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Senatore MT, Prodi A, Tini F, Balmas V, Infantino A, Onofri A, Cappelletti E, Oufensou S, Sulyok M, Covarelli L, Beccari G. Different diagnostic approaches for the characterization of the fungal community and Fusarium species complex composition of Italian durum wheat grain and correlation with secondary metabolite accumulation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4503-4521. [PMID: 36828788 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the fungal communities associated with durum wheat was assessed using different diagnostic approaches. Durum wheat grain samples were collected in three different Italian cultivation macro-areas (north, center and south). Fungal isolation was realized by potato dextrose agar (PDA) and by deep-freezing blotter (DFB). Identification of Fusarium isolates obtained from PDA was achieved by partial tef1α sequencing (PDA + tef1α), while those obtained from DFB were identified from their morphological characteristics (DFB + mc). The fungal biomass of eight Fusarium species was quantified in grains by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fungal secondary metabolites were analyzed in grains by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Correlations between Fusarium detection techniques (PDA + tef1α; DFB + mc and qPCR) and mycotoxins in grains were assessed. RESULTS Alternaria and Fusarium showed the highest incidence among the fungal genera developed from grains. Within the Fusarium community, PDA + tef1α highlighted that F. avenaceum and F. graminearum were the most represented members, while, DFB + mc detected a high presence of F. proliferatum. Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins, principally enniatins, were particularly present in the grain harvested in central Italy. Deoxynivalenol was mainly detected in northern-central Italy. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of the different diagnostic techniques of Fusarium detection highlighted that, for some species, qPCR was the best method of predicting their mycotoxin contamination in grains. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Senatore
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Infantino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cappelletti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bionalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Gao Z, Luo K, Zhu Q, Peng J, Liu C, Wang X, Li S, Zhang H. The natural occurrence, toxicity mechanisms and management strategies of Fumonisin B1:A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121065. [PMID: 36639041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) contaminates various crops, causing huge losses to agriculture and livestock worldwide. This review summarizes the occurrence regularity, toxicity, toxic mechanisms and management strategies of FB1. Specifically, FB1 contamination is particularly serious in developing countries, humid and hot regions. FB1 exposure can produce different toxic effects on the nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system and reproductive system. Furthermore, FB1 can also cause systemic immunotoxicity. The mechanism of toxic effects of FB1 is to interfere with the normal pathway of sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis by acting as a competitive inhibitor of ceramide synthase. Meanwhile, the toxic products of sphingolipid metabolic disorders can cause oxidative stress and apoptosis. FB1 also often causes feed contamination by mixing with other mycotoxins, and then exerts combined toxicity. For detection, lateral flow dipstick technology and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay are widely used in the detection of FB1 in commercial feeds, while mainstream detection methods such as high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are widely used in the laboratory theoretical study of FB1. For purification means of FB1, some natural plant extracts (such as Zingiber officinale and Litsea Cubeba essential oil) and their active compounds have been proved to inhibit the toxic effects of FB1 and protect livestock due to their antifungal and antioxidant effects. Natural plant extract has the advantages of high efficiency, low cost and no contamination residue. This review can provide information for comprehensive understanding of FB1, and provide reference for formulating reasonable treatment and management strategies in livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangxin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoujun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Deoxynivalenol and T-2 Toxin as Major Concerns in Durum Wheat from Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090627. [PMID: 36136565 PMCID: PMC9503377 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium Head Blight is a devastating disease of wheat caused by a complex of Fusarium species producing a wide range of mycotoxins. Fusarium species occurrence is variable in different geographical areas and subjected to a continuous evolution in their distribution. A total of 141 durum wheat field samples were collected in different regions of Italy in three years, and analyzed for Fusarium species and related mycotoxin occurrence. Mycotoxin contamination varied according to year and geographical origin. The highest mycotoxin contamination was detected in 2014. Deoxynivalenol was detected with an average of 240 µg/kg only in Central and Northern Italy; and T-2 and HT-2 toxins with an average of 150 µg/kg in Southern Italy. Approximately 80% of samples from Southern Italy in 2013/2014 showed T-2 and HT-2 levels over the EU recommended limits. Fusarium graminearum occurred mostly in Northern Italy, while F. langsethiae occurred in Southern Italy. These data showed that a real mycotoxin risk related to Fusarium exists on the whole in Italy, but varies according with geographical areas and environmental conditions. Consistent monitoring of Fusarium species and related mycotoxin distribution on a long period is worthwhile to generate more accurate knowledge on Fusarium species profile and mycotoxins associated and better establish the climatic change impact on wheat Fusarium epidemiology.
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4
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Cheng YN, Sun L, Meng H, Jiang Z, Zhang Z, Yun Y, Wang X, Yan J, Yang X, Zhou H, Li H. Structure-Activity Studies of N-Heterocyclic Benzoyl Arylamine Derivatives Led to a Highly Fungicidal Candidate against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Four Fusarium Wheat Pathogens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:10305-10315. [PMID: 35950372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wheat root diseases can seriously reduce yields and quality of wheat. 1,2,4-Triazole benzoyl arylamine derivatives previously showed good activities against some wheat root fungal pathogens. To further systematically disclose the structure-activity relationship, a series of benzoyl arylamines were designed and prepared. Their structures were characterized and fungicidal activities against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Fusarium graminearum were evaluated. The results indicated that the structure of the N-heterocyclic group and the substituted group and their position on the benzamide scaffold had an important influence on the activities, as predicted. Finally, compound 18f was found to show excellent activities against G. graminis var. tritici, F. graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium pseudograminearum, and Fusarium moniliforme with half-maximum effective concentrations of 0.002, 0.093, 0.011, 0.881, and 0.287 μg/mL, respectively. These results proposed that compound 18f deserved serious consideration as a novel fungicide candidate for the control of wheat root diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Cheng
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Liansheng Sun
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoguang Meng
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Jiang
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Zhang
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Yun
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiafei Wang
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingming Yan
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifa Yang
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglian Li
- Plant Protection College of Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, People's Republic of China
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5
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Iqbal SZ, Rehman B, Selamat J, Akram N, Ahmad MN, Sanny M, Sukor R, Samsudin NI. Assessment of Fumonisin B1 Concentrations in Wheat and Barley Products in the Punjab Region of Pakistan. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1284-1288. [PMID: 32678886 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A total of 133 samples of whole wheat and barley grains and wheat and barley flour collected from retail markets in the main cities of Punjab, Pakistan, were analyzed for the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Of these samples, 120 (90%) were positive for FB1, and 75 (63%) of the 120 positive samples had FB1 concentrations higher than the European Union maximum (200 μg/kg). The limit of detection was 4 μg/kg. The highest mean (±SD) concentration of FB1 was found in whole wheat samples, 980.5 ± 211.4 μg/kg. The calculated dietary intakes of FB1 from wheat and barley flours were 4,456 and 503.7 ng/g of body weight per day, respectively. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Baber Rehman
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Mirza Nadeem Ahmad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maimuniah Sanny
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rashidah Sukor
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Samsudin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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6
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Chiotta ML, Fumero MV, Cendoya E, Palazzini JM, Alaniz-Zanon MS, Ramirez ML, Chulze SN. Toxigenic fungal species and natural occurrence of mycotoxins in crops harvested in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 52:339-347. [PMID: 32718824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungal species that mainly belong to Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Alternaria, which can grow in a variety of crops including cereals, oilseeds and fruits. Consequently, their prevalence in foods and by-products not only affects human and animal health but also causes important losses in both domestic and international markets. This review provides data about toxigenic fungal species and mycotoxin occurrence in different crops commonly grown in Argentina. This information will be relevant to establish adequate management strategies to reduce the impact of mycotoxins on human food and animal feed chains and to implement future legislation on the maximum permitted levels of these fungal metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Chiotta
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET.
| | - María Verónica Fumero
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow from CONICET
| | - Eugenia Cendoya
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Fellow from CONICET
| | - Juan Manuel Palazzini
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Silvina Alaniz-Zanon
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
| | - Sofía Noemí Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Micotoxicology (IMICO) - National Scientific and Technical Research Council - Argentina (CONICET) - National University of Río Cuarto (UNRC). Road 36 Km 601 (5800), Río Cuarto - Córdoba, Argentina; Members of the Research Career of CONICET
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7
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Cendoya E, Nichea MJ, Monge MDP, Zachetti VGL, Chiacchiera SM, Ramirez ML. Effect of fungicides commonly used for Fusarium head blight management on growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 53:64-74. [PMID: 32593584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin occurrence was reported in wheat grains and F. proliferatum has been suggested to be the main contributor to its presence in wheat. Thus, a survey was performed in order to study the impact of four commercial fungicides used in Argentina for controlling Fusarium head blight disease (epoxiconazole+metconazole, tebuconazole, pyraclostrobin+epoxiconazole, and prothioconazole) on growth and fumonisin production of two F. proliferatum strains in relation to water activity (aW; 0.99, 0.97, 0.95) and temperature (15°C and 25°C). Most fungicides reduced growth rates when compared to the control (reduction increased as fungicide concentration increased), and reduced fumonisin production when they were used at high doses; however, most fungicides enhanced fumonisin production at sublethal doses, with the exception of prothioconazole. Thus, fungicides used for FHB management could enhance fumonisin production by F. proliferatum strains present in wheat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - María Julia Nichea
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Del Pilar Monge
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanessa G L Zachetti
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Chiacchiera
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Instituto de investigación en micología y micotoxicología (IMICO, CONICET-UNRC). Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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8
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A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) based assay for the rapid and sensitive group-specific detection of fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 325:108627. [PMID: 32334331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins are mycotoxins that contaminate maize and maize-based food products, and feed. They have been associated with nerve system disorders in horses, pulmonary edema in swine as well as neural tube defects and esophageal cancer in humans. The fum1 gene codes for a polyketide synthase involved in the biosynthesis of fumonisins. It is present in the genomes of all fumonisin producing Fusarium spp. Reliable detection of fum1 can provide an estimate of the toxicological potential of cultures and food sources. Therefore, a fum1 specific LAMP assay was developed and tested with purified DNA of 48 different species from the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). The fum1 gene was detected in 22 species among which F. fujikuroi, F. globosum, F. nygamai, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides were the most prominent fumonisin producers. None out of 92 tested non-Fusarium species showed cross reactions with the new assay. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) was 5 pg of genomic DNA per reaction for F. fujikuroi, F. nygamai and F. verticillioides. Higher LODs were found for other LAMP positive species. Apart from pure genomic DNA, the LAMP assay detected fumonisin-producers when 103 conidia/reaction were used as template after mechanical lysis. LAMP-results were well correlated with FB1 production. This is the first report on fumonisin production in strains of F. annanatum, F. coicis, F. mundagurra, F. newnesense, F. pininemorale, F. sororula, F. tjataeba, F. udum and F. werrikimbe. Usefulness of the LAMP assay was demonstrated by analyzing fumonisin contaminated maize grains. The new LAMP assay is rapid, sensitive and reliable for the diagnosis of typical fumonisin producers and can be a versatile tool in HACCP concepts that target the reduction of fumonisins in the food and feed chain.
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9
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Wan J, Chen B, Rao J. Occurrence and preventive strategies to control mycotoxins in cereal-based food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:928-953. [PMID: 33331688 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination in cereal-based food is ubiquitous according to systematic review of the scientific documentation of worldwide mycotoxin contamination in cereal and their products between 2008 and 2018, thus representing food safety issue especially in developing tropical countries. Food processing plays a vital role to prevent mycotoxin contamination in food. Therefore, it is with great urgency to develop strategies to inhibit fungi growth and mycotoxin production during food processing. This review begins by discussing physicochemical properties of five most common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone) found in cereal grains, regulation for mycotoxins in food, and their potential negative impact on human health. The fate of mycotoxins during major cereal-based food processing including milling, breadmaking, extrusion, malting, and brewing was then summarized. In the end, traditional mitigation strategies including physical and chemical and potential application of biocontrol agent and essential oil nanoemulsions that can be applied during food processing were discussed. It indicated that no single method is currently available to completely prevent mycotoxin contamination in cereal foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wan
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND.,School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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10
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Kamle M, Mahato DK, Devi S, Lee KE, Kang SG, Kumar P. Fumonisins: Impact on Agriculture, Food, and Human Health and their Management Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E328. [PMID: 31181628 PMCID: PMC6628439 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fumonisins producing fungi, Fusarium spp., are ubiquitous in nature and contaminate several food matrices that pose detrimental health hazards on humans as well as on animals. This has necessitated profound research for the control and management of the toxins to guarantee better health of consumers. This review highlights the chemistry and biosynthesis process of the fumonisins, their occurrence, effect on agriculture and food, along with their associated health issues. In addition, the focus has been put on the detection and management of fumonisins to ensure safe and healthy food. The main focus of the review is to provide insights to the readers regarding their health-associated food consumption and possible outbreaks. Furthermore, the consumers' knowledge and an attempt will ensure food safety and security and the farmers' knowledge for healthy agricultural practices, processing, and management, important to reduce the mycotoxin outbreaks due to fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kamle
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Dipendra K Mahato
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Sheetal Devi
- SAB Miller India Ltd., Sonipat, Haryana 131001, India.
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Sang G Kang
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
- Stemforce, 302 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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11
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Spanic V, Zdunic Z, Drezner G, Sarkanj B. The Pressure of Fusarium Disease and Its Relation with Mycotoxins in The Wheat Grain and Malt. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040198. [PMID: 30987012 PMCID: PMC6521280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most destructive wheat fungal diseases, causing yield loss, quality reduction, and accumulation of mycotoxins. The aim of this research was to summarize the occurrence of major Fusarium mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), and zearalenone (ZEN) in two consecutive years to search the relationship between disease incidence and severity with mycotoxins found in control and inoculated grains and corresponding malt. In addition, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) in one-year research was measured. Tested wheat varieties showed infection scores of 3% (‘U1’ and ‘Sirban Prolifik’) to 79% (‘Golubica’) for Type I resistance evaluation. There were few moderately resistant varieties in view of their areas under the disease progress curve, which can be considered Type III resistance (‘Sirban Prolifik’ and ‘U1’). According to the data quantified by LC–MS/MS, DON decreased in infected malt in comparison to corresponding grain, while ZEN occurred only in infected malt samples. Both 3-AcDON and NIV increased in inoculated malt in comparison to corresponding grain, due to a combination of plant metabolism and de novo synthesis by molds during malting. Based on the results, we can draw a few conclusions: the resistance to Fusarium decreased quantified concentrations of DON; ZEN gets synthetized during malting; unregulated 3-AcDON and NIV increase during malting; more resistant varieties have converted DON to D3G more successfully. Modified mycotoxins should be also included to legislation, since they could be transformed back to the corresponding mycotoxins under food processing conditions or during digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spanic
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno predgradje 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Zvonimir Zdunic
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno predgradje 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Georg Drezner
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno predgradje 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Bojan Sarkanj
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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Ortega LM, Moure MC, González EM, Alconada TM. Wheat storage proteins: changes on the glutenins after wheat infection with different isolates of Fusarium graminearum. Int Microbiol 2019; 22:289-296. [PMID: 30810992 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-00048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Wheat gluten proteins are decisive for the industrial properties of flour, so alterations resulting from grain infection with Fusarium graminearum produce changes in the glutenin content that affect the baking properties. This work analyzes the high-molecular-weight glutenin changes from wheat flour with different degrees of F. graminearum infection at field, since these proteins are determinant for the quality properties of flour. Wheat cultivars-on field trials-infected with F. graminearum isolates of diverse aggressiveness showed severity values between 9.1 and 42.58% and thousand kernel weight values between 28.12 and 32.33 g. Negative correlations between severity and protein content and positive correlations between yield and protein content were observed, employing reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Furthermore, the protein signal changes were in agreement for both methodological approaches. Also, the degree of disease observed and the protein changes on infected wheat cultivars varied in relation with the aggressiveness of the isolate responsible for the infection. The principal component analysis showed a close arrangement among protein values obtained by HPLC. For each cultivar, two principal components were obtained, which explained 80.85%, 88.48%, and 93.33% of the total variance (cultivars Sy200, AGP Fast, and Klein Tigre respectively). To our knowledge, the approaches employed for the analysis of protein changes according to the degree of disease, as well as the thorough statistical analysis, are novel for the study of Fusarium Head Blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel Maximiliano Ortega
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), UNLP, CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900ASH, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Candela Moure
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), UNLP, CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900ASH, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Esteban Manuel González
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), UNLP, CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900ASH, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Teresa María Alconada
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), UNLP, CCT-La Plata, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 47 y 115, B1900ASH, La Plata, Argentina.
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13
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Garmendia G, Pattarino L, Negrín C, Martínez-Silveira A, Pereyra S, Ward TJ, Vero S. Species composition, toxigenic potential and aggressiveness of Fusarium isolates causing Head Blight of barley in Uruguay. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:426-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Cendoya E, Nichea MJ, Monge MP, Sulyok M, Chiacchiera SM, Ramirez ML. Fumonisin occurrence in wheat-based products from Argentina. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 12:31-37. [PMID: 30280644 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1520308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In Argentina, wheat is the most consumed cereal by the human population. Since fumonisins occurence in wheat grains and wheat-based products have been reported worldwide, a survey was conducted in order to determine fumonisin contamination in 91 wheat-based products (white wheat flour samples, wheat flour used at bakery products and whole-wheat flour samples) collected from different retail stores of Rio Cuarto city in Argentina using HPLC-MS/MS. Sixty-seven samples (74%) showed contamination by fumonisins. From these samples, 16 showed fumonisin levels between LOD and LOQ (between 0.01 to 0.05 ng/g), while fumonisins (FB1 + FB2) in quantifiable samples ranged from 0.05 ng/g to 18.9 ng/g. Although FB1 was more prevalent, FB2 was foun3d in higher levels than FB1. Overall, fumonisin prevalence was high, but concentrations were far below EU or USA limits set for maize and maize-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - Maria J Nichea
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - María P Monge
- b Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - Michael Sulyok
- c Center for Analytical Chemistry, Departament for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, (BOKU) , Vienna, Tulln , Austria
| | - Stella M Chiacchiera
- b Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
| | - María L Ramirez
- a Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Río Cuarto, Córdoba , Argentina.,d Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
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Cendoya E, Chiotta ML, Zachetti V, Chulze SN, Ramirez ML. Fumonisins and fumonisin-producing Fusarium occurrence in wheat and wheat by products: A review. J Cereal Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Cendoya E, Monge MDP, Chiacchiera SM, Farnochi MC, Ramirez ML. Influence of water activity and temperature on growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum strains on irradiated wheat grains. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:158-166. [PMID: 29216556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is the most important cereal consumed by the Argentine population. In previous studies performed in durum and common wheat grains in this country it has been observed fumonisin contamination as well as high incidence of Fusarium proliferatum. Fumonisins are toxic fungal metabolites, and consumption of fumonisin-contaminated maize has been epidemiologically associated with oesophageal cancer and neural tube defects in some human populations. Using irradiated wheat-grains, the effects of abiotic factors, temperature (15, 25, and 30°C) and water activity (aW; 0.995, 0.98, 0.96, 0.94, 0.92, and 0.88), on mycelial growth and fumonisin biosynthesis were compared for three F. proliferatum strains isolated from wheat grains in Argentina. Although all isolates showed similar profiles of growth, the fumonisin production profiles were slightly different. Maximum growth rates were obtained at the highest aW (0.995) and 25°C, with growth decreasing as the aW of the medium was reduced. Maximum amounts of total fumonisins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) were produced at 0.995 aW and 15°C for 2 strains, and at 25°C and 0.995 aW for the third one. Fumonisins concentrations varied considerably depending on the aW and temperature interactions assayed. Studied strains showed different fumonisin production profiles. Two-dimensional profiles of aW by temperature interactions were developed from these data to identify areas where conditions indicate a significant risk of fumonisins accumulation on wheat. As a result, temperature and aW conditions that resulted in fumonisins production are those found during wheat grain development (especially milk and dough stages) in the field. This is the first study made using irradiated wheat grains and provides useful baseline data on conditions representing a low or a high risk for fumonisins contamination of wheat grains which is of concern because this cereal is destined mainly for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Del Pilar Monge
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Chiacchiera
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Farnochi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Lee HJ, Ryu D. Worldwide Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Food Products: Public Health Perspectives of Their Co-occurrence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7034-7051. [PMID: 27976878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cereal grains and their processed food products are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins. Among many, five major mycotoxins of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone are of significant public health concern as they can cause adverse effects in humans. Being airborne or soilborne, the cosmopolitan nature of mycotoxigenic fungi contribute to the worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins. On the basis of the global occurrence data reported during the past 10 years, the incidences and maximum levels in raw cereal grains were 55% and 1642 μg/kg for aflatoxins, 29% and 1164 μg/kg for ochratoxin A, 61% and 71,121 μg/kg for fumonisins, 58% and 41,157 μg/kg, for deoxynivalenol, and 46% and 3049 μg/kg for zearalenone. The concentrations of mycotoxins tend to be lower in processed food products; the incidences varied depending on the individual mycotoxins, possibly due to the varying stability during processing and distribution of mycotoxins. It should be noted that more than one mycotoxin, produced by a single or several fungal species, may occur in various combinations in a given sample or food. Most studies reported additive or synergistic effects, suggesting that these mixtures may pose a significant threat to public health, particularly to infants and young children. Therefore, information on the co-occurrence of mycotoxins and their interactive toxicity is summarized in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, University of Idaho , 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, Idaho 83844, United States
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Cendoya E, Pinson-Gadais L, Farnochi MC, Ramirez ML, Chéreau S, Marcheguay G, Ducos C, Barreau C, Richard-Forget F. Abiotic conditions leading to FUM gene expression and fumonisin accumulation by Fusarium proliferatum strains grown on a wheat-based substrate. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 253:12-19. [PMID: 28463723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum produces fumonisins B not only on maize but also on diverse crops including wheat. Using a wheat-based medium, the effects of abiotic factors, temperature and water activity (aW), on growth, fumonisin biosynthesis, and expression of FUM genes were compared for three F. proliferatum strains isolated from durum wheat in Argentina. Although all isolates showed similar profiles of growth, the fumonisin production profiles were slightly different. Regarding FUM gene transcriptional control, both FUM8 and FUM19 expression showed similar behavior in all tested conditions. For both genes, expression at 25°C correlated with fumonisin production, regardless of the aw conditions. However, at 15°C, these two genes were as highly expressed as at 25°C although the amounts of toxin were very weak, suggesting that the kinetics of fumonisin production was slowed at 15°C. This study provides useful baseline data on conditions representing a low or a high risk for contamination of wheat kernels with fumonisins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Laetitia Pinson-Gadais
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - María C Farnochi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María L Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Sylvain Chéreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Giselè Marcheguay
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Christine Ducos
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Christian Barreau
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
| | - Florence Richard-Forget
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1264 MycSA, 71 avenue Edouard Bourlaux, cs20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France
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Bryła M, Waśkiewicz A, Podolska G, Szymczyk K, Jędrzejczak R, Damaziak K, Sułek A. Occurrence of 26 Mycotoxins in the Grain of Cereals Cultivated in Poland. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:E160. [PMID: 27231939 PMCID: PMC4926127 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of 26 mycotoxins were determined in 147 samples of the grain of cereals cultivated in five regions of Poland during the 2014 growing season. The HPLC-HRMS (time-of-flight) analytical technique was used. An analytical procedure to simultaneously determine 26 mycotoxins in grain was developed, tested and verified. Samples from eastern and southern Poland were more contaminated with mycotoxins than the samples from northern and western Poland. Toxins produced by Fusarium fungi were the main contaminants found. Some deoxynivalenol (DON) was found in 100% of the tested samples of wheat (Osiny, Borusowa, Werbkowice), triticale, winter barley and oats, while the maximum permissible DON level (as defined in the EU Commission Regulation No. 1881/2006) was exceeded in 10 samples. Zearalenone (ZEN), DON metabolites and enniatins were also commonly found. The presence of mycotoxins in grain reflected the prevailing weather conditions during the plant flowering/earing stages, which were favorable for the development of blight. Among all investigated wheat genotypes, cv. Fidelius was the least contaminated, while Bamberka, Forkida and Kampana were the most contaminated. However, the single-factor ANOVA analysis of variance did not reveal (at a statistical significance level α = 0.05) any differences between levels of mycotoxins in individual genotypes. Triticale was the most contaminated grain among all of the tested varieties. ZEN, DON and the sum of 3-acetyldexynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3- and 15-ADON) were found in 100% of the tested triticale samples at concentrations within the 4-86, 196-1326 and 36-374 µg·kg(-1) range, respectively. Of particular concern was the fact that some "emerging mycotoxins" (enniatins) (in addition to commonly-known and legally-regulated mycotoxins) were also found in the tested triticale samples (enniatin B (Enn-B), enniatin B1 (Enn-B1), enniatin A-1 (Enn-A1), 100% of samples, and enniatin A (Enn-A), 70% of samples). Depending on the toxin, they were found at levels between 8 and 3328 µg·kg(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Podolska
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Department of Cereal Crop Production, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Szymczyk
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Renata Jędrzejczak
- Department of Food Analysis, Prof. Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Damaziak
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Alicja Sułek
- Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute, Department of Cereal Crop Production, Czartoryskich 8, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
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Mendes GRL, Alves CL, Lopes Cavalheiro P, Bretanha CC, Pagnussatt FA, Badiale-Furlong E. α-Amylase Inhibitors from Wheat Against Development and Toxigenic Potential ofFusarium verticillioides. Cereal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-11-14-0227-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela R. Lemos Mendes
- Rio Grande Federal University, Food Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Campus Carreiros, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Chiara Leal Alves
- Rio Grande Federal University, Food Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Campus Carreiros, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Paola Lopes Cavalheiro
- Rio Grande Federal University, Food Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Campus Carreiros, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Costa Bretanha
- Rio Grande Federal University, Food Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Campus Carreiros, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Arnhold Pagnussatt
- Rio Grande Federal University, Food Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Campus Carreiros, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliana Badiale-Furlong
- Rio Grande Federal University, Food Science and Engineering Graduate Program, Campus Carreiros, Av. Itália, km 8, CEP 96203-900, Rio Grande, Brazil
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Scarpino V, Reyneri A, Sulyok M, Krska R, Blandino M. Effect of fungicide application to control Fusarium head blight and 20 Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Azole fungicides have been reported to be the most effective active substances in the control of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and in the reduction of the main mycotoxins that occur in cereal grain, such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Four field experiments have been conducted in North West Italy, over a period of 2 growing seasons, in order to evaluate the effect of azole fungicide (prothioconazole) applications on the prevalence of emerging mycotoxins in common winter wheat under naturally-infected field conditions. Wheat samples have been analysed by means of a dilute-and-shoot multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method. Twenty fungal metabolites were detected: enniatins, aurofusarin, moniliformin, equisetin, DON, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, culmorin, bikaverin, beauvericin, fumonisins, fusaric acid, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, decalonectrin, butenolide, tentoxin, alternariol and alternariol methyl ether. The most abundant fungal metabolites were DON and culmorin, with an average contamination in the untreated control of 1,360 μg/kg and 875 μg/kg, respectively, in the growing season with the highest disease pressure (2011-2012). On average, the results have shown that the fungicide application significantly reduced the enniatins (from 127 μg/kg to 46 μg/kg), aurofusarin (from 62 μg/kg to 21 μg/kg), moniliformin (from 32 μg/kg to 16 μg/kg), tentoxin (from 5.2 μg/kg to 2.5 μg/kg) and equisetin (from 0.72 μg/kg to 0.06 μg/kg) contents in all the experiments. However, DON, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and culmorin were only significantly reduced in the growing season with the highest disease pressure. The other fungal metabolites were mainly found in traces in the untreated plots. These results, which have been obtained in different environmental and agronomic conditions, have underlined for the first time that the fungicide usually applied to control the FHB and DON content, also consistently reduces the main emerging mycotoxins of winter wheat in temperate areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Scarpino
- University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - A. Reyneri
- University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - M. Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - R. Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - M. Blandino
- University of Turin, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Genetic variability and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum isolated from durum wheat grains in Argentina. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 201:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cordero P, Príncipe A, Jofré E, Mori G, Fischer S. Inhibition of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium proliferatum by volatile compounds produced by Pseudomonas. Arch Microbiol 2014; 196:803-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-014-1019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Cendoya E, Farnochi MC, Chulze SN, Ramirez ML. Two-dimensional environmental profiles of growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium proliferatum on a wheat-based substrate. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 182-183:9-17. [PMID: 24854387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of water activity (aW; 0.995, 0.99, 0.98, 0.96, 0.94, 0.92, and 0.90), temperature (15, 25, and 30°C), incubation time (7, 14, 21 and 28days), and their interactions on mycelial growth and fumonisin production on wheat-based medium by three Fusarium proliferatum strains isolated from wheat in Argentina was evaluated. Maximum growth rates were obtained at the highest aW (0.995) and 30°C, with growth decreasing as the aW of the medium was reduced. Maximum amounts of total fumonisins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) were produced at 0.99 aW and 25°C after 21 and 28days of incubation for 2 strains, and at 15°C and 0.98 aW after 28days of incubation for the third strain. The fumonisin concentrations varied considerably depending on the aW and temperature interactions assayed. The studied strains had different fumonisin production profiles. F. proliferatum ITEM 15661 and ITEM 15664 produced FB1 and FB2 whereas F. proliferatum ITEM 15654 was able to produce FB1, FB2 and FB3. Interestingly, fumonisin production profiles for each particular strain were related to incubation temperatures. Fumonisins were produced from 15 to 30°C and at aW values of 0.92 to 0.995 after 21 to 28days of incubation. However at 7 and 14days of incubation small amounts of fumonisin were produced at aW lower than 0.94. Two-dimensional profiles of aW by temperature interactions were developed from these data to identify areas where conditions indicate a significant risk from fumonisin accumulation on wheat. Temperature and aW conditions that resulted in fumonisin production are those found during wheat grain development (especially milk and dough stages) in the field. This study provides useful base line data on conditions representing a high and a low risk for contamination of wheat by fumonisins which is becoming of greater concern because this cereal is destined mainly for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cendoya
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Farnochi
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sofia Noemi Chulze
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Laura Ramirez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Pereira V, Fernandes J, Cunha S. Mycotoxins in cereals and related foodstuffs: A review on occurrence and recent methods of analysis. Trends Food Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Cendoya E, Monge MP, Palacios SA, Chiacchiera SM, Torres AM, Farnochi MC, Ramirez ML. Fumonisin occurrence in naturally contaminated wheat grain harvested in Argentina. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Foroud NA, Chatterton S, Reid LM, Turkington TK, Tittlemier SA, Gräfenhan T. Fusarium Diseases of Canadian Grain Crops: Impact and Disease Management Strategies. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1188-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Ferrochio L, Cendoya E, Farnochi MC, Massad W, Ramirez ML. Evaluation of ability of ferulic acid to control growth and fumonisin production of Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum on maize based media. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 167:215-20. [PMID: 24140805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ferulic acid (1, 10, 20 and 25 mM) at different water activity (aw) values (0.99, 0.98, 0.96 and 0.93) at 25 °C on growth and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum on maize based media. For both Fusarium species, the lag phase significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.001), and the growth rates increased (p ≤ 0.001) at the lowest ferulic acid concentration used (1mM), regardless of the aw. However, high doses of ferulic acid (10 to 25 mM) significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.001) the growth rate of both Fusarium species, regardless of the a(w). In general, growth rate inhibition increased as ferulic acid doses increased and as media aw decreased. Fumonisin production profiles of both Fusarium species showed that low ferulic acid concentrations (1-10mM) significantly increased (p ≤ 0.001) toxin production, regardless of the aw. High doses of ferulic acid (20-25 mM) reduced fumonisin production, in comparison with the controls, by both Fusarium species but they were not statistically significant in most cases. The results show that the use of ferulic acid as a post-harvest strategy to reduce mycotoxin accumulation on maize needs to be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferrochio
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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29
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Sumalan RM, Alexa E, Poiana MA. Assessment of inhibitory potential of essential oils on natural mycoflora and Fusarium mycotoxins production in wheat. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:32. [PMID: 23409841 PMCID: PMC3598923 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the last years essential oils from different plants were used in the prevention of fungi and mycotoxins accumulation in cereals. The most attractive aspect derived from using of essential oils as seed grains protectants is due to their non-toxicity. This study was focused on assessment the inhibitory effect of some essential oils: Melissa officinalis (O1), Salvia officinalis (O2), Coriandrum sativum (O3), Thymus vulgaris (O4) Mentha piperita (O5) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (O6) against natural mycoflora and Fusarium mycotoxins production correlated with their antioxidants properties. Results All essential oils showed inhibitory effect on fungal contamination of wheat seeds. This ability was dose-dependent. The highest inhibitory effect on Fusarium and Aspergillus fungi was recorded after 5 days of treatment. Fungi such as yeast (Pichia, Saccharomyces and Hyphopichia) were predominantly on seeds mycoflora after 22 days. Each treatment had a selective inhibitory effect on frequency of fungus genera. After 5 days of treatment the most fungicidal effect was recorder for O4, followed by O1. In terms of essential oils effect on mycotoxins development, the best control on fumonisins (FUMO) production was recorded for O6. The antioxidant properties of essential oils decreased in order: O4 > O1 > O6 > O5 > O2 > O3. Also, our data suggested that there is a significant negative correlation between antioxidant properties and seed contamination index (SCI), but there was not recorded a good correlation between antioxidant properties and FUMO content. Conclusions Based on proven antifungal and antimycotoxin effects as well as their antioxidant properties, the essential oils could be recommended as natural preservatives for stored cereals. The highest inhibition of fungal growth was noted after 5 days of treatment and decreased after 22 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata-Maria Sumalan
- Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Faculty of Food Processing Technology, Calea Aradului 119, Timisoara RO 300645, Romania.
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Azaiez I, Meca G, Manyes L, Luciano FB, Fernández-Franzón M. Study of the chemical reduction of the fumonisins toxicity using allyl, benzyl and phenyl isothiocyanate in model solution and in food products. Toxicon 2012; 63:137-46. [PMID: 23276694 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) are bioactive compounds produced by several strains of Fusarium spp. which contain a polyketide structure similar to sphinganine. These mycotoxins contain a free amino group that could work as an electron donor and react with the electrophile carbon present within the isothiocyanate (ITC) group. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ITCs (allyl, benzyl and phenyl) on the stability of FB(1), FB(2) and FB(3). Firstly, PBS solutions at three pH levels (4, 7 and 9) were prepared and added with pairs of one FB (1 mg/L) plus one ITC (1 mg/L). Then, gaseous ITC was used to fumigate corn kernels and corn flour contaminated with FBs produced by Gibberella moniliformis CECT 2987 in situ. Mycotoxin levels were evaluated using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem (LC-MS/MS), while products formed from the reaction of FBs and ITCs were examined by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-linear ion trap (LC-MS-LIT). The reduction of FB(1) and FB(2) in solution ranged from 42 to 100% on a time-dependent manner. This variance was greatly influenced by pH. In general, lower pH levels eased the reaction between ITCs and FBs. ITC fumigation treatment (50, 100 and 500 μL/L) was able to reduce 53-96% of FB(1) levels, 29-91% of FB(2) and 29-96% of FB(3). Four reaction products between the bioactive compounds employed in this study were identified, corresponding to FB + ITC conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Azaiez
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Turner P, Gong Y, Pourshams A, Jafari E, Routledge M, Malekzadeh R, Wild C, Boffetta P, Islami F. A pilot survey for Fusarium mycotoxin biomarkers in women from Golestan, northern Iran. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2012. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2011.1337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins are frequent contaminants of cereals in many world regions, and are suggested risk factors for various acute and chronic human diseases. To date a lack of exposure tools has restricted epidemiological studies of the potential health effects. Recently established exposure biomarkers for deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins are now available and here a pilot biomarker survey of 110 women (aged 39 to 72 years) from Golestan, northern Iran was conducted on samples collected at one time point during August-September 2007. Urinary DON and DON-glucuronide combined were detected frequently (79/110, 72%), mean 1.3 ng DON/ml urine, range not detected (nd)-6.5 ng/ml; mean creatinine adjusted levels were 1.5 ng DON/mg creatinine, range nd-7.1 ng/mg). Neither urinary de-epoxy DON (DOM-1) and DOM-1 glucuronide combined, nor urinary fumonisin B1 were detected. This study is the first reported biomarker based exposure assessment of DON and fumonisins in this region. Overall DON exposure at this time point appears modest compared to other world regions where data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.C. Turner
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA;
- School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, LIGHT laboratories, University of Leeds, Clarendon way, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Y.Y. Gong
- School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, LIGHT laboratories, University of Leeds, Clarendon way, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - A. Pourshams
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar Street, 14117 Tehran, Iran
| | - E. Jafari
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - M.N. Routledge
- School of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, LIGHT laboratories, University of Leeds, Clarendon way, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - R. Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar Street, 14117 Tehran, Iran
| | - C.P. Wild
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - P. Boffetta
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, 17 East 102 Street, New York, NY 10029, USA
- International Prevention Research Institute, 95 Cours Lafayette, 69006 Lyon, France
| | - F. Islami
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Northern Kargar Street, 14117 Tehran, Iran
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Translational Epidemiology, 17 East 102 Street, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Busman M, Desjardins AE, Proctor RH. Analysis of fumonisin contamination and the presence of Fusarium in wheat with kernel black point disease in the United States. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1092-100. [PMID: 22494515 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.671787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the fungus Fusarium proliferatum to cause kernel black point disease in wheat was previously established, but natural contamination of black point wheat with both F. proliferatum and fumonisin mycotoxins has not been studied in the United States. Low levels of fumonisins were detected in nine of 43 wheat samples with kernel black point disease that were obtained from across the United States. A subset of samples was contaminated with F. proliferatum as well as with F. fujikuroi, F. nygamai, F. thapsinum and F. verticillioides, species closely related to F. proliferatum and morphologically similar to it in that they produce chains of asexual spores, or conidia. Nevertheless, of conidial chain-forming fusaria isolated from symptomatic wheat, F. proliferatum dominated. In greenhouse tests, isolates of F. proliferatum and the other species recovered from wheat samples were able to cause symptoms of kernel black point and, in some cases, low levels of fumonisin contamination of wheat. These data add to the understanding of the risk of fumonisin contamination of wheat and the potential for Fusarium species to cause kernel black point disease and fumonisin contamination of wheat. Further, the results of this study indicate that while US-grown wheat can sporadically be contaminated by fumonisins, the natural contamination levels seem to be low. The observations made provide evidence that fumonisins are not likely to be a factor contributing to the ability of Fusarium to cause kernel black point disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Busman
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL, USA.
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