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Kim SH, Shim YY, Kim YJ, Reaney MJT, Chung MJ. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Barley Sprout Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria in RAW264.7 Macrophages and Caco-2 Cells. Foods 2024; 13:1781. [PMID: 38891009 PMCID: PMC11172312 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effects of supernatants produced from sprouted barley inoculated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KCTC3104 (Lp), Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCTC3530 (Lm), Latilactobacillus curvatus KCTC3767 (Lc), or a mixture of these lactic acid bacteria were investigated using RAW264.7 macrophages. BLp and BLc, the lyophilized supernatants of fermented sprouted barley inoculated with Lp and Lc, respectively, effectively reduced the nitric oxide (NO) levels hypersecreted by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 and LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cells. BLp and BLc effectively reduced the NO levels in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and these effects tended to be concentration-dependent. BLc and BLp also exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity and immunostimulatory effects. BLp and BLc significantly suppressed the levels of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and LPS-stimulated Caco-2 cells, indicating their anti-inflammatory effects. These effects were greater than those of unfermented barley sprout (Bs). The functional components of Bs, BLp, and BLc were analyzed by HPLC, and it was found that lutonarin and saponarin were significantly increased in the fermented sprouted barley sample inoculated with Lp and Lc (BLp and BLc).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Young Shim
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (Y.Y.S.); (M.J.T.R.)
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7J 0R1, Canada
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Martin J. T. Reaney
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada; (Y.Y.S.); (M.J.T.R.)
- Prairie Tide Diversified Inc., Saskatoon, SK S7J 0R1, Canada
| | - Mi Ja Chung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Health Welfare, Gwangju University, Gwangju 61743, Republic of Korea
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Boyina R, Kosanam S, Bhimana S, Gudimitla RB, Duraiswamy D. In-vitro and In Silico Assessment of Anti-inflammation Properties of Saponarin Extracted from Hordeum Vulgare. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2024; 23:14-20. [PMID: 38258776 DOI: 10.2174/0118715230284334240101100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hordeum vulgare, commonly known as Barley grass, is a historically significant cultivated plant with profound implications for societies, agricultural sciences, and human nutrition. It has been valued for both sustenance and its potential medicinal properties. OBJECTIVES This study aims to comprehensively investigate the medicinal properties of Hordeum vulgare, focusing on its potential therapeutic benefits and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, we seek to quantify and compare the phytochemical content of two distinct extracts: Barley Grass Hexane Extract (BGHE) and Barley grass aqueous extract (BGAQ). METHODS We quantified the phytochemical contents of BGHE and BGAQ and evaluated their anti-inflammatory effects using UV spectroscopy at 560 nm, coupled with the RBC membrane stabilization technique. Subsequently, we conducted in silico studies to assess the in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of Barley grass leaf extracts. RESULTS Both BGHE and BGAQ demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on inflammation compared to the control group. However, BGHE exhibited superior anti-inflammatory efficacy when compared to BGAQ, suggesting its role as a potential anti-inflammatory agent. In silico studies further supported the anti-inflammatory potential of Barley grass leaf extracts. CONCLUSION Hordeum vulgare, or Barley grass, offers a wealth of health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-acne, and anti-depressant properties. These properties contribute to improved immunity, reduced cardiovascular disorders, and alleviation of fatigue. The distinct extracts, BGHE and BGAQ, both exhibit promising anti-inflammatory capabilities, but BGHE shows better anti-inflammatory activity. This research sheds light on the therapeutic potential of Barley grass, making it a valuable candidate for further exploration in the field of natural medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathi Boyina
- Department of Pharmacology, QIS College of Pharmacy, Vengamukkapalem, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sreya Kosanam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Sandip Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sasidhar Bhimana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, QIS College of Pharmacy, Vengamukkapalem, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Raveendra Babu Gudimitla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, QIS College of Pharmacy, Vengamukkapalem, Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Yoon YE, Cho JY, Kim YN, Kantharaj V, Lee KA, Seo WD, Lee YB. Variation of Saponarin Content in Barley Sprouts ( Hordeum vulgare L.) by Natural Light Shielding: Implication of the Importance of Light Intensity. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35837-35844. [PMID: 37810714 PMCID: PMC10552494 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Saponarin is a functional metabolite produced by barley sprouts, and the mass production of saponarin by this crop is attractive for dietary supplement manufacturing. Light is the most important environmental factor determining plant growth, survival, and the production of secondary metabolites including flavonoids. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of light intensity for saponarin production in barley sprouts using a hydroponic growth system. Light intensity was manipulated by using shielding treatments to 100, 80, 70, and 50% natural sunlight (NS), and crop cultivation was performed on a monthly cycle. We found that the growth rate and biomass of barley sprouts did not differ in response to the shield treatments, whereas the saponarin content did. The highest saponarin content (i.e., from 1329 to 1673 mg 100 g-1) was observed in the 100% NS treatment, and it gradually decreased as light intensity also decreased. Statistical analysis revealed a significant polynomial relationship of saponarin content with cumulative PPFD (R2 = 76%), implying that the absolute total amount of light exposure over the growth period has a large effect on saponarin productivity in a hydroponic facility. Taken together, our results showed that shielding conditions, which are often unintentionally created by the design of cultivation facilities, can adversely affect saponarin production in barley sprouts. In addition, it was confirmed through our findings that light conditions with at least 70% NS in the cultivation facility enable the production of an amount corresponding to the saponarin content of the sprouts (>1000 mg 100 g-1) produced in the open field. Further studies are needed to investigate the underlying physiological and molecular mechanisms responsible for the relationship of saponarin content with light quantity and quality in barley sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Eun Yoon
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nam Kim
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Vimalraj Kantharaj
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum-Ah Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Duck Seo
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Bok Lee
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Wang M, Zhang C, Xu Y, Ma M, Yao T, Sui Z. Impact of Six Extraction Methods on Molecular Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Young Hulless Barley Leaves. Foods 2023; 12:3381. [PMID: 37761090 PMCID: PMC10527962 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Young hulless barley leaves are gaining recognition for potential health benefits, and the method of extracting polysaccharides from them is critical for potential food industry applications. This study delves into a comparative analysis of six distinct fiber extraction techniques: hot water extraction; high-pressure steam extraction; alkaline extraction; xylanase extraction; cellulase extraction; and combined xylanase and cellulase extraction. This analysis included a thorough comparison of polysaccharide-monosaccharide composition, structural properties, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and rheological properties among fibers extracted using these methods. The results underscore that the combined enzymatic extraction method yielded the highest extraction yield (22.63%), while the rest of the methods yielded reasonable yields (~20%), except for hot water extraction (4.11%). Monosaccharide composition exhibited divergence across methods; alkaline extraction yielded a high abundance of xylose residues, whereas the three enzymatic methods demonstrated elevated galactose components. The extracted crude polysaccharides exhibited relatively low molecular weights, ranging from 5.919 × 104 Da to 3.773 × 105 Da across different extraction methods. Regarding antioxidant activities, alkaline extraction yielded the highest value in the ABTS assay, whereas enzymatically extracted polysaccharides, despite higher yield, demonstrated lower antioxidant capacity. In addition, enzymatically extracted polysaccharides exerted stronger shear thinning behavior and higher initial viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (M.W.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (M.M.)
| | - Chuangchuang Zhang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (M.W.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (M.M.)
| | - Yuting Xu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (M.W.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (M.M.)
| | - Mengting Ma
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (M.W.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (M.M.)
| | - Tianming Yao
- Department of Food Science, Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (M.W.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (M.M.)
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Kantharaj V, Yoon YE, Lee KA, Choe H, Chohra H, Seo WD, Kim YN, Lee YB. Saponarin, a Di-glycosyl Flavone from Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.): An Effective Compound for Plant Defense and Therapeutic Application. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:22285-22295. [PMID: 37396229 PMCID: PMC10308553 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Saponarin (SA) is a major di-C-glycosyl-O-glycosyl flavone, which is predominantly accumulated in the young green leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), with numerous biological functions in plants, such as protection against environmental stresses. Generally, SA synthesis and its localization in the mesophyll vacuole or leaf epidermis are largely stimulated in response to biotic and abiotic stresses to participate in a plant's defense response. In addition, SA is also credited for its pharmacological properties, such as the regulation of signaling pathways associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses. In recent years, many researchers have shown the potential of SA to treat oxidative and inflammatory disorders, such as in protection against liver diseases, and reducing blood glucose, along with antiobesity effects. This review aims to highlight natural variations of SA in plants, biosynthesis pathway, and SA's role in response to environmental stress and implications in various therapeutic applications. In addition, we also discuss the challenges and knowledge gaps concerning SA use and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimalraj Kantharaj
- Institute
of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Yoon
- Institute
of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum-Ah Lee
- Institute
of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonji Choe
- Division
of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hadjer Chohra
- Division
of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
| | - Woo Duck Seo
- Division
of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nam Kim
- Institute
of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division
of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yong Bok Lee
- Institute
of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division
of Applied Life Science (BK21), Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
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Immunomodulatory, Anticancer, and Antimicrobial Effects of Rice Bran Grown in Iraq: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121502. [PMID: 36558953 PMCID: PMC9782048 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the role of rice bran in cancer prevention. Studies were conducted on multiple rice cultivars. However, limited studies were conducted on rice cultivars in the Middle East. In this study, rice bran growing in Iraq (O. sativa ssp. Japonica, cultivars: Amber Barka) was evaluated for its effect on preventing cancer and stimulating the immune system. Rice bran was collected from local mills in Al-Najaf (south of Iraq). Several solvent extracts (ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, and water) were prepared by maceration. MTT assay was used to measure the antiproliferative effects of extracts against a panel of cancer cell lines. The ability of each extract to induce apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis was measured using standard ELISA kits. The effect of extracts on the immune system was evaluated using a lymphocyte proliferation assay, a pinocytic activity assay, a phagocytic activity assay, and a Th1/Th2 cytokine detection kit. A microbroth dilution method was used to detect the antimicrobial activity of each extract against different microbial strains. LC-MS analysis was used to detect the phytochemical composition of extracts, while DPPH assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity. For the in vivo study, rice bran was added to mouse fodder at 10% and 20%. Mice were treated for two weeks using mouse fodder supplemented with rice bran. In the third week of the experiment, EMT6/P breast cancer cells (1 × 10⁶ cells/mL) were injected subcutaneously into the abdominal area of each mouse. The dimensions of the grown tumors were measured after 14 days of tumor inoculation. A microbroth dilution method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of rice bran extracts against three bacterial strains. The highest antiproliferative activity was observed in ethanol and n-hexane extracts. Ethanol and methanol extract showed the highest activity to induce apoptosis and inhibit angiogenesis. Both extracts were also effective to enhance immunity by activating lymphocytes and phagocytes proliferation with modulations of cytokine levels. The incorporation of rice bran in mice food caused a 20% regression in tumor development and growth compared with the negative control. All extracts exhibited limited antimicrobial activity against tested microorganisms. Methanol extract showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 114 µg/mL. LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of multiple phytochemicals in rice bran including apiin, ferulic acid, and succinic acid. Rice bran is a rich source of active phytochemicals that may inhibit cancer and stimulate the immune system. Rice bran's biological activities could be due to the presence of multiple synergistically active phytochemicals. Further studies are needed to understand the exact mechanisms of action of rice bran.
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Matłok N, Piechowiak T, Kapusta I, Królikowski K, Balawejder M. Induction of Biosynthesis Antioxidant Molecules in Young Barley Plants by Trioxygen. Molecules 2022; 27:7195. [PMID: 36364021 PMCID: PMC9656088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Young barley plants are a good source of bioactive compounds. This paper presents the effects of gaseous O3 (trioxygen or ozone) on the biosynthesis of compounds, determining the antioxidant potential of young barley plants. The total content of polyphenols was determined along with their profile, as well as total antioxidant potential and vitamin C content. The highest contents of these compounds were identified in young barley plants exposed to gaseous O3. The main bioactive compound, representing polyphenols, determined in the examined raw materials was saponarin (isovitexin 7-O-glucoside). The induction of increased biosynthesis of these molecules was directly linked to the modification of the activity of selected enzymes. The increased polyphenol content resulted from the modified activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). On the other hand, the oxidative effect of ozone on barley plants was reduced, owing to the modified activities of catalases (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX). Analysis of the results showed that by applying gaseous O3 at a dose of 50 ppm for 10 min, the contents of bioactive compounds can be maximised in a residue-free way by activating oxidative stress defence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Matłok
- Department of Food and Agriculture Production Engineering, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piechowiak
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Department of Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Rzeszow University, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Kamil Królikowski
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, St. Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Maciej Balawejder
- Department of Chemistry and Food Toxicology, University of Rzeszow, St. Ćwiklińskiej 1a, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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Feng Y, Li D, Ma C, Tian M, Hu X, Chen F. Barley Leaf Ameliorates Citrobacter rodentium-Induced Colitis through Preventive Effects. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183833. [PMID: 36145206 PMCID: PMC9502111 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been increasing globally and progressively in recent decades. Barley leaf (BL) is a nutritional supplement that is shown to have health-promoting effects on intestinal homeostasis. Our previous study demonstrated that BL could significantly attenuate Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced colitis, but whether it exerts a prophylactic or therapeutic effect remains elusive. In this study, we supplemented BL before or during CR infestation to investigate which way BL acts. The results showed that BL supplementation prior to infection significantly reduced the disease activity index (DAI) score, weight loss, colon shortening, colonic wall swelling, and transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. It significantly reduced the amount of CR in the feces and also markedly inhibited the extraintestinal transmission of CR. Meanwhile, it significantly reduced the levels and expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin-1β (IL1β). In addition, pretreatment with BL improved CR-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis by reducing the content of Proteobacteria, while increasing the content of Lactobacillus. In contrast, the effect of BL supplementation during infestation on the improvement of CR-induced colitis was not as good as that of pretreatment with BL. In conclusion, BL protects against CR-caused colitis in a preventive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fang Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62737645 (ext. 18)
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids from Juglans mandshurica Maxim.: Artificial Intelligence-Based Optimization, Kinetics Estimation, and Antioxidant Potential. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154837. [PMID: 35956798 PMCID: PMC9369614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of flavonoids (JMBF) from Juglans mandshurica Maxim., an important industrial crop in China, was investigated in the present study. To improve the extraction efficiency of JMBF, suitable UAE was proposed after optimization using a hybrid response surface methodology–artificial neural network–genetic algorithm approach (RSM–ANN–GA). The maximum extraction yield (6.28 mg·g−1) of JMBF was achieved using the following optimum UAE conditions: ethanol concentration, 62%; solid–liquid ratio, 1:20 g·mL−1; ultrasonic power, 228 W; extraction temperature, 60 °C; extraction time, 40 min; total number of extractions, 1. Through the investigation of extraction kinetics, UAE offered a higher saturated concentration (Cs) for JMBF in comparison to traditional solvent extraction (TSE). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that deeper holes were generated in J. mandshurica powder under the action of ultrasound, indicating that ultrasound significantly changed the structure of the plant materials to facilitate the dissolution of active substances. Extracts obtained using UAE and TSE were compared by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, the results of which revealed that the functional group of bioactive compounds in the extract was unaffected by the ultrasonication process. Moreover, JMBF was further shown to exhibit significant antioxidant properties in vitro. This study provides a basis for the application of JMBF as a natural antioxidant.
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Indian gooseberry and barley sprout mixture prevents obesity by regulating adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in C57BL/6J mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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11
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A Creative Analysis of Factors Affecting the Landscape Construction of Urban Temple Garden Plants Based on Tourists’ Perceptions. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was based on the perspectives of tourists, with data obtained through a questionnaire survey of users of the Kaiyuan Temple Scenic Area in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, China. Through statistical evaluation and principal component analysis, the data collected from 351 questionnaires were analyzed, and five common factors affecting tourists’ perceptions were obtained: spatial structure, functional structure, utility plants, heritage characteristics and sensory characteristics. Through data analysis and research, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) most tourists have high expectations in terms of the overall layout of the temple garden plant landscape; (2) they like eye-catching and interesting plants and comfortable spaces for recreation and leisure; (3) they pay attention to the health-giving properties of plants; (4) tourists like it when the temple garden plant landscape includes a diverse range of plant forms while maintaining distinctive regional characteristics; and (5) tourists find bright flowers and aromatic plants relaxing and mood-enhancing, functioning to promote interaction between the temple landscape and tourists. The findings of the study can therefore be used as theoretical guidance for the design of urban temple garden plant landscape construction that meets the needs of tourists.
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Kim HJ, Lim S, Chung S, Lee S, Choi E, Yang KH, Hwang JT, Chung MY. Barley Sprout Water Extract and Saponarin Mitigate Triacylglycerol Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. J Med Food 2022; 25:79-88. [PMID: 35029509 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.k.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of action responsible for the reported hypolipidemic activity of barley sprouts have yet to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to compare the content of saponarin (the sole flavonoid present in barley sprout leaves), hypolipidemic activity between barley sprout water extract (BSW) and barley sprout ethanol extract (BSE), and the associated relevance to hypolipidemic activity in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. BSW elicited superior antiadipogenic effects when compared with BSE in MDI mixture [IBMX 0.5 mM + dexamethasone 1 μM + insulin 1 μg/mL]-treated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. BSW attenuated MDI-mediated triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation by inhibiting fatty acid synthase (FAS). FAS protein expression was markedly and dose dependently attenuated by BSW, with higher doses suppressing expression to a level equivalent to the controls. BSW also significantly attenuated MDI-mediated increases in the expression of genes involved in TAG synthesis as well as FAS in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that BSW contains more than four times more saponarin than BSE. Further investigation of saponarin-mediated hypotriacylglycerolemic activity and related gene expression revealed that saponarin significantly inhibited TAG accumulation, which was attributed to reductions in TAG synthesis-related gene expression. Taken together, these findings provide a basis for further development of barley sprout extract for functional health food purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jin Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sol Lim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea
| | | | - Sohee Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunji Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jin-Taek Hwang
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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Qu X, Hu S, Li T, Zhang J, Wang B, Liu C. Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Differences Between Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:933849. [PMID: 35909726 PMCID: PMC9328751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.933849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Bupleurum chinense DC. and Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. are two varieties of Bupleuri Radix in Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020. The clinical efficacy of the two bupleurum species is different. The difference in clinical efficacy is closely related to the composition of plant metabolites. In order to analyze the difference in metabolites, we used liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for untargeted metabolome and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for widely targeted metabolome to detect the roots (R), stems (S), leaves (L), and flowers (F) of two varieties, and detected 1,818 metabolites in 25 classes. We performed a statistical analysis of metabolites. Differential metabolites were screened by fold-change and variable importance in the projection values of the OPLS-DA model, and significant differences were found among different groups. The content of active components (triterpenoid saponins) was found to be high in the BcR group than in the BsR group. Other pharmacological metabolites were significantly different. By Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes annotation and enrichment analysis, we found that differential metabolites of the aboveground parts mainly concentrated in monoterpenoid biosynthesis, while the differential metabolites of the root mainly concentrated in sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis. Differences in metabolic networks may indirectly affect the metabolic profile of Bc and Bs, leading to differences in clinical efficacy. Our study provides a scientific basis for subsequent biosynthesis pathway and related bioactivity research, and provides a reference for developing non-medicinal parts and guiding the clinical application of Bupleuri Radix.
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Gromkowska-Kępka KJ, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Nowakowski P, Naliwajko SK, Moskwa J, Puścion-Jakubik A, Bielecka J, Grabia M, Mielcarek K, Soroczyńska J, Socha K. Chemical Composition and Protective Effect of Young Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Dietary Supplements Extracts on UV-Treated Human Skin Fibroblasts in In Vitro Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091402. [PMID: 34573034 PMCID: PMC8467029 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Young barley seems to be a promising material for use as nutricosmetic due to the presence of many biologically active compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Hordeum vulgare L. extracts on human skin fibroblasts exposed to ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) radiation. Analysis of the chemical composition showed a predominance of 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid. The quality assessment showed that young barley preparations have high total polyphenolic content (TPC) and favourable total antioxidant status (TAS). They also contain antioxidant elements such as zinc, copper, and selenium. Furthermore, the analyzed products were found to be safe in terms of toxic elements (lead, cadmium and mercury) and lack of cytotoxic effect of young barley extracts on cells. In vitro bioactivity assays showed that young barley extract increased the survival rate and accelerated the migration of fibroblasts in research models with UVB radiation. The application of both extracts caused an increase in DNA biosynthesis, and in the number of cells arrested in S phase. Moreover, an inhibitory effect of the tested extracts on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) was observed. The results indicate that young barley extracts, due to protective as well as restorative effect, could potentially be used in the production of nutricosmetics and skin care products.
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Zhou W, Cao X, Islam MN, Zheng H, Li J, Liu F, Cao Y, Dai Y. Comparison of hydrability, antioxidants, microstructure, and sensory quality of barley grass powder using ultra-micro-crushing combined with hot air and freeze drying. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:1870-1880. [PMID: 33841806 PMCID: PMC8020950 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the physicochemical characters of barley grass, ultra-micro-crushing (UMC) technology combined with air drying or freeze drying was carried out. After barley grass was air-dried at 70°C or freeze-dried at 15°C, it was grinded for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min using UMC, respectively. After combined processing, moisture content, particle size, odor, color, microstructure, water and oil-holding capacity, the content of flavonoid and chlorophyll, water activity, and sensory qualities were determined. The particle size of barley grass powder decreased, and lightness value was increased; water and oil-holding capacity decreased significantly (p ≤ .05), whereas swelling and dissolving capacity increased in the processed grass powder. On the other hand, the total flavonoid content increased significantly (p ≤ .05). Barley grass odor features sulfide aroma, and its microstructure demonstrates lamellar morphology with some fewer fragmented pieces. The results suggested combined UMC at 90-120 min will be suitable for processing barley grass powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Products Processing Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiangChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and VegetablesZhanjiangChina
| | - Xiaohuang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Products Processing Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiangChina
- College of Chemistry and FoodYulin Normal UniversityYulinChina
| | - Md. Nahidul Islam
- Department of Agro‐ProcessingBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural UniversityGhazipur1706Bangladesh
| | - Huiting Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringLingnan Normal UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Jihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Products Processing Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiangChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and VegetablesZhanjiangChina
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Products Processing Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiangChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and VegetablesZhanjiangChina
| | - Yupo Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Products Processing Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiangChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and VegetablesZhanjiangChina
| | - Yaping Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Products Processing of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsAgricultural Products Processing Research InstituteChinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesZhanjiangChina
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Storage and Processing of Fruits and VegetablesZhanjiangChina
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Park H, Lee E, Kim Y, Jung HY, Kim KM, Kwon O. Metabolic Profiling Analysis Reveals the Potential Contribution of Barley Sprouts against Oxidative Stress and Related Liver Cell Damage in Habitual Alcohol Drinkers. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030459. [PMID: 33804285 PMCID: PMC8000388 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic excessive alcohol consumption is associated with multiple liver defects, such as steatosis and cirrhosis, mainly attributable to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Barley sprouts (Hordeum vulgare L.) contain high levels of polyphenols that may serve as potential antioxidants. This study aimed to investigate whether barley sprouts extract powder (BSE) relieves alcohol-induced oxidative stress and related hepatic damages in habitual alcohol drinkers with fatty liver. In a 12-week randomized controlled trial with two arms (placebo or 480 mg/day BSE; n = 76), we measured clinical markers and metabolites at the baseline and endpoint to understand the complex molecular mechanisms. BSE supplementation reduced the magnitude of ROS generation and lipid peroxidation and improved the glutathione antioxidant system. Subsequent metabolomic analysis identified alterations in glutathione metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid synthesis pathways, confirming the role of BSE in glutathione-related lipid metabolism. Finally, the unsupervised machine learning algorithm indicated that subjects with lower glutathione reductase at the baseline were responders for liver fat content, and those with higher fatigue and lipid oxidation were responders for γ-glutamyl transferase. These findings suggest that BSE administration may protect against hepatic injury by reducing oxidative stress and changing the metabolism in habitual alcohol drinkers with fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerin Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.P.); (Y.K.); (H.Y.J.)
| | - Eunok Lee
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Yunsoo Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.P.); (Y.K.); (H.Y.J.)
| | - Hye Yoon Jung
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.P.); (Y.K.); (H.Y.J.)
| | - Kwang-Min Kim
- Department of Family Practice and Community Health, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16449, Korea;
| | - Oran Kwon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (H.P.); (Y.K.); (H.Y.J.)
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +82-2-3277-6860
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Hunt L, Klem K, Lhotáková Z, Vosolsobě S, Oravec M, Urban O, Špunda V, Albrechtová J. Light and CO 2 Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:385. [PMID: 33807526 PMCID: PMC7999350 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) accumulates phenolic compounds (PhCs), which play a key role in plant defense against environmental stressors as antioxidants or UV screening compounds. The influence of light and atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on the accumulation and localization of PhCs in barley leaves was examined for two varieties with different tolerances to oxidative stress. PhC localization was visualized in vivo using fluorescence microscopy. Close relationships were found between fluorescence-determined localization of PhCs in barley leaves and PhC content estimated using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy detection. Light intensity had the strongest effect on the accumulation of PhCs, but the total PhC content was similar at elevated [CO2], minimizing the differences between high and low light. PhCs localized preferentially near the surfaces of leaves, but under low light, an increasing allocation of PhCs in deeper mesophyll layers was observed. The PhC profile was significantly different between barley varieties. The relatively tolerant variety accumulated significantly more hydroxycinnamic acids, indicating that these PhCs may play a more prominent role in oxidative stress prevention. Our research presents novel evidence that [CO2] modulates the accumulation of PhCs in barley leaves. Mesophyll cells, rather than epidermal cells, were most responsive to environmental stimuli in terms of PhC accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hunt
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (Z.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.); (V.Š.)
| | - Zuzana Lhotáková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (Z.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (Z.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.); (V.Š.)
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.); (V.Š.)
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.); (V.Š.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Dvořákova 7, 70103 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Albrechtová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (Z.L.); (S.V.)
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18
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Hrebień‐Filisińska A. Application of natural antioxidants in the oxidative stabilization of fish oils: A mini‐review. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Hrebień-Filisińska AM, Bartkowiak A. The Use of Sage Oil Macerates ( Salvia officinalis L.) for Oxidative Stabilization of Cod Liver Oil in Bulk Oil Systems. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2020; 2020:4971203. [PMID: 33490231 PMCID: PMC7787816 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4971203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant properties of sage oil macerates (M) in cod liver oil (CLO) during process oxidation catalyzed by UV radiation. CLO was not only subject to oxidative stabilization but also used as a solvent for active ingredients of sage. Macerates were obtained by combining the sage with CLO, homogenization, maceration, and filtration. The effect of different maceration times (0, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 15 days) and different concentrations of macerate addition (5%, 10%, 25%, and 50%) on the CLO oxidation degree, which was determined by peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), and Totox index, was evaluated. Additionally, the total content of polyphenols in macerates by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, antioxidant activity DPPH, and color was determined. The macerates showed antioxidant properties in CLO. The best effect was shown by the initial macerate (maceration time 0, M0), which in 25% concentration significantly inhibited oxidative processes in CLO. It was also characterized by high content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity of DPPH. Sage macerates can effectively inhibit oxidation of fish oils and prolong their durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka M. Hrebień-Filisińska
- Department of Fish, Plant and Gastronomy Technology, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-459 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Artur Bartkowiak
- Center of Bioimmobilisation and Innovative Packaging Materials, Faculty of Food Sciences and Fisheries, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-270 Szczecin, Poland
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20
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Muthusamy M, Kim JH, Kim SH, Kim JY, Heo JW, Lee H, Lee KS, Seo WD, Park S, Kim JA, Lee SI. Changes in Beneficial C-glycosylflavones and Policosanol Content in Wheat and Barley Sprouts Subjected to Differential LED Light Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1502. [PMID: 33172036 PMCID: PMC7694615 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The spectral quality and intensity of light, photoperiodism, and other environmental factors have profound impacts on the metabolic composition of light-dependent higher plants. Hence, we investigate the effects of fluorescent light (96 μmol m-2s-1) and white (100 μmol m-2s-1), blue (100 μmol m-2s-1), and red (93 μmol m-2s-1) light-emitting diode (LED) light irradiation on the C-glycosylflavone and policosanol contents in young seedlings of wheat and barley. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analyses of C-glycosylflavone contents in barley reveal that the saponarin content is significantly enhanced under blue LED light irradiation. Under similar conditions, isoorientin and isoschaftoside contents are improved in wheat seedlings. The contents of these C-glycosylflavones differed along with the light quality and growth period. The highest accumulation was observed in sprouts after three days under blue LED light irradiation. GC/MS analyses of policosanol contents showed that 1-hexacosanol (C26:o-OH) in barley and 1-octacosanol (C28:o-OH) in wheat seedlings were reduced under LED light irradiation, compared to seedlings under fluorescent light conditions. Nonetheless, the policosanol contents gradually improved with the extension of growth times and treatments, irrespective of the light quality. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between the expression pattern of biosynthesis-related genes and the respective metabolite content in barley. This study demonstrates that blue LED light irradiation is useful in maximizing the C-glycosylflavone content in barley and wheat sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusamy Muthusamy
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (M.M.); (J.H.K.); (S.H.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Jong Hee Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (M.M.); (J.H.K.); (S.H.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.A.K.)
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, Hankyung National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Suk Hee Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (M.M.); (J.H.K.); (S.H.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Joo Yeol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (M.M.); (J.H.K.); (S.H.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Jeong Wook Heo
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - HanGyeol Lee
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea; (H.L.); (K.-S.L.); (W.D.S.)
| | - Kwang-Sik Lee
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea; (H.L.); (K.-S.L.); (W.D.S.)
| | - Woo Duck Seo
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Wanju 55365, Korea; (H.L.); (K.-S.L.); (W.D.S.)
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (M.M.); (J.H.K.); (S.H.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Jin A Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (M.M.); (J.H.K.); (S.H.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.A.K.)
| | - Soo In Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences (NAS), RDA, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (M.M.); (J.H.K.); (S.H.K.); (J.Y.K.); (S.P.); (J.A.K.)
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21
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Silicon Modulates the Production and Composition of Phenols in Barley under Aluminum Stress. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10081138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) exerts beneficial effects in mitigating aluminum (Al) toxicity in different plant species. These include attenuating oxidative damage and improving structural strengthening as a result of the increased production of secondary metabolites such as phenols. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of Si on phenol production and composition in two barley cultivars under Al stress. Our conceptual approach included a hydroponic experiment with an Al-tolerant (Sebastian) and an Al-sensitive (Scarlett) barley cultivar treated with two Al doses (0 or 0.2 mM of Al) and two Si doses (0 or 2 mM) for 21 days. Chemical, biochemical and growth parameters were assayed after harvest. Our results indicated that the Al and Si concentration decreased in both cultivars when Al and Si were added in combination. Silicon increased the antioxidant activity and soluble phenol concentration, but reduced lipid peroxidation irrespective of the Al dose. Both barley cultivars showed changes in culm creep rate, flavonoids and flavones concentration, lignin accumulation and altered lignin composition in Si and Al treatments. We concluded that Si fertilization could increase the resistance of barley to Al toxicity by regulating the metabolism of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and structural functions.
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Jiang M, Yan L, Li KA, Ji ZH, Tian SG. Evaluation of total phenol and flavonoid content and antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Trollius chinensis Bunge extracts on Streptococcus mutans. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:1471-1479. [PMID: 32666669 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries is a chronic disease with multiple bacterial infections, Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic bacteria. Trollius chinensis Bunge is a common folk medicine in the Xinjiang area of China. In this study, we investigated the total flavonoid content and total phenol content in four types of T. chinensis Bunge extracts and the inhibitory effects of these extracts on S. mutans. Agar diffusion method was used to measure the inhibition zone diameters, and the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by the twofold dilution method. Water extracts from T. chinensis Bunge and ethanol (30, 60, and 90%) extracts at different concentrations could significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans. Among them, 30% ethanol extract exhibited the best antibacterial and antibiofilms effect. Biofilm research (crystal violet staining and CLSM) showed that 30% ethanol extract of T. chinensis Bunge plays an important role in inhibiting S. mutans growth and the number of biofilms. The results indicate that T. chinensis Bunge extract has good antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity on S. mutans. It has the potential to be developed for the treatment of caries in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jiang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Li Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ke-Ao Li
- Xinjiang Qimu Medical Research Institute, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Ji
- Xinjiang Qimu Medical Research Institute, Urumqi, China
| | - Shu-Ge Tian
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Filho FO, Silva EDO, Lopes MMDA, Ribeiro PRV, Oster AH, Guedes JAC, Zampieri DDS, Bordallo PDN, Zocolo GJ. Effect of pulsed light on postharvest disease control-related metabolomic variation in melon (Cucumis melo) artificially inoculated with Fusarium pallidoroseum. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0220097. [PMID: 32310943 PMCID: PMC7170254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulsed light, as a postharvest technology, is an alternative to traditional fungicides, and can be used on a wide variety of fruit and vegetables for sanitization or pathogen control. In addition to these applications, other effects also are detected in vegetal cells, including changes in metabolism and secondary metabolite production, which directly affect disease control response mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate pulsed ultraviolet light in controlling postharvest rot, caused by Fusarium pallidoroseum in 'Spanish' melon, in natura, and its implications in disease control as a function of metabolomic variation to fungicidal or fungistatic effects. The dose of pulsed light (PL) that inhibited F. pallidoroseum growth in melons (Cucumis melo var. Spanish) was 9 KJ m-2. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight (QTOF) mass analyzer identified 12 compounds based on tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) fragmentation patterns. Chemometric analysis by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal Partial Least Squared Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and corresponding S-Plot were used to evaluate the changes in fruit metabolism. PL technology provided protection against postharvest disease in melons, directly inhibiting the growth of F. pallidoroseum through the upregulation of specific fruit biomarkers such as pipecolic acid (11), saponarin (7), and orientin (3), which acted as major markers for the defense system against pathogens. PL can thus be proposed as a postharvest technology to prevent chemical fungicides and may be applied to reduce the decay of melon quality during its export and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Oiram Filho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ebenézer de Oliveira Silva
- Multiuser Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, EMBRAPA Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mônica Maria de Almeida Lopes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Andréia Hansen Oster
- Post Harvest Laboratory, EMBRAPA Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jhonyson Arruda Carvalho Guedes
- Department of Analytical and Physical-Chemical Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Dávila de Souza Zampieri
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Julião Zocolo
- Multiuser Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, EMBRAPA Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Variability of Hordeum vulgare L. Cultivars in Yield, Antioxidant Potential, and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12051938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an annual plant cultivated in spring or autumn. Currently, over 70% of the cultivated barley grains are utilized for preparing fodder, while the rest is used for the production of malt and cereals in the food industry. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant potential, and cholinesterase inhibitory effect of the aqueous extracts of juvenile barley leaves. It was found that the barley cultivars differed in their content of the determined phytochemicals as well as their antioxidant potential and cholinesterase-inhibitory activity. The water extracts of young barley leaves contained phenolic acids as well as quercetin, rutin, and kaempferitrin. The extracts showed a higher inhibitory effect on 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) than on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Based on the aqueous extracts analyzed, we found that winter cultivars were characterized by the highest iron-chelating activity. Furthermore, barley extracts showed a stronger inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase compared to butyrylcholinesterase. The results of the present work indicated that barley cultivars differed in their germination process. Among the tested samples, the highest cholinesterase inhibitory activity was shown by the Basic variety.
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Kowalczewski PŁ, Radzikowska D, Ivanišová E, Szwengiel A, Kačániová M, Sawinska Z. Influence of Abiotic Stress Factors on the Antioxidant Properties and Polyphenols Profile Composition of Green Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E397. [PMID: 31936315 PMCID: PMC7014329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of stress factors on the plant can, on the one hand, lead to worse functioning of the plant and loss of its crop, but on the other, it can have a positive effect on the metabolism of compounds with documented biological activity. In this study, the effect of light and drought intensity on photosynthetic activity and physiological status of two barley varieties, as well as the antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and profile of polyphenolic compounds of green barley were analysed. It was shown that under the conditions of water shortage, the KWS Olof variety showed a smaller decrease in CO2 assimilation and transpiration and higher values of these parameters at both light intensities. Only in the KWS Olof variety increased stress as a result of increased light intensity. It has also been shown that both the intensity of radiation and drought-related stress have a significant impact on the profile of polyphenolic compounds from green barley, without a simple relationship between the impact of stress factors on the content of polyphenols. Changes in the profile of polyphenolic compounds augmented the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the material. This, in turn, proposes the possibility of reducing the applied doses of herbal material thanks to a greater content of active substances in extracts obtained from the plants used to produce medicinal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Dominika Radzikowska
- Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 11 Dojazd St., 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.R.); (Z.S.)
| | - Eva Ivanišová
- Department of Technology and Quality of Plant Products, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 2 Tr. A. Hlinku St., 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Artur Szwengiel
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Sciences, Viticulture and Enology, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 2 Tr. A. Hlinku St., 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia;
- Department of Bioenergy and Food Technology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszów, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Sawinska
- Department of Agronomy, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 11 Dojazd St., 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.R.); (Z.S.)
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Preparation of Chlorophyll-free Young Barley Leaf Extract Powders Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Modified with Cosolvent. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-019-0236-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Batiga S, Valli M, Zeraik ML, Fraige K, Leme GM, Pitangui NS, Almeida AMF, Michel S, Young MCM, Bolzani VS. Chemical composition and biological properties of Ipomoea procumbens. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Preventive and Therapeutic Role of Functional Ingredients of Barley Grass for Chronic Diseases in Human Beings. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3232080. [PMID: 29849880 PMCID: PMC5904770 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3232080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Barley grass powder is the best functional food that provides nutrition and eliminates toxins from cells in human beings; however, its functional ingredients have played an important role as health benefit. In order to better cognize the preventive and therapeutic role of barley grass for chronic diseases, we carried out the systematic strategies for functional ingredients of barley grass, based on the comprehensive databases, especially the PubMed, Baidu, ISI Web of Science, and CNKI, between 2008 and 2017. Barley grass is rich in functional ingredients, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), flavonoids, saponarin, lutonarin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), K, Ca, Se, tryptophan, chlorophyll, vitamins (A, B1, C, and E), dietary fiber, polysaccharide, alkaloid, metallothioneins, and polyphenols. Barley grass promotes sleep; has antidiabetic effect; regulates blood pressure; enhances immunity; protects liver; has anti-acne/detoxifying and antidepressant effects; improves gastrointestinal function; has anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and antigout effects; reduces hyperuricemia; prevents hypoxia, cardiovascular diseases, fatigue, and constipation; alleviates atopic dermatitis; is a calcium supplement; improves cognition; and so on. These results support that barley grass may be one of the best functional foods for preventive chronic diseases and the best raw material of modern diet structure in promoting the development of large health industry and further reveal that GABA, flavonoids, SOD, K-Ca, vitamins, and tryptophan mechanism of barley grass have preventive and therapeutic role for chronic diseases. This paper can be used as a scientific evidence for developing functional foods and novel drugs for barley grass for preventive chronic diseases.
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Choi KC, Son YO, Hwang JM, Kim BT, Chae M, Lee JC. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic potential of phenolic acids and flavonoid fractions isolated from Lolium multiflorum. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:611-619. [PMID: 27937124 PMCID: PMC6130696 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1266673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Interest has recently renewed in using Lolium multiflorum Lam. (Poaceae) (called Italian ryegrass; IRG) silage as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory diet. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic potential of IRG silage and identified the primary components in IRG active fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total 16 fractions were separated from the chloroform-soluble extract of IRG aerial part using Sephadex LH-20 column before HPLC analysis. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the fractions at doses of 0-100 μg/mL were investigated using various cell-free and cell-mediated assay systems. To explore anti-septic effect of IRG fractions, female ICR and BALB/c mice orally received 40 mg/kg of phenolic acid and flavonoid-rich active fractions F7 and F8 every other day for 10 days, respectively, followed by LPS challenge. RESULTS The active fractions showed greater antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential compared with other fractions. IC50 values of F7 and F8 to reduce LPS-stimulated NO and TNF-α production were around 15 and 30 μg/mL, respectively. Comparison of retention times with authentic compounds through HPLC analysis revealed the presence of caffeic acid, ferulic acid, myricetin and kaempferol in the fractions as primary components. These fractions inhibited LPS-stimulated MAPK and NF-κB activation. Supplementation with F7 or F8 improved the survival rates of mice to 70 and 60%, respectively, in LPS-injected mice and reduced near completely serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study highlights antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic activities of IRG active fractions, eventually suggesting their usefulness in preventing oxidative damage and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Choon Choi
- Grassland and Forages Research Center, National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Cell Dynamics Research Center and School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung-Min Hwang
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Beom-Tae Kim
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Minseon Chae
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- CONTACT Jeong-Chae LeeInstitute of Oral Biosciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju54896, South Korea
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Xiong F, Guan YS. Cautiously using natural medicine to treat liver problems. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3388-3395. [PMID: 28596675 PMCID: PMC5442075 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i19.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural medicine is a system of therapy that administrates natural agents and their derivatives to treat human diseases. This medicine has been used to treat many kinds of human diseases for thousands of years. The treatment protocols of natural medicine are integrative in nature, and are required to utilize the most appropriate therapies to address the needs of the individual patient. Because of the relative convenience, safety and efficacy, natural medicine is now increasing worldwide. Naturopathic doctors are licensed in many areas of the world and regulated partly by law in these areas, which is quite different from various other forms of complementary and alternative medicine. Liver diseases, such as hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and liver carcinoma, are serious health problems worldwide. Nearly half of the natural agents used in treatment of liver diseases today are natural products and their derivatives. Although natural medicine is beneficial and safe, physicians should pay close attention to the potential side-effects of the naturopathic agents, which lead to liver injury, interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory failure. Therefore, when administrating naturopathic protocols to patients for the treatment of liver diseases, we should try our best to prevent and avoid as much as possible the negative impact of these medicines. This article highlights the current practice and recommended improvement of natural medicines in the treatment of liver diseases and gives some specific examples to emphasize the prevention and management of adverse reactions of the natural agents and suggests that natural medicine should be cautiously used to treat liver problems.
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Aborus NE, Čanadanović-Brunet J, Ćetković G, Šaponjac VT, Vulić J, Ilić N. Powdered barley sprouts: composition, functionality and polyphenol digestibility. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naji Elhadi Aborus
- Faculty of Technology; University of Novi Sad; Bulevar Cara Lazara 1 Novi Sad 21 000 Serbia
| | | | - Gordana Ćetković
- Faculty of Technology; University of Novi Sad; Bulevar Cara Lazara 1 Novi Sad 21 000 Serbia
| | - Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac
- Faculty of Technology; University of Novi Sad; Bulevar Cara Lazara 1 Novi Sad 21 000 Serbia
| | - Jelena Vulić
- Faculty of Technology; University of Novi Sad; Bulevar Cara Lazara 1 Novi Sad 21 000 Serbia
| | - Nebojša Ilić
- Institute of Food Technology; University of Novi Sad; Bulevar Cara Lazara 1 Novi Sad 21 000 Serbia
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Zafar S, Ahmed R, Khan R. Biotransformation: a green and efficient way of antioxidant synthesis. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:939-48. [PMID: 27383446 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1209745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant compounds play a vital role in human physiology. They prevent the oxidation of biomolecules by scavenging free radicals produced during physiochemical processes and/or as a result of several pathological states. A balance between the reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and antioxidants is essential for proper physiological conditions. Excessive free radicals cause oxidative stress which can lead to several human diseases. Therefore, synthesis of the effective antioxidants is crucial in managing the oxidative stress. Biotransformation has evolved as an effective technique for the production of structurally diverse molecules with a wide range of biological activities. This methodology surpasses the conventional chemical synthesis due to the fact that enzymes, being specific in nature, catalyze reactions affording products with excellent regio- and stereoselectivities. Structural transformation of various classes of compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, and terpenes has been carried out through this technique. Several bioactive molecules, especially those having antioxidant potential have also been synthesized by using different biotransformation techniques and enzymes. Hydroxylated, glycosylated, and acylated derivatives of phenols, flavonoids, cinnamates, and other molecules have proven abilities as potential antioxidants. A critical review of the biotransformation of these compounds into potent antioxidant metabolites is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Zafar
- a Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
| | - Rida Ahmed
- b Department of Basic Sciences , DHA Suffa University, DG-78, Off Khayaban-e-Tufail, Phase VII Ext. Defence Housing Authority , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Rasool Khan
- a Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar , Peshawar , Pakistan
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Lee YH, Kim JH, Kim SH, Oh JY, Seo WD, Kim KM, Jung JC, Jung YS. Barley Sprouts Extract Attenuates Alcoholic Fatty Liver Injury in Mice by Reducing Inflammatory Response. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070440. [PMID: 27455313 PMCID: PMC4963916 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that barley leaves possess beneficial properties such as antioxidant, hypolipidemic, antidepressant, and antidiabetic. Interestingly, barley sprouts contain a high content of saponarin, which showed both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this study, we evaluated the effect of barley sprouts on alcohol-induced liver injury mediated by inflammation and oxidative stress. Raw barley sprouts were extracted, and quantitative and qualitative analyses of its components were performed. The mice were fed a liquid alcohol diet with or without barley sprouts for four weeks. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were used to study the effect of barley sprouts on inflammation. Alcohol intake for four weeks caused liver injury, evidenced by an increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels. The accumulation of lipid in the liver was also significantly induced, whereas the glutathione (GSH) level was reduced. Moreover, the inflammation-related gene expression was dramatically increased. All these alcohol-induced changes were effectively prevented by barley sprouts treatment. In particular, pretreatment with barley sprouts significantly blocked inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7. This study suggests that the protective effect of barley sprouts against alcohol-induced liver injury is potentially attributable to its inhibition of the inflammatory response induced by alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea.
| | - Joung-Hee Kim
- Department of Bio Health Science, College of Natural Science, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea.
| | - Sou Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Ji Youn Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Woo Duck Seo
- Crop Foundation Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do 54875, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Mi Kim
- Life Science Research Institute, Novarex Co., Ltd, Ochang, Cheongwon, Cheongju 28126, Korea.
| | - Jae-Chul Jung
- Life Science Research Institute, Novarex Co., Ltd, Ochang, Cheongwon, Cheongju 28126, Korea.
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Kubatka P, Kello M, Kajo K, Kruzliak P, Výbohová D, Šmejkal K, Maršík P, Zulli A, Gönciová G, Mojžiš J, Kapinová A, Murin R, Péč M, Adamkov M, Przygodzki RM. Young Barley Indicates Antitumor Effects in Experimental Breast Cancer In Vivo and In Vitro. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:611-21. [PMID: 27042893 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1154577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary administered young barley containing a mixture of phytochemicals to female rats for the prevention of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis was evaluated. After carcinogen administration (14 wk), mammary tumors were removed and prepared for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, in vitro evaluation of possible mechanisms in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line was performed. Barley (0.3%) demonstrated mild antitumor effect in mammary carcinogenesis, yet 3% barley did not further improve this effect. Immunohistochemical analysis of rat tumor cells in treated groups showed significant increase in caspase-3 expression and significant reduction in Ki67 expression. In addition, 3% barley significantly decreased dityrosine levels versus control. Barley in higher dose significantly decreased serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in rats. In vitro studies showed that barley significantly decreased survival of MCF-7 cells in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and significantly decreased 5-bromo-20-deoxyuridine incorporation versus control. Barley prevented cell cycle progression and extended incubation with barley showed significant increase in the percentage of annexin V/propidium iodide-positive MCF-7 cells. Our results propose an antitumor effect for the mixture of phytochemicals present in young barley in a breast cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kubatka
- a Department of Medical Biology , Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
| | - Martin Kello
- b Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University , Košice , Slovakia
| | - Karol Kajo
- c Department of Pathology , Slovak Medical University and St. Elisabeth Oncology Institute , Bratislava
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- d Laboratory of Structural Biology and Proteomics, Central Laboratories, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Desanka Výbohová
- e Department of Anatomy , Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
| | - Karel Šmejkal
- f Department of Natural Drugs, Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Maršík
- g Department of Quality of Agricultural Products , Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague , Prague , Czech Republic.,h Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, v. v. i. , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Anthony Zulli
- i The Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention & Management (CCDPM), College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Gabriela Gönciová
- b Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University , Košice , Slovakia
| | - Ján Mojžiš
- b Department of Pharmacology , Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University , Košice , Slovakia
| | - Andrea Kapinová
- j Department of Medical Biochemistry , Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
| | - Radovan Murin
- j Department of Medical Biochemistry , Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
| | - Martin Péč
- a Department of Medical Biology , Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
| | - Marián Adamkov
- k Department of Histology and Embryology , Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava , Martin , Slovakia
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Han S, Li D, Trost E, Mayer KF, Vlot AC, Heller W, Schmid M, Hartmann A, Rothballer M. Systemic Responses of Barley to the 3-hydroxy-decanoyl-homoserine Lactone Producing Plant Beneficial Endophyte Acidovorax radicis N35. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1868. [PMID: 28018401 PMCID: PMC5149536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Quorum sensing auto-inducers of the N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) type produced by Gram-negative bacteria have different effects on plants including stimulation on root growth and/or priming or acquirement of systemic resistance in plants. In this communication the influence of AHL production of the plant growth promoting endophytic rhizosphere bacterium Acidovorax radicis N35 on barley seedlings was investigated. A. radicis N35 produces 3-hydroxy-C10-homoserine lactone (3-OH-C10-HSL) as the major AHL compound. To study the influence of this QS autoinducer on the interaction with barley, the araI-biosynthesis gene was deleted. The comparison of inoculation effects of the A. radicis N35 wild type and the araI mutant resulted in remarkable differences. While the N35 wild type colonized plant roots effectively in microcolonies, the araI mutant occurred at the root surface as single cells. Furthermore, in a mixed inoculum the wild type was much more prevalent in colonization than the araI mutant documenting that the araI mutation affected root colonization. Nevertheless, a significant plant growth promoting effect could be shown after inoculation of barley with the wild type and the araI mutant in soil after 2 months cultivation. While A. radicis N35 wild type showed only a very weak induction of early defense responses in plant RNA expression analysis, the araI mutant caused increased expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes. This was corroborated by the accumulation of several flavonoid compounds such as saponarin and lutonarin in leaves of root inoculated barley seedlings. Thus, although the exact role of the flavonoids in this plant response is not clear yet, it can be concluded, that the synthesis of AHLs by A. radicis has implications on the perception by the host plant barley and thereby contributes to the establishment and function of the bacteria-plant interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengcai Han
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dan Li
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eva Trost
- Research Unit Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus F. Mayer
- Research Unit Plant Genome and Systems Biology, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A. Corina Vlot
- Department Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Werner Heller
- Department Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmid
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anton Hartmann
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Rothballer
- Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Department Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH)Neuherberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Rothballer
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Zhou X, Yuping Z, Zhao H, Liang J, Zhang Y, Shi S. Antioxidant homoisoflavonoids from Polygonatum odoratum. Food Chem 2015; 186:63-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lee YM, Han SI, Song BC, Yeum KJ. Bioactives in Commonly Consumed Cereal Grains: Implications for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. J Med Food 2015; 18:1179-86. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Mi Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Han
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang, Korea
| | - Byeng Chun Song
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jin Yeum
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
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Lahouar L, El-Bok S, Achour L. Therapeutic Potential of Young Green Barley Leaves in Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases: An Overview. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2015; 43:1311-29. [PMID: 26477798 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have played a major role as a functional food and pharmacological source of active substances. Barley grass (BG) is young green barley leaves. It is the young grass of the common barley plant Hordeum vulgare L. of the family Poeaceae (Graminae). It is a type of green grasses, and the only vegetation on the earth that can supply sole nutritional support from birth to old age. It contains a wide spectrum of vitamins, minerals, as well as eight essential amino acids that we must get from our diets. BG possesses several pharmacological activities as anticancer activity, anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity. It has been argued that BG helps blood flow, digestion and general detoxification of the body. The major pharmacologic interest of BG is its use in the treatment of chronic diseases. The beneficial effects observed in chronic disease may be related to bioactive compounds contained in BG such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and bioflavonoids (lutonarin and saponarin). Thus, this paper is focused on the various studies that emphasize the therapeutic potential of BG in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Lahouar
- * Laboratoire de Recherche Bioressources: Biologie Intégrative & Valorisation, "BIOLIVAL" de l'Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir Tunisie
| | - Safia El-Bok
- † Laboratoire de Biodiversité, Biotechnologies et Changements Climatiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar Tunisie
| | - Lotfi Achour
- * Laboratoire de Recherche Bioressources: Biologie Intégrative & Valorisation, "BIOLIVAL" de l'Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir Tunisie
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Sun H, Zhou X, Zhang X, Wu B. Decreased Expression of Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4/ABCC4) Leads to Reduced Glucuronidation of Flavonoids in UGT1A1-Overexpressing HeLa Cells: The Role of Futile Recycling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:6001-6008. [PMID: 26066637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the role of futile recycling (or deglucuronidation) in the disposition of two flavonoids (i.e., genistein and apigenin) was explored using UGT1A1-overexpressing HeLa cells (or HeLa1A1 cells). Glucuronidation of the flavonoids by HeLa1A1 cell lysate followed the substrate inhibition kinetics (Vmax = 0.10 nmol/min/mg, Km = 0.54 μM, and Ksi = 2.0 μM for genistein; Vmax = 0.19 nmol/min/mg, Km = 0.56 μM, and Ksi = 3.7 μM for apigenin). Glucuronide was efficiently generated and excreted after incubation of the cells with the aglycone (at doses of 1.25-20 nmol). The excretion rates were 0.40-0.69 and 0.84-1.1 nmol/min/mg protein for genistein glucuronide (GG) and apigenin glucuronide (AG), respectively. Furthermore, glucuronide excretion and total glucuronidation were significantly reduced in MRP4 knocked-down as compared to control cells. The alterations were well characterized by a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model incorporating the process of futile recycling (defined by a first-order rate constant, Kde). The derived Kde values were 15 and 25 h(-1) for GG and AG, respectively. This was well consistent with the in vitro observation that AG was subjected to more efficient futile recycling compared to GG. In conclusion, futile recycling was involved in cellular glucuronidation, accounting for transporter-dependent glucuronidation of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sun
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhou
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Baojian Wu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Kim M, Lee J, Han J. Deglycosylation of isoflavone C-glycosides by newly isolated human intestinal bacteria. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2015; 95:1925-31. [PMID: 25199800 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant isoflavones are mostly present in the glycoside form. Isoflavone aglycones produced by intestinal microflora are reported to be more bioactive than the glycoside form. However, the deglycosylation of isoflavone C-glycosides is known to be rare, and is less studied. RESULTS Three new bacteria were isolated from human faecal samples, two of which hydrolysed the C-glycosidic bond of puerarin, daidzein-8-C-glucoside. They were identified as two Lactococcus species, herein designated as MRG-IFC-1 and MRG-IFC-3, and an Enterococcus species, herein designated MRG-IFC-2, based on their 16S rDNA sequences. From a reactivity study, it was found that Lactococcus sp. MRG-IFC-1 and Enterococcus sp. MRG-IFC-2 hydrolysed isoflavone C- and O-glycosides, as well as the flavone O-glycoside apigetrin, but could not hydrolyse the flavone C-glycosidic bond of vitexin. The other Lactococcus sp., MRG-IF-3, could not hydrolyse the C-glycosidic linkage of puerarin, while it showed a broad substrate spectrum of O-glycosidase activity similar to the other two bacteria. Puerarin was completely converted to daidzein within 100 min by Lactococcus sp. MRG-IFC-1 and Enterococcus sp. MRG-IFC-2, which is the fastest conversion among the reported human intestinal bacteria. CONCLUSION Two new puerarin-metabolising human intestinal bacteria were isolated and identified, and the deglycosylation activity for various flavonoid glycosides was investigated. The results could facilitate the study of C-glycosidase reaction mechanisms, as well as the pharmacokinetics of bioactive C-glycoside natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyang Kim
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekwan Lee
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Han
- Metalloenzyme Research Group and Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 456-756, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The liver is a very important organ with a lot of functions for the host to survive. Dietary components are essential for and can be beneficial or detrimental to the healthy or diseased liver. Plants food is an essential part of the human diet and comprises various compounds which are closely related to liver health. Selected food plants can provide nutritional and medicinal support for liver disease. At the present, the knowledge of the effects of plants on the liver is still incomplete. The most urgent task at the present time is to find the best dietary and medicinal plants for liver health in an endless list of candidates. This review article updates the knowledge about the effects of plants consumption on the health of the liver, putting particular emphasis on the potential beneficial and harmful impact of dietary and medicinal plants on liver function.
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Yamaura K, Tanaka R, Bi Y, Fukata H, Oishi N, Sato H, Mori C, Ueno K. Protective effect of young green barley leaf (Hordeum vulgare L.) on restraint stress-induced decrease in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mice. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:S86-92. [PMID: 26109779 PMCID: PMC4461973 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.157702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many health experts support the hypothesis that stressful lifestyles are the leading cause of illness, like depression. Therefore, from the standpoint of preventive medicine, it is important to reduce stress. Young green barley leaves are a good natural source of vitamins and minerals, and their juice is widely consumed as a functional food for health reasons in Japan. This study investigated the protective effect of young green barley leaves for stress control. Materials and Methods: ICR outbred mice were exposed to 3-h sessions of restraint stress. Young green barley leaves (400 and 1,000 mg/kg) were administered orally 1 h before the sessions for 5 days. To analyze voluntary behavior, wheel-running activity was monitored during the dark period. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the whole hippocampus was measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: Restraint stress resulted in a significant decrease in voluntary wheel-running behavior, but this decrease was ameliorated by the administration of young green barley leaves. The leaves also enhanced the decreased levels of BDNF mRNA induced by restraint stress; in particular, a significant protective effect was shown in the exon IV variant as compared to vehicle control mice. Conclusion: The findings suggest that young green barley leaves have potent anti-stress properties, as evidenced by preventing decreases in the levels of voluntary wheel-running activity and hippocampal BDNF mRNA in response to restraint stress. Our findings support the possibility that supplementation with young green barley leaves might be beneficial for preventing stress-related psychiatric disorders like depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yamaura
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Riho Tanaka
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuanyuan Bi
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukata
- Research and Development Division, JPD Co. Ltd., Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Oishi
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sato
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chisato Mori
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan ; Center for Preventive Medical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichi Ueno
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan ; Center for Preventive Medical Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Meng TX, Irino N, Kondo R. Melanin biosynthesis inhibitory activity of a compound isolated from young green barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in B16 melanoma cells. J Nat Med 2015; 69:427-31. [PMID: 25827948 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the course to find compounds that inhibit melanin biosynthesis (i.e., whitening agents), we evaluated the effects of the methanol-soluble fraction (i.e., the water-soluble portion of methanol extracts-CHP20P-MeOH eluted fraction) from young green barley leaves on melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. Activity-guided fractionation led to an isolate called tricin (compound 1) as an inhibitory compound of melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. Furthermore, tricin analogs such as tricetin, tricetin trimethyl ether, luteolin, and apigenin were used for analyzing the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones studies. Tricin demonstrated stronger inhibitory activity compared to three other compounds. The results suggest that a hydroxyl group at the C-4' position and methoxy groups at the C-3',5' positions of the tricin skeleton may have important roles in this inhibitory activity in B16 melanoma cells. Our results suggest that tricin inhibits melanin biosynthesis with higher efficacy than arbutin, and it could be used as a whitening agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xiao Meng
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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Xu W, Shao R, Xiao J. Is There Consistency between the Binding Affinity and Inhibitory Potential of Natural Polyphenols as α-amylase Inhibitors? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:1630-9. [PMID: 25748632 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.793652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Fan MJ, Wang IC, Hsiao YT, Lin HY, Tang NY, Hung TC, Quan C, Lien JC, Chung JG. Anthocyanins from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) demonstrate antimetastatic properties by reducing MMPs and NF-κB expressions in human oral cancer CAL 27 cells. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:327-38. [PMID: 25658905 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.990576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aside from the commonly known white rice lines, colored varieties also exist. These varieties have historically been used in Chinese medicine. Anthocyanins, a large group of natural polyphenols existing in a variety of daily fruits and vegetables, have been widely recognized as cancer chemopreventive agents. The primary objective of cancer treatment strategies has traditionally focused on preventing the occurrence of metastasis. In this research the antimetastatic mechanism of anthocyanins on the invasion/migration of human oral CAL 27 cells was performed using a transwell to quantify the migratory potential of CAL 27 cells and the results show that anthocyanins can inhibit the in vitro migration and invasion of CAL 27 cancer cells. In addition, the gelatin zymography assay indicated that anthocyanins inhibited the activity of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2). Western blotting assay also demonstrated that anthocyanins inhibited the associated protein expression of migration/invasion of CAL 27 cell. Immunofluorescence staining proved that anthocyanins inhibited nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) expressions. These results demonstrated that anthocyanins from a species of black rice (selected purple glutinous indica rice cultivated at Asia University) could suppress CAL 27 cell metastasis by reduction of MMP-2, MMP-9, and NF-κB p65 expression through the suppression of PI3K/Akt pathway and inhibition of NF-κB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jen Fan
- a Department of Biotechnology , Asia University , Taichung , Taiwan , and Department of Medical Research , China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
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Jang HW, Moon JK, Shibamoto T. Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts from Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) Sprouts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1169-1174. [PMID: 25574973 DOI: 10.1021/jf504929m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Samples prepared from fresh broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) sprouts by water distillation or freeze-drying were examined for antioxidant activity using three assays. All samples exhibited dose-dependent antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity ranged from 74.48 ± 0.46% (less volatile sample) to 93.2 ± 0.2% (dichloromethane extract sample) at the level of 500 μg/mL. Both dichloromethane extract samples from a water distillate of broccoli sprouts and freeze-dried broccoli sprouts showed potent antioxidant activity, which was comparable to that of BHT. Among the 43 compounds positively identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 5-methylthiopentylnitrile (31.64 μg/g) was found in the greatest concentration, followed by 4-methylthiobutylisothiocyanate (14.55 μg/g), 4-methylthiobutylnitrile (10.63 μg/g), 3-methylthiopropylisothiocyanate (3.00 μg/g), and 4-methylpentylisothiocyanate (2.48 μg/g). These isothiocyanates are known to possess antioxidant properties. Possible phenolic antioxidants found are 4-(1-methylpropyl)phenol (0.012 μg/g), 4-methylphenol (0.159 μg/g), and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.009 μg/g). The present study demonstrates that broccoli sprouts are a good source of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Won Jang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Joon-Kwan Moon
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Takayuki Shibamoto
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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Park MJ, Ra JE, Seo KH, Jang KC, Han SI, Lee JH, Kang YH, Nam MH, Seo WD. Identification and Evaluation of Flavone-glucosides Isolated from Barley Sprouts and their Inhibitory Activity against Bacterial Neuraminidase. Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400901016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is one of the key enzymes responsible for bacterial infection and pathogenesis. This study aimed to gain deeper insights into the inhibitory effects of flavone-glucosides (1–9) isolated from barley sprouts (BS) on neuraminidase activity. The isolated compounds were identified as, lutonarin (1), saponarin (2), isoorientin (3), orientin (4), isovitexin (5), isoscoparin-7- O-[6-sinapoyl]-glucoside (6), isoscoparin-7- O-[6-feruloyl]-glucoside (7), isovitexin-7- O-[6-sinapoyl]-glucoside (8), and isovitexin-7- O-[6-feruloyl]-glucoside (9). Among them, compounds 1–5 exhibited neuraminidase-inhibitory activities in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values ranging from 20.1 to 32.7 μM, in a non-competitive inhibition mode according to kinetic studies. Moreover, the individual flavone-glucoside levels differed notably, in particular, lutonarin (1) and saponarin (2) were shown to be present in the greatest amounts, according to UPLC analysis. Consequently, our results suggest that BS may be utilized as an effective NA inhibitor in human health food, additives, and feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jin Park
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, 627–803, Republic of Korea
- Division of Applied Biosciences College of Agriculture & Life Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu, 702–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Ra
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, 627–803, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Life Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kongkuk University, Seoul, 143–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hye Seo
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, 627–803, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Chang Jang
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, 627–803, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Han
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, 627–803, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Lee
- Nakdong River Basin Environmental Office, Ministry of Environment, Changwon 641–722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Kang
- Division of Applied Biosciences College of Agriculture & Life Sciences Kyungpook National University Daegu, 702–701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Nam
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, 627–803, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Duck Seo
- Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Miryang, 627–803, Republic of Korea
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Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of extracts from Trollius chinensis Bunge. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Flavonoid rich extract of Murraya Koenigii alleviates in-vitro LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL induced apoptosis in raw 264.7 Murine macrophage cells. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2014; 52:3367-75. [PMID: 26028717 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-014-1399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidences have established a lineage between Oxidised LDL (Ox-LDL) to apoptosis of macrophages in which the high level of intracellular cholesterol play a crucial role. This study assesses the potency of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf extract in alleviating LDL oxidation and Ox-LDL induced lipotoxicity in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells. Results indicated that presence of MK extract prevented oxidation of LDL as evidenced by its oxidation kinetics and formation of LDL oxidation products. Also, MK extract accounted for improvement in cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential of Ox-LDL treated cells. The Ox-LDL induced increment in intracellular oxidative stress, nuclear condensation and apoptosis was effectively prevented by MK extract possibly due to their established anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging potentials which may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids present in the extract. Prevention of oxidative modification of LDL, free radical induced damage and Ox-LDL induced death of RAW 264.7 cells provide preliminary evidences of its anti-atherosclerotic potential and warrants further elucidation and validation for its use in-vivo and may be useful as a functional food supplement and an alternative medicine to prevent LDL oxidation and oxidized LDL induced toxicity.
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Insoluble fiber in young barley leaf suppresses the increment of postprandial blood glucose level by increasing the digesta viscosity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:137871. [PMID: 24348688 PMCID: PMC3857754 DOI: 10.1155/2013/137871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a well-known cereal plant. Young barley leaf is consumed as a popular green-colored drink, which is named “Aojiru” in Japan. We examined the effects of barley leaf powder (BLP) and insoluble fibers derived from BLP on postprandial blood glucose in rats and healthy Japanese volunteers. BLP and insoluble fibers derived from BLP suppressed the increment of postprandial blood glucose levels in rats (P < 0.01), and increased the viscosity of their digesta. The insoluble fibers present in BLP might play a role in controlling blood glucose level by increasing digesta viscosity. In human, BLP suppressed the increment of postprandial blood glucose level only in those which exhibited higher blood glucose levels after meals (P < 0.01). BLP might suppress the increment of postprandial blood glucose level by increasing digesta viscosity in both of rats and humans who require blood glucose monitoring.
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