Induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells by surface-capping selenium nanoparticles: an effect enhanced by polysaccharide-protein complexes from Polyporus rhinocerus

Enhancing Radiotherapy Sensitivity in Prostate Cancer with Lentinan-Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. However, its limited tumor sensitivity and severe side effects restrict its clinical utility. Lentinan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (LET-SeNPs) have shown promise in enhancing radiotherapy sensitivity and exhibiting antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated the radiotherapy sensitization mechanism of LET-SeNPs in PCa. Our results demonstrate that the combination of LET-SeNPs and X-ray therapy (4 Gy) significantly inhibited the growth and colony formation of PCa cells by inducing apoptosis, surpassing the effects of individual treatments. This combined approach modulated DNA damage through the p53, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and AKT pathways. Furthermore, LET-SeNPs increased PC3 cell sensitivity to X-ray-induced apoptosis by downregulating TrxR (Thioredoxin reductase) expression and inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, thereby activating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathways. Additionally, LET-SeNPs regulated PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) to prevent DNA damage repair. In vivo studies confirmed that the combination treatment inhibited PCa growth by synergistically activating the p53 pathway to induce cell apoptosis. These findings highlight LET-SeNPs' potential as a radiotherapy sensitizer and suggest that combining LET-SeNPs with X-ray therapy could be a promising strategy for clinical application, leveraging selenium-modified nanoparticles' antitumor effects.

Selenium Nanoparticles Synergize with a KRAS Nanovaccine against Breast Cancer

Selenium (Se) is an element crucial for human health, known for its anticancer properties. Although selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have shown lower toxicity and higher biocompatibility than other Se compounds, bare SeNPs are unstable in aqueous solutions. In this study, several materials, including bovine serum albumin (BSA), chitosan, polymethyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride, and tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate, are explored to develop stable SeNPs and further evaluate their potential as candidates for cancer treatment. All optimized SeNP are spherical, <100 nm, and with a narrow size distribution. BSA-stabilized SeNPs produced under acidic conditions present the highest stability in medium, plasma, and at physiological pH, maintaining their size ≈50-60 nm for an extended period. SeNPs demonstrate enhanced toxicity in cancer cell lines while sparing primary human dermal fibroblasts, underscoring their potential as effective anticancer agents. Moreover, the combination of BSA-SeNPs with a nanovaccine results in a strong tumor growth reduction in an EO771 breast cancer mouse model, demonstrating a three-fold decrease in tumor size. This synergistic anticancer effect not only highlights the role of SeNPs as effective anticancer agents but also offers valuable insights for developing innovative combinatorial approaches using SeNPs to improve the outcomes of cancer immunotherapy.

Anti-breast cancer activity of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles using Bacillus coagulans supernatant

BACKGROUND

In the present study, Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) were prepared using Bacillus coagulans, which is a type of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), and then they were applied to treat breast cancer cells.

METHODS

The chemicophysical properties of the bioengineered SeNPs were investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The cytotoxic potential of SeNPs was evaluated by MTT assay against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. The expression levels of apoptotic genes including BAX, BCL2, VEGF, ERBB2, CASP3, CASP9, CCNE1, CCND1, MMP2 and MMP9 were determined by real-time PCR. The rate of apoptosis and necrosis of the cancer cells as well as the results of the cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry method.

RESULTS

The synthesized SeNPs had an average particle size of about 24-40 nm and a zeta potential of -16.1 mV, indicating the high stability of SeNPs. EDX results showed presence of SeNPs because amount of selenium in SeNPs was 86.6 % by weight. The cytotoxicity results showed a concentration-dependent effect against MCF-7 cells. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of B. coagulans supernatant and SeNPs against breast cancer cells were 389.7 µg/mL and 17.56 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, SeNPs synthesized by the green process exhibited enhanced apoptotic potential in MCF-7 cancer cells compared with bacterial supernatants. Cancer cells treated with IC50 concentration of SeNPs induced 32 % apoptosis compared to untreated cells (3 % apoptosis). The gene expression levels of BAX, CASP3, and CASP9 were upregulated, while the expression levels of BCL2, CCNE1, CCND1, MMP2, MMP9, VEGF, and ERBB2 were downregulated after SeNPs treatment of cells. The potential of SeNPs to induce cell apoptosis was demonstrated by the increase in the expression level of BAX gene and the decrease in the expression level of BCL2 after treatment of cancer cells with SeNPs.

CONCLUSION

The obtained results indicated that SeNPs had strong potential to induce significant cell apoptosis and are cytotoxic against the MCF-7 cancer cell line.

A Snapshot of Selenium-enclosed Nanoparticles for the Management of Cancer

Among the primary causes of mortality in today's world is cancer. Many drugs are employed to give lengthy and severe chemotherapy and radiation therapy, like nitrosoureas (Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin), Antimetabolites (5-fluorouracil, Methotrexate), Topoisomerase inhibitors (Etoposide), Mitotic inhibitors (Doxorubicin); such treatment is associated with significant adverse effects. Antitumor antibiotics have side effects similar to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and animals, and additional Se supplementation is required, particularly for individuals deficient in Se. Due to its unique features and high bioactivities, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), which act as a supplement to counter Se deficiency, have recently gained worldwide attention. This study presented a safer and more economical way of preparing stable SeNPs. The researcher has assessed the antiproliferative efficiency of SeNPs-based paclitaxel delivery systems against tumor cells in vitro with relevant mechanistic visualization. SeNPs stabilized by Pluronic F-127 were synthesized and studied. The significant properties and biological activities of PTX-loaded SeNPs on cancer cells from the lungs, breasts, cervical, and colons. In one study, SeNPs were formulated using chitosan (CTS) polymer and then incorporated into CTS/citrate gel, resulting in a SeNPs-loaded chitosan/citrate complex; in another study, CTS was used in the synthesis of SeNPs and then situated into CTS/citrate gel, resulting in Se loaded nanoparticles. These formulations were found to be more successful in cancer treatment.

Selenium nanoparticles coated bacterial polysaccharide with potent antimicrobial and anti-lung cancer activities

Bacterial exopolysaccharides are homopolymeric or heteropolymeric polysaccharides with large molecular weights (10-1000 kDa). Exopolysaccharides' functional uses and potential have revolutionized the industrial and medicinal industries. Hence, the aim of the present study was to optimize the production of bacterial exopolysaccharide and apply it as a capping agent for selenium nanoparticles synthesis. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from dairy products then biochemically characterized and assessed for their potential antimicrobial effect. The most potent EPS producer was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain A2 with accession number OP218384 using 16S rRNA sequencing. Overall, FTIR data of the extracted EPS revealed similarity with amylopectin spectrum. 1H NMR spectrum revealed an α-anomeric configuration of the glycosidic linkage pattern in the polysaccharides while the 13C NMR spectrum can also be separated into two main portions, the anomeric carbons region (δ 98-102 ppm) and the non-anomeric carbons region (δ 60-81 ppm). Antimicrobial activity of the produced EPS showed maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans respectively. The EPS capsule layer surrounding the bacterial cells was detected by TEM study. Optimization of EPS production was evaluated using Taguchi design, trial 23 reported the highest biomass yield and EPS output (6.5 and 27.12 g/L respectively) with 2.4 and 3.3 folds increase (from the basal media) respectively. The optimized exopolysaccharide was used as a capping and stabilizing agent for selenium nanoparticles (EPS-SeNPs) synthesis. Zeta potential, size and PDI of the synthesized nanoparticles were - 19.7 mV, 45-65 nm and 0.446 respectively with strong bactericidal and fungicidal effect against the tested pathogens. Complete microbial growth eradication was recorded after 6, 8 and 10 h against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. EPS-SeNPs showed a potent antioxidant effect reached 97.4% and anticancer effect against A549 lung cancer cell line (IC50 reached 5.324 µg/mL). EPS-SeNPs inhibited cancerous cell growth at S phase. Moreover, molecular studies revealed the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl2's was inhibited and Bax was activated. The present investigation successfully synthesized selenium nanoparticles through bacterial EPS with significantly high antimicrobial and anticancer activity.

Isolation, structural features, rheological properties and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Lignosus rhinocerotis: A review

L. rhinocerotis, an edible and medicinal mushroom, has long been utilized as folk medicine and nutritional food in Southeast Asia and southern China. Polysaccharides are the main bioactive substances of L. rhinocerotis sclerotia, and they have attracted extensive attention of researchers both at home and abroad. In the past few decades, various methods have been applied to extract polysaccharides from L. rhinocerotis (LRPs) and the structural features of LRPs are closely related to the used methods of extraction and purification. Many studies have confirmed that LRPs possess various remarkable bioactivities, including immunomodulatory, prebiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities and intestinal mucosa protective effect. As a natural polysaccharide, LRP has the potential to be a drug and functional material. This paper systematically reviews the recent studies on structural characteristics, modification, rheological properties and bioactivities of LRPs, and provides a theoretical basis for an in-depth study of the structure-activity relationship, and utilization of LRPs as therapeutic agents and functional foods. Additionally, the further research and development of LRPs are also prospected.

Theranostic applications of selenium nanomedicines against lung cancer

The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer are among the highest in the world. Traditional treatment methods include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Although rapid progress has been achieved in the past decade, treatment limitations remain. It is therefore imperative to identify safer and more effective therapeutic methods, and research is currently being conducted to identify more efficient and less harmful drugs. In recent years, the discovery of antitumor drugs based on the essential trace element selenium (Se) has provided good prospects for lung cancer treatments. In particular, compared to inorganic Se (Inorg-Se) and organic Se (Org-Se), Se nanomedicine (Se nanoparticles; SeNPs) shows much higher bioavailability and antioxidant activity and lower toxicity. SeNPs can also be used as a drug delivery carrier to better regulate protein and DNA biosynthesis and protein kinase C activity, thus playing a role in inhibiting cancer cell proliferation. SeNPs can also effectively activate antigen-presenting cells to stimulate cell immunity, exert regulatory effects on innate and regulatory immunity, and enhance lung cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes the application of Se-based species and materials in lung cancer diagnosis, including fluorescence, MR, CT, photoacoustic imaging and other diagnostic methods, as well as treatments, including direct killing, radiosensitization, chemotherapeutic sensitization, photothermodynamics, and enhanced immunotherapy. In addition, the application prospects and challenges of Se-based drugs in lung cancer are examined, as well as their forecasted future clinical applications and sustainable development.

Selenium-enriched plant foods: Selenium accumulation, speciation, and health functionality

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for maintaining human health. The biological effects and toxicity of Se compounds in humans are related to their chemical forms and consumption doses. In general, organic Se species, including selenoamino acids such as selenomethionine (SeMet), selenocystine (SeCys₂), and Se-methylselenocysteine (MSC), could provide greater bioactivities with less toxicity compared to those inorganics including selenite (Se IV) and selenate (Se VI). Plants are vital sources of organic Se because they can accumulate inorganic Se or metabolites and store them as organic Se forms. Therefore, Se-enriched plants could be applied as human food to reduce deficiency problems and deliver health benefits. This review describes the recent studies on the enrichment of Se-containing plants in particular Se accumulation and speciation, their functional properties related to human health, and future perspectives for developing Se-enriched foods. Generally, Se's concentration and chemical forms in plants are determined by the accumulation ability of plant species. Brassica family and cereal grains have excessive accumulation capacity and store major organic Se compounds in their cells compared to other plants. The biological properties of Se-enriched plants, including antioxidant, anti-diabetes, and anticancer activities, have significantly presented in both in vitro cell culture models and in vivo animal assays. Comparatively, fewer human clinical trials are available. Scientific investigations on the functional health properties of Se-enriched edible plants in humans are essential to achieve in-depth information supporting the value of Se-enriched food to humans.

Selenium speciation-dependent cancer radiosensitization by induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis

Introduction: Radiation therapy has Q6long been a routine and effective treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the radioresistance and side effects have limited its application. In recent years, the superiority showed by trace element selenium in tumor radiotherapy sensitization has received wide attention. However, different forms of selenium compounds exhibit different chemical properties and their mechanisms of action on tumors may be different. Methods: Human non-small cell lung cancer SPC-A1 cells were studied. Drug toxicity was detected by MTT assay. The selenium content absorbed in vitro at different time points was detected by ICP-MS. Colony formation were conducted to observe the radiosensitization effect of different selenium compounds on SPC-A1 cells, and to compare the proliferation ability of SPC-A1 cells treated by radiation alone and radiation combined with different selenium compounds. Cell migration was detected by cell scratch assay. The changes of cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. DCFH-DA fluorescent probe was used to detect the effects of different selenium compounds combined with X-ray on ROS production. Results: In this study, these four representative selenium compounds all have a certain ability to enhance the ability of radiotherapy to inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration, and the mechanism may be related to blocking cell cycle in G2/M phase, activating the caspase cascade and reducing intracellular ROS levels to induce tumor cell apoptosis. Among them, -2-valent organic selenium has the most obvious effect, mainly inhibits cell migration, and induces early apoptosis by activating a large number of caspase-3, and arrest the cell cycle in S phase and G2/M phase. 0-valent selenium nanoparticles mainly arrest the cell cycle in G2/M phase. +4-valent inorganic selenium exerts its antitumor effects primarily by inhibiting tumor cell migration and inducing early apoptosis of tumor cells. Discussion: In this paper, the antitumor effects of four different forms of selenium compounds combined with X-rays on SPC-A1 cells were investigated, and their inhibitory effects on the proliferation and migration of cancer cells and their mechanisms were examined. We found that the radiosensitizing effect of selenium on NSCLC was closely related to its selenium form through the study of the sensitizing effect of different kinds of selenium compounds on radiotherapy.

Theranostic Cancer Treatment Using Lentinan-Coated Selenium Nanoparticles and Label-Free CEST MRI

Selenium nanoparticle (SeNP)-based nanotherapeutics have become an emerging cancer therapy, while effective drug delivery remains a technical hurdle. A theranostic approach, through which imaging companions are integrated with SeNPs, will allow image-guided drug delivery and, therefore, is highly desirable. Traditional methods require the chemical conjugation of imaging agents to the surface of nanoparticles, which may impede the later clinical translation. In this study, we developed a label-free strategy in which lentinan-functionalized SeNPs (LNT-SeNPs) are detected using MRI by the hydroxyl protons carried on LNT molecules. The in vitro phantom study showed that LNT and LNT-SeNPs have a strong CEST signal at 1.0 ppm apart from the water resonance, suggesting an in vivo detectability in the µM concentration range. Demonstrated on CT26 colon tumor cells, LNT-SeNPs exert a strong anticancer effect (IC50 = 4.8 μM), prominently attributed to the ability to generate intracellular reactive oxygen species. However, when testing in a mouse model of CT26 tumors, administration of LNT-SeNPs alone was found unable to deliver sufficient drugs to the tumor, leading to poor treatment responses. To improve the drug delivery, we co-injected LNT-SeNPs and TNF-α, a previously reported drug that could effectively damage the endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature, thereby increasing drug delivery to the tumor. Our results revealed a 75% increase in the intratumoral CEST MRI signal, indicating a markedly increased delivery efficiency of LNT-SeNPs when combined with TNF-α. The combination therapy also resulted in a significantly enhanced treatment outcome, as revealed by the tumor growth study. Taken together, our study demonstrates the first label-free, SeNP-based theranostic system, in which LNT was used for both functional surface coating and CEST MRI signal generating. Such a theranostic LNT-SeNP system is advantageous because it requires chemical labeling and, therefore, has high biocompatibility and low translatable barriers.

How far have we explored fungi to fight cancer?

The use of fungal cultures have been well documented in human history. Although its used in healthcare, like penicillin and statins, have saved countless of lives, but there is still no fungal products that are specifically indicated for cancers. Research into fungal-derived materials to curb cancers in the recent decades have made a considerable progress in terms of drug delivery vehicles, anticancer active ingredients and cancer immunotherapy. Various parts of the organisms have successfully been exploited to achieve specific tasks. Apart from the identification of novel anticancer compound from fungi, its native capsular structure can also be used as drug cargo to achieve higher oral bioavailability. This review summarises the anticancer potential of fungal-derived materials, highlighting the role of capsular polysaccharides, proteins, and other structures in variety of innovative utilities to fit the current pharmaceutical technology. Many bioactive compounds isolated from fungi have also been formulated into nanoparticles to achieve greater anticancer activity. The progress of fungal compounds and their analogues in clinical trials is also highlighted. In addition, the potential of various fungal species to be developed for anticancer immunotherapy are also discussed.

Comparative Analysis of the Metabolites and Biological Activity of Cultivated and Wild Lignosus rhinocerotis

In this paper, Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (L. rhinocerotis) cultivated in rice medium (LRR) and in sawdust medium (LRS) was harvested. Then, in terms of the LRR, LRS, and wild L. rhinocerotis (LRW), the total flavonoid contents, total polyphenol contents, total polysaccharide contents, and metabolites were detected; antioxidants of their aqueous extracts and anti-inflammatory of their polysaccharides were performed. In addition, the possible mechanism of the polysaccharides of L. rhinocerotis inhibiting lung damage was elucidated. The results showed that 32 compounds were characterized in L. rhinocerotis, including flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, and steroids and there were 20 compounds in cultivated and wild L. rhinocerotis; LRR has the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, as well as ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacity. The total polysaccharide contents and the FRAP scavenging capacity of wild L. rhinocerotis were higher than those of cultivated L. rhinocerotis. The inhibition of polysaccharides of LRW (PLRW) on LPS-induced MRC-5 damage was stronger than that of the polysaccharides from cultivated L. rhinocerotis. The PLRW may alleviate lung damage by inhibiting the NLRP3 pathway and thereby suppressing the inflammatory response. In summary, both cultivated and wild L. rhinocerotis are abundant in bioactive components and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Properties of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by Lycium barbarum polysaccharide-protein conjugates obtained with subcritical water

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in an aqueous solution have poor stability and tend to aggregate when stored for a long time. In the present study, SeNPs were stabilized by using Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) and Lycium barbarum protein (LBPr) conjugates (LBPP) as a stabilizer and dispersing agent. Particularly, the LBPP₁ was obtained with subcritical water treatment. In addition, the physical stability, re-dispersity and antitumor activity of LBPP₁-SeNPs were investigated. The results showed the particle size of LBPP₁-SeNPs was maintained at 111.5-117 nm, which was stable at PH 6, 4 °C and darkness for at least 40 days. Besides, the result of TEM showed that the dispersion of LBPP₁-SeNPs had more clear layers and smoother surfaces. Moreover, LBPP₁-SeNPs had excellent re-dispersibility and exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on HepG-2 cells and Caco-2 cells, respectively (p < 0.05). Therefore, LBPP₁-SeNPs can be used as potential selenium nutritional supplements for food and medical applications.

Enhanced Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induction in Human Colon Carcinoma HT-29 Cells of Soluble Longan Polysaccharides with a Covalent Chemical Selenylation

The selenylated polysaccharides chemically belong to the organic Se-conjugated macromolecules and have recently been attracting more and more attention due to their potential to promote body health or prevent cancers. Longan (Dimocarpus longan L.), as a subtropical fruit, contains soluble and non-digestible polysaccharides that are regarded with health care functions in the body. In this study, the longan polysaccharides (LP) were obtained via enzyme-assisted water extraction, and then chemically selenylated using a reaction system composed of HNO₃–Na₂SeO₃ to yield two selenylated products, namely, SeLP1 and SeLP2, with Se contents of 1.46 and 4.79 g/kg, respectively. The anti-cancer effects of the three polysaccharide samples (LP, SeLP1, and SeLP2) were thus investigated using the human colon cancer HT-29 cells as the cell model. The results showed that SeLP1 and SeLP2 were more able than LP to inhibit cell growth, alter cell morphology, cause mitochondrial membrane potential loss, increase intracellular reactive oxygen and [Ca²⁺]_i levels, and induce apoptosis via regulating the eight apoptosis-related genes and proteins including Bax, caspases-3/-8/-9, CHOP, cytochrome c, DR5, and Bcl-2. It was thereby proven that the selenylated polysaccharides could induce cell apoptosis via activating the death receptor, mitochondrial-dependent, and ER stress pathways. Collectively, both SeLP1 and SeLP2 showed higher activities than LP in HT-29 cells, while SeLP2 was consistently more active than SeLP1 in exerting these assessed anti-cancer effects on the cells. In conclusion, this chemical selenylation covalently introduced Se into the polysaccharide molecules and caused an enhancement in their anti-cancer functions in the cells, while higher selenylation extent was beneficial to the activity enhancement of the selenylated products.

Selenocystine-Derived Label-Free Fluorescent Schiff Base Nanocomplex for siRNA Delivery Synergistically Kills Cancer Cells

Chemo and siRNA synergic treatments for tumors is a promising new therapeutic trend. Selenocystine, a selenium analog of cysteine, has been considered a potential antitumor agent due to its redox perturbing role. In this study, we developed a nanocarrier for siRNA based on a selenocystine analog engineered polyetherimide and achieved traceable siRNA delivery and the synergic killing of tumor cells. Notably, we applied the label-free Schiff base fluorescence mechanism, which enabled us to trace the siRNA delivery and to monitor the selenocystine analogs' local performance. A novel selenocystine-derived fluorescent Schiff base linker was used to crosslink the polyetherimide, thereby generating a traceable siRNA delivery vehicle with green fluorescence. Moreover, we found that this compound induced tumor cells to undergo senescence. Together with the delivery of a siRNA targeting the anti-apoptotic BCL-xl/w genes in senescent cells, it achieved a synergistic inhibition function by inducing both senescence and apoptosis of tumor cells. Therefore, this study provides insights into the development of label-free probes, prodrugs, and materials towards the synergic strategies for cancer therapy.

Shape-Controllable Tellurium-Driven Heterostructures with Activated Robust Immunomodulatory Potential for Highly Efficient Radiophotothermal Therapy of Colon Cancer

Tellurium (Te)-based semiconductor easily leads to the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs (h⁺-e^-) that severely limits the efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and further hinders its clinical application in biomedicine. With regard to these problems, herein we designed and synthesized a Te heterostructure (BTe-Pd-Au) by incorporating palladium (Pd) and gold (Au) elements to promote its radiosensitivity and photothermal performance, thus realizing highly efficient radiophotothermal tumor elimination by activating robust immunomodulatory potential. This shape-controllable heterostructure that coated by Pd on the surface of Te nanorods and Au in the center of Te nanorods was simply synthesized by using in situ synthesis method, which could promote the generation and separation of h⁺-e^- pairs, thereby exhibiting superior ROS producing ability and photothermal conversion efficiency. Using a mouse model of colon cancer, we proved that BTe-Pd-Au-R-combined radiophotothermal therapy not only eradicated tumor but also elicited to a series of antitumor immune responses by enhancing the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, triggering dendritic cells maturation, and decreasing the percentage of M2 tumor-associated macrophages. In summary, our study highlights a facile strategy to design Te-driven heterostructure with versatile performance in radiosensitization, photothermal therapy, and immunomodulation and offers great promise for clinical translational treatment of colon cancer.

Anticancer Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles In Vitro Studies

Health systems worldwide consider cancer a disease that causes the highest number of deaths per year. The low efficacy of current cancer therapies has led other areas of science to search for new alternatives, including nanomaterial sciences. Selenium nanoparticles have anticancer activity, as revealed by in vitro tests performed on prostate, breast, cervical, lung, colorectal, and liver cancer cell lines. Studies attribute anticancer activity to the anti-metastatic effect due to the inhibition of migration and invasion processes. The antiproliferative effect is the low expression of molecules such as cyclin D1, cyclin E, and CDK2. In addition to the activation of cell apoptosis by caspase-dependent mechanisms, there is a low expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and a high expression of the apoptotic proteins like Bax and Bad. Other studies attribute anticancer activity to the activation of cell necroptosis, where molecules such as TNF and IRF1 participate. The pharmacological potential of selenium nanoparticles depends primarily on the administered dose, particle size, and chemical composition. Furthermore, several studies have shown that the administration of these nanoparticles is safe due to their low toxicity in non-cancerous cells. In this review, the most relevant antecedents on the anticancer potential of selenium nanoparticles in prostate, breast, cervical, lung, liver, and colorectal cancer cell lines are discussed.

A dandelion polysaccharide and its selenium nanoparticles: Structure features and evaluation of anti-tumor activity in zebrafish models

In this study, an inulin fructan (TMP50-2) with moderate anti-tumor activity was obtained from dandelion. To further improve the anti-tumor activity of TMP50-2, a monodisperse and stable spherical nanoparticle (Tw-TMP-SeNP, 50 nm) was fabricated. Physico-chemical analysis revealed that TMP50-2 and Tween 80 were tightly wrapped on the surface of SeNPs by forming CO⋯Se bonds or through hydrogen bonding interaction (OH⋯Se). In vitro anti-tumor assay showed that Tw-TMP-SeNP treatment could significantly inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells (HepG2, A549, and HeLa) in a dose-dependent manner, while HepG2 cells were more susceptible to Tw-TMP-SeNP with an IC₅₀ value of 46.8 μg/mL. The apoptosis induction of HepG2 cells by Tw-TMP-SeNP was evidenced by increasing the proportion of apoptotic cells ranging from 12.5% to 27.4%. Furthermore, in vivo zebrafish model confirmed the anti-tumor activity of Tw-TMP-SeNP by inhibiting the proliferation and migration of tumor cells as well as the angiogenesis of zebrafish embryos.

Polymer Nanocomposites of Selenium Biofabricated Using Fungi

Nanoparticle-reinforced polymer-based materials effectively combine the functional properties of polymers and unique characteristic features of NPs. Biopolymers have attained great attention, with perspective multifunctional and high-performance nanocomposites exhibiting a low environmental impact with unique properties, being abundantly available, renewable, and eco-friendly. Nanocomposites of biopolymers are termed green biocomposites. Different biocomposites are reported with numerous inorganic nanofillers, which include selenium. Selenium is a micronutrient that can potentially be used in the prevention and treatment of diseases and has been extensively studied for its biological activity. SeNPs have attracted increasing attention due to their high bioavailability, low toxicity, and novel therapeutic properties. One of the best routes to take advantage of SeNPs' properties is by mixing these NPs with polymers to obtain nanocomposites with functionalities associated with the NPs together with the main characteristics of the polymer matrix. These nanocomposite materials have markedly improved properties achieved at low SeNP concentrations. Composites based on polysaccharides, including fungal beta-glucans, are bioactive, biocompatible, biodegradable, and have exhibited an innovative potential. Mushrooms meet certain obvious requirements for the green entity applied to the SeNP manufacturing. Fungal-matrixed selenium nanoparticles are a new promising biocomposite material. This review aims to give a summary of what is known by now about the mycosynthesized selenium polymeric nanocomposites with the impact on fungal-assisted manufactured ones, the mechanisms of the involved processes at the chemical reaction level, and problems and challenges posed in this area.

Revisiting inorganic nanoparticles as promising therapeutic agents: A paradigm shift in oncological theranostics

Cancer remains a global health problem largely due to a lack of effective therapies. Major cancer management strategies include chemotherapy, surgical resection, and radiation. Unfortunately, these strategies have a number of limitations, such as non-specific side effects, uneven delivery of the drugs, and lack of proper monitoring technology. Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are considered promising agents in treating and tracing cancer due to their unique physicochemical properties such as the controlled release of drugs, bioavailability, biocompatibility, stability, and large surface area. Also, they enhance the solubility of hydrophobic drugs, prolong their circulation time, prevent undesired off-targeting and subsequent side effects, making them efficient particles in cancer theranostics. Promising inorganic-NPs include gold, selenium, silica, and oxide NPs. Further, several techniques are used to modify the surface of inorganic-NPs, making them more efficient for the effective transport of therapeutic cargos to overcome cellular barriers. Thus, inorganic-NPs function effectively, surmounting the intrinsic drawbacks of traditional organic NPs. This mini-review summarizes the significant inorganic-NPs, their properties, surface modifications, cellular uptake, and bio-distributions, along with their potential use in cancer theranostics. We also discuss the promises and challenges faced during the inorganic-NPs mediated therapeutic approach for cancer and these particles' status in the clinical setting.

Biogenic selenium nanoparticles produced by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 inhibit colon cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo

Selenium compounds exhibit excellent anticancer properties but have a narrow therapeutic window. Selenium nanoparticles, however, are less toxic compared to other selenium forms, and their biogenic production leads to improved bioavailability. Herein, we used the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393, previously shown to inhibit colon cancer cell growth, to synthesize biogenic selenium nanoparticles. We examined the anticancer activity of orally administered L. casei, L. casei-derived selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticle-enriched L. casei, and investigated their antitumor potential in the CT26 syngeneic colorectal cancer model in BALB/c mice. Our results indicate that L. casei-derived selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticle-enriched L. casei exert cancer-specific antiproliferative activity in vitro. Moreover, the nanoparticles were found to induce apoptosis and elevate reactive oxygen species levels in cancer cells. It is noteworthy that, when administered orally, selenium nanoparticle-enriched L. casei attenuated the growth of colon carcinoma in mice more effectively than the isolated nanoparticles or L. casei, suggesting a potential additive effect of the nanoparticles and the probiotic. To the best of our knowledge this is the first comparative study examining the anticancer effects of selenium nanoparticles synthesized by a microorganism, the selenium nanoparticle-enriched microorganism and the sole microorganism.

Selenium-Containing Polysaccharides—Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Chemical Modifications and Biological Activity

Selenosugars are a group of sugar derivatives of great structural diversity (e.g., molar masses, selenium oxidation state, and selenium binding), obtained as a result of biosynthesis, chemical modification of natural compounds, or chemical synthesis. Seleno-monosaccharides and disaccharides are known to be non-toxic products of the natural metabolism of selenium compounds in mammals. In the case of the selenium-containing polysaccharides of natural origin, their formation is also postulated as a form of detoxification of excess selenium in microorganisms, mushroom, and plants. The valency of selenium in selenium-containing polysaccharides can be: 0 (encapsulated nano-selenium), IV (selenites of polysaccharides), or II (selenoglycosides or selenium built into the sugar ring to replace oxygen). The great interest in Se-polysaccharides results from the expected synergy between selenium and polysaccharides. Several plant- and mushroom-derived polysaccharides are potent macromolecules with antitumor, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and other biological properties. Selenium, a trace element of fundamental importance to human health, has been shown to possess several analogous functions. The mechanism by which selenium exerts anticancer and immunomodulatory activity differs from that of polysaccharide fractions, but a similar pharmacological effect suggests a possible synergy of these two agents. Various functions of Se-polysaccharides have been explored, including antitumor, immune-enhancement, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Due to being non-toxic or much less toxic than inorganic selenium compounds, Se-polysaccharides are potential dietary supplements that could be used, e.g., in chemoprevention.

Hydrogen Peroxide Effects on Natural-Sourced Polysacchrides: Free Radical Formation/Production, Degradation Process, and Reaction Mechanism-A Critical Synopsis

Numerous reactive oxygen species (ROS) entities exist, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is very key among them as it is well known to possess a stable but poor reactivity capable of generating free radicals. Considered among reactive atoms, molecules, and compounds with electron-rich sites, free radicals emerging from metabolic reactions during cellular respirations can induce oxidative stress and cause cellular structure damage, resulting in diverse life-threatening diseases when produced in excess. Therefore, an antioxidant is needed to curb the overproduction of free radicals especially in biological systems (in vivo and in vitro). Despite the inherent properties limiting its bioactivities, polysaccharides from natural sources increasingly gain research attention given their position as a functional ingredient. Improving the functionality and bioactivity of polysaccharides have been established through degradation of their molecular integrity. In this critical synopsis; we articulate the effects of H2O2 on the degradation of polysaccharides from natural sources. Specifically, the synopsis focused on free radical formation/production, polysaccharide degradation processes with H2O2, the effects of polysaccharide degradation on the structural characteristics; physicochemical properties; and bioactivities; in addition to the antioxidant capability. The degradation mechanisms involving polysaccharide's antioxidative property; with some examples and their respective sources are briefly summarised.

The Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activity of Greenly Synthesized Selenium and Zinc Composite Nanoparticles Using Ephedra aphylla Extract

The current work aimed to synthesize selenium and zinc nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Ephedra aphylla as a valuable medicinal plant. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, zeta potential, and changes in the phytochemical constituents. Hence, the phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were reduced in the case of the prepared samples of nanoparticles than the original values in the aqueous extract. The prepared extract of Ephedra aphylla and its selenium and zinc nanoparticles showed high potency as antioxidant agents as a result of the DPPH^• assay. The samples were assessed as anticancer agents against six tumor cells and a normal lung fibroblast (WI-38) cell line. The selenium nanoparticles of Ephedra aphylla extract revealed very strong cytotoxicity against HePG-2 cells (inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) = 7.56 ± 0.6 µg/mL), HCT-116 cells (IC₅₀ = 10.02 ± 0.9 µg/mL), and HeLa cells (IC₅₀ = 9.23 ± 0.8 µg/mL). The samples were evaluated as antimicrobial agents against bacterial and fungal strains. Thus, selenium nanoparticles showed potent activities against Gram-negative strains (Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli), Gram-positive strains (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis), and the fungal strain Candida albicans. In conclusion, the preparation of nanoparticles of either selenium or zinc is crucial for improved biological characteristics.

Potentialities of selenium nanoparticles in biomedical science

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have revolutionized biomedical domain and are still developing rapidly. Hence, this perspective elaborates SeNPs properties, synthesis, and biomedical applications, together with their potential for management of SARS-CoV-2.

Prooxidation and Cytotoxicity of Selenium Nanoparticles at Nonlethal Level in Sprague-Dawley Rats and Buffalo Rat Liver Cells

The effects of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on the antioxidant capacity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were investigated. The rats were given intragastric administration of an SeNP suspension at doses of 0, 2, 4, and 8 mg Se/kg BW for two weeks. The antioxidant capacity in serum and organic tissues (liver, heart, and kidney) and the gene expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in the liver were measured. Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cell lines were further constructed to explore the cytotoxicity mechanism induced by SeNPs through the determination of antioxidant capacity; cell activity; apoptosis; and Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Caspase-9 family activities. The results showed that SeNP administration over 4.0 mg Se/kg BW decreased the antioxidant capacities in the serum, liver, and heart and downregulated mRNA expression of GPX1 and GPX4 in the liver. The BRL cell line experiments showed that treatment with over 24 μM SeNPs decreased the viability of the cells and damaged the antioxidant capacity. Flow cytometry analysis showed that decreased cell viability induced by SeNPs is mainly due to apoptosis, rather than cell necrosis. Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 activities were also increased when BRL cells were treated with 24 μM and 48 μM SeNPs. Taken together, a nonlethal level of SeNPs could impair the antioxidant capacity in serum and organic tissues of rats, and the liver is the most sensitive to the toxicity of SeNPs. A pharmacological dose of SeNPs could lead to cytotoxicity and induce cell death through apoptosis and extrinsic pathways contributing to SeNP-induced apoptosis in BRL cells.

Hybrid of niosomes and bio-synthesized selenium nanoparticles as a novel approach in drug delivery for cancer treatment

The current study intends to investigate a novel drug delivery system (DDS) based on niosomes structure (NISM) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) which was formulated to BSA coated NISM (NISM-B). Also, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been prepared by BSA mediated biosynthesis. Finally, the NISM-B was hybridized with SeNPs and was formulated as NISM-B@SeNPs for drug delivery applications. Physicochemical properties of all samples were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, DLS, FESEM, and EDX techniques. The cytotoxicity of all samples against A549 cell line was assessed by cell viability analysis and flow cytometry for apoptotic cells as well as RT-PCR for the expression of MDR-1, Bax, and Bcl-2 genes. Besides, in vivo biocompatibility was performed by LD₅₀ assay to evaluate the acute toxicity. The proposed formulation has a regular spherical shape and approximately narrow size distribution with proper zeta-potential values; the proposed DDS revealed a good biocompatibility. The compound showed a significant cytotoxic effect against A549 cell line. Although the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio was significantly in NISM-B@SeNPs- treated cancer cells, the expression of MDR-1 was non-significantly lower in NISM-B@SeNPs-treated cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that the proposed DDS presents a promising approach for drug delivery, co-delivery and multifunctional biomedicine applications.

Lentinan-functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles target Tumor Cell Mitochondria via TLR4/TRAF3/MFN1 pathway

Rationale: Malignant ascites caused by cancer cells results in poor prognosis and short average survival time. No effective treatment is currently available for malignant ascites. In this study, the effects of lentinan (LNT)-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (Selene) on malignant ascites were evaluated. Furthermore, the mechanism of Selene targeting mitochondria of tumor cells were also investigated.

Methods: Selene were synthesized and characterized by TEM, AFM and particle size analysis. The OVCAR-3 and EAC cells induced ascites models were used to evaluate the effects of Selene on malignant ascites. Proteomic analysis, immunofluorescence, TEM and ICP-MS were used to determine the location of Selene in tumor cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS, ATP content, and caspase-1/3 activity were detected to evaluate the effect of Selene on mitochondrial function and cell apoptosis. Immunofluorescence, Co-IP, pull-down, duolink, Western blot, and FPLC were used to investigate the pathway of Selene targeting mitochondria.

Results: Selene could effectively inhibit ascites induced by OVCAR-3 and EAC cells. Selene was mainly located in the mitochondria of tumor cells and induced apoptosis of tumor cells. The LNT in Selene was involved in caveolae-mediated endocytosis through the interaction between toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and caveolin 1 (CAV1). Furthermore, the Selene in the endocytic vesicles could enter the mitochondria via the mitochondrial membrane fusion pathway, which was mediated by TLR4/TNF receptor associated factor 3 (TRAF3)/mitofusin-1 (MFN1) protein complex.

Conclusion: Selene is a candidate anticancer drug for the treatment of malignant ascites. And TLR4/TRAF3/MFN1 may be a specific nano-drug delivery pathway that could target the mitochondria.

Preparation, physicochemical characterization, and anti-proliferation of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), a novel selenium form, have attracted worldwide attention due to their bioactivities and low toxicity. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical characterization, storage stability, and anti-proliferative activities of SeNPs stabilized by Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide (PUP). Results showed that orange-red, zero-valent, amorphous and spherical SeNPs with mean diameter of approximately 82.5 nm were successfully prepared by using PUP as a capping agent. PUP-SeNPs solution stored at 4 °C in dark condition could be stable for at least 84 days. Moreover, PUP-SeNPs treatment inhibited four cancer cell lines proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, while no significant cytotoxicity towards three normal cell lines was observed. Comparing with the other cancer cell lines (HepG2, Hela, and HT29), PUP-SeNPs displayed the most sensitive towards MDA-MB-231 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 6.27 μM. Furthermore, PUP-SeNPs significantly up-regulated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, promoted cytochrome c release, increased caspase-9, -8 and -3 activities, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, suggesting that mitochondria-mediated and death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways were activated in MDA-MB-231 cells. Besides, PUP-SeNPs possessed better anti-proliferative activity than selenomethionine as well as lower cytotoxicity than sodium selenite. Taken together, PUP-SeNPs have strong potential as a dietary supplement for application in cancer chemoprevention, especially breast cancer.

Induction of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in A549 lung cancer cells using silver nanoparticles from Gossypium hirsutum and evaluation of in vivo toxicity

In the past decade, the research communities raised wide concerns on using medicinal plants for synthesis of nanomaterials due to its effective biological activity, lower side effects and also eco-friendly manner. Our previous report concentrated on the biomedical efficacy of fine characterized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) leaf extract. Further, the current examination is planned to reveal the molecular mechanisms involving for activation of mitochondria-mediated signaling pathway by AgNPs in human lung cancer cells (A549) using various biological endpoints such as apoptotic induction by HOECHST 33342, AO/EtBr and Rhodamine 123 staining, cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry, gene and protein expressions by RT-PCR and immunoblotting respectively. This study was further extended to identify the toxicity of AgNPs using an animal model. Interestingly, we observed that A549 cells treated with AgNPs resulted in G2/M arrest and ultimately leads to induction of apoptosis cell death. Moreover, gene analysis demonstrated that diminished expression of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and enhanced expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax) mitochondrial genes. The alterations in the gene pattern may interrupt of mitochondrial membrane potential which facilitates the releasing of cytochrome c (cyt c) into cytosol. The cyt c act as a key molecule for activation of caspases (9 and 3) to initiate intrinsic apoptotic signaling cell death process. The histological analysis proven the application of AgNPs in nanomedicine is quietly harmless and would not cause any discernible stress like swelling and inflammation to the organs of mice. Taken together, this investigation may provide solid evidence for cotton crop mediated AgNPs induced apoptosis cell death pathway and offer a novel approach for cancer therapy.

Dietary chitosan-selenium nanoparticle (CTS-SeNP) enhance immunity and disease resistance in zebrafish

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for human and animals. It plays an important role in antioxidative stress, selenoenzymes regulation and immunomodulation. In this study, two common immunostimulants chitosan (CTS) and Se were used to synthesize nanoparticles (CTS-SeNP). Immunomodulation of CTS-SeNP were explored in wild-type zebrafish (Danio rerio). Dietary supplementation of CTS-SeNP enhanced lysozyme activity, phagocytic respiratory burst as well as splenocytes proliferation stimulated by LPS and ConA. CTS-SeNP showed immunomodulation effect from 5 to 20 μg/g but the best outcome was observed at 10 μg/g. Immunomodulation effect were rapidly induced after 3-9d and can sustain to 60. The zebrafish fed with 10 μg/g CTS-SeNP also showed 26.7% higher survival rate than the control after intraperitoneal injection of common bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. Our results suggested that CTS-SeNP is an effective immunostimulant to fish and has potential application in aquaculture.

Potentiation of in Vivo Anticancer Efficacy of Selenium Nanoparticles by Mushroom Polysaccharides Surface Decoration

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are recently emerging as promising anticancer agents because of their high bioavailability, low toxicity and remarkable anticancer activities. However, the effects of surface physicochemical properties on the biological actions remain elusive. Herein we decorated SeNPs with various water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from various mushrooms, to compare physical characteristics and anticancer profile of these SeNPs. The results showed that the prepared spherical SeNPs displayed particle sizes at 91-102 nm, and kept stable in aqueous solution for up to 13 weeks. However, different decoration altered the tumor selectivity of the SeNPs, while gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells showed relative highest sensitivity. Moreover, PTR-SeNPs demonstrated potent in vivo antitumor, by inducing caspases- and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, but showed no obvious toxicity to nomal organs. Taken together, this study offers insights into how surface decoration can tune the cancer selectivity of SeNPs and provides a basis for engineering particles with increased anticancer efficacy.

Effect of Surface Coating of Gold Nanoparticles on Cytotoxicity and Cell Cycle Progression

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are usually wrapped with biocompatible polymers in biomedical field, however, the effect of biocompatible polymers of gold nanoparticles on cellular responses are still not fully understood. In this study, GNPs with/without polymer wrapping were used as model probes for the investigation of cytotoxicity and cell cycle progression. Our results show that the bovine serum albumin (BSA) coated GNPs (BSA-GNPs) had been transported into lysosomes after endocytosis. The lysosomal accumulation had then led to increased binding between kinesin 5 and microtubules, enhanced microtubule stabilization, and eventually induced G₂/M arrest through the regulation of cadherin 1. In contrast, the bare GNPs experienced lysosomal escape, resulting in microtubule damage and G₀/G₁ arrest through the regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Overall, our findings showed that both naked and BSA wrapped gold nanoparticles had cytotoxicity, however, they affected cell proliferation via different pathways. This will greatly help us to regulate cell responses for different biomedical applications.

Multifunctional selenium nanoparticles with Galangin-induced HepG2 cell apoptosis through p38 and AKT signalling pathway

The morbidity and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common cancer, are increasing continuously worldwide. Galangin (Ga) has been demonstrated to possess anti-cancer effect, but the efficacy of Ga was limited by its low permeability and poor solubility. To develop aqueous formulation and improve the anti-cancer activity of Ga, surface decoration of functionalized selenium nanoparticles with Ga (Se@Ga) was synthesized in the present study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of Se@Ga and the mechanism on HepG2 cells. Se@Ga-induced HepG2 cell apoptosis was confirmed by depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential, translocation of phosphatidylserine and caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, Se@Ga enhanced the anti-cancer activity of HepG2 cells through ROS-mediated AKT and p38 signalling pathways. In summary, these results suggest that Se@Ga might be potential candidate chemotherapy for cancer.