1
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Qiu T, Zeng L, Chen Y, Yang Y. Nucleic acid demethylase MpAlkB1 regulates the growth, development, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:282. [PMID: 39060812 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid demethylases of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (AlkB) family can reversibly erase methyl adducts from nucleobases, thus dynamically regulating the methylation status of DNA/RNA and playing critical roles in multiple cellular processes. But little is known about AlkB demethylases in filamentous fungi so far. The present study reports that Monascus purpureus genomes contain a total of five MpAlkB genes. The MpAlkB1 gene was disrupted and complemented through homologous recombination strategy to analyze its biological functions in M. purpureus. MpAlkB1 knockout significantly accelerated the growth of strain, increased biomass, promoted sporulation and cleistothecia development, reduced the content of Monascus pigments (Mps), and strongly inhibited citrinin biosynthesis. The downregulated expression of the global regulator gene LaeA, and genes of Mps biosynthesis gene cluster (BGC) or citrinin BGC in MpAlkB1 disruption strain supported the pleiotropic trait changes caused by MpAlkB1 deletion. These results indicate that MpAlkB1-mediated demethylation of nucleic acid plays important roles in regulating the growth and development, and secondary metabolism in Monascus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiaoshuang Qiu
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Lingqing Zeng
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yingwu Yang
- Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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2
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Xiong F, Wei J, Zhou Y, Shao Y, Liu J, Chen F. Exploring the Subcellular Localization of Monascus Pigments Biosynthases: Preliminary Unraveling of the Compartmentalization Mechanism. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:375. [PMID: 38921362 PMCID: PMC11205011 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs), a class of secondary metabolites produced by Monascus spp., can be classified into yellow, orange, and red MPs according to their differences in the wavelength of the maximum absorption. However, the biosynthetic sequence and cellular biosynthesis mechanism of different MPs components are still not yet completely clear in Monascus spp. In this study, the subcellular localization of five MPs synthases was investigated using fluorescent protein fusion expression. The results revealed that the proteins encoded by the MPs biosynthetic gene cluster were compartmentalized in various subcellular locations, including the mitochondrial polyketide synthase MrPigA, cytosolic enzymes consisting of the ketoreductase MrPigC, the oxidoreductase MrPigE, and the monooxygenase MrPigN, and the cell-wall-bound oxidoreductase MrPigF. Moreover, the correct localization of MrPigF to the cell wall was crucial for the synthesis of orange MPs. Lastly, we discussed the compartmentalized biosynthetic pathway of MPs. This study will not only be helpful in clarifying the biosynthetic sequence and biosynthesis mechanism of different MPs but also provides new insights into the cellular biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingyi Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Youxiang Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yanchun Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Wu S, Dong C, Zhang M, Cheng Y, Cao X, Yang B, Li C, Peng X. Revealing the Hypoglycemic Effect of Red Yeast Rice: Perspectives from the Inhibition of α-Glucosidase and the Anti-Glycation Capability by Ankaflavin and Monascin. Foods 2024; 13:1573. [PMID: 38790873 PMCID: PMC11120408 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Red yeast rice dietary supplements have been proven to ameliorate hyperglycemia, but the mechanism was unclear. In this work, ankaflavin (AK) and monascin (MS), as typical pigments derived from red yeast rice, were found to exert noteworthy inhibitory ability against α-glucosidase, with an IC50 of 126.5 ± 2.5 and 302.6 ± 2.5 μM, respectively, compared with acarbose (IC50 = 341.3 ± 13.6 μM). They also exhibited mixed-type inhibition of α-glucosidase in vitro and caused fluorescence quenching through the static-quenching process. Molecular-docking studies indicated that AK and MS bind to amino acid residues outside the catalytic center, which induces structural changes in the enzyme, thus influencing its catalytic activity. The anti-glycation ability of Monascus-fermented products was evaluated, and they exhibited a high inhibition rate of 87.1% in fluorescent advanced glycation end-product formation at a concentration of 0.2 mg mL-1, while aminoguanidine showed a rate of 75.7% at the same concentration. These results will be significant in broadening the application scope of Monascus pigments, especially AK and MS, in treating type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.W.)
| | - Changyan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.W.)
| | - Meihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.W.)
| | - Yi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.W.)
| | - Xiaobo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; (S.W.)
| | - Benxu Yang
- Tianjin Lida Food Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300393, China
| | - Chao Li
- Tianjin Food Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300074, China
| | - Xin Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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Wu Z, Gao H, Liu Z. COMPASS core subunits MpSet1 and MpSwd3 regulate Monascus pigments synthesis in Monascus purpureus. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:e2300686. [PMID: 38362934 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me) catalyzed by the complex of proteins associated with Set1 (COMPASS) is crucial for the transcriptional regulation of genes and the development of organisms. In Monascus, the functions of COMPASS in establishing H3K4me remain unclear. This study first identified the conserved COMPASS core subunits MpSet1 and MpSwd3 in Monascus purpureus and confirmed their roles in establishing H3K4me2/3. Loss of MpSet1 and MpSwd3 resulted in slower growth and development and inhibited the formation of cleistothecia, ascospores, and conidia. The loss of these core subunits also decreased the production of extracellular and intracellular Monascus pigments (MPs) by 94.2%, 93.5%, 82.7%, and 82.5%, respectively. In addition, RNA high-throughput sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that the loss of MpSet1 and MpSwd3 altered the expression of 2646 and 2659 genes, respectively, and repressed the transcription of MPs synthesis-related genes. In addition, the ΔMpset1 and ΔMpswd3 strains demonstrated increased sensitivity to cell wall stress with the downregulation of chitin synthase-coding genes. These results indicated that the COMPASS core subunits MpSet1 and MpSwd3 help establish H3K4me2/3 for growth and development, spore formation, and pigment synthesis in Monascus. These core subunits also assist in maintaining cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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Liu J, Wang H, Shao H, Sun J, Dong C, Chen R, Kang J. Isolation and characterization of dihydrohomoisoflavonoids from Portulaca oleracea L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 222:114071. [PMID: 38552709 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Eight pairs of dihydrohomoisoflavonoids (1-8), including four pairs of enantiomeric aglycones [(R,S)-portulacanones B (1) and C (2) and (R,S)-oleracones C (3) and Q (4)] and four pairs of epimeric glycosides [portulacasides A-D and epiportulacasides A-D (5-8)], were obtained from Portulaca oleracea L. Among them, (R,S)-oleracone Q (4) and four pairs of epimeric glycosides (5-8) were reported for the first time. The 50% EtOH fraction from the 70% EtOH extract prevented HepG2 human liver cancer cell damage induced by N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (APAP), and the cell survival rate was 62.3%. Portulacaside B (6a), which was isolated from the 50% EtOH fraction, exhibited hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. The compound increased the survival rate of APAP-damaged HepG2 human liver cancer cells from 40.0% to 51.2% and reduced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, resulting in an inhibitory rate of 46.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hongjie Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Junhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chaoxuan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou Overseas Chinese Hospital, Jinan University, 613 W. Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Ruoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jie Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Lin CW, Lin PY, Hsu YW, Pan TM, Lee CL. Monascus-fermented metabolites repressed amyloid β-peptide-induced neurotoxicity and inflammatory response in in vitro and in vivo studies. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
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Zhang X, Hu Y, Yang T, Qian X, Hu W, Li G. Penazaphilones J–L, Three New Hydrophilic Azaphilone Pigments from Penicillium sclerotiorum cib-411 and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073146. [PMID: 37049911 PMCID: PMC10095951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Penazaphilones J–L (1–3), three new hydrophilic azaphilone pigments, as well as six known compounds, were discovered from the filamentous fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum cib-411. Compounds 1–3 were structurally elucidated by the detailed interpretation of their 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Compound 1 is an unprecedented hybrid of an azaphilone and a glycerophosphate choline. Compounds 2 and 3 each contain an intact amino acid moiety. The bioassay showed that compound 3 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. Concretely, compound 3 significantly suppressed the NO production, the expression levels of COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and iNOS mRNA in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, treatment of compound 3 prevented the translocation of NF-κB through inhibiting the phosphorylation of PI3K, PDK1, Akt, and GSK-3β. Thus, the inhibition of compound 3 against LPS-induced inflammation should rely on its inactivation on NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yeye Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xueqing Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoyou Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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Kaur M, Goel M, Mishra RC, Lahane V, Yadav AK, Barrow CJ. Characterization of the Red Biochromes Produced by the Endophytic Fungus Monascus purpureus CPEF02 with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Food acceptability and appeal are significantly influenced by colour. Harmful effects associated with synthetic colorants are well established, and research is currently focused on developing natural, synthetic chemical-free substitutes from fungal sources, with broad applications in food, medicine, textiles and agriculture. Additionally, the market’s dearth of natural red colour substitutes requires the creation of novel red pigment alternatives from secure and scalable sources. The goal of the current research was to establish new endophytic marine fungi that are naturally occurring bio-sources of the red pigment. Based on its profuse extracellular red pigment-producing capacity, the fungus CPEF02 was selected and identified as Monascus purpureus CPEF02 via internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and phylogenetic analysis. The chemical moieties of the pigmented extracts were identified by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The optimal culture conditions for maximum pigment production were investigated by surveying various media compositions. The methanolic fungal colourant extract was shown to have substantial antibacterial and antifungal activities against anthropogenic pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1430), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCCBAA811), Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC 3241) and Vibrio cholerae (N16961) at a 100 µg/mL concentration and at a 1 mg/mL concentration for Alternaria solani (ITCC 4632) and Rhizoctonia solani (AG1-IA). This extract also exhibited antioxidant activity against the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical with an IC50 of 14.42 µg/mL and a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of 0.571 µM Trolox/µg of the methanolic colourant extract. The findings suggested that M. purpureus’s pigment could be a source of an industrially useful natural red colourant.
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Wu MD, Chen JJ, Cheng MJ. Secondary Metabolites with Antifungal Activities from Mangrove Derived Fungus Monascus purpureus WMD2424. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040200. [PMID: 37103340 PMCID: PMC10143918 DOI: 10.3390/md21040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mold Monascus, also called red yeast rice, anka, or koji, has been used as the natural food coloring agent and food additives for more than 1000 years in Asian countries. It has also been used in Chinese herbology and traditional Chinese medicine due to its easing digestion and antiseptic effects. However, under different culture conditions, the ingredients in Monascus-fermented products may be changed. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the ingredients, as well as the bioactivities of Monascus-derived natural products, is important. Here, through the thorough investigation into the chemical constituents of M. purpureus wmd2424, five previously undescribed compounds, monascuspurins A-E (1-5), were isolated from the EtOAc extract of mangrove-derived fungus Monascus purpureus wmd2424 cultured in RGY medium. All the constituents were confirmed via HRESIMS and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy. Their antifungal activity was also evaluated. Our results showed that four constituents (compounds 3-5) possessed mild antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium italicum, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is worth mentioning that the chemical composition of the type strain Monascus purpureus wmd2424 has never been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Der Wu
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU), Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Cheng
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
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Chen YT, Chen SJ, Yin LJ, Hu CY, Dong CD, Singhania RR, Hsieh SL. Anti-inflammatory effects of fish bone fermented using Monascus purpureus in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by regulating NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:958-965. [PMID: 36908357 PMCID: PMC9998776 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fish bones are the by-products of aquatic and fishery processing, which are often discarded. However, it has been considered having health-promoting by containing many essential nutrients. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory effect of fish bone fermented by Monascus purpureus (FBF) and the NF-κB pathway regulation mechanism in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. FBF has inhibited the production of PGE2 (prostaglandin E2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The FBF has significantly inhibited mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Moreover, FBF has suppressed activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) by increasing IκB mRNA expression and reduced of p65, p50 mRNA expression, as well as nuclear NF-κB DNA binding activity in LPS-induced RAW 246.7 cells. These findings demonstrate that FBF has inhibited LPS-induced inflammation by subsiding the activation of NF-κB in RAW 246.7 cells, implying that FBF could be employed as a promising natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Chen
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 80778 Taiwan
| | - Li-Jung Yin
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yi Hu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Meiho University, Pingtung, 912009 Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157 Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157 Taiwan
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 142 Haijhuan Rd, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81143 Taiwan
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11
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Regulated synthesis and metabolism of Monascus pigments in a unique environment. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Meat systems produced with Monascus pigment water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion as pork fat replacers. Food Chem 2023; 402:134080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chantarot S, Nopharatana M, Jirasatid S. Influence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains on fermentation of Monascus vinegar from rice pasta by-product. INTERNATIONAL FOOD RESEARCH JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.47836/ifrj.29.6.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, rice pasta by-product (RPBP) was used as a raw material for the production of Monascus vinegar. Alcoholic fermentation using RPBP and red yeast rice koji were carried out, and the fermentative characteristics based on the yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5169, TISTR 5196, and TISTR 5197) were investigated. The compositional changes and functional properties of Monascus vinegar were examined. S. cerevisiae TISTR 5169 produced a higher yield of alcohol in a shorter time as compared to other strains, in which 10% alcohol was observed after four days of fermentation. Descriptive sensory evaluation showed that Monascus wine fermented by S. cerevisiae TISTR 5169 (W5169) showed the highest result of intensity in cereal, fruit, and alcohol aroma. Therefore, W5169 was selected for subsequent acetous fermentation. During fermentation for 39 days, the titratable acidity (acetic acid) increased, associated with the decrease in alcohol contents and pH values. Acetification increased total phenolic content in accordance with an increase of antioxidant activity. Moreover, Monascus vinegar contained functional ingredients including Monascus pigments; yellow (0.17 OD unit/mL), orange (0.08 OD unit/mL), red (0.06 OD unit/mL), monacolin K (0.0141 ppm), and total phenolic content (71.70 µg GAE/mL). Monascus vinegar exhibited potential for antioxidant activity (58.8%) and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity (73.7%), and in particular, was without the mycotoxin citrinin.
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Lin G, Zhao C, Liao W, Yang J, Zheng Y. Eco-Friendly Green Synthesis of Rubropunctatin Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12224052. [PMID: 36432337 PMCID: PMC9699398 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to solve the problems of rubropunctatin insoluble in water and its low bioavailability, and explore the synthesis method of green silver nanoparticles, rubropunctatin was used as reducing agent and blocking agent, rubropunctatin-functionalized silver nanoparticles (R-AgNPs) were successfully synthesized. The distinctive absorption peak at 410 nm confirmed the formation of R-AgNPs. Zeta potential measurement showed excellent stability of R-AgNPs with negative values of -29.81 ± 0.37 mV. The results of TEM and XRD showed that the prepared R-AgNPs were round, well dispersed and crystallized with average particle size of 13.54 ± 0.42 nm. FT-IR and XPS studies show that functional groups are involved in R-AgNPs synthesis. The antibacterial activity of R-AgNPs was compared with commercial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by microdilution method. The results showed that R-AgNPs (MIC 7.81 μg/mL) has stronger antibacterial activity than commercial AgNPs. The bacteria morphology was observed by the live and dead (SYTO 9/PI) staining assay and SEM showed that the antibacterial effect of R-AgNPs was caused by the destruction of the bacterial cell membrane. Cytotoxicity of rubropunctatin-functionalized silver nanoparticles and commercial silver nanoparticles on mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells was assessed by CCK-8 assay. The results showed that the toxicity of rubropunctatin-functionalized silver nanoparticles to 3T3 cells was lower than that of commercial silver nanoparticles. In summary, synthesis of silver nanoparticles using rubropunctatin is a green synthesis method, and R-AgNPs is a potential antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Lin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Chenhui Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenqiang Liao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yunquan Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Medical Instrument and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, No. 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350108, China
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15
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Feng ZY, Huang PZ, Jiang SJ, Shen SJ, Chen JJ. Three new highly oxygenated azaphilones from an endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. LZUC-S1. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Li WL, Hong JL, Lu JQ, Tong SG, Ni L, Liu B, Lv XC. Comparative Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Effect and Mechanism of Tea Extracts on the Biosynthesis of Monascus Pigments. Foods 2022. [PMCID: PMC9602424 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs) are natural edible pigments with high safety and strong function, which have been widely used in food and health products. In this study, different types of tea extracts (rich in polyphenols) were used to regulate the biosynthesis of MPs. The results showed that 15% ethanol extract of pu-erh tea (T11) could significantly increase MPs production in liquid fermentation of Monaco’s purpureus M3. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses combined with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to further explore the regulatory mechanism of T11 on the biosynthesis of MPs. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that there were 1503 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the Con group and the T11 group, which were mainly distributed in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, etc. A total of 115 differential metabolites (DMs) identified by metabolomics between the Con and T11 groups were mainly enriched in glutathione metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, etc. The results of metabolomics were basically consistent with those of gene transcriptomics, indicating that the regulatory effect of T11 on the biosynthesis of MPs is mainly achieved through affecting the primary metabolic pathway, providing sufficient energy and more biosynthetic precursors for secondary metabolism. In this study, tea extracts with low economic value and easy access were used as promoters of MPs biosynthesis, which may be conducive to the application of MPs in large-scale industrial production. At the same time, a more systematic understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of Monascus metabolism was obtained through multi-omics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362200, China
| | - Jia-Li Hong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jin-Qiang Lu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shan-Gong Tong
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Li Ni
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xu-Cong Lv
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362200, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Monascuspiloin from Monascus-Fermented Red Mold Rice Alleviates Alcoholic Liver Injury and Modulates Intestinal Microbiota. Foods 2022; 11:foods11193048. [PMID: 36230124 PMCID: PMC9564352 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus-fermented red mold rice (RMR) has excellent physiological efficacy on lipid metabolism and liver function. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of monascuspiloin (MP) from RMR on alcoholic liver injury in mice, and further clarified its mechanism of action. Results showed that MP intervention obviously ameliorated lipid metabolism and liver function in mice with over-drinking. In addition, dietary MP intervention reduced liver MDA levels and increased liver CAT, SOD, and GSH levels, thus alleviating liver oxidative stress induced by excessive drinking. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that MP intervention was beneficial to ameliorate intestinal microbiota dysbiosis by elevating the proportion of norank_f_Lachnospiraceae, Lachnoclostridium, Alistipes, Roseburia, Vagococcus, etc., but decreasing the proportion of Staphylococcus, norank_f_Desulfovibrionaceae, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001, Helicobacter, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, unclassified_f_Ruminococcaceae, etc. Additionally, correlation network analysis indicated that the key intestinal bacterial taxa intervened by MP were closely related to some biochemical parameters of lipid metabolism, liver function, and oxidative stress. Moreover, liver metabolomics analysis revealed that dietary MP supplementation significantly regulated the levels of 75 metabolites in the liver, which were involved in the synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, taurine, and hypotaurine metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. Furthermore, dietary MP intervention regulated gene transcription and protein expression associated with hepatic lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. In short, these findings suggest that MP mitigates alcohol-induced liver injury by regulating the intestinal microbiome and liver metabolic pathway, and thus can serve as a functional component to prevent liver disease.
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18
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Xie J, Wang H, Dong C, Lai S, Liu J, Chen R, Kang J. Benzobicyclic ketones, cycloheptenone oxide derivatives, guaiane-type sesquiterpenes, and alkaloids isolated from Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 201:113277. [PMID: 35724743 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ten previously undescribed compounds, including two benzobicyclic ketones, one cycloheptenone oxide derivative, three guaiane-type sesquiterpenes, and four alkaloids, along with one known cycloheptenone oxide derivative, were isolated from the whole plants of Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. Their structures were elucidated by UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, ECD spectroscopy, or X-ray diffraction analysis. Notably, benzobicyclic ketones have never been isolated from nature before. The 70% EtOH-H2O extract of T. mongolicum displayed a significant inhibitory activity (33%) against croton oil-induced mouse ear edema. The two cycloheptenone oxide derivatives exhibited anti-inflammatory activities at 10 μM and significantly reduced the nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in RAW 264.7 macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with inhibitory rates of 26.4-64.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chaoxuan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou Overseas Chinese Hospital, Jinan University, 613 W. Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510630, China
| | - Shengtian Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Ruoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jie Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, 100050, China.
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19
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Chaudhary V, Katyal P, Panwar H, Kaur J, Aluko RE, Puniya AK, Poonia AK. Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of the red biopigment extract from Monascus purpureus (MTCC 369). J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14249. [PMID: 35615960 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the Monascus purpureus (MTCC 369) extracted biopigment produced by solid-state fermentation was evaluated for its therapeutic potential using human prostate LNCaP cells. Antioxidant efficacy of the red biopigment determined using 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays was found to be 53.16%, 86.27%, and 13.83%, respectively. In addition, expression studies of target gene superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2) showed that increasing concentrations (10-50 μg/ml) of the biopigment enhanced its expression from 0.91- to 1.905-fold. An inhibitory effect of 0.424-0.627-fold was observed in the expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) with a similar increase in biopigment concentration. Addition of quercetin (positive control) at 50 μg/ml led to 0.295-fold decrease in GPX expression. In contrast, the expression of SOD-2 increased by 1.026-fold in the presence of quercetin. The biopigment also showed an increased serological IL-10 expression (an anti-inflammatory agent) ranging from 1034.58 to 4657.89 pg/ml. Treatment of LNCaP cells with the red biopigment (10-100 μg/ml) resulted in significant (p < .05) reduction (upto 79.86%) in viability and 51.79%-89.86% reduction in cell metabolic activity. Fluorescent microscopy examination of red biopigment-treated cells showed significant inhibition of normal cellular morphology including condensed nuclei, membrane blebbing, and apoptotic bodies, thus confirming its cytotoxic potential. Results of this study revealed that the red biopigment has the potential to modulate the expression of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory markers in addition to being cytotoxic to the LNCaP cancer cells. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: These findings indicate that cell treatment with red biopigment has the potential to modulate anti-oxidative, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes for therapeutic effects, which is further enhanced by its cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Considering these cell-based observations, Monascus red biopigment has ample potential as a useful supplement to formulate therapeutic products that delay the development of inflammatory-related diseases and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishu Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Priya Katyal
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Harsh Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru AngadDev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Poonia
- Department of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India
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20
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Feng SS, Li W, Hu YJ, Feng JX, Deng J. The biological activity and application of Monascus pigments: a mini review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2021-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs), as secondary metabolites of Monascus, are microbial pigments which have been used for thousands of years. MPs are widely used in food industry as food pigments and preservatives, which have the stability of light resistance, high temperature resistance and acid-base change resistance. In addition, the antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-tumor biological activities of MPs have also attracted people’s attention. Moreover, Due to the presence of citrinin, the safety of MPs still needs to be discussed and explored. In this paper, the production, biological activity, application in various fields and methods of detection and reduction of citrinin of MPs were reviewed, which provide new insights into the study and safe application related to human different diseases, medicines or health care products with MPs as active substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Feng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization , National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing , College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , China
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou , China
| | - Wen Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization , National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing , College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , China
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou , China
| | - Yong-Jun Hu
- Department of Ultrasound , Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University , Changsha , Hunan 410002 , China
| | - Jian-Xiang Feng
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou , China
| | - Jing Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible Forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization , National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing , College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , China
- College of Life Sciences and Chemistry , Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou , China
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21
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Effect of γ-Heptalactone on the Morphology and Production of Monascus Pigments and Monacolin K in Monascus purpureus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020179. [PMID: 35205931 PMCID: PMC8880682 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monascus is used widely in Asian countries and produces various biologically active metabolites, such as Monascus pigments (MPs) and monacolin K (MK). In this study, the effect of γ-heptalactone on secondary metabolites and mycelial growth during Monascus purpureus M1 fermentation was investigated. After the addition of 50 μM γ-heptalactone, the yields of MPs (yellow, orange, and red) reached maxima, increased by 115.70, 141.52, and 100.88%, respectively. The 25 μM γ-heptalactone groups showed the highest yield of MK was increased by 62.38% compared with that of the control. Gene expression analysis showed that the relative expression levels of MPs synthesis genes (MpPKS5, MpFasA2, mppB, mppC, mppD, mppG, mpp7, and mppR1/R2) were significantly upregulated after γ-heptalactone treatment. The relative expression levels of MK synthesis genes (mokA, mokC, mokE, mokH, and mokI) were significantly affected. The mycelium samples treated with γ-heptalactone exhibited more folds and swelling than that in the samples of the control group. This study confirmed that the addition of γ-heptalactone has the potential to induce yields of MPs and MK, and promote the expression of biosynthesis genes, which may be related to the transformation of mycelial morphology in M. purpureus.
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22
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Chaudhary V, Katyal P, Poonia AK, Kaur J, Puniya AK, Panwar H. Natural pigment from Monascus: The production and therapeutic significance. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 133:18-38. [PMID: 34569683 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present review highlights the advantages of using natural colorant over the synthetic one. We have discussed the fermentation parameters that can enhance the productivity of Monascus pigment on agricultural wastes. BACKGROUND Food industry is looking for natural colours because these can enhance the esthetic value, attractiveness, and acceptability of food while remaining nontoxic. Many synthetic food colours (Azorubine Carmoisine, quinoline) have been prohibited due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity. Increasing consumer awareness towards the food safety has forced the manufacturing industries to look for suitable alternatives. In addition to safety, natural colorants have been found to have nutritional and therapeutic significance. Among the natural colorants, microbial pigments can be considered as a viable option because of scalability, easier production, no seasonal dependence, cheaper raw materials and easier extraction. Fungi such as Monascus have a long history of safety and therefore can be used for production of biopigments. METHOD The present review summarizes the predicted biosynthetic pathways and pigment gene clusters in Monascus purpureus. RESULTS The challenges faced during the pilot-scale production of Monascus biopigment and taming it by us of low-cost agro-industrial substrates for solid state fermentation has been suggested. CONCLUSION Keeping in mind, therapeutic properties of Monascus pigments and their derivatives, they have huge potential for industrial and pharmaceutical application. APPLICATION Though the natural pigments have wide scope in the food industry. However, stabilization of pigment is the greatest challenge and attempts are being made to overcome this by complexion with hydrocolloids or metals and by microencapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishu Chaudhary
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Priya Katyal
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Anuj Kumar Poonia
- Department of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Puniya
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Harsh Panwar
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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23
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Huang ZF, Yang SZ, Liu HQ, Tian XF, Wu ZQ. Sodium starch octenyl succinate facilitated the production of water-soluble yellow pigments in Monascus ruber fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6691-6706. [PMID: 34463799 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural water-soluble Monascus pigments (WSMPs) have been in increasing demand but have not been able to achieve industrial production due to the low production rate. This study aimed to improve the biosynthesis and secretion of extracellular yellow pigments (EYPs) through submerged fermentation with Monascus ruber CGMCC 10,910 supplemented with sodium starch octenyl succinate (OSA-SNa). The results demonstrated that the yield was 69.68% and 48.89% higher than that without OSA-SNa in conventional fermentation (CF) and extractive fermentation (EF), respectively. The mainly increased EYP components were Y3 and Y4 in CF, but they were mainly Y1 and Y2 as well as secreted intracellular pigments, including Y5, Y6, O1, and O2, in EF. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the mycelium presented an uneven surface profile with obvious wrinkles and small fragments with OSA-SNa. It was found that a higher unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio in the cell membrane resulted in increased permeability and facilitated the export of intracellular yellow pigments into the broth with OSA-SNa treatment. In addition, a higher NAD+/NADH ratio and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity provided a reducing condition for yellow pigment biosynthesis. Gene expression analysis showed that the expression levels of the key genes for yellow pigment biosynthesis were significantly upregulated by OSA-SNa. This study provides an effective strategy to promote the production of WSMPs by microparticle-enhanced cultivation using OSA-SNa. KEY POINTS: • OSA-SNa addition facilitated the production of Monascus yellow pigments. • Mycelial morphology and membrane permeability were affected by OSA-SNa. • The key gene expression of yellow pigments was upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shan-Zhong Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hai-Qing Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Pan Asia (Jiangmen) Institute of Biological Engineering and Health, Jiangmen, 529080, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Tian
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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24
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Wu HC, Chen YF, Cheng MJ, Wu MD, Chen YL, Chang HS. Different types of components obtained from Monascus purpureus with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory potentials. Food Funct 2021; 12:8694-8703. [PMID: 34355225 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01711j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mold Monascus has been used as a natural food coloring agent and food additive for more than 1000 years in Asian countries. In Chinese herbology, it was also used for easing digestion and antiseptic effects. Through a thorough investigation of a citrinin-free strain: M. purpureus BCRC 38110, four azaphilones, three benzenoids, one benzofuranone, one 5',6'-dihydrospiro[isochromane-1,2'-pyran]-4'(3'H)-one derivative, two steroids, and six tetralones have been successfully identified. Among them, monapyridine A (1), monatetralones A-E (2-6), and monabenzofuranone (7) were first reported. Their structures were characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, and HRESIMS analyses. With a series of bioactivity screening, monascuspirolide B (14) and ergosterol peroxide (16) exhibited concentration-dependent attenuation of the paclitaxel-induced neurite damage of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. The interleukin (IL)-1β-induced release of inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human chondrosarcoma cells was inhibited by monapurpureusone (8) and monascuspirolide B (14). Altogether, M. purpureus BCRC 38110 possessed potentials as natural therapeutics against inflammatory osteoarthritis and paclitaxel-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Cheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. and School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Fung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. and School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan and Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Cheng
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Wu
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. and School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan and Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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25
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Wu L, Zhou K, Chen F, Chen G, Yu Y, Lv X, Zhang W, Rao P, Ni L. Comparative Study on the Antioxidant Activity of Monascus Yellow Pigments From Two Different Types of Hongqu-Functional Qu and Coloring Qu. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715295. [PMID: 34408740 PMCID: PMC8365423 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to investigate the difference in the composition of Monascus azaphilone pigments (MonAzPs) between functional Qu (FQ) and coloring Qu (CQ) and analyze their relationships with antioxidant activity. The composition of key active components and antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts of FQ and CQ were analyzed by Uv-vis, HPLC, and chemical antioxidant tests. The composition of MonAzPs of the ethanol extracts was further analyzed by HPLC-MS. Seven Monascus yellow pigments (MYPs) with high abundance were successfully purified for the antioxidation evaluation in vitro and in the cell. Correlation analysis between the metabolites and the antioxidant activity of Hongqu indicated that MonAzPs might play an essential role in the antioxidant activity (r > 0.80). By contrast, the monacolin K (MK), polysaccharide, ergosterol, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were not significantly correlated with the antioxidant activity. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) based on the composition of MonAzPs revealed that the abundance of MYPs is significantly different between FQ and CQ (P < 0.05 and VIP > 1.0). Seven MYPs (monasfluore A, monaphilone B, monascuspilion, monascin, monaphilone A, ankaflavin, and new yellow pigment) with high abundance were successfully purified for the antioxidation evaluation. Chemical antioxidant tests revealed that the antioxidant activities of monaphilone A, ankaflavin, and new yellow pigment only from CQ were significantly more potent than monasfluore A and monascuspilion only separated from FQ. The cellular antioxidant assay (CAA) showed that the new yellow pigment had the best antioxidant activity (quercetin equivalent 7.23 μM), followed by monasfluore A and monaphilone B, all of which were significantly better than monascin and ankaflavin, the two most frequently reported MYPs. Research on the structure-activity relationship demonstrated that alterations of the hydroxyl that occurred on C-3' or C-11 obviously affected the antioxidant activities of MYPs. Our findings provide evidence that MYPs may be the key active components for CQ to have a more potent antioxidant capacity than FQ. The alterations of the hydroxyl that occurred on C-3' or C-11 obviously affected the antioxidant activities of MYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Research Institute of Agri-Engineering and Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kangxi Zhou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guimei Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xucong Lv
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pingfan Rao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Ni
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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Wu HC, Chen YF, Cheng MJ, Wu MD, Chen YL, Chang HS. Investigations into Chemical Components from Monascus purpureus with Photoprotective and Anti-Melanogenic Activities. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:619. [PMID: 34436158 PMCID: PMC8396976 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus species are asexually or sexually reproduced homothallic fungi that can produce a red colorant, specifically the so-called red yeast rice or Anka, which is used as a food ingredient in Asia. Traditional experiences of using Monascus for treating indigestion, enhancing blood circulation, and health remedies motivate us to investigate and repurpose Monascus-fermented products. Here, two new 5H-cyclopenta[c]pyridine type azaphilones, 5S,6S-monaspurpyridine A (1) and 5R,6R-monaspurpyridine A (2), two new xanthonoids, monasxanthones A and B (3 and 4), one new naphthalenone, monasnaphthalenone (5), and one new azaphilone, monapurpurin (6), along with two known compounds were isolated from the 70% EtOH extract of a citrinin-free domesticated strain M. purpureus BCRC 38110. The phytochemical properties of the xanthonoid and naphthalenone components were first identified from Monascus sp. differently from the representative ingredients of polyketide-derived azaphilones. UVB-induced cell viability loss and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in human keratinocytes were attenuated by monascuspirolide B (7) and ergosterol peroxide (8), indicating their photoprotective potentials. Ergosterol peroxide (8) decreased the melanin contents and tyrosinase activities of mouse melanocytes, depending on the concentration, suggesting their anti-melanogenic effects. In conclusion, six new and two known compounds were isolated from M. purpureus BCRC 38110, and two of them exhibited dermal protective activities. The results revealed the novel potential of M. purpureus for developing natural cosmeceutics against skin photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Cheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-C.W.); (Y.-F.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Fung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-C.W.); (Y.-F.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Cheng
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-J.C.); (M.-D.W.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Ming-Der Wu
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-J.C.); (M.-D.W.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Bioresource Collection and Research Center (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute (FIRDI), Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (M.-J.C.); (M.-D.W.); (Y.-L.C.)
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (H.-C.W.); (Y.-F.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Fu J, Wang H, Dong C, Xi C, Xie J, Lai S, Chen R, Kang J. Water-soluble alkaloids isolated from Portulaca oleracea L. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:105023. [PMID: 34091292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen new water-soluble alkaloids were obtained from the fresh herbs of Portulaca oleracea L. The structures of 15 alkaloids 1-15 were established according to spectroscopic data, and the stereoconfigurations were determined based on experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data and single crystal X-ray diffraction. Alkaloids 1-15 were found to display good anti-inflammatory activity at 10 μM and could significantly reduce the interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO) levels induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chaoxuan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou Overseas Chinese Hospital, Jinan University, 613 W. Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510630, China
| | - Chuchu Xi
- Department of TCM Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, China
| | - Jun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shengtian Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ruoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jie Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China.
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Huang YP, Li P, Du T, Du XJ, Wang S. Protective effect and mechanism of Monascus-fermented red yeast rice against colitis caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium ATCC 14028. Food Funct 2021; 11:6363-6375. [PMID: 32609139 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01017k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Red yeast rice (RYR), a traditional Chinese fermented food, has the effect of lowering blood lipid and cholesterol, but little information is available about whether RYR can inhibit pathogenic bacterial infection in vivo. The present study explored the effect of RYR on Salmonella enterica-induced intestinal inflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis in mice as well as the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism. Results showed that RYR can alleviate S. enterica infection in vivo and Monascus pigments are the main functional components. The analysis of microbiota, gene expression profile and serological immunology revealed that RYR can regulate the intestinal flora and increase the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Akkermansia. Meanwhile, RYR is also found to regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and tight junction-related genes to inhibit the NO and NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response and maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier. This study provides a new dietary intervention strategy for the prevention of pathogenic bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Ting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Xin-Jun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China. and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Zhang X, Liu C, Tian W, Zhang H, Li P, Wang J, He W. Theoretical and experimental investigation of the antioxidative activity of monascin. Food Funct 2020; 11:5915-5923. [PMID: 32584351 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02410g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monascin, a specific type of monascus pigments, exhibits many bioactivities. In this study, the antioxidative activity of monascin was investigated by theoretical and experimental methods. First, the antioxidant potential of six monascus pigments was predicted by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) at the B3LYP/6-31+G (d, p) level, and monascus yellow pigments were predicted to have strong antioxidant capacity, as they can transfer hydrogen to free radicals and accept electrons from radicals. Then, the free radical-scavenging capacity of monascin for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals was experimentally validated by electron spin resonance (ESR) measurement. Monascin exhibited a quenching effect on DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner. Specifically, the scavenging activity of monascin for DPPH, superoxide, and hydroxyl radicals was 97.5%, 59.5%, and 68.6%, respectively, when 0.1 mg mL-1 monascin was present. Our study provides theoretical evidence for the strong antioxidative activity of monascin and offers a simple and reliable strategy to determine the antioxidative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Food and Bioengineering College, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, P. R. China.
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Choe D, Song SM, Shin CS, Johnston TV, Ahn HJ, Kim D, Ku S. Production and Characterization of Anti-Inflammatory Monascus Pigment Derivatives. Foods 2020; 9:E858. [PMID: 32630165 PMCID: PMC7404703 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevention and treatment of chronic inflammation using food-derived compounds are desirable from the perspectives of marketing and safety. Monascus pigments, widely used as food additives, can be used as a chronic inflammation treatment. Orange Monascus pigments were produced by submerged fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor, and multiple orange Monascus pigment derivatives with anti-inflammatory activities were synthesized using aminophilic reaction. A total of 41 types of pigment derivatives were produced by incorporating amines and amino acids into the orange pigments. One derivative candidate that inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in Raw 264.7 cells and exhibited low cell cytotoxicity was identified via in vitro assay. The 2-amino-4 picoline derivative inhibited NO production of 48.4%, and exhibited cell viability of 90.6%. Expression of inducible NO synthase, an important enzyme in the NO synthesis pathway, was suppressed by such a derivative in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, this derivative has potential as a functional food colorant with anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deokyeong Choe
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA; (D.C.); (T.V.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Soo Min Song
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.M.S.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Chul Soo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea; (S.M.S.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Tony V. Johnston
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA; (D.C.); (T.V.J.)
| | - Hyung Jin Ahn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Biology, Hood College, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Seockmo Ku
- Fermentation Science Program, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA; (D.C.); (T.V.J.)
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Shi YX, Chen WS. Monascin ameliorate inflammation in the lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglial cells via suppressing the NF-κB/p65 pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:461-468. [PMID: 32489561 PMCID: PMC7239424 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.41045.9702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases is complicated, in which inflammatory reactions play a vital role. Microglia cells activation, an essential process of neuroinflammation, can produce neurotoxic molecules and neurotrophic factors, which aggravate inflammation and neuronal injury. Monascin, a major component of red yeast rice, is an azaphilonoid pigment with potential anti-inflammatory effects; however, the effects in central nervous system have not been evaluated. Our goal in this project was to explore the therapeutic effect and the underlying mechanism of Monascin, which may be via anti-inflammatory action. Materials and Methods We used lipopolysaccharide to induce BV-2 microglial cells in order to form an inflammation model in vitro. The anti-inflammatory effects of Monascin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western Blot and Immunofluorescent staining. Results Our data indicated that inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide were suppressed by Monascin treatment. Furthermore, the related pro-inflammatory genes were inhibited consistent with the results of ELISA assay. Western blotting results showed that the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB/p65) was reduced by Monascin treatment may be through suppressing the activation of IκB. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining showed that the translocation of NF-κB/p65 to the cellular nuclear was blockaded after Monascin treatment. Conclusion Taken together, Monascin exerts anti-inflammatory effect and suppressed microglia activation, which suggested its potential therapeutic effect for inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xiang Shi
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Shan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Monarubins A-C from the Marine Shellfish-Associated Fungus Monascus ruber BB5. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020100. [PMID: 32028626 PMCID: PMC7073648 DOI: 10.3390/md18020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new compounds, monarubins A-C (1, 6 and 13), together with ten known compounds, including four alkaloids (2-5), two isocoumarins (7 and 8) and four polyketides (9-12), were isolated from marine shellfish-associated fungus Monascus ruber BB5. The structures were determined on the basis of the 1D and 2D NMR, MS, UV and IR data. The absolute configurations of compounds 3, 6 and 13 were determined by ECD calculations. The NMR data of compounds deoxyhydroxyaspergillic acid (3) and 2-hydroxy-6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylpropyl)-3-sec-buthylpyrazine (4) were first reported. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines CNE1, CNE2, SUNE1 and HONE1 and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines QGY7701 and HepG2. Monarubin B (6) displayed potent cytotoxicities against the cancer cell lines HepG2 and QGY7701 with IC50 values of 1.72 and 0.71 μΜ, respectively; lunatinin (7) showed moderate cytotoxic activities against the cancer cell lines HepG2, QGY7701 and SUNE1 with the IC50 values of 9.60, 7.12 and 28.12 μΜ, respectively.
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Hong JL, Wu L, Lu JQ, Zhou WB, Cao YJ, Lv WL, Liu B, Rao PF, Ni L, Lv XC. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the regulatory effects of inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of Monascus pigments and citrinin. RSC Adv 2020; 10:5268-5282. [PMID: 35498272 PMCID: PMC9049005 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09760k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus spp. and its secondary metabolites have been widely applied in foods and medicines for thousands of years in eastern Asia. Nitrogen sources are essential nutrients for the growth and metabolism of Monascus spp. Our previous study found that inorganic nitrogen sources (especially NH4Cl and NH4NO3) promoted the biosynthesis of Monascus pigments (MPs) and inhibited the production of citrinin. The objective of the present study was to investigate the regulatory mechanism of inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of MPs and citrinin by the comparative transcriptional approach (RNA sequencing combined with RT-qPCR). Results indicated that the submerged fermentation of M. purpureus M3103 with NH4Cl or NH4NO3 as the sole nitrogen source can significantly increase the yields of MPs (especially for Monascus orange and red pigments) and decrease citrinin production, compared with the organic nitrogen source (peptone group). Comparative transcriptomic profiling by RNA sequencing found that the numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different experimental groups—M group (peptone group) vs. ML group (NH4Cl group), and M group (peptone group) vs. MX group (NH4NO3 group), were 722 and 1287, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids were up-regulated by NH4Cl and NH4NO3, which would produce more biosynthetic precursors for MPs. Whereas, the inorganic nitrogen source (both of NH4Cl and NH4NO3) down-regulated the expression levels of genes involved in tyrosine metabolism. In addition, NR analysis indicated that the essential genes and transcription factors involved in the biosynthesis pathway of citrinin were down-regulated by NH4Cl and NH4NO3. These results indicated that NH4Cl or NH4NO3 as a nitrogen source for M. purpureus M3103 can significantly promote the precursor synthesis of Monascus pigments, but reduce the transcription of polyketide synthase for citrinin, and therefore significantly increase Monascus pigments production and decrease citrinin formation. These findings will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of inorganic nitrogen in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in M. purpureus, and would benefit the application of M. purpureus in the production of MPs. Comparative transcriptional approach (RNA sequencing combined with RT-qPCR) was used to investigate the regulatory mechanism of inorganic nitrogen on the biosynthesis of MPs and citrinin.![]()
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Paludo CR, Pishchany G, Andrade-Dominguez A, Silva-Junior EA, Menezes C, Nascimento FS, Currie CR, Kolter R, Clardy J, Pupo MT. Microbial community modulates growth of symbiotic fungus required for stingless bee metamorphosis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219696. [PMID: 31344052 PMCID: PMC6657851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brazilian stingless bee Scaptotrigona depilis requires the brood cells-associated fungus Zygosaccharomyces sp. as steroid source for metamorphosis. Besides the presence of Zygosaccharomyces sp., other fungi inhabit S. depilis brood cells, but their biological functions are unknown. Here we show that Candida sp. and Monascus ruber, isolated from cerumen of S. depilis brood provisions, interact with Zygosaccharomyces sp. and modulate its growth. Candida sp. produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that stimulate Zygosacchromyces sp. development. Monascus ruber inhibits Zygosacchromyces sp. growth by producing lovastatin, which blocks steroid biosynthesis. We also observed that in co-cultures M. ruber inhibits Candida sp. through the production of monascin. The modulation of Zygosaccharomyces sp. growth by brood cell-associated fungi suggests their involvement in S. depilis larval development. This tripartite fungal community opens new perspectives in the research of microbial interactions with bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Raquel Paludo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gleb Pishchany
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | | | - Cristiano Menezes
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cameron R. Currie
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Roberto Kolter
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Mônica Tallarico Pupo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Suraiya S, Jang WJ, Cho HJ, Choi YB, Park HD, Kim JM, Kong IS. Immunomodulatory Effects of Monascus spp.-Fermented Sacccharina japonica Extracts on the Cytokine Gene Expression of THP-1 Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 188:498-513. [PMID: 30536032 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-02930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of Monascus-fermented Saccharina japonica extract on anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression of THP-1 cells were evaluated. Extracts of fermented samples showed higher phenolic, flavonoid, protein, and reducing sugar contents than unfermented one. Fermented samples were rich in many bioactive compounds determined by GC-MS analyses and showed cell viability greater than 85% in MTS assay. Regarding the anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory activities of the different samples, Q-PCR analyses revealed that IL-10 gene expression in THP-1 cells was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in cells treated with the SjMp or SjMk sample than those treated with the unfermented sample. Cells treated with the SjMp extract or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher relative gene expression of IL-4 cytokine than cells treated with SjMk or SjU extracts. The relative gene expression of IFN-α was higher in cells treated with SjMp followed by LPS, SjMk, and SjU. TGF-β expression was higher in LPS-stimulated cells followed by SjMk and other samples. Cells treated with SjMp exhibited significantly higher pro-inflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-κB) cytokine gene expression than cells treated with SjU. These results revealed that extracts from S. japonica fermented with Monascus spp. regulate cytokine gene expression. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Suraiya
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Won Je Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Jin Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Bin Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Dae Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, 50, Daehak-ro, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Kong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Tang JL, Zhou ZY, Yang T, Yao C, Wu LW, Li GY. Azaphilone Alkaloids with Anti-inflammatory Activity from Fungus Penicillium sclerotiorum cib-411. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2175-2182. [PMID: 30702881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nine new azaphilone alkaloids, penazaphilones A-I (1-9), were isolated from the solid fermented rice culture of Penicillium sclerotiorum cib-411. The structures of compounds 1-9 were elucidated based on HRESIMS, NMR, and CD spectroscopic data. The structures of 5 and 8 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analyses. Biological evaluation showed that compounds 1, 5, 6, and 8 inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) on RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide with IC50 values of 15.29, 9.34, 9.50, and 7.05 μM, respectively. Meanwhile, they did not exhibit obvious cytotoxicity at a concentration of 50.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Zong-Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Can Yao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Lin-Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China
| | - Guo-You Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Environmental Microbiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province , Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 610041 , China
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Huang Z, Zhang L, Wang Y, Gao H, Li X, Huang X, Huang T. Effects of rutin and its derivatives on citrinin production by Monascus aurantiacus Li AS3.4384 in liquid fermentation using different types of media. Food Chem 2019; 284:205-212. [PMID: 30744847 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin citrinin is often produced during fermentation of Monascus products. We studied the effects of flavonoids on citrinin production by Monascus aurantiacus Li AS3.4384 (MALA) by adding rutin, α-glucosylrutin, or troxerutin to the fermentation medium, in a first-of-its-kind study. Appropriate amounts of rutin, α-glucosylrutin, or troxerutin did not affect normal mycelial growth. Addition of 5.0 g/l of rutin only weakly reduced (29.2%) citrinin production, relative to inhibition by 5 g/l α-glucosylrutin or troxerutin (by 54.7% and 40.6%, respectively). In starch inorganic liquid culture media, addition of 20.0 g/l of troxerutin, followed by fermentation for 12 days, reduced citrinin yield by 75.26%. Addition of 15.0 g/l of troxerutin to low-starch peptone liquid fermentation media reduced citrinin yield by 87.9% after 14 days of fermentation, and addition of 30.0 g/l troxerutin to yeast extract sucrose liquid media for 12 days reduced citrinin yield by 53.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Heng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xiujiang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, No. 17 Yongwai Main Street, Nanjing West Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China; Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
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Agboyibor C, Kong WB, Chen D, Zhang AM, Niu SQ. Monascus pigments production, composition, bioactivity and its application: A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zheng G, Zhan Y, Tang Q, Chen T, Zheng F, Wang H, Wang J, Wu D, Li X, Zhou Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhou Y, Xu H, Tian N, Zhang X. Monascin inhibits IL-1β induced catabolism in mouse chondrocytes and ameliorates murine osteoarthritis. Food Funct 2018; 9:1454-1464. [PMID: 29473075 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01892d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related degenerative disease and is the fourth major cause of disability, but there are no effective therapies because of its complex pathology and the side effects of the drugs.
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Huang T, Tan H, Lu F, Chen G, Wu Z. Changing oxidoreduction potential to improve water-soluble yellow pigment production with Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:208. [PMID: 29162105 PMCID: PMC5697053 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monascus pigments are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their safety to human health. Our previous study found that glucose concentration induced extracellular oxidoreduction potential (ORP) changes could influence extracellular water-soluble yellow pigment production by Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910 in submerged fermentation. In this study, H2O2 and dithiothreitol (DTT) were used to change the oxidoreduction potential for investigating the effects of oxidative or reductive substances on Monascus yellow pigment production by Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910. Results The extracellular ORP could be controlled by H2O2 and DTT. Both cell growth and extracellular water-soluble yellow pigment production were enhanced under H2O2-induced oxidative (HIO) conditions and were inhibited under dithiothreitol-induced reductive conditions. By optimizing the amount of H2O2 added and the timing of the addition, the yield of extracellular water-soluble yellow pigments significantly increased and reached a maximum of 209 AU, when 10 mM H2O2 was added on the 3rd day of fermentation with M. ruber CGMCC 10910. Under HIO conditions, the ratio of NADH/NAD+ was much lower than that in the control group, and the expression levels of relative pigment biosynthesis genes were up-regulated; moreover, the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was increased while 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity was inhibited. Conclusions Oxidative conditions induced by H2O2 increased water-soluble yellow pigment accumulation via up-regulation of the expression levels of relative genes and by increasing the precursors of pigment biosynthesis through redirection of metabolic flux. In contrast, reductive conditions induced by dithiothreitol inhibited yellow pigment accumulation. This experiment provides a potential strategy for improving the production of Monascus yellow pigments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-017-0828-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hailing Tan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fangju Lu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gong Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Chen M, Shen NX, Chen ZQ, Zhang FM, Chen Y. Penicilones A-D, Anti-MRSA Azaphilones from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium janthinellum HK1-6. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1081-1086. [PMID: 28248508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Four new azaphilones, penicilones A-D (1-4), were isolated from the mangrove rhizosphere soil-derived fungus Penicillium janthinellum HK1-6. Their planar structures and absolute configurations were determined by extensive analysis of NMR spectroscopic data, ECD spectra, the modified Mosher's method, and chemical conversions. Interestingly, 1 and 2 had the opposite configuration at C-7 compared to the closely related chloro analogues 3 and 4. Ester hydrolysis of 2 and 4 afforded their parental azaphilones, named penicilones E (5) and F (6). Compounds 1-6 were evaluated for their antibacterial activities in vitro. Penicilones B-D (2-4) showed potent anti-MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, ATCC 33591) activities with MIC values ranging from 3.13 to 6.25 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Marine Science & Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yangzhou University , 196#, Huayang West Street, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan-Xing Shen
- Marine Science & Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yangzhou University , 196#, Huayang West Street, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qi Chen
- Marine Science & Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yangzhou University , 196#, Huayang West Street, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Min Zhang
- Testing Center, Yangzhou University , 48#, Wenhui East Street, Yangzhou 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Marine Science & Technology Institute, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Yangzhou University , 196#, Huayang West Street, Yangzhou 225127, People's Republic of China
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Zhang X, Liu W, Chen X, Cai J, Wang C, He W. Effects and Mechanism of Blue Light on Monascus in Liquid Fermentation. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030385. [PMID: 28257052 PMCID: PMC6155214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of light on Monascus and the underlying mechanism have received a great deal of interest for the industrial application of Monascus pigments. In this study, we have examined the effects of blue light on the culture morphology, mycelium growth, pigments, and citrinin yield of Monascus in liquid-state and oscillation fermentation, and explored the mechanism at a physiological level. It was found that blue light affected the colony morphology, the composition (chitin content), and permeability of the Monascus mycelium cell wall in static liquid culture, which indicates blue light benefits pigments secreting from aerial mycelium to culture medium. In liquid oscillation fermentation, the yields of Monascus pigments in fermentation broth (darkness 1741 U/g, blue light 2206 U/g) and mycelium (darkness 2442 U/g, blue light 1900 U/g) cultured under blue light and darkness are different. The total pigments produced per gram of Monascus mycelium under blue light was also higher (4663 U/g) than that in darkness (4352 U/g). However, the production of citrinin (88 μg/g) under blue light was evidently lower than that in darkness (150 μg/g). According to the degradation of citrinin caused by blue light and hydrogen peroxide, it can be concluded that blue light could degrade citrinin and inhibit the catalase activity of Monascus mycelium, subsequently suppressing the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, which is the active species that degrades citrinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China.
| | - Wenqing Liu
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China.
| | - Xiying Chen
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China.
| | - Junhui Cai
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, College of Advanced Materials and Energy, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China.
| | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 1038 Dagu South Road, Hexi District, Tianjin 300222, China.
| | - Weiwei He
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion of Henan Province, College of Advanced Materials and Energy, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, China.
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Cheng CF, Pan TM. Ankaflavin and Monascin Induce Apoptosis in Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells through Suppression of the Akt/NF-κB/p38 Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9326-9334. [PMID: 27960292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The increased proliferation of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is associated with hepatic fibrosis and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM)-protein production. We examined the inhibitory effects of the Monascus purpureus-fermented metabolites, ankaflavin and monascin (15 and 30 μM), on the Akt/nuclear factor (NF)-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in HSC-T6 (activated hepatic stellate cell line). Ankaflavin and monascin (30 μM) induced apoptosis and significantly inhibited cell growth (cell viabilities: 80.2 ± 5.43% and 62.8 ± 8.20%, respectively, versus control cells; P < 0.05). Apoptosis and G1 phase arrest (G1 phase percentages: 76.1 ± 2.85% and 79.9 ± 1.80%, respectively, versus control cells 65.9 ± 4.94%; P < 0.05) correlated with increased p53 and p21 levels and caspase 3 activity and decreased cyclin D1 and Bcl-2-family protein levels (P < 0.05, all cases). The apoptotic effects of ankaflavin and monascin were HSC-T6-specific, suggesting their potential in treating liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Fu Cheng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ming Pan
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Pyo YH, Jin YJ. Monascus-mediated fermentation improves the nutricosmetic potentials of soybeans. Food Sci Biotechnol 2016; 25:883-891. [PMID: 30263349 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-016-0145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential nutricosmetic activities and compositional changes of 80% ethanol extracts of white soybean (MFWS) and black soybean (MFBS) fermented with Monascus pilosus KCCM 60084 at 30°C for 30 days were investigated. Monascus-fermented soybean extracts (MFSEs) showed stronger nutricosmetic potentials in terms of antioxidant as well as tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activities compared to those of unfermented soybean extracts (p<0.05). Extracts (50mg/mL) from MFBS inhibited the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells more potently than arbutin. HPLC/MS analysis demonstrated that aglycone isoflavones and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) levels increased about 33.4- and 3.0-fold in the MFSEs after 20 days of fermentation, respectively. A linear correlation (r 2=0.67 to 0.99) between nutricosmetic activity and concentrations of CoQ10, genistein, and daidzein, which are commonly associated with nutraceutical effects, was observed. Results indicate that Monascus-mediated fermentation can be an efficient strategy to improve nutricosmetic functionality of soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Pyo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 01133 Korea
| | - Yoo-Jeong Jin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, 01133 Korea
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Chen G, Wu Z. Production and biological activities of yellow pigments from Monascus fungi. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:136. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2082-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Son S, Ko SK, Kim JW, Lee JK, Jang M, Ryoo IJ, Hwang GJ, Kwon MC, Shin KS, Futamura Y, Hong YS, Oh H, Kim BY, Ueki M, Takahashi S, Osada H, Jang JH, Ahn JS. Structures and biological activities of azaphilones produced by Penicillium sp. KCB11A109 from a ginseng field. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 122:154-164. [PMID: 26712614 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Twelve metabolites, including five highly oxygenated azaphilones, geumsanols A-E, along with seven known analogues were isolated from Penicillium sp. KCB11A109, a fungus derived from a ginseng field. Their structures were assigned by spectroscopic means (NMR and MS), and stereochemistries were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses ((1)H-(1)H coupling constants, NOESY, and HETLOC) and chemical derivatizations (modified Mosher's method and acetonide formation). The isolates were evaluated for their anticancer, antimicrobial, antimalarial activities, and phenotypic effects in zebrafish development. Of these compounds possessing no pyranoquinone core, only geumsanol E exhibited cytotoxic activities and toxic effects on zebrafish embryos, suggesting that a double bond at C-11 and C-12 is important for biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangkeun Son
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajungro, Daejeon 305-333, South Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajungro, Daejeon 305-333, South Korea
| | - Jong Won Kim
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyoung Lee
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Mina Jang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajungro, Daejeon 305-333, South Korea
| | - In-Ja Ryoo
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Gwi Ja Hwang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Min Cheol Kwon
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Kee-Sun Shin
- Microbial Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon 306-809, South Korea
| | - Yushi Futamura
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajungro, Daejeon 305-333, South Korea
| | - Hyuncheol Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 570-749, South Korea
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajungro, Daejeon 305-333, South Korea; Incurable Diseases Therapeutics Research Center (WCI), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea
| | - Masashi Ueki
- RIKEN-KRIBB Joint Research Unit, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shunji Takahashi
- RIKEN-KRIBB Joint Research Unit, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN CSRS, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jae-Hyuk Jang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajungro, Daejeon 305-333, South Korea.
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 363-883, South Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajungro, Daejeon 305-333, South Korea.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-known that steatotic liver is more susceptible to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury during liver transplantation, liver resection and other liver surgeries. The increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) decreases the availability of liver donors. Although steatotic liver is now accepted as a source of liver for transplantation, NAFLD exacerbates the liver injury after liver surgery. The present study was to investigate the protective role of ankaflavin in steatotic liver I/R injury. METHODS The model of fatty liver mice was induced with high fat diet in four weeks, ankaflavin or vehicle (saline) was administrated by gavage once a day for one week. The animals were subjected to partial hepatic I/R. Blood samples were collected to measure serum aminotransferases. The liver tissues were used to examine liver steatosis, apoptosis of hepatocytes, hepatic oxidative stress, Kupffer cells and inflammatory cytokines. The effects of ankaflavin on inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in isolated Kupffer cells from the steatotic liver. RESULTS Ankaflavin reduced liver steatosis in high fat diet mice. Compared with normal mice, I/R induced more damage to the mice with steatosis, such as hepatocyte apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1 beta), serum aminotransferases and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Importantly, ankaflavin administration significantly attenuated these changes. In addition, ankaflavin significantly decreased the proliferation of Kupffer cells and the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-1 beta protein in isolated Kupffer cells stimulated by TNF-alpha. CONCLUSION Ankaflavin has protective effects against I/R injury through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in fatty livers, these effects are at least partially mediated by inhibiting Kupffer cell functions.
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Chen G, Shi K, Song D, Quan L, Wu Z. The pigment characteristics and productivity shifting in high cell density culture of Monascus anka mycelia. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:72. [PMID: 26268242 PMCID: PMC4535777 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monascus mycelia and pigments are promising sources of food and medicine with their potential pharmaceutical values and health-improving functions. Using high cell density fermentation of Monascus spp. to achieve higher mycelium and yellow pigment production is worthy to be researched. In this study, the characteristics and productivity shifting of pigments in high cell density culture of Monascus anka GIM 3.592 were investigated. Results The high yield of Monascus mycelia up to 39.77 g/L dry cell weight (DCW), which was achieved by fed-batch fermentation with the feeding medium containing C, N, P and trace elements, was four times higher than that of conventional batch culture. But the total pigment production decreased by 14.6 %, which suggested non-coupled growth. Potential novel yellow pigments accumulated constantly at the late stage of the fed-batch culture, which resulted in a shift in pigment characteristics so that yellow pigments became the dominant pigments. Citrinin production was extremely low and independent of feeding ingredients. Conclusions This study provided a suitable fermentation strategy to produce functional Monascus mycelia with a high proportion of yellow pigments in high cell density culture. For the first time, it reported the pigment productivity and characteristics shifting in high cell density culture of Monascus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0183-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Chen
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Kan Shi
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Da Song
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Lei Quan
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Development of an HPLC–UV Detection Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Two Monascus Orange Pigments in Red Yeast Rice. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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50
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Coupled aminophilic reaction and directed metabolic channeling to red Monascus pigments by extractive fermentation in nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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