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Park J, Han SH, Nam SH, Lee Y. Highly Precise Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Analysis of Major Mineral Nutrients in Edible Salts Using Miniaturized Salt Ponds and Alternating Laser-Ablation Data Sampling. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 77:1351-1361. [PMID: 37844583 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231206195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we applied a hydrophilicity-enhanced solid substrate and an alternating laser-ablation data sampling (ALADS) scheme to improve laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurement precision and demonstrated the performance in analyzing K, Mg, Ca, and S contained in commercially available edible salt products. Five edible salt products from Australia, Bolivia, France, and South Korea were dissolved in water and a tiny volume of each solution was dropped on the solid substrate, that is, a miniaturized salt pond. After being dried, the residual salt crystals distributed still inhomogeneously, but the homogeneity could be significantly improved in comparison with that from typical drop-and-dry methods. The ALADS scheme was applied to extract three precise measurements from 9798 single-shot LIBS spectra covering the entire salt pond. The measurements obtained by ALADS were found to agree well with one another regardless of the inhomogeneous distribution of salt crystals. As a result, the measurement precision was proved remarkably. Limits of detection for K, Mg, Ca, and S were estimated to be 0.64, 1.7, 14, and 530 mg/kg, respectively, which are enough to analyze those elements contained in salts typically at the level of 100 parts per million (ppm) to ∼3 wt% for the purpose of salt quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Hee Han
- Division of Navigation Science, Mokpo National Maritime University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- Plasma Spectroscopy Analysis Center, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
- Plasma Spectroscopy Analysis Center, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
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2
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Choi HB, Moon SH, Kim H, Guthikonda N, Ham KS, Han SH, Nam SH, Lee YH. A Simple Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Method for Quantification and Classification of Edible Sea Salts Assisted by Surface-Hydrophilicity-Enhanced Silicon Wafer Substrates. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9280. [PMID: 38005666 PMCID: PMC10674645 DOI: 10.3390/s23229280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Salt, one of the most commonly consumed food additives worldwide, is produced in many countries. The chemical composition of edible salts is essential information for quality assessment and origin distinction. In this work, a simple laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument was assembled with a diode-pumped solid-state laser and a miniature spectrometer. Its performances in analyzing Mg and Ca in six popular edible sea salts consumed in South Korea and classification of the products were investigated. Each salt was dissolved in water and a tiny amount of the solution was dropped and dried on the hydrophilicity-enhanced silicon wafer substrate, providing homogeneous distribution of salt crystals. Strong Mg II and Ca II emissions were chosen for both quantification and classification. Calibration curves could be constructed with limits-of-detection of 87 mg/kg for Mg and 45 mg/kg for Ca. Also, the Mg II and Ca II emission peak intensities were used in a k-nearest neighbors model providing 98.6% classification accuracy. In both quantification and classification, intensity normalization using a Na I emission line as a reference signal was effective. A concept of interclass distance was introduced, and the increase in the classification accuracy due to the intensity normalization was rationalized based on it. Our methodology will be useful for analyzing major mineral nutrients in various food materials in liquid phase or soluble in water, including salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Bum Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea; (H.-B.C.); (S.-H.M.)
| | - Seung-Hyun Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea; (H.-B.C.); (S.-H.M.)
| | - Hyang Kim
- Plasma Spectroscopy Analysis Center, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (N.G.)
| | - Nagaraju Guthikonda
- Plasma Spectroscopy Analysis Center, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (N.G.)
| | - Kyung-Sik Ham
- Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea;
| | - Song-Hee Han
- Division of Navigation Science, Mokpo National Maritime University, Jeonnam, Mokpo-si 58628, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Ho Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea; (H.-B.C.); (S.-H.M.)
- Plasma Spectroscopy Analysis Center, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (N.G.)
| | - Yong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea; (H.-B.C.); (S.-H.M.)
- Plasma Spectroscopy Analysis Center, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Muan-gun 58554, Republic of Korea; (H.K.); (N.G.)
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3
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Shoa P, Mireei SA, Hemmat A, Erasmus SW, van Ruth SM. Broadband acoustic resonance dissolution spectroscopy of natural edible salts: Visualization and interpretation for descriptive and diagnostic analysis. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Popping B, Buck N, Bánáti D, Brereton P, Gendel S, Hristozova N, Chaves SM, Saner S, Spink J, Willis C, Wunderlin D. Food inauthenticity: Authority activities, guidance for food operators, and mitigation tools. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4776-4811. [PMID: 36254736 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Historically, food fraud was a major public health concern which helped drive the development of early food regulations in many markets including the US and EU market. In the past 10 years, the integrity of food chains with respect to food fraud has again been questioned due to high profile food fraud cases. We provide an overview of the resulting numerous authoritative activities underway within different regions to counter food fraud, and we describe the guidance available to the industry to understand how to assess the vulnerability of their businesses and implement appropriate mitigation. We describe how such controls should be an extension of those already in place to manage wider aspects of food authenticity, and we provide an overview of relevant analytical tools available to food operators and authorities to protect supply chains. Practical Application: Practical Application of the provided information by the food industry in selecting resources (guidance document, analytical methods etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert Popping
- FOCOS - Food Consulting Strategically, Alzenau, Germany
| | - Neil Buck
- General Mills Inc., Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Diána Bánáti
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Paul Brereton
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Steven Gendel
- Gendel Food Safety LLC, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Sandra Mourinha Chaves
- BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Samim Saner
- Mérieux NutriSciences, Tassin la Demi-Lune, France
| | - John Spink
- Department of Supply Chain Management, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Daniel Wunderlin
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Edificio Cs. II, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
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5
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Park J, Kumar S, Han SH, Singh VK, Nam SH, Lee Y. Two-Step Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis Modeling for Accurate Classification of Edible Sea Salt Products Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:1042-1050. [PMID: 35311386 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221091581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been widely applied to material classification in various fields, and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) is one of the frequently used classical multivariate statistics to construct classification models based on the LIBS spectra. However, classification accuracy of the PLS-DA model is sensitive to the number of classes and their similarities. Considering this characteristic of PLS-DA, we suggest a two-step PLS-DA modeling approach to improve the classification accuracy. This strategy was demonstrated for a six-class problem in which six commercial edible sea salts produced in Japan, South Korea, and France are classified using their LIBS spectra. At the first step, test spectra were sorted into four classes and one extended class, composed of the two other most confusing classes, and then the test spectra in the extended class were further classified into each of the two constituent classes which were modeled separately from the other four classes. This two-step classification has been found to remarkably improve the PLS-DA classification accuracy by maximizing the difference between the confusing classes in the second-step modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, 34991Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Korea
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Spectrochemical Analysis Center for Organic and Inorganic Materials and Natural Products, 34991Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Korea
| | - Song-Hee Han
- Division of Navigation Science, 34990Mokpo National Maritime University, Mokpo, Korea
| | - Vivek K Singh
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Sang-Ho Nam
- Department of Chemistry, 34991Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Korea
- Spectrochemical Analysis Center for Organic and Inorganic Materials and Natural Products, 34991Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Korea
| | - Yonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, 34991Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Korea
- Spectrochemical Analysis Center for Organic and Inorganic Materials and Natural Products, 34991Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Korea
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Kumar S, Ngo VT, Park J, Ham K, Singh VK, Nam S, Lee Y. Improving Analytical Performance of
Laser‐induced
Breakdown Spectroscopy for Strontium, the Minor Impurity Element, in Salts Using Multiple
Filter‐Paper
Sampling. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
- Spectrochemical Analysis Center for Organic & Inorganic Materials and Natural Products Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
| | - Van Tho Ngo
- Department of Chemistry Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung‐Sik Ham
- Department of Food Engineering Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek K. Singh
- School of Physics Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University Katra Jammu and Kashmir 182320 India
| | - Sang‐Ho Nam
- Department of Chemistry Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
- Spectrochemical Analysis Center for Organic & Inorganic Materials and Natural Products Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
- Spectrochemical Analysis Center for Organic & Inorganic Materials and Natural Products Mokpo National University Jeonnam 58554 Republic of Korea
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Karavoltsos S, Sakellari A, Bakeas E, Bekiaris G, Plavšić M, Proestos C, Zinelis S, Koukoulakis K, Diakos I, Dassenakis M, Kalogeropoulos N. Trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral composition, and FT-IR characterization of unrefined sea and rock salts: environmental interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10857-10868. [PMID: 31950411 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Unrefined sea salt originates from seawater, typically by natural evaporation. Being minimally processed, it contains the natural minerals and impurities of seawater. Despite the wide applications of salt for culinary and food preservation purposes, the available composition data is particularly limited. Since seawater often contains various harmful substances at a trace or ultra-trace level, their determination in unrefined salt is significant in terms of quality control and food safety. Twenty-four (24) samples of unrefined sea and rock salts retailed in Greece were studied in terms of their trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content, which constitute the usual pollutants examined in seawater. In addition, samples' color and mineralogy were recorded and their attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectra were obtained. No statistically significant differences were found between sea and rock salts regarding their trace metal (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) content (excluding V) and the 15 PAHs examined. ATR FT-IR succeeded to discriminate among sea, rock, flower, and underground salty water salts. Compared with the typical trace metal concentrations in seawater, quite high Pb values were determined in both sea and rock salts, whereas outliers in the rest of the trace elements examined were scarce. Median values of the sum of PAH (ΣPAHs) concentrations were calculated equal to 2.1 and 2.6 ng g-1 for sea and rock salts, respectively. Environmental interactions of salt production with trace elements and PAHs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Karavoltsos
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece.
| | - Aikaterini Sakellari
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Bakeas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Bekiaris
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55, Athens, Greece
| | - Marta Plavšić
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, P.O. Box 180, 10002, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Spiros Zinelis
- Department of Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 21, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Koukoulakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Diakos
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Manos Dassenakis
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 157 84, Athens, Greece
| | - Nick Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 176 76, Athens, Greece
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Kim H, Jeon Y, Lee WB, Nam SH, Han SH, Ham KS, Singh VK, Lee Y. Feasibility of Quantitative Analysis of Magnesium and Calcium in Edible Salts Using a Simple Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Device. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:1172-1182. [PMID: 31315431 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819861552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Feasibility of a simple laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) device has been investigated for the analysis of Mg and Ca in edible salts. The LIBS spectrometer was assembled with a compact low-power diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) and a non-gated low-resolution handheld spectrometer. A simple sampling process was employed for on-site application. A piece of filter paper was dipped in the aqueous solution of a sample salt and dried for analysis using LIBS. Maintaining the sample surface height at the optimum position was critical to generate plasmas persistently due to the low pulse energy of the DPSSL. The varying height of the filter paper surface was monitored and compensated, while the sample stage was translated to collect spectra from different positions. The variation of line intensities of Mg and Ca could be attributed to the inhomogeneous distribution of dry residues. To correct this, the peak that consists of the Na(I) and C(II) lines at 568 nm was employed as a reference signal for intensity normalization of the analyte Mg(II) and Ca(II) lines. For edible salt products, the normalized Mg(II) and Ca(II) line intensities could be well correlated with the concentrations of Mg and Ca determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Our results indicate that a simple LIBS device in combination with the simple sampling method is promising as an on-site salt quality assessment methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyang Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Hee Han
- Division of Navigation Science, Mokpo National Maritime University, Mokpo, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sik Ham
- Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek K Singh
- School of Physics, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Yonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
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9
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Lee Y, Han SH, Nam SH. Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) Modeling of Laser-Induced Plasma Emission Spectra of Edible Salts for Accurate Classification. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:2199-2210. [PMID: 28374604 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817697337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA) analysis of laser-induced plasma emission spectra of edible salts from 12 different geographical origins for their classification model. The spectra were recorded by using a simple laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) device. Each class was modeled by principal component analysis (PCA) of the LIBS spectra. For the classification of a separate test data set, the SIMCA model showed 97% accuracy in classification. An additional insight could be obtained by comparing the SIMCA classification result with that of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Different from SIMCA, the PLS-DA classification accuracy seems to be sensitive to addition of new sample classes to the whole data set. This indicates that the individual modeling approach (SIMCA) can be an alternative to global modeling (PLS-DA), particularly for the classification problems with a relatively large number of sample classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghoon Lee
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Hee Han
- 2 Division of Navigation Science, Mokpo National Maritime University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Nam
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
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Lee Y, Chirinos J, Gonzalez J, Oropeza D, Zorba V, Mao X, Yoo J, Russo RE. Laser-Ablation Sampling for Accurate Analysis of Sulfur in Edible Salts. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:651-658. [PMID: 28374613 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817691288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the performance of laser ablation analysis techniques such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), laser ablation inductively coupled optical emission spectrometry (LA-ICP-OES), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), in comparison with that of ICP-OES using aqueous solutions for the quantification of sulfur (S) in edible salts from different geographical origins. We found that the laser ablation based sampling techniques were not influenced by loss of S, which was observed in ICP-OES with aqueous solutions for a certain salt upon their dissolution in aqueous solutions, originating from the formation of volatile species and precipitates upon their dilution in water. Although detection of S using direct laser sampling with LA-ICP-MS has well-known isobaric and polyatomic interferences, LIBS and LA-ICP-OES showed good accuracy in the detection of S for all salts. LIBS also provided the ability to identify the dominant chemical form in which S is present in salts. Correlation between S and oxygen, observed in LIBS spectra, provided chemical information about the presence of S2- or [Formula: see text], which are associated with the origin and quality of edible salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghoon Lee
- 1 Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jose Chirinos
- 2 Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela
| | - Jhanis Gonzalez
- 3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- 4 Applied Spectra, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Dayana Oropeza
- 3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vassilia Zorba
- 3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xianglei Mao
- 3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Richard E Russo
- 3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- 4 Applied Spectra, Inc., Fremont, CA, USA
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Park G, Yoo H, Gong Y, Cui S, Nam SH, Ham KS, Yoo J, Han SH, Lee Y. Feasibility of Rapid Classification of Edible Salts by a Compact Low-Cost Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Device. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gisang Park
- Department of Chemistry; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Yoo
- Department of Chemistry; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdeuk Gong
- Department of Chemistry; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Republic of Korea
| | - Sheng Cui
- Department of Chemistry; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Nam
- Department of Chemistry; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sik Ham
- Department of Food Engineering; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Song-Hee Han
- Division of Maritime Transportation System; Mokpo National Maritime University; Jeonnam 530-729 Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Mokpo National University; Jeonnam 534-729 Republic of Korea
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Galvis-Sánchez AC, Lopes JA, Delgadillo I, Rangel AO. Sea Salt. FOOD PROTECTED DESIGNATION OF ORIGIN - METHODOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59562-1.00026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Application of Mid- and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Control and Chemical Evaluation of Brine Solutions and Traditional Sea Salts. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-012-9458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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