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Zheng L, Jiang B, Chen J, Zhang T, Gu X, Pan Y. Efficient biotransformation and synergetic mechanism of dual-enzyme cascade reaction in nonreducing maltoheptaose synthesis. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Banožić M, Jokić S, Ačkar Đ, Blažić M, Šubarić D. Carbohydrates-Key Players in Tobacco Aroma Formation and Quality Determination. Molecules 2020; 25:E1734. [PMID: 32283792 PMCID: PMC7181196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are important compounds in natural products where they primarily serve as a source of energy, but they have important secondary roles as precursors of aroma or bioactive compounds. They are present in fresh and dried (cured) tobacco leaves as well. The sugar content of tobacco depends on the tobacco variety, harvesting, and primarily on the curing conditions (temperature, time and moisture). If the process of curing employs high temperatures (flue-curing and sun-curing), final sugar content is high. In contrast, when air curing has a lower temperature, at the end of the process, sugar level is low. Beside simple sugars, other carbohydrates reported in tobacco are oligosaccharides, cellulose, starch, and pectin. Degradation of polysaccharides results in a higher yield of simple sugars, but at the same time reduces sugars oxidization and transfer into carbon dioxide and water. Loss of sugar producers will compensate with added sugars, to cover undesirable aroma properties and achieve a better, pleasant taste during smoking. However, tobacco carbohydrates can be precursors for many harmful compounds, including formaldehyde and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Keeping in mind that added sugars in tobacco production are unavoidable, it is important to understand all changes in carbohydrates from harvesting to consuming in order to achieve better product properties and avoid the formation of harmful compounds. This review summarizes current knowledge about tobacco carbohydrates, including changes during processing with special focus on carbohydrates as precursors of harmful compounds during smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Banožić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.B.); (Đ.A.); (D.Š.)
| | - Stela Jokić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.B.); (Đ.A.); (D.Š.)
| | - Đurđica Ačkar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.B.); (Đ.A.); (D.Š.)
| | - Marijana Blažić
- Karlovac University of Applied Sciences, Josip Juraj Strossmayer Square 9, 47000 Karlovac, Croatia;
| | - Drago Šubarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (M.B.); (Đ.A.); (D.Š.)
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Cai K, Hu D, Lei B, Zhao H, Pan W, Song B. Determination of carbohydrates in tobacco by pressurized liquid extraction combined with a novel ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 882:90-100. [PMID: 26043096 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel derivatization-ultrasonic assisted-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) method for the simultaneous determination of 11 main carbohydrates in tobacco has been developed. The combined method involves pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), derivatization, and UA-DLLME, followed by the analysis of the main carbohydrates with a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). First, the PLE conditions were optimized using a univariate approach. Then, the derivatization methods were properly compared and optimized. The aldononitrile acetate method combined with the O-methoxyoxime-trimethylsilyl method was used for derivatization. Finally, the critical variables affecting the UA-DLLME extraction efficiency were searched using fractional factorial design (FFD) and further optimized using Doehlert design (DD) of the response surface methodology. The optimum conditions were found to be 44 μL for CHCl3, 2.3 mL for H2O, 11% w/v for NaCl, 5 min for the extraction time and 5 min for the centrifugation time. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the detection limit of the method (LODs) and linear correlation coefficient were found to be in the range of 0.06-0.90 μg mL(-1) and 0.9987-0.9999. The proposed method was successfully employed to analyze three flue-cured tobacco cultivars, among which the main carbohydrate concentrations were found to be very different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Bo Lei
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Huina Zhao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Wenjie Pan
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, PR China
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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Correia DM, Dias LG, Veloso ACA, Dias T, Rocha I, Rodrigues LR, Peres AM. Dietary Sugars Analysis: Quantification of Fructooligossacharides during Fermentation by HPLC-RI Method. Front Nutr 2014; 1:11. [PMID: 25988114 PMCID: PMC4428370 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a simple chromatographic method is proposed and in-house validated for the quantification of total and individual fructooligossacharides (e.g., 1-kestose, nystose, and 1(F)-fructofuranosylnystose). It was shown that a high-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detector could be used to monitor the dynamic of fructooligossacharides production via sucrose fermentation using Aspergillus aculeatus. This analytical technique may be easily implemented at laboratorial or industrial scale for fructooligossacharides mass-production monitoring allowing also controlling the main substrate (sucrose) and the secondary by-products (glucose and fructose). The proposed chromatographic method had a satisfactory intra- and inter-day variability (in general, with a relative standard deviation lower than 5%), high sensitivity for each sugar (usually, with a relative error lower than 5%), and low detection (lower than 0.06 ± 0.04 g/L) and quantification (lower than 0.2 ± 0.1 g/L) limits. The correct quantification of fructooligossacharides in fermentative media may allow a more precise nutritional formulation of new functional foods, since it is reported that different fructooligossacharides exhibit different biological activities and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Correia
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Luís G Dias
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança , Bragança , Portugal
| | - Ana C A Veloso
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal ; Departamento de Engenharia Química e Biológica (DEQB), Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Teresa Dias
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança , Bragança , Portugal
| | - Isabel Rocha
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho , Braga , Portugal
| | - António M Peres
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE) - Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança , Bragança , Portugal
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Li W, Jiang D, Chen J, Sun Q, Li F, Jiao Y, Qu F. Determination of Fructooligosaccharides in Infant Formula by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.862626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Nagai A, Mine T, Yamamoto T, Wariishi H. Transfructosylation reaction in cured tobacco leaf (Nicotiana tabacum). J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:666-71. [PMID: 23845913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco plant was known to be a non-fructan-storing plant. However, we demonstrated that fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) were formed in cured tobacco leaf on adding sucrose to the leaf in our previous report (Nagai et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 60, 6606-6612, 2012). Also, it was expected from the results obtained in previous study that FOSs were generated by enzymatic reaction in cured tobacco leaf. The purpose of this study is to confirm and understand the mechanisms of above-mentioned FOSs formation. Thus, we tried to purify the enzymes related to the production of FOSs. The enzymes were extracted from pulverized cured tobacco leaf (burley type leaf), and were purified by charcoal treatment, ultrafiltration, and several chromatography techniques. As a result, one of the enzymes was purified up to 414-fold. It was revealed that this enzyme was acid invertase exhibiting maximum transfructosylation activity at pH 6.0, 60 °C. In addition, general properties of this enzyme were also investigated. The enzyme purified in this study enhanced the ratio of FOSs formation under the condition of high concentrated sucrose. From these results, it was suggested that this enzyme participated in the formation of FOSs in tobacco leaf after curing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nagai
- Tobacco Science Research Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan; Department of Innovative Science and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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The intracellular galactoglycome in Trichoderma reesei during growth on lactose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5447-56. [PMID: 23299458 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4667-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lactose (1,4-0-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose) is used as a soluble carbon source for the production of cellulases and hemicellulases for-among other purposes-use in biofuel and biorefinery industries. The mechanism how lactose induces cellulase formation in T. reesei is enigmatic, however. Previous results from our laboratory raised the hypothesis that intermediates from the two galactose catabolic pathway may give rise to the accumulation of intracellular oligogalactosides that could act as inducer. Here we have therefore used high-performance anion-exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry to study the intracellular galactoglycome of T. reesei during growth on lactose, in T. reesei mutants impaired in galactose catabolism, and in strains with different cellulase productivities. Lactose, allo-lactose, and lactulose were detected in the highest amounts in all strains, and two trisaccharides (Gal-β-1,6-Gal-β-1,4-Glc/Fru and Gal-β-1,4-Gal-β-1,4-Glc/Fru) also accumulated to significant levels. Glucose and galactose, as well as four further oligosaccharides (Gal-β-1,3/1,4/1,6-Gal; Gal-β-1,2-Glc) were only detected in minor amounts. In addition, one unknown disaccharide (Hex-β-1,1-Hex) and four trisaccharides were also detected. The accumulation of the unknown hexose disaccharide was shown to correlate with cellulase formation in the improved mutant strains as well as the galactose pathway mutants, and Gal-β-1,4-Gal-β-1,4-Glc/Fru and two other unknown hexose trisaccharides correlated with cellulase production only in the pathway mutants, suggesting that these compounds could be involved in cellulase induction by lactose. The nature of these oligosaccharides, however, suggests their formation by transglycosylation rather than by glycosyltransferases. Based on our results, the obligate nature of both galactose catabolic pathways for this induction must have another biochemical basis than providing substrates for inducer formation.
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