisfactory quantification of creatinine in human urine. The GC-MS method is suitable for use as a reference method for urinary creatinine in humans. In serum, creatine was found to contribute to creatinine up to 20% when measured by the present GC-MS method. The application of the GC-MS method can be extended to other biological samples such as saliva.
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Lee SK, Kim DH, Jin CB, Yoo HH. Determination of Urinary Trimethylamine and Trimethylamine N-oxide by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using Mixed-Mode Stationary Phases. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.02.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Measurement of homocysteine and related metabolites in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3282-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Automated measurement of urinary creatinine by multichannel kinetic spectrophotometry. Anal Biochem 2009; 384:238-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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