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Li X, Zhou Y, Luo L, Zheng S, Deng J, Luan T. Chlorinated Anthracenes Induced Pulmonary Immunotoxicity in 3D Coculture Spheroids Simulating the Lung Microenvironment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11923-11934. [PMID: 38918172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Chlorinated anthracenes (Cl-Ants), persistent organic pollutants, are widely detected in the environment, posing potential lung toxicity risks due to frequent respiratory exposure. However, direct evidence and a comprehensive understanding of their toxicity mechanisms are lacking. Building on our prior findings of Cl-Ants' immunotoxic risks, this study developed a three-dimensional coculture spheroid model mimicking the lung's immune microenvironment. The objective is to explore the pulmonary immunotoxicity and comprehend its mechanisms, taking into account the heightened immune reactivity and frequent lung exposure of Cl-Ants. The results demonstrated that Cl-Ants exposure led to reduced spheroid size, increased macrophage migration outward, lowered cell viability, elevated 8-OHdG levels, disturbed anti-infection balance, and altered cytokine production. Specifically, the chlorine substituent number correlates with the extent of disruption of spheroid indicators caused by Cl-Ants, with stronger immunotoxic effects observed in dichlorinated Ant compared to those in monochlorinated Ant. Furthermore, we identified critical regulatory genes associated with cell viability (ALDOC and ALDOA), bacterial response (TLR5 and MAP2K6), and GM-CSF production (CEBPB). Overall, this study offers initial in vitro evidence of low-dose Cl-PAHs' pulmonary immunotoxicity, advancing the understanding of Cl-Ants' structure-related toxicity and improving external toxicity assessment methods for environmental pollutants, which holds significance for future monitoring and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China
- Smart Medical Innovation Technology Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiluan Zhou
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Smart Medical Innovation Technology Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiewei Deng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China
- Smart Medical Innovation Technology Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
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Peng B, Dong Q, Li F, Wang T, Qiu X, Zhu T. A Systematic Review of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives: Occurrences, Levels, Biotransformation, Exposure Biomarkers, and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15314-15335. [PMID: 37703436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives constitute a significant class of emerging contaminants that have been ubiquitously detected in diverse environmental matrixes, with some even exhibiting higher toxicities than their corresponding parent PAHs. To date, compared with parent PAHs, fewer systematic summaries and reanalyses are available for PAH derivatives with great environmental concerns. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the chemical species, levels, biotransformation patterns, chemical analytical methods, internal exposure routes with representative biomarkers, and toxicity of PAH derivatives, primarily focusing on nitrated PAHs (NPAHs), oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), halogenated PAHs (XPAHs), and alkylated PAHs (APAHs). A collection of 188 compounds from four categories, 44 NPAHs, 36 OPAHs, 56 APAHs, and 52 XPAHs, has been compiled from 114 studies that documented the environmental presence of PAH derivatives. These compounds exhibited weighted average air concentrations that varied from a lower limit of 0.019 pg/m3 to a higher threshold of 4060 pg/m3. Different analytical methods utilizing comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOF-MS), gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC × GC-QQQ-MS), and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS), that adopted untargeted strategies for the identification of PAH derivatives are also reviewed here. Additionally, an in-depth analysis of biotransformation patterns for each category is provided, including the likelihood of specific biotransformation reaction types. For the toxicity, we primarily summarized key metabolic activation pathways, which could result in the formation of reactive metabolites capable of covalently bonding with DNA and tissue proteins, and potential health outcomes such as carcinogenicity and genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and immunotoxicity, and developmental toxicity that might be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Finally, we pinpoint research challenges and emphasize the need for further studies on identifying PAH derivatives, tracking external exposure levels, evaluating internal exposure levels and associated toxicity, clarifying exposure routes, and considering mixture exposure effects. This review aims to provide a broad understanding of PAH derivatives' identification, environmental occurrence, human exposure, biotransformation, and toxicity, offering a valuable reference for guiding future research in this underexplored area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianli Dong
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fangzhou Li
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Teng Wang
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- SKL-ESPC and College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Xie J, Tao L, Wu Q, Tu S, Liu B, Lin T, Yang L, Li C, Liu G. Global squid contamination by halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its trade induced risk transfer. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108163. [PMID: 37619253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Squid is traded globally as an important food resource. However, the occurrence of carcinogenic halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) in squid and the risk of their transfer through trade is little understood or recognized. Here, we comprehensively evaluated the occurrence and risk transfer by quantifying the congener-specific concentrations of HPAHs in 121 squid samples collected from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. This was the first time that nine of the 36 target chlorinated and brominated PAH congeners had been detected in squid. The HPAHs exhibited growth-dilution effects in the squid. The lipid content of squid was the most significant factor influencing HPAH bioaccumulation, while differences in squid growth and local ocean contamination influenced by geographical distribution also affected HPAH bioaccumulation. The redistribution and risk transfers of HPAHs in squid as a food could be affected by international trading. The cancer risks from squid consumption in China and Mexico were increased by 50 % and 30 %, respectively, because of international squid trading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Tao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shuyi Tu
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bilin Liu
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Abugu HO, Ezugwu AL, Ihedioha JN. Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Contamination of Fruits, Leaves, and Soil within Automobile Repair Workshops in Nsukka Metropolis. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2149567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Onyeka Abugu
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
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5
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Li X, Ma M, Zhao B, Li N, Fang L, Wang D, Luan T. Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Induce Immunosuppression in THP-1 Macrophages Characterized by Disrupted Amino Acid Metabolism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16012-16023. [PMID: 36282008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Frequent chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (Cl-PAH) occurrence in environmental samples and emerging detection in human serum have warned of their underestimated risks. Studies showed that some Cl-PAHs exhibit dioxin-like properties, implying immunotoxic potential but lacking direct evidence and specific mechanisms. Here, we integrated a high-content screening (HCS) system and high-resolution mass spectrometry to investigate the immune dysfunction and metabolic disruption induced by Cl-PAHs and their parent PAHs (PPAHs) in THP-1 macrophages. Both 9-chloroanthracene and 2,7-dichlorofluorene exerted clear immunosuppression on THP-1 mφs, while their PPAHs exhibited different immune disturbances. Interestingly, Cl-PAH/PPAHs induced complex alterations in the multicytokine/chemokine network, including biphasic alterations with initial inhibition and later enhancement. Furthermore, the protein-protein interaction results revealed that inflammatory cytokines are the core of this complicated network regulation. Connecting immune phenotypes and metabolomics, amino acid metabolism reprogramming was identified as a potential cause of Cl-PAH/PAH-induced immunotoxicity. Phytosphingosine and l-kynurenine were proposed as candidate immunosuppression biomarkers upon Cl-PAH exposure. This article provides direct immunotoxicity evidence of Cl-PAHs without activating AhR for the first time and discusses the contribution of metabolites to Cl-PAH/PPAH-induced immune responses in macrophages, highlighting the potential of developing new methods based on immunometabolism mechanisms for toxic risk evaluation of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang515200, China
| | - Mei Ma
- China Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Bilin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
| | - Na Li
- China Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- China Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou510006, China
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang515200, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
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6
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Li W, Wu S. Challenges of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in foods: Occurrence, risk, and formation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Goswami P, Wickrama-Arachchige AUK, Yamada M, Ohura T, Guruge KS. Presence of Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Milk Powder and the Consequence to Human Health. TOXICS 2022; 10:621. [PMID: 36287903 PMCID: PMC9611289 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports of the presence of halogenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in human foods of animal origin, such as chlorinated (ClPAHs) and brominated (BrPAHs) PAHs, suggest that their contamination in dairy products may also pose a human health risk. This study used GC/Orbitrap-MS to analyze 75 congeners of halogenated PAHs and parent PAHs in milk and creaming powder samples commonly found in grocery stores in Sri Lanka and Japan. Our investigation revealed a total of 31 halogenated PAHs (HPAHs) in the samples. The concentrations of total parent PAHs in the samples from Sri Lanka and Japan ranged from not detected (n.d.)−0.13 and <0.001−16 ng/g dry weight (d.w.). Total ClPAHs and BrPAHs in the samples ranged from 0.01−3.35 and 1.20−5.15 ng/g (d.w.) for Sri Lanka, and 0.04−2.54 and n.d.−2.03 ng/g d.w. for Japan, respectively. The ClPAHs were dominated by chlorinated-pyrene, -fluoranthene, and -benzo[a]pyrene congeners, whereas the BrPAHs were dominated by brominated-naphthalene and -pyrene congeners. The toxic assessment estimated based on the intake of toxic equivalency quotients (TEQs) for target compounds in milk powders revealed that HPAHs might contribute additively to the PAHs-associated health risk to humans, indicating that more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun Goswami
- Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, ESSO-National Institute of Ocean Technology, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | | | - Momoka Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Keerthi S. Guruge
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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8
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Kacmaz S, Altiok E, Altiok D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Fruits and Vegetables Grown in Turkey: Quantitative Analysis, Dietary Exposure, and Health Risk Assessment. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2126507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Kacmaz
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Evren Altiok
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Duygu Altiok
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
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9
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Zhao C, Li A, Zhang G, Pan Y, Meng L, Yang R, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Parent and Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Serum of Coal-Fired Power Plant Workers: Levels, Sex Differences, Accumulation Trends, and Risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12431-12439. [PMID: 36001868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Workers in coal-fired power plants are at a high risk of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated derivatives (HPAHs), yet no studies have investigated such exposure of HPAHs. In this study, 12 PAHs and 8 chlorinated PAHs, but no brominated PAHs, were detected in >80% of serum samples from workers of a coal-fired power plant in eastern China. Serum HPAH concentrations were higher in plant workers (16-273 ng/g lipid) than in people without occupational exposure (12-51 ng/g lipid), and serum PAH and HPAH concentrations both in male and female workers were positively correlated with the occupational exposure duration, with an estimated doubling time of 11-17 years. Correlations were found between concentrations of ∑8HPAHs and ∑12PAHs but not between 7-chlorobenz[a]anthracene (7-ClBaA) and 1-chloropyrene (1-ClPyr) and their respective parent PAHs. In males, total concentrations of PAHs and HPAHs were positively correlated with pulmonary hypofunction and hypertension but not with abnormal electrocardiogram. The benzo[a]pyrene equivalents ratio of ∑8HPAHs/∑12PAHs was 0.3 ± 0.1. Among the HPAHs in the serum, 9-chlorophenanthrene, 7-ClBaA, and 1-ClPyr showed high health risks. This study is the first report on HPAH exposure in coal-fired power plant workers and provides new evidence on the health risks of PAHs and HPAHs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Ministry of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lan Zhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yiyao Pan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Melo PTS, Torres JPM, Ramos LRV, Fogaça FHS, Massone CG, Carreira RS. PAHs impacts on aquatic organisms: contamination and risk assessment of seafood following an oil spill accident. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20211215. [PMID: 35730899 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220211215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil spills, intrinsically related to the petroleum production chain, represent a risk to the marine environment and a potential threat to humans through seafood consumption. We revised the NE Brazil oil spill and other accidents along the Brazilian coast, with a focus on seafood contamination, covering topics such as bioaccumulation, bioaccessibility, and risk analysis. Comprehensive knowledge of the impacts of spills helps in the interpretation of the dynamics of hydrocarbons released into the sea, contributing to actions to control their negative impacts. Currently, no legal limits have been established permanently in Brazil for PAHs in seafood edible tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamella Talita S Melo
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR 465, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Paulo M Torres
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bloco G, Laboratório de Biofísica, Cidade Universitária, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R V Ramos
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km 07, Zona Rural, BR 465, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.,Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Sereder, 13, Instituto de Zootecnia, Estação de Biologia Marinha, Itacuruçá, 23870-000 Mangaratiba, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Helena S Fogaça
- Embrapa Agroindústria de Alimentos, Av. das Américas, 29501, Guaratiba, 23020-470 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos G Massone
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato S Carreira
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Li W, Wu S. Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their parent compounds in ready-to-eat seafood rich in salt: Method validation, profiles, correlation, and exposure risks. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Wang P, Jin B, Lian C, Guo K, Ma C. Comparative Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Halogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Parts of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103133. [PMID: 35630612 PMCID: PMC9145503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., a medicinal herb and edible plant, is very popular among East Asian countries. The perilla leaves, stems and seeds can be used as traditional medicines and foods. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and halogenated PAHs (HPAHs) are organic pollutants that are widely present in the environment, such as in water, air and soil, and are harmful to humans. In this study, the contents of 16 PAHs and 4 HPAHs in perilla leaves, stems and seeds were determined by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 12 PAHs were detected in all samples, and no HPAHs were detected. The total contents of PAHs in perilla leaves, stems and seeds varied from 41.93 to 415.60 ng/g, 7.02 to 51.52 ng/g and 15.24 to 180.00 ng/g, respectively. The statistical analyses showed that there were significant differences in the distribution of PAHs in perilla leaves, stems and seeds. On the basis of the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) model, the cancer risks of the intake of perilla leaves, stems and seeds were assessed to be from 3.30 × 10−8 to 2.11 × 10−5, 5.52 × 10−9 to 5.50 × 10−8 and 1.20 × 10−8 to 1.41 × 10−7, respectively. These were lower than 10−4 (the priority risk level of the EPA) and suggested that there may be almost no cancer risk from the intake of these traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.W.); (B.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Bo Jin
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.W.); (B.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Chaojie Lian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102627, China;
| | - Kaijing Guo
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.W.); (B.J.); (K.G.)
| | - Chen Ma
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (P.W.); (B.J.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-6316-5239
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Luo Y, Zhang B, Geng N, Sun S, Song X, Chen J, Zhang H. Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses provide insights into the difference in toxicity of benzo[a]pyrene and 6-chlorobenzo[a]pyrene to human hepatic cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152242. [PMID: 34919925 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxicological information of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs), as derivatives of PAHs, is still relatively lacking. In this study, a combination of transcriptomics and metabolomics approach was adopted to explore the changes in toxicity to human L02 hepatocytes after chlorination of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) at 6 position. In general, 6-Cl-B[a]P produced a stronger toxicity to human hepatic cells than did parent B[a]P. When exposure concentrations were 5 and 50 nM, 6-Cl-B[a]P caused a weaker transcriptomic perturbation relative to B[a]P, whereas a stronger metabolomic perturbation, a stronger oxidative stress and a stronger inhibition effect on cell viability were caused by 6-Cl-B[a]P than did parent B[a]P. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that 6-Cl-B[a]P produced a more widely perturbation to metabolic pathways than did B[a]P. Although they both significantly impaired the function of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), the exact mechanism is different. B[a]P suppressed the expression of 20 genes regulating mitochondrial ETC mainly via AhR activation. However, 6-Cl-B[a]P produced a stronger inhibition on the activities of complexes I and V than did B[a]P. Meanwhile, 6-Cl-B[a]P also exhibited a stronger inhibition effect on mitochondrial β oxidation of fatty acid. Furthermore, 6-Cl-B[a]P and B[a]P both significantly disturbed the nucleotide metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in L02 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoqin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Karşı MBB, Berberler E, Kurhan Ş, Bilaloğlu K, Çakır İ, Karakaş D. Levels, Dietary Exposure, and Health Risk Estimation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Bread Baked with Different Oven and Fuel Types. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melike B. Bayramoğlu Karşı
- Innovative Food Technologies Development Application and Research Center, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ercan Berberler
- Environmental Engineering Department, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey
| | - Şebnem Kurhan
- Innovative Food Technologies Development Application and Research Center, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Köksal Bilaloğlu
- Environmental Engineering Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Çakır
- Food Engineering Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Duran Karakaş
- Environmental Engineering Department, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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15
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Liu J, Shen M, Liu X, Liang L, Wu Y, Zhang J, Xu X, Liu G. The loss and fate of BaA, Chr, BbF, and BaP (PAH4) tracked by stable isotope during frying. Food Chem 2021; 374:131769. [PMID: 34920410 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to accurately quantify the loss of benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(a)pyrene (PAH4) and investigate the fate of the lost PAH4 into their derivatives during frying. Stable isotopes (PAH4-d12) were used to simulate the loss and track the conversion of PAH4. The results showed that the rate of loss of PAH4-d12 increased with the increase of frying temperature and the loss rate of benzo(a)pyrene-d12 was the largest, indicating that benzo(a)pyrene had the strongest chemical reactivity during frying. Moreover, the identification of five PAH4 derivatives has confirmed the conversion of lost PAH4. Finally, the loss of PAH4 during frying positively correlated with the oxidation of oil, and a conversion mechanism of PAHs to derivatives was proposed. This work directly proved the loss and conversion of PAH4 and provided a comprehensive perspective for studying the changes in PAH4 during frying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Mengyu Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Yinyin Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jixian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China.
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16
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Xie J, Tao L, Wu Q, Lei S, Lin T. Environmental profile, distributions and potential sources of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126164. [PMID: 34323730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) are high lipophilic and degradation-resistant, which have been detected in the air, water, sediment and biota. HPAHs tend to have strong adverse effects on animals and humans. Although we have realized HPAHs are emerging contaminants which needs to be paid attention, there is still a lack of their individual commercial standards. This makes it difficult for understanding HPAHs comprehensively. This review is devoted to collect all the results have reported, and give a systemic look of their global distributions, influence factors and sources. Compared with air, studies on other environmental matrices (water and sediment) are more limited. The researches on organisms are fewest. Comparing the studied congeners, there are more studies on ClPAHs than BrPAHs. Human activities contribute mostly to their occurrence. Further, we then also introduce the toxicity and analytical methods to better understand HPAHs. The future research directions are also provided. Through this review, we can conclude there is an urgent need to develop analysis methods and ecologic risk assessment for better exploring HPAHs. Effective methods should be done to control HPAHs. Therefore, this review can provide a good basis for researchers to understand and control global pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Skate Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Tao
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Shiming Lei
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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17
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Taghizadeh SF, Azizi M, Rezaee R, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and metals in olive: analysis and probabilistic risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:39723-39741. [PMID: 33759105 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, levels of 22 pesticides, eight metals, and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 1800 Iranian olive samples (20 cultivars from six different cultivation zones), were determined; then, health risk posed by oral consumption of the olive samples to Iranian consumers was assessed. Quantification of PAHs and pesticides was done by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and metal levels were determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). There were no significant differences among the cultivars and zones in terms of the levels of the tested compounds. Target hazard quotients (THQ) were <1.0 for all pesticides, and total hazard indices (HI) indicated di minimis risk. At the 25th or 95th centiles, Incremental Life Time Cancer Risks (ILCRs) for carcinogenic elements, arsenic, and lead and noncarcinogenic metals did not exhibit a significant hazard (HI <1.0 for both cases). At the 25th or 95th centiles, ILCR and margins of exposure (MoE) for PAHs indicated di minimis risk. Sensitivity analysis showed that concentrations of contaminants had the most significant effect on carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Faezeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, 1365-91775, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Azizi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, 1365-91775, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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18
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Niu B, Zhang H, Zhou G, Zhang S, Yang Y, Deng X, Chen Q. Safety risk assessment and early warning of chemical contamination in vegetable oil. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Method Development and Determination of Chlorinated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Matrices. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop an analytical method, which separates selected chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) from fat, and fat-free or vegetable matrices. The method contains extraction-, cleanup-, and quantification steps. Integration of automated analysis actions, as in extraction and cleanup, should enhance the reproducibility, precision, and efficiency of the method. This was confirmed by validation of the overall analytical process. In the end, as a performance check, the developed method was applied on different matrices, e.g., tea, rice, grilled pork, and eel and predator eggs, as a non-food example. An inter-laboratory check was initiated as replacement for the lack of proficiency tests. Due to the high level of automation, both personnel and time effort are very low. In addition, the method is very robust with regard to the variability of the solvent selection and the loss of analytes by evaporation to dryness. It could be demonstrated that the developed method is applicable to different matrices with reproducible and precise results. This applies also to low-fat food and feed.
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20
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Taghizadeh SF, Rezaee R, Azizi M, Hayes AW, Giesy JP, Karimi G. Pesticides, metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in date fruits: A probabilistic assessment of risk to health of Iranian consumers. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Maia ML, Sousa S, Correia-Sá ML, Delerue-Matos C, Calhau C, Domingues VF. Organochlorine pesticides, brominated flame retardants, synthetic musks and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in shrimps. An overview of occurrence and its implication on human exposure. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04870. [PMID: 32964162 PMCID: PMC7490540 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrimps are widely distributed in coastal areas, estuaries and rivers. Although this shellfish is a good source of nutrients, it can also accumulate environmental contaminants, such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), synthetic musks (SMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Due to their bioaccumulative properties, these pollutants are endocrine disruptors. In this review, an overview of the world's shrimp market, pollutants legislation and values found in shrimp samples will be discussed. Shrimps analysed from all continents showed the presence of contaminants, Asia being the continent with the highest values reported. The concentration values reached a maximum of 26100 ng/g wet weight (ww) for OCPs, of 226.45 ng/g ww for BFRs, of 12.1 ng/g ww for SMs and of 50650 ng/g ww for PAHs. Exposure data and risk, taken from different studies, are very variable and indicate that shrimp's consumption may represent a risk especially in certain geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Maia
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde -CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Sousa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.,Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde -CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Luísa Correia-Sá
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Calhau
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde -CINTESIS), Porto, Portugal.,Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valentina Fernandes Domingues
- REQUIMTE/LAQV-GRAQ, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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22
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Wang X, Wang S, Li F, Li R, Zhu J, Chen J, Li W, Jiang D. Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in youtiao and exposure assessment from Shandong Province, China. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.107049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oils and fatty foods: Occurrence, formation, analysis, change and control. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2020; 93:59-112. [PMID: 32711866 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that dozens of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic, genotoxic and strongly carcinogenic. PAHs are found to be widely present in foods contaminated through multiple paths. Due to their lipophilic nature, these compounds easily accumulate in edible oils and fatty foods where they can range from no detection to over 2000μg/kg. Compared to precursor PAHs, researchers have seldom studied the presence of PAH derivatives, especially in food matrices. This chapter includes the physical and chemical characteristics of PAHs and their types, occurrence, sample pretreatment and instrumental determination methods, and their formation, change and control in edible oils and fatty foods. The occurrence and formation of PAH derivatives in foods are much less investigated compared to those of their precursor PAHs. Although the removal of matrix effects and accuracy remain difficult for current rapid determination methods, a prospective research direction of PAH analysis for large-scale screening is in demand. To date, physical absorption, chemical oxidation and biodegradation have been widely used in PAH removal techniques. Specific types of bacteria, fungi, and algae have also been used to degrade PAHs into harmless compounds. However, most of them can only degrade a range of LPAHs, such as naphthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene. Their ability to degrade HPAHs requires further study. Moreover, it is still a great challenge to maintain food nutrition and flavor during the PAH removal process using these methods.
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24
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Wickrama-Arachchige AUK, Hirabayashi T, Imai Y, Guruge KS, Dharmaratne TS, Ohura T. Accumulation of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by different tuna species, determined by high-resolution gas chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113487. [PMID: 31679876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (HPAH) concentrations in tissues from three tuna species Thunnus albacares (yellowfin tuna), Katsuwonus pelamis (skipjack tuna), and Auxis thazard (frigate tuna) were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The tuna samples were collected from the Indian Ocean. The instrument conditions gave high mass accuracy at 0.9 m/z isolation width of the mass filter and a mass error of <±1.0 ppm for many HPAHs. A total of 29 of the 30 targets chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs) and 20 of the 21 targets brominated PAHs (BrPAHs) were detected in the tuna muscle samples. The mean total ClPAH, BrPAH and PAH concentrations for tuna were 127.2, 156.6 and 682.8 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The mean total ClPAH and BrPAH concentrations (ng/g lipid weight) in the tuna were considerably lower than that of PAH concentrations. The mean total ClPAH, BrPAH and PAH concentrations in T. albacares respectively were 185.8, 249.2 and 784.1 ng/g lipid weight, irrespective of the body sizes. The mean total ClPAH, BrPAH and PAH concentrations in K. pelamis respectively were 45.1, 24.8 and 555.6 ng/g lipid weight. The mean total ClPAH, BrPAH and PAH concentrations in A. thazard respectively were 34.09, 4.73 and 433.24 ng/g lipid weight. The total ClPAH concentrations and body weights significantly positively correlated for T. albacares. The mean total ClPAH concentration in white muscles was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for large than for small T. albacares. This suggests ClPAHs could bioaccumulate in T. albacares, possibly because they are poorly metabolized. The chlorinated phenanthrene and pyrene concentrations indicated tuna accumulate these compounds increasingly effectively as the tuna grow. This was the first time large numbers of HPAHs were found in biological samples. HPAHs may adversely affect the health of humans consuming tuna.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuma Hirabayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Imai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Keerthi S Guruge
- Pathology and Pathophysiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tilak S Dharmaratne
- Ocean University of Sri Lanka, No. 15, Crow Island, Mattakkuliya, Colombo 15, CO 01500, Sri Lanka
| | - Takeshi Ohura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
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25
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Tan J, Lu X, Fu L, Yang G, Chen J. Quantification of Cl-PAHs and their parent compounds in fish by improved ASE method and stable isotope dilution GC-MS. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109775. [PMID: 31614299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at developing a simple and accurate method for determination of emerging chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) in fish by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Fish samples were extracted by improved accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method. Matrix effects were observed, and matrix-matched calibration was verified with good intra-day and inter day precisions (lower than 16.1% and 15.1% respectively). Method detection limits were 0.10-5.62 ng g-1 (dry weight) with satisfactory linearity, and recoveries ranged from 50% to 150%, with relative standard deviation values less than 18.5% at different concentration levels. This improved ASE method was proved to be suitable for analyzing Cl-PAHs in fish samples, with good analytical selectivity, linearity, recovery and precision. Furthermore, the composition analysis revealed that chlorinated compounds of phenanthrene, pyrene and acenaphthene were dominated in Cl-PAHs contaminants. The correlationship between the pollution of Cl-PAHs and their corresponding parent structures in fish samples was also analyzed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Grapes, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Xianbo Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Lei Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Guoshun Yang
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center for Grapes, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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26
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Masuda M, Wang Q, Tokumura M, Miyake Y, Amagai T. Simultaneous determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their chlorinated derivatives in grilled foods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 178:188-194. [PMID: 31009924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are unintentionally generated in foods that are cooked, and dietary ingestion of these PAHs is regarded as the dominant route of exposure to PAHs. Some chlorinated PAHs (ClPAHs) are more toxic than their corresponding parent PAHs and can also be generated in food during cooking. Knowledge of the concentrations of ClPAHs in cooked foods has been limited by the lack of an adequate analytical method for measuring ClPAH concentrations in cooked foods. In this study, we developed an analytical method for simultaneous determination of PAHs and ClPAHs in lipid-rich foods. The combination of a potassium hydroxide silica gel column and an activated carbon cartridge enabled us to simultaneously measure PAH and ClPAH concentrations in raw and grilled fish and meats. Twelve kinds of PAHs (e.g., fluorene [Fle], phenanthrene [Phe], fluoranthene [Flu], and pyrene [Pyr]) were detected in grilled foods. The concentrations ranged from below the limit of quantitation (<LOQ) to 310 ng g-1. We also detected 9-monochlorinated Phe (9-ClPhe), 3-monochlorinated Flu (3-ClFlu), 8-monochlorinated Flu (8-ClFlu), and 1-monochlorinated Pyr (1-ClPyr); those concentrations ranged from <LOQ to 0.16 ng g-1. The total concentrations of PAHs were significantly lower in gas-grilled meats than in charcoal-grilled meats. In contrast, the concentrations of ClPAHs were significantly higher in gas-grilled meats than in the charcoal-grilled meats. This pattern could be attributed to the difference of reaction temperatures needed to generate them. Toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations, which were calculated based on toxicities relative to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), were much higher in the grilled foods (0.12-12 ng-BaPeq g-1) for PAHs than for ClPAHs (<LOQ to 0.026 ng-BaPeq g-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Masuda
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Qi Wang
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuichi Miyake
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Ahmed MK, Islam MS, Tokumura M, Masunaga S. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in commonly consumed seafood from coastal areas of Bangladesh and associated human health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1105-1121. [PMID: 30288647 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Levels, distribution, possible sources and potential risks of 16 USEPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated comprehensively in frequently consumed seafood species collected from the coastal areas of Bangladesh. Samples were collected in winter and summer, 2015. The total concentration of PAHs (∑PAHs) in the examined seafood was 184.5-2806.6 ng/g wet weight (ww) in winter and 117.9-4216.8 ng/g ww in summer, respectively. The levels of ∑PAHs were comparable to or higher than those reported from other coastal areas. Seasonal variation was not significant for the majority of the monitored PAHs. Spatial distribution revealed that the seafood collected from areas with recent urbanization and industrialization (Chittagong, Cox's Bazar and Sundarbans) was more contaminated with PAHs than those from the unindustrialized area (Meghna Estuary). Low-molecular-weight isomers dominated the PAH composition. Molecular ratios suggested the abundance of mixed sources of PAHs in the Bangladeshi coastal areas with a slight imposition toward the petrogenic origin. A preliminary evaluation of human health risk indicated that the dietary PAH exposure from consumption of Bangladeshi seafood would certainly induce adverse health effects. This finding suggests the need to enhance risk management regarding seafood consumption through public advisory in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Habibullah-Al-Mamun
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan.
- Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Kawser Ahmed
- Department of Oceanography, Earth and Environmental Science Faculty, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Masahiro Tokumura
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Science, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8526, Japan
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeki Masunaga
- Faculty of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-9 Tokiwadai Hodogaya, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
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28
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Xia Z, Idowu I, Marvin C, Thomas PJ, Johnson W, Francisco O, Stetefeld J, Crimmins B, Fry M, Tomy GT. Identification of halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biological samples from Alberta Oil-Sands Region. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:206-213. [PMID: 30317091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) were identified in biological samples from the Alberta Oil-Sands Region (AOSR) using gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS) at a resolving power of 25,000. Knowledge of the electron ionization (EI) fragmentation behavior of individual HPAH isomers, achieved by injecting authentic standards in full-scan MS mode, was paramount in identifying a suite of HPAHs in samples from the AOSR. Confirmation of compounds in biological samples was based on the measured mass accuracy (±3 ppm) of 2 characteristic ions prominent in the EI mass spectra of each compound. Numerous compounds were detected in the high resolution total ion chromatogram in liver extracts of 4 biological species from the AOSR: river otter (Lontra Canadensis), northern pike (Esox lucius), lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and snails (Gastropod sp.) many of which remain unidentified. Careful examination of the high-resolution accurate mass data suggests that dichloro-anthracene/phenanthrene, bromo-anthracene/phenanthrene and dibromo-fluorene were present in the biological samples. Lipid corrected concentrations of dichloro-PAHs were estimated to be 16.3 ± 11.4 (n = 4) and 5.5 (n = 1) ng/g in lake whitefish and river otter, respectively. Concentrations of mono-bromo-PAHs were an order of magnitude greater in snails (170.5 ng/g) than in northern pike (12.5 ng/g) while concentrations of dibromo-PAHs were 4 times greater in snails than in northern pike. The detection of these compounds in biota implies that these compounds are bioaccumulative. The liver-based biomagnification factor of the dichloro-PAH congener in the river otter/lake whitefish feeding relationship is much smaller than 1 implying that this compound does not biomagnify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Xia
- University of Manitoba, Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ifeoluwa Idowu
- University of Manitoba, Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chris Marvin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wesley Johnson
- University of Manitoba, Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Olga Francisco
- University of Manitoba, Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jorg Stetefeld
- University of Manitoba, Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Bernard Crimmins
- Clarkson University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Potsdam, NY, USA; Academic Environmental/Analytical Consulting Services, LLC, Alliance, OH, USA
| | - Mark Fry
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- University of Manitoba, Centre for Oil and Gas Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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29
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Trends of research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food: A 20-year perspective from 1997 to 2017. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yousefi M, Shemshadi G, Khorshidian N, Ghasemzadeh-Mohammadi V, Fakhri Y, Hosseini H, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content of edible vegetable oils in Iran: A risk assessment study. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:480-489. [PMID: 29857019 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Totally forty samples (23 brands) of different types of edible oils including frying oil (n = 14), blended oil (n = 13), sunflower oil (n = 6), corn oil (n = 5) and canola oil (n = 2) from Iran's market were analyzed for PAHs content by a High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detector. Also, the Health risk assessment in the adults and children consumers were estimated by the calculating margin of exposure (MOE) and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) in the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. Approximately all of the samples contained different amounts of PAHs, while concentrations of BaP, PAH 4, PAH 8 and PAH 13 were reported as 0.90-11.33, 3.51-84.03, 7.41-117.12 and 129.28-19.54 μg/kg, respectively. Light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons corresponded to 65% of total PAHs while the remaining 35% belonged to heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on BaP content, 12 samples were above the standard limits (2 μg/kg) which set by the Standard Organization of Iran and the European Union, whereas 15 samples exceeded maximum limit 10 μg/kg set for PAH 4 established by EU. Percentile 95% of MOE in the adults due to ingestion of sunflower, corn, frying and blended oils were determined as 4.10E+5; 4.05E+5; , 2.17E+5, 2.33E+5, respectively and in the children due to ingestion of sunflower oil, corn oil, frying oil and blended oil were calculated as 5.38E+4, 4.49E+4, 2.86E+4, 3.37E+4. Regarding the percentile of 95% ILCR in the adults due to ingestion of sunflower oil, corn oil, frying oil and blended oil were reported as 4.5E-6, 4.17E-6l, 5.20E-6, 4.93E-6 and also this value in the children in the same rank order of products can be summarized as 3.43E-5, 3.94 E-5, 3.17E-5, 3.76E-5. The rank order of edible oils investigated based on MOE was sunflower oil > corn oil > blended oil > frying oil; and based on ILCR, frying oil > blended oil > sunflower oil > corn oil. The health risk assessment according to MCS method indicated that adults and children are not at considerable health risk; MOE ≥ 1E+4 and ILCR < 1E-4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Yousefi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Food Safety Research Center (Salt), School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ghazal Shemshadi
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nasim Khorshidian
- Food Safety Research Center (Salt), School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Vahid Ghasemzadeh-Mohammadi
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wang L, Li C, Jiao B, Li Q, Su H, Wang J, Jin F. Halogenated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables: Levels, dietary intakes, and health risk assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:288-295. [PMID: 29121577 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) are attracting increasing concern because of their greater toxicity than their corresponding parent PAHs. However, human exposure to HPAHs via food consumption is not fully understood. In this study, daily intake via vegetable ingestion of 11 HPAHs and 16 PAHs and subsequent cancer risk were assessed for population in Beijing. A total of 80 vegetable samples were purchased from markets, including five leafy vegetables and three root vegetables. The concentrations of total HPAHs (∑HPAHs) were 0.357-0.874ng/g in all vegetables, lower than that of total PAHs (∑PAHs, 10.6-47.4ng/g). ∑HPAHs and ∑PAHs concentrations in leafy vegetables were higher than those in root vegetables, suggesting that the atmospheric deposition might be the dominant source of PAHs and HPAHs in leafy vegetables. Among the HPAH congeners, 2-BrFle and 9-ClFle were the predominant compounds and frequently detected in the vegetable samples. HPAHs and PAHs were also found in certificated vegetables at the concentrations of 0.466-0.751ng/g and 10.6-38.9ng/g, respectively, which were lower than those in non-certificated vegetables except for spinach. For leafy vegetables from local farms, the ∑PAHs and ∑HPAHs levels in the rape and Chinese cabbage samples significantly decreased with increasing the distance away from the incineration plant. The incremental lifetime cancer risks of HPAHs were below the acceptable risk level (10-6), suggesting that there might be little or no risk to consumers from these compounds in vegetables. For all population groups, children were the most sensitive population to PAHs and HPAHs, and their health issues should be paid more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; Institute of Agriculture Quality Standards & Testing Technique, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bining Jiao
- Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiwan Li
- Institute of Agriculture Quality Standards & Testing Technique, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fen Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and safety, Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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32
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Zhang J, Yang L, Mellouki A, Wen L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Jiang P, Li Y, Wang W. Chemical characteristics and influence of continental outflow on PM 1.0, PM 2.5 and PM 10 measured at Tuoji island in the Bohai Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:699-706. [PMID: 27589821 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the chemical characteristics and sources of size-segregated particles in the background region, PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected in Tuoji Island (TI) during the winter of 2014. Water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) including Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were analysed. The average mass concentrations of PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 were 44.5μg/m3, 62.0μg/m3 and 94.4μg/m3, respectively, and particles were importantly enriched in PM1.0. Secondary WSIIs (NH4+, NO3- and SO42-) were the most abundant species, and their contribution was highest in PM1.0. The average values of NOR and SOR were more than 0.1 in PM1.0, suggesting that secondary formation of SO42- and NO3- from the gas precursors SO2 and NO2 occurred in PM1.0. Secondary organic carbon accounted for 62.3% in PM1.0, 61.9% in PM1.0-2.5 and 48.9% in PM2.5-10 of OC, formed mainly in the fine mode. The particles concentrations were mainly affected by air mass from the North China Plain, especially the air mass from the southwest of Shandong province, which had low speed and altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, China.
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Institut de Combustion, Aerothermique, Reactivité Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Liang Wen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yumeng Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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33
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Yu ZL, Lin Q, Gu YG, Ke CL, Sun RX. Spatial-temporal trend and health implications of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in resident oysters, South China Sea: A case study of Eastern Guangdong coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 110:203-211. [PMID: 27345707 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in Eastern Guangdong coast, China. Total PAH concentrations in oysters ranged from 231 to 1178ng/g with a mean concentration of 622ng/g dry weight. Compared with other bays and estuaries, PAH levels in oysters were moderate. Spatial distribution of PAHs was site specific, with relatively high PAH concentrations observed in Zhelin Bay and Kaozhouyang Bay. Based on the Spearman test analysis, only PAH concentration in oysters from Jiazi Harbor showed a significant increasing trend (P<0.05). Three-ring PAHs were the most abundant, accounting for 54.2%-88.4% of total PAHs. Diagnostic ratios suggested that PAHs were derived mainly from petroleum origin. BaP and ∑4PAH concentrations were well within the European Union limits (5ng/g and 30ng/g wet weight, respectively). The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) for PAHs were <10(-5), indicating that the adverse health risks associated with oyster consumption in this area were minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ling Yu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Qin Lin
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China.
| | - Yang-Guang Gu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Chang-Liang Ke
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Run-Xia Sun
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Shi J, Zheng GJS, Wong MH, Liang H, Li Y, Wu Y, Li P, Liu W. Health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via fish consumption in Haimen bay (China), downstream of an e-waste recycling site (Guiyu). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 147:233-240. [PMID: 26897061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Guiyu, China has been one of the largest e-waste recycling sites of the world for more than 20 years. Abundant data show that local dwellers there suffered from severe health risks from e-waste contaminants. In this study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used as candidates to test the contamination levels and their possible adverse effects on residents in Haimen Bay, the estuary of Lian River (less than 30km from Guiyu), which has been totally neglected. The concentrations of 16PAHs were determined in collected marine fish with a median ΣPAH concentration of 1478ng/g (wet weight), and the contamination may be mainly influenced by Lian River runoff, specifically from Guiyu. The lifetime excess cancer risk for local dwellers was much higher than the serious risk level (10(-4)). More seriously, outflows of PAHs from the e-waste recycling site (Guiyu) seemed to exert health risks of a much larger scale of population downstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Shi
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China
| | - Gene Jin-Shu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China
| | - Yuelin Li
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China
| | - Yinglin Wu
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P.R. China.
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Jiang D, Xin C, Li W, Chen J, Li F, Chu Z, Xiao P, Shao L. Quantitative analysis and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible vegetable oils marketed in Shandong of China. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:61-7. [PMID: 26072099 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work studies on the quantitative analysis and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible vegetable oils in Shandong, China. The concentrations of 15 PAHs in 242 samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. The results indicated that the mean concentration of 15 PAHs in oil samples was 54.37 μg kg(-1). Low molecular weight PAH compounds were the predominant contamination. Especially, the carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was detected at a mean concentration of 1.28 μg kg(-1), which was lower than the limit of European Union and China. A preliminary evaluation of human health risk assessment for PAHs was accomplished using BaP toxic equivalency factors and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). The ILCR values for children, adolescents, adults, and seniors were all larger than 1 × 10(-6), indicating a high potential carcinogenic risk on the dietary exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Jiang
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Xin
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jindong Chen
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunhua Chu
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Peirui Xiao
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Shao
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China; Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, 250014 Jinan, People's Republic of China
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36
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Sun JL, Jing X, Chang WJ, Chen ZX, Zeng H. Cumulative health risk assessment of halogenated and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matters in urban air. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:31-37. [PMID: 25483369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HPAHs) have been reported to occur widely in urban air. Nevertheless, knowledge about the human health risk associated with inhalation exposure to HPAHs is scarce so far. In the present study, nine HPAHs and 16 PAHs were determined in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) collected from Shenzhen, China to address this issue. Concentrations of Σ9HPAHs varied from 0.1 to 1.5 ng/m(3) and from 0.09 to 0.4 ng/m(3) in PM10 and PM2.5 samples, respectively. As for individuals, 9-bromoanthracene, 7-bromobenz(a)anthracene, and 9,10-dibromoanthracene were the dominant congeners. Levels of Σ16PAHs in PM10 and PM2.5 samples ranged from 3.2 to 81 ng/m(3) and from 2.8 to 85 ng/m(3), respectively. Among individual PAHs, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene were the main congeners. According to the season, concentrations of HPAHs and PAHs in atmospheric PM10/PM2.5 samples show a similar decreasing trend with an order: winter>autumn>spring>summer. The daily intake (DI) of PM10/PM2.5-bound HPAHs and PAHs were estimated. Our results indicated that children have the highest DI levels via inhalation exposure. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) induced by PM10/PM2.5-bound HPAHs and PAHs were calculated. The ILCR values showed a similar decreasing trend with an order: adults>children>seniors>adolescent. Overall, the ILCR values induced by HPAHs and PAHs were far below the priority risk level (10(-4)), indicating no obvious cancer risk. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the human health risk associated with inhalation exposure to PM10/PM2.5-bound HPAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Lin Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin Jing
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Jing Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng-Xia Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Lu SY, Zhang HM, Sojinu SO, Liu GH, Zhang JQ, Ni HG. Trace elements contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:4220. [PMID: 25514858 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-4220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The levels of seven essential trace elements (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, and Mo) and six non-essential trace elements (Cr, As, Cd, Sb, Hg, and Pb) in a total of 89 drinking water samples collected in Shenzhen, China were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the present study. Both the essential and non-essential trace elements were frequently detectable in the different kinds of drinking waters assessed. Remarkable temporal and spatial variations were observed among most of the trace elements in the tap water collected from two tap water treatment plants. Meanwhile, potential human health risk from these non-essential trace elements in the drinking water for local residents was also assessed. The median values of cancer risks associated with exposure to carcinogenic metals via drinking water consumption were estimated to be 6.1 × 10(-7), 2.1 × 10(-8), and 2.5 × 10(-7) for As, Cd, and Cr, respectively; the median values of incremental lifetime for non-cancer risks were estimated to be 6.1 × 10(-6), 4.4 × 10(-5), and 2.2 × 10(-5) for Hg, Pb, and Sb, respectively. The median value of total incremental lifetime health risk induced by the six non-essential trace elements for the population was 3.5 × 10(-5), indicating that the potential health risks from non-carcinogenic trace elements in drinking water also require some attention. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the most important factor for health risk assessment should be the levels of heavy metal in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-You Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Sun JL, Wang YB, Zeng H, Ni HG. Parent and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in farmed cockroaches and implications for human exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 111:256-262. [PMID: 25450942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal insects have been widely used to cure human diseases for ages. Nevertheless, knowledge about the toxic chemicals accumulated in medicinal insects and their effects on human health was insufficient. In the present study, sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nine halogenated PAHs (HPAHs) were determined in farmed medicinal cockroaches to address this issue. Total concentrations of PAHs in young nymphs, old nymphs, and adults ranged from 162 to 1025, 252 to 967, and 267 to 1168 ng/g, respectively. Levels of the sum of HPAHs varied from 0.84 to 9.17, 1.86 to 5.21, and 1.01 to 8.60 ng/g for young nymphs, old nymphs, and adults, respectively. The daily intake and excess cancer risk of PAHs and HPAHs were calculated for people who take cockroach-related drugs. Our results indicated that females and children have slightly higher exposure levels from the perspectives of gender and age, respectively. The estimated excess cancer risk of PAHs and HPAHs were both lower than the priority risk level (10(-4)), indicating a low potential carcinogenic risk with the medicinal cockroach consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Lin Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan-Bing Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong-Gang Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Lourenço D, Silva LJG, Lino CM, Morais S, Pena A. SPE-LC-FD determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon monohydroxy derivatives in cephalopods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:2685-2691. [PMID: 24588515 DOI: 10.1021/jf4056852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical methodology, based on liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FD), after extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, and solid-phase extraction (SPE) through Oasis HLB cartridges, was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of three monohydroxy derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The optimized analytical method is sensitive, accurate, and precise, with recoveries between 62 and 110% and limits of detection of 227, 9, and 45 ng/g for 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, and 1-hydroxypyrene, respectively. Their levels were estimated in different cephalopod matrices (edible tissues and hemolymph). The methodology was applied to samples of the major cephalopod species consumed worldwide. Of the 18 samples analyzed, 39% were contaminated with 1-hydroxynaphthalene, which was the only PAH metabolite detected. Its concentration ranged from 786 to 1145 ng/g. This highly sensitive and specific method allows the identification and quantitation of PAH metabolites in forthcoming food safety and environmental monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lourenço
- Group of Health Surveillance, Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , Polo III, Azinhaga de Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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