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Takala R, Ramji DP, Choy E. The Beneficial Effects of Pine Nuts and Its Major Fatty Acid, Pinolenic Acid, on Inflammation and Metabolic Perturbations in Inflammatory Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021171. [PMID: 36674687 PMCID: PMC9861571 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis are regulated by cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Current treatments for these conditions are associated with significant side effects and do not completely suppress inflammation. The benefits of diet, especially the role of specific components, are poorly understood. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have several beneficial health effects. The majority of studies on PUFAs have been on omega-3 fatty acids. This review will focus on a less studied fatty acid, pinolenic acid (PNLA) from pine nuts, which typically constitutes up to 20% of its total fatty acids. PNLA is emerging as a dietary PUFA and a promising supplement in the prevention of inflammatory disorders or as an alternative therapy. Some studies have shown the health implications of pine nuts oil (PNO) and PNLA in weight reduction, lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic actions as well as in suppression of cell invasiveness and motility in cancer. However, few reviews have specifically focused on the biological and anti-inflammatory effects of PNLA. Furthermore, in recent bioinformatic studies on human samples, the expression of many mRNAs and microRNAs was regulated by PNLA indicating potential transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and metabolic processes. The aim of this review is to summarize, highlight, and evaluate research findings on PNO and PNLA in relation to potential anti-inflammatory benefits and beneficial metabolic changes. In this context, the focus of the review is on the potential actions of PNLA on inflammation along with modulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress based on data from both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and human findings, including gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabaa Takala
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Tenovus Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Dipak P. Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Ernest Choy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Tenovus Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Heath Park, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
- Correspondence:
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Bhandari C, Agnihotr N. Pine nut oil supplementation alleviates the obesogenic effects in high-fat diet induced obese rats: A comparative study between epididymal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Nutr Res 2022; 106:85-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shin S. Regulation of Adipose Tissue Biology by Long-Chain Fatty Acids: Metabolic Effects and Molecular Mechanisms. J Obes Metab Syndr 2022; 31:147-160. [PMID: 35691686 PMCID: PMC9284576 DOI: 10.7570/jomes22014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) modulate metabolic, oxidative, and inflammatory responses, and the physiological effects of LCFA are determined by chain length and the degree of saturation. Adipose tissues comprise multiple cell types, and play a significant role in energy storage and expenditure. Fatty acid uptake and oxidation are the pathways through which fatty acids participate in the regulation of energy homeostasis, and their dysregulation can lead to the development of obesity and chronic obesity-related disorders, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. Numerous studies have reported that many aspects of adipose tissue biology are influenced by the number and position of double bonds in LCFA, and these effects are mediated by various signaling pathways, including those regulating adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis), thermogenesis, and inflammation in adipose tissue. This review aims to describe the underlying molecular mechanisms by which different types of LCFA influence adipose tissue metabolism, and to further clarify their relevance to metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity. A better understanding of the effects of LCFA on adipose tissue metabolism may lead to improved nutraceutical strategies to address obesity and obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhye Shin
- Major of Food and Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Ni HY, Yu L, Zhao XL, Wang LT, Zhao CJ, Huang H, Zhu HL, Efferth T, Gu CB, Fu YJ. Seed oil of Rosa roxburghii Tratt against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in vivo and in vitro through PPARα/PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 98:153919. [PMID: 35104757 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by hepatic steatosis and hepatocyte injury, is an obesity-induced metabolic dysregulation with few available therapeutic options. Enhancement of the mitochondrial function was considered as an effective treatment for NALFD. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) have been shown to have beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome disease such as hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease and cardiovascular diseases. The seed oil of Rosa roxburghii Tratt (ORRT) was of high quality in terms of its high amount of unsaturated fatty acids. However, the effects of ORRT on NALFD have not been reported so far. PURPOSE The study aimed to evaluate the protective effects and molecular mechanism of ORRT for the treatment of NAFLD in vivo and in vitro. METHODS The beneficial effects, especially improving the mitochondrial function, and the potential mechanism of ORRT on NAFLD were studied both in vivo and in vitro. Lipid levels were determined by triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and Oil Red O staining. Oxidative stress and inflammation were assessed by detecting antioxidant enzyme activity, MDA content, and ELISA assay. Blood TG, TC, HDL-c and LDL-c levels were measured in HFD mice. Western blot analyses were used to determine the levels of the protein involved in fatty acid oxidation, oxidative metabolism, and mitochondria biogenesis and function. The mitochondrial membrane potential level was measured by JC-1 staining to teste the effect of ORRT on mitochondrial function in vitro. GW6471 (inhibitor of PPARα) was used to confirm the relationship between PPARα and PGC-1α. RESULTS ORRT significantly restrained NAFLD progression by attenuating lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Furthermore, ORRT upregulated thermogenesis-related gene expressions, such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). The results showed that the expression of key genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (e.g., CPT-1α, ACADL, PPARα) and in mitochondrial biogenesis and function (e.g., TFAM, NRF1, PGC-1α, and COX IV) was significantly increased. Together with the observed MMP improvement, these findings suggested that ORRT activated the mitochondrial oxidative pathway. Additionally, GW6471 inhibited the ORRT on promoting the expression of PGC-1α, CPT-1α, and ACADL. In conclusion, ORRT possessed the potential to prevent lipid accumulation via the PPARα/PGC-1α signaling pathway, which could be developed as a natural health-promoting oil against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Ni
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liang Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xue-Lian Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Li-Tao Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chun-Jian Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Han Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Han-Lin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cheng-Bo Gu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yu-Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Shin S, Park S, Lim Y, Han SN. Dietary supplementation with Korean pine nut oil decreases body fat accumulation and dysregulation of the appetite-suppressing pathway in the hypothalamus of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Nutr Res Pract 2022; 16:285-297. [PMID: 35663443 PMCID: PMC9149321 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2022.16.3.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Korean pine nut oil (PNO) has been reported to suppress appetite by increasing satiety hormone release. However, previous studies have rendered inconsistent results and there is lack of information on whether dietary Korean PNO affects the expression of satiety hormone receptors and hypothalamic neuropeptides. Therefore, our study sought to evaluate the chronic effects of Korean PNO on the long-term regulation of energy balance. MATERIALS/METHODS Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed with control diets containing 10% kcal fat from Korean PNO or soybean oil (SBO) (PC or SC) or high-fat diets (HFDs) containing 35% kcal fat from lard and 10% kcal fat from Korean PNO or SBO (PHFD or SHFD) for 12 weeks. The expression of gastrointestinal satiety hormone receptors, hypothalamic neuropeptides, and genes related to intestinal lipid absorption and adipose lipid metabolism was then measured. RESULTS There was no difference in the daily food intake between PNO- and SBO-fed mice; however, the PC and PHFD groups accumulated 30% and 18% less fat compared to SC and SHFD, respectively. Korean PNO-fed mice exhibited higher messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Ghsr (ghrelin receptor) and Agrp (agouti-related peptide) (P < 0.05), which are expressed when energy consumption is low to induce appetite as well as the appetite-suppressing neuropeptides Pomc and Cartpt (P = 0.079 and 0.056, respectively). Korean PNO downregulated jejunal Cd36 and epididymal Lpl mRNA expressions, which could suppress intestinal fatty acid absorption and fat storage in white adipose tissue. Consistent with these findings, Korean PNO-fed mice had higher levels of fecal non-esterified fatty acid excretion. Korean PNO also tended to downregulate jejunal Apoa4 and upregulate epididymal Adrb3 mRNA levels, suggesting that PNO may decrease chylomicron synthesis and induce lipolysis. CONCLUSIONS In summary, Korean PNO attenuated body fat accumulation, and appeared to prevent HFD-induced dysregulation of the hypothalamic appetite-suppressing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunhye Shin
- Major of Food and Nutrition, Division of Applied Food System, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeseo Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Zhao Y, Liu S, Sheng Z, Li X, Chang Y, Dai W, Chang SK, Liu J, Yang Y. Effect of pinolenic acid on oxidative stress injury in HepG2 cells induced by H 2O 2. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5689-5697. [PMID: 34646537 PMCID: PMC8498045 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect and mechanism of pinolenic acid (PNA) on H2O2-induced oxidative stress injury in HepG2 cells. Methods: PNA was used to regulate oxidative stress injury of HepG2 cells induced by H2O2. Quantification of cell survival rate, accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expression levels of anti-oxidation-related genes were determined using MTT, fluorescent probe technology (DCFH-DA), and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain technology (qRT-PCR) method, respectively. Meanwhile, the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes was determined by biochemical methods. The results showed that PNA improved the survival rate of HepG2 cells induced by H2O2 (29.59%, high-dose group), reduced the accumulation of intracellular ROS (65.52%, high-dose group), and reduced the level of intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA; 65.52%, high-dose group). All these results were dose-dependent, which indicated that PNA can improve oxidative stress damage of cells. Furthermore, the mechanism of PNA regulating oxidative stress was investigated from the gene level. Results showed that under supplementation of PNA, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) had been improved (39.74%, 17.58%, and 23.83%, high-dose group). Further studies on gene expression which controls the activity of antioxidant enzymes showed that under the regulation of PNA, the expression level of Keap1 gene was decreased, while Nrf2 gene was increased. The expression levels of HO-1 and NQO1 in the downstream of Nrf2 were increased. Results indicated that under the regulation of PNA, Nrf2 was separated from Keap1, entered the nucleus, bound to ARE, and up-regulated the expression levels of HO-1 and NQO1 genes. Conclusion: PNA has a conspicuous improvement effect on oxidative stress damage induced by H2O2 in HepG2 cells. We also found the antioxidant mechanisms of PNA where it protected cells from oxidative stress damage by causing nuclear translocation of Nrf2 gene and up-regulated the expression levels of antioxidant enzymes in the downstream. This shows that PNA prevented oxidative stress by mediating the Keap1/Nrf2 transcriptional pathway and down-regulating enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Sainan Liu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhili Sheng
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Xue Li
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yanan Chang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Weichang Dai
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Sui Kiat Chang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic ImprovementKey Laboratory of Post‐Harvest Handling of FruitsMinistry of AgricultureSouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Junmei Liu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yuchun Yang
- Forestry Academy of Jilin ProvinceChangchunChina
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da Cruz BO, Cardozo LFMD, Coutinho-Wolino KS, Mesquita CT, Leal VO, Mafra D, Stockler-Pinto MB. Brazil Nut Supplementation Does Not Regulate PPARβ/δ Signaling Pathway in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Coronary Artery Disease Patients. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:780-787. [PMID: 34516363 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1963882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)β/δ activation is a potential target for modulation of inflammation in cardiovascular disease. PPARβ/δ activation depends on the presence of a ligand, which may be pharmacological or natural, such as bioactive compounds and nutrients. Due to its composition, rich in selenium and unsaturated fatty acids, Brazil nuts have been related to reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic non-communicable diseases and could regulate PPARβ/δ. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Brazil nut supplementation on PPARβ/δ mRNA expression in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). METHODS A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled clinical trial was performed with 36 CAD patients. Patients were randomly assigned to either the Supplementation group or the control group and followed up for three months. The Supplementation group consumed 1 Brazil nut/day; the control group did not receive any intervention. At the baseline and after three months, analysis of gene expression and biochemical parameters linked to inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress was carried out. RESULTS In the supplementation group, no significant change was observed in PPARβ/δ (0.9 ± 0.5 vs 1.2 ± 0.6; p = 0.178) and NF-κB (1.6 ± 1.5 vs 0.8 ± 0.30, p = 0.554) mRNA expression. There were no significant changes in both groups concerning all the other biochemical parameters. CONCLUSION One Brazil nut per day for three months was not able to increase the PPARβ/δ expression in CAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Oliveira da Cruz
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Clinical Research Unit, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Ferreira Medeiros de Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Clinical Research Unit, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Karen Salve Coutinho-Wolino
- Clinical Research Unit, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Claudio Tinoco Mesquita
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário Antonio Pedro - EBSERH-UFF, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Viviane Oliveira Leal
- Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Clinical Research Unit, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Clinical Research Unit, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Jin SC, Kim MH, Choi LY, Nam YK, Yang WM. Fat regulatory mechanisms of pine nut oil based on protein interaction network analysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:153557. [PMID: 33852976 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pine nut oil (PNO), a standardized and well-defined extract of Pinus koraiensis (Korean pine), has beneficial effects on wound healing, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. However, the explanation for the mechanism by which PNO reduces body fat remains uncertain. We performed a protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) analysis to explore the genes associated with pinolenic acid using the MEDILINE database from PubChem and PubMed. It was concluded through the PPIN analysis that PNO was involved in a neutral lipid biosynthetic process. PURPOSE This study evaluated the effects of PNO predicted by the network analysis of fat accumulation in chronic obesity mouse models established by feeding a high fat diet (HFD) to C57BL/6J mice and explored potential mechanisms. METHODS HFD mice were fed only HFD or HFD with PNO at 822 and 1644 mg/kg. After an oral administration of 7 weeks, several body weight and body fat-related parameters were examined, including the following: adipose weight, adipocyte size, serum lipid profiles, adipocyte expression of PPAR-γ, sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)-1c, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and leptin. RESULTS We showed that oral administration of PNO to HFD mice reduces body fat weight, fat in tissue, white adipose tissue weight, and adipocyte size. The serum cholesterol was improved in the HFD mice treated with PNO. Additionally, PNO has significantly attenuated the HFD-induced changes in the adipose tissue expression of PPAR-γ, SREBP-1c, LPL, and leptin. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study based on the PPIN analysis suggest that PNO has potential as drug to reduce body fat through fat regulatory mechanisms by PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Chul Jin
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hye Kim
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - La Yoon Choi
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Nam
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Mo Yang
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Baker EJ, Miles EA, Calder PC. A review of the functional effects of pine nut oil, pinolenic acid and its derivative eicosatrienoic acid and their potential health benefits. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 82:101097. [PMID: 33831456 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pine nut oil (PNO) is rich in a variety of unusual delta-5-non-methylene-interrupted fatty acids (NMIFAs), including pinolenic acid (PLA; all cis-5,-9,-12 18:3) which typically comprises 14 to 19% of total fatty acids. PLA has been shown to be metabolised to eicosatrienoic acid (ETA; all cis-7,-11,-14 20:3) in various cells and tissues. Here we review the literature on PNO, PLA and its metabolite ETA in the context of human health applications. PNO and PLA have a range of favourable effects on body weight as well as fat deposition through increased energy expenditure (fatty acid oxidation) and decreased food energy intake (reduced appetite). PNO and PLA improve blood and hepatic lipids in animal models and insulin sensitivity in vitro and reduce inflammation and modulate immune function in vitro and in animal models. The few studies which have examined effects of ETA indicate it has anti-inflammatory properties. Another NMIFA from PNO, sciadonic acid (all cis-5,-11,-14 20:3), has generally similar properties to PLA where these have been investigated. There is potential for human health benefits from PNO, its constituent NMIFA PLA and the PLA derivative ETA. However further studies are needed to explore the effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella J Baker
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Elizabeth A Miles
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Philip C Calder
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Homogenate Extraction of Polysaccharides from Pine Nut Meal: Optimization and Comparison with Other Extraction Methods by Characterizing Their Extracts. J FOOD QUALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/7918703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Homogenate extraction technology was applied to extract polysaccharides from pine nut (Pinus koraiensis) meal, a food waste from its oil processing. The first objective was to study the effects of liquid-solid ratio, homogenate extraction time, and temperature on the yield of pine nut meal polysaccharides (PNMP) using single-factor and Box–Behnken design. The optimal processing conditions were liquid-solid ratio of 43.23 mL/g at 35°C for 2 min 50 sec that produced PNMP yield of 11.7%. Extraction factors interacted with each other significantly (p<0.01). The second objective was to compare the homogenate extract with those produced using other methods including ultrasonic, microwave, and hot water extraction. Polysaccharides were separated using HPLC based on molecular weight (MW) and characterized with the polysaccharide and protein contents of each fraction. The homogenate PNMP had the most of small size (<100 kDa) polysaccharides, and its glycoprotein fractions generally contained higher level of protein, as well as a high ABTS+ scavenging activity observed by HPLC-UV-ABTS+ assay. FTIR analysis was used to characterize the functional groups. Homogenate extraction is superior in producing PNMP compared with other common methods, and its PNMP extract has potential antioxidant benefit.
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Zhang J, Zhang SD, Wang P, Guo N, Wang W, Yao LP, Yang Q, Efferth T, Jiao J, Fu YJ. Pinolenic acid ameliorates oleic acid-induced lipogenesis and oxidative stress via AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 861:172618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rosiglitazone-induced changes in the oxidative stress metabolism and fatty acid composition in relation with trace element status in the primary adipocytes. J Med Biochem 2019; 39:267-275. [PMID: 33746608 PMCID: PMC7955996 DOI: 10.2478/jomb-2019-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome, obesity and type 2 diabetes are metabolic disorders characterized by the insulin resistance and the impairment in the insulin secretion. Since impairment in the oxidative stress and adipocyte metabolism contribute to the formation of obesity and diabetes, targeting adipose tissue can be considered as an effective approach to fight against them. Rosiglitazone is used for treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes via inducing lipogenesis and transdifferentiation of white adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue. Since the development of such therapeutics is required to control the formation and function of brown fat cells, we aimed to reveal possible molecular mechanisms behind rosiglitazone induced biochemical changes in the adipose tissue. Methods Cells were expanded in the adipocyte culture medium supplemented with 5 µg/mL insulin following 2 days' induction. After those cells were treated with rosiglitazone 0, 0.13 mol/L and 10 µmol/L rosiglitazone for 48 hours and at 8th day, cells were collected and stored at -80 °C. Then the cells were used to evaluate antioxidant enzyme activities, mineral and trace element levels and fatty acid composition. Results Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase significantly reduced in rosiglitazone-treated groups compared to the control. Na, Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba and Pb were determined in the cell lysates via ICP-MS. Also, relative FAME content decreased in the rosiglitazone-treated groups compared to the control. Conclusions Rosiglitazone treatment at low doses showed promising results which may promote brown adipose tissue formation.
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Chung M, Kim J, Choi H, Choi H, Noh SK, Kim BH. A Structured Pine Nut Oil Has Hypocholesterolemic Activity by Increasing LDLR Gene Expression in the Livers of Obese Mice. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Yu Chung
- Korea Food Research InstituteJeonbuk 55365Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyChung‐Ang UniversityAnseong 17546Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hee‐Don Choi
- Korea Food Research InstituteJeonbuk 55365Republic of Korea
| | - Sang K. Noh
- Department of Food and NutritionChangwon National UniversityChangwon 51140Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hee Kim
- Department of Food and NutritionSookmyung Women's UniversitySeoul 04310Republic of Korea
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Guo Y, Bao YH, Chai YY. Preparation of microcapsule antioxidative wall materials of pine nut oil by the Maillard reaction. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2793-2801. [PMID: 30430591 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maillard reaction products contribute to the amelioration of the biological functions or physical properties of foods and can be used to make dependable antioxidant wall materials for microcapsules of pine nut oil. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of temperature on the Maillard reaction of dry heat processes using gelatin/gum arabic (GE/GA) or gelatin/gum arabic/maltodextrin (GE/GA/MD) models and the products of the Maillard reaction as encapsulants to protect pine nut oil, as well as to evaluate the characteristics of the microcapsules. RESULTS The grafting degree of the product increased with the temperature increments during the Maillard reaction. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the polysaccharide covalently linked to the protein. The antioxidant capability of the Maillard products at 80 °C was the highest. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity, lipid peroxidation-inhibiting activity and reducing power of the GE/GA/MD model were higher than those of the GE/GA model. With in vitro digestion of Maillard products, GE/GA/MD pine nut oil microcapsules exhibited greater oil release in artificial gastric and enteric juices. Microencapsulated pine nut oil had more stable oxygen, which protected the oil, compared to unencapsulated pine nut oil. CONCLUSION Temperature affects the degree of the Maillard reaction on GE/GA and GE/GA/MD models. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yi-Hong Bao
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang-Yang Chai
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Shin S, Ajuwon KM. Divergent Response of Murine and Porcine Adipocytes to Stimulation of Browning Genes by 18-Carbon Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Beta-Receptor Agonists. Lipids 2018; 53:65-75. [PMID: 29424439 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunhye Shin
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Kolapo M. Ajuwon
- Interdepartmental Nutrition Program; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Chung MY, Woo H, Kim J, Kong D, Choi HD, Choi IW, Kim IH, Noh SK, Kim BH. Pinolenic Acid in Structured Triacylglycerols Exhibits Superior Intestinal Lymphatic Absorption As Compared to Pinolenic Acid in Natural Pine Nut Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1543-1549. [PMID: 28198188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The positional distribution pattern of fatty acids (FAs) in the triacylglycerols (TAGs) affects intestinal absorption of these FAs. The aim of this study was to compare lymphatic absorption of pinolenic acid (PLA) present in structured pinolenic TAG (SPT) where PLA was evenly distributed on the glycerol backbone, with absorption of pine nut oil (PNO) where PLA was predominantly positioned at the sn-3 position. SPT was prepared via the nonspecific lipase-catalyzed esterification of glycerol with free FA obtained from PNO. Lymphatic absorption of PLA from PNO and from SPT was compared in a rat model of lymphatic cannulation. Significantly (P < 0.05) greater amounts of PLA were detected in lymph collected for 8 h from an emulsion containing SPT (28.5 ± 0.7% dose) than from an emulsion containing PNO (26.2 ± 0.6% dose), thereby indicating that PLA present in SPT has a greater capacity for lymphatic absorption than PLA from PNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Chung
- Korea Food Research Institute , Seongnam 13539, Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Woo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University , Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Juyeon Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University , Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Daecheol Kong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University , Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Hee-Don Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute , Seongnam 13539, Korea
| | - In-Wook Choi
- Korea Food Research Institute , Seongnam 13539, Korea
| | - In-Hwan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Korea University , Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sang K Noh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University , Changwon 51140, Korea
| | - Byung Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung Women's University , Seoul 04310, Korea
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Oh S, Lee MS, Jung S, Kim S, Park H, Park S, Kim SY, Kim CT, Jo YH, Kim IH, Kim Y. Ginger extract increases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and serum HDL-cholesterol level in high-fat diet-fed rats. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Li Y, Goto T, Ikutani R, Lin S, Takahashi N, Takahashi H, Jheng HF, Yu R, Taniguchi M, Baba K, Murakami S, Kawada T. Xanthoangelol and 4-hydroxyderrcin suppress obesity-induced inflammatory responses. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:2351-2360. [PMID: 27619735 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-induced inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Xanthoangelol (XA) and 4-hydroxyderrcin (4-HD), phytochemicals extracted from Angelica keiskei, have been reported to possess various biological properties. Whether XA and 4-HD alleviate obesity-induced inflammation and inflammation-induced adipocyte dysfunction was investigated. METHODS For the in vitro study, a co-culture system composed of macrophages and adipocytes and macrophages stimulated with conditioned medium derived from fully differentiated adipocytes was conducted. For the in vivo study, mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with XA for 14 weeks. RESULTS XA and 4-HD suppressed inflammatory factors in co-culture system. Moreover, treatment of RAW macrophages with XA and 4-HD moderated the suppression of uncoupling protein 1 promoter activity and gene expression in C3H10T1/2 adipocytes, which was induced by conditioned medium derived from LPS-stimulated RAW macrophages. Also, XA and 4-HD inhibited c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation, nuclear factor-κB, and activator protein 1, the last two being transcription activators in activated macrophages. Furthermore, in mice fed the high-fat diet, XA reduced inflammatory factors within the white adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that XA and 4-HD might be promising phytochemicals to suppress obesity-induced inflammation and inflammation-induced adipocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjia Li
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Japan, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuma Ikutani
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shan Lin
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Japan, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruya Takahashi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Huei-Fen Jheng
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rina Yu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kimiye Baba
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Murakami
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, Japan, The Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by fat deposition in hepatocytes, and a strong association with nutritional factors. Dietary fatty acids are classified according to their biochemical properties, which confer their bioactive roles. Monounsaturated fatty acids have a dual role in various human and murine models. In contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit antiobesity, anti steatosic and anti-inflammatory effects. The combination of these forms of fatty acids—according to dietary type, daily intake and the proportion of n-6 to n-3 fats—can compromise hepatic lipid metabolism. A chemosensory rather than a nutritional role makes bioactive fatty acids possible biomarkers for NAFLD. Bioactive fatty acids provide health benefits through modification of fatty acid composition and modulating the activity of liver cells during liver fibrosis. More and better evidence is necessary to elucidate the role of bioactive fatty acids in nutritional and clinical treatment strategies for patients with NAFLD.
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Zhu S, Park S, Lim Y, Shin S, Han SN. Korean pine nut oil replacement decreases intestinal lipid uptake while improves hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Nutr Res Pract 2016; 10:477-486. [PMID: 27698954 PMCID: PMC5037064 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.5.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Consumption of pine nut oil (PNO) was shown to reduce weight gain and attenuate hepatic steatosis in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). The aim of this study was to examine the effects of PNO on both intestinal and hepatic lipid metabolism in mice fed control or HFD. MATERIALS/METHODS Five-week-old C57BL/6 mice were fed control diets containing 10% energy fat from either Soybean Oil (SBO) or PNO, or HFD containing 15% energy fat from lard and 30% energy fat from SBO or PNO for 12 weeks. Expression of genes related to intestinal fatty acid (FA) uptake and channeling (Cd36, Fatp4, Acsl5, Acbp), intestinal chylomicron synthesis (Mtp, ApoB48, ApoA4), hepatic lipid uptake and channeling (Lrp1, Fatp5, Acsl1, Acbp), hepatic triacylglycerol (TAG) lipolysis and FA oxidation (Atgl, Cpt1a, Acadl, Ehhadh, Acaa1), as well as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly (ApoB100) were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS In intestine, significantly lower Cd36 mRNA expression (P < 0.05) and a tendency of lower ApoA4 mRNA levels (P = 0.07) was observed in PNO-fed mice, indicating that PNO consumption may decrease intestinal FA uptake and chylomicron assembly. PNO consumption tended to result in higher hepatic mRNA levels of Atgl (P = 0.08) and Cpt1a (P = 0.05). Significantly higher hepatic mRNA levels of Acadl and ApoB100 were detected in mice fed PNO diet (P < 0.05). These results suggest that PNO could increase hepatic TAG metabolism; mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and VLDL assembly. CONCLUSIONS PNO replacement in the diet might function in prevention of excessive lipid uptake by intestine and improve hepatic lipid metabolism in both control diet and HFD fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yeseo Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sunhye Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sung Nim Han
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea.; Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Xie K, Miles EA, Calder PC. A review of the potential health benefits of pine nut oil and its characteristic fatty acid pinolenic acid. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Pinolenic Acid Downregulates Lipid Anabolic Pathway in HepG2 Cells. Lipids 2016; 51:847-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hypolipidemic effects of hickory nut oil using cold pressure extraction. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:41-46. [PMID: 30263484 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal conditions of hickory nut oil cold press technology were studied. L9(34) orthogonal experiment results showed that optimal conditions were a pressing pressure of 15 MPa, pressing temperature of 50°C, pressing cycle of 4 s, and stop cycle of 9 s. Fatty acid compositions were determined using GC-MS and hypolipidemic effects in mice were investigated. Compared to a high fat diet group, hickory nut oil administration decreased serum and visceral total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol values were increased. Hickory nut oil can be used as a valuable bioactive source of natural hypolipidemic compounds.
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Wei H, Zhou Y, Jiang S, Huang F, Peng J, Jiang S. Transcriptional response of porcine skeletal muscle to feeding a linseed-enriched diet to growing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:6. [PMID: 26862397 PMCID: PMC4746901 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the effect of feeding a linseed-enriched diet to growing-finishing pigs on gene expression in skeletal muscle, pigs were fed with a linseed-enriched diet for 0, 30, 60 and 90 d. Transcriptional profiles of longissimus dorsi muscle were measured using Affymetrix Genechip. RESULTS Results showed that 264 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The strongest transcriptional response was clearly observed at 30 d. DEGs were assigned to several main functional terms, including transcription, apoptosis, intracellular receptor-mediated signaling, muscle organ development, fatty acid metabolic process, cell motion, regulation of glucose metabolic process, spermatogenesis and regulation of myeloid cell differentiation. We also found that transcriptional changs of several transcription cofactors might contribute to n-3 PUFAs regulated gene expression. In addition, the increased expression of IGF-1, insulin signaling pathway and the metabolism of amino acids might involve in the muscle growth induced by feeding a linseed-enriched diet. The results also provide the new evidence that the expression changes of PTPN1, HK2 and PGC-1α might contribute to the regulation of insulin sensitivity by n-3 PUFAs. CONCLUSIONS Our finding provided correlative evidence that feeding the linseed enriched diet affact expression of genes involved in insulin signaling pathway and the metabolism of amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Wei
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Shuzhong Jiang
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Feiruo Huang
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Jian Peng
- />Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
| | - Siwen Jiang
- />Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 P. R. China
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Korean Pine Nut Oil Attenuated Hepatic Triacylglycerol Accumulation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010059. [PMID: 26805879 PMCID: PMC4728670 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean pine nut oil (PNO) has been reported to influence weight gain and lipid metabolism. We examined whether PNO replacement in a high-fat diet (HFD) can ameliorate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis. Five-week-old male C57BL mice were fed control diets containing 10% of the energy from fat from PNO or soybean oil (SBO) (PC, SC) or HFDs with 45% of the energy from fat, with 10% from PNO or SBO and 35% from lard (PHFD, SHFD), for 12 weeks. Body weight gain and amount of white adipose tissue were lower in PHFD (10% and 18% lower, respectively) compared with SHFD. Hepatic triacylglycerol (TG) level was significantly lower in PHFD than the SHFD (26% lower). PNO consumption upregulated hepatic ACADL mRNA levels. The hepatic PPARG mRNA level was lower in the PC than in the SC. Expression of the sirtuin (SIRT) 3 protein in white adipose tissue was down-regulated in the SHFD and restored in the PHFD to the level in the lean control mice. SIRT 3 was reported to be upregulated under conditions of caloric restriction (CR) and plays a role in regulating mitochondrial function. PNO consumption resulted in lower body fat and hepatic TG accumulation in HFD-induced obesity, which seemed to be associated with the CR-mimetic response.
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Activity of dietary fatty acids on FFA1 and FFA4 and characterisation of pinolenic acid as a dual FFA1/FFA4 agonist with potential effect against metabolic diseases. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1677-88. [PMID: 25916176 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451500118x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Various foods are associated with effects against metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes; however, their mechanisms of action are mostly unclear. Fatty acids may contribute by acting as precursors of signalling molecules or by direct activity on receptors. The medium- and long-chain NEFA receptor FFA1 (free fatty acid receptor 1, previously known as GPR40) has been linked to enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, whereas FFA4 (free fatty acid receptor 4, previously known as GPR120) has been associated with insulin-sensitising and anti-inflammatory effects, and both receptors are reported to protect pancreatic islets and promote secretion of appetite and glucose-regulating hormones. Hypothesising that FFA1 and FFA4 mediate therapeutic effects of dietary components, we screened a broad selection of NEFA on FFA1 and FFA4 and characterised active compounds in concentration-response curves. Of the screened compounds, pinolenic acid, a constituent of pine nut oil, was identified as a relatively potent and efficacious dual FFA1/FFA4 agonist, and its suitability for further studies was confirmed by additional in vitro characterisation. Pine nut oil and free and esterified pure pinolenic acid were tested in an acute glucose tolerance test in mice. Pine nut oil showed a moderately but significantly improved glucose tolerance compared with maize oil. Pure pinolenic acid or ethyl ester gave robust and highly significant improvements of glucose tolerance. In conclusion, the present results indicate that pinolenic acid is a comparatively potent and efficacious dual FFA1/FFA4 agonist that exerts antidiabetic effects in an acute mouse model. The compound thus deserves attention as a potential active dietary ingredient to prevent or counteract metabolic diseases.
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Anti-atherosclerosis effect of pine nut oil in high-cholesterol and high-fat diet fed rats and its mechanism studies in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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