1
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Li H, Zhang WS, Liu R, Wang W, Jiao LL, Liu Z, Wu W. Impact of radish seeds (Semen Raphani) on the absorption and transportation of ginsenosides in the Caco-2 cell model: a UPLC-ESI-MS analysis. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38869200 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2366008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of Semen raphani on the absorption of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (ginseng) using a Caco-2 cell model and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Six primary ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd) were quantified. Results showed that Semen Raphani increased the efflux rate of ginsenosides, particularly at higher concentrations, suggesting it inhibits their absorption. The research elucidates the intestinal absorption process of ginsenosides and the antagonistic mechanism of Semen Raphani against ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Wen-Shuo Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Li-Li Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
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2
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Park JD. Metabolism and drug interactions of Korean ginseng based on the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenosides: Current status and future perspectives. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:253-265. [PMID: 38707645 PMCID: PMC11068998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Orally administered ginsenosides, the major active components of ginseng, have been shown to be biotransformed into a number of metabolites by gastric juice, digestive and bacterial enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract and also in the liver. Attention is brought to pharmacokinetic studies of ginseng that need further clarification to better understand the safety and possible active mechanism for clinical application. Experimental results demonstrated that ginsenoside metabolites play an important role in the pharmacokinetic properties such as drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, thereby can be applied as a metabolic modulator. Very few are known on the possibility of the consistency of detected ginsenosides with real active metabolites if taken the recommended dose of ginseng, but they have been found to act on the pharmacokinetic key factors in any clinical trial, affecting oral bioavailability. Since ginseng is increasingly being taken in a manner more often associated with prescription medicines, ginseng and drug interactions have been also reviewed. Considering the extensive oral administration of ginseng, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and perspectives of recent studies on the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenosides such as deglycosylation, absorption, metabolizing enzymes and transporters, together with ginsenoside and drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Dae Park
- R&D Center, REBIO Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Dymarska M, Widenmann A, Low KE, Abbott DW, Guan L, Gänzle MG. Conversion of Phytochemicals by Lactobacilli: (Phospho)-β-glucosidases Are Specific for Glucosylated Phytochemicals Rather than Disaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5428-5438. [PMID: 38415591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Food-fermenting lactobacilli convert glycosylated phytochemicals to glycosyl hydrolases and thereby alter their biological activity. This study aimed to investigate the microbial transformation of β-glucosides of phytochemicals in comparison with utilization of cellobiose. Four homofermentative and four heterofermentative lactobacilli were selected to represent the metabolic diversity of Lactobacillaceae. The genomes of Lactobacillus crispatus, Companilactobacillus paralimentarius, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum encoded for 8 to 22 enzymes, predominantly phospho-β-glucosidases, with predicted activity on β-glucosides. Levilactobacillus hammesii and Furfurilactobacillus milii encoded for 3 β-glucosidases, Furfurilactobacillus rossiae for one, and Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis for none. The hydrolysis of amygdalin, esculin, salicin, glucosides of quercetin and genistein, and ginsenosides demonstrated that several strains hydrolyzed β-glucosides of phytochemicals but not cellobiose. Taken together, several of the carbohydrate-active enzymes of food-fermenting lactobacilli are specific for glycosides of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dymarska
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Widenmann
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Kristin E Low
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - D Wade Abbott
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Leluo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430068, People's Republic of China
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4
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Hu QR, Hong H, Zhang ZH, Feng H, Luo T, Li J, Deng ZY, Chen F. Methods on improvements of the poor oral bioavailability of ginsenosides: Pre-processing, structural modification, drug combination, and micro- or nano- delivery system. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:694-705. [PMID: 38107396 PMCID: PMC10721471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer is a traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used as tonic in Asia. The main pharmacologically active components of ginseng are the dammarane-type ginsenosides, which have been shown to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, neuroprotective, and metabolic regulatory activities. Moreover, some of ginsenosides (eg, Rh2 and Rg3) have been developed into nutraceuticals. However, the utilization of ginsenosides in clinic is restrictive due to poor permeability in cells and low bioavailability in human body. Obviously, the dammarane skeleton and glycosyls of ginsenosides are responsible for these limitations. Therefore, improving the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides has become a pressing issue. Here, based on the structures of ginsenosides, we summarized the understanding of the factors affecting the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides, introduced the methods to enhance the oral bioavailability and proposed the future perspectives on improving the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huan Hong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhi-hong Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ze-yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, College of Food Science, Nanchang University, Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Bayi Avenue, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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5
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Balusamy SR, Perumalsamy H, Huq MA, Yoon TH, Mijakovic I, Thangavelu L, Yang DC, Rahimi S. A comprehensive and systemic review of ginseng-based nanomaterials: Synthesis, targeted delivery, and biomedical applications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1374-1410. [PMID: 36939049 DOI: 10.1002/med.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Among 17 Panax species identified across the world, Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng), Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (Chinese ginseng) are highly recognized for the presence of bioactive compound, ginsenosides and their pharmacological effects. P. ginseng is widely used for synthesis of different types of nanoparticles compared to P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. The use of nano-ginseng could increase the oral bioavailability, membrane permeability, and thus provide effective delivery of ginsenosides to the target sites through transport system. In this review, we explore the synthesis of ginseng nanoparticles using plant extracts from various organs, microbes, and polymers, as well as their biomedical applications. Furthermore, we highlight transporters involved in transport of ginsenoside nanoparticles to the target sites. Size, zeta potential, temperature, and pH are also discussed as the critical parameters affecting the quality of ginseng nanoparticles synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Renukadevi Balusamy
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Haribalan Perumalsamy
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Amdadul Huq
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Yoon
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Shadi Rahimi
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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6
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Zhang Y, Hao R, Chen J, Li S, Huang K, Cao H, Farag MA, Battino M, Daglia M, Capanoglu E, Zhang F, Sun Q, Xiao J, Sun Z, Guan X. Health benefits of saponins and its mechanisms: perspectives from absorption, metabolism, and interaction with gut. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37216483 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2212063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Saponins, consisting of sapogenins as their aglycones and carbohydrate chains, are widely found in plants and some marine organisms. Due to the complexity of the structure of saponins, involving different types of sapogenins and sugar moieties, investigation of their absorption and metabolism is limited, which further hinders the explanation of their bioactivities. Large molecular weight and complex structures limit the direct absorption of saponins rendering their low bioavailability. As such, their major modes of action may be due to interaction with the gastrointestinal environment, such as enzymes and nutrients, and interaction with the gut microbiota. Many studies have reported the interaction between saponins and gut microbiota, that is, the effects of saponins on changing the composition of gut microbiota, and gut microbiota playing an indispensable role in the biotransformation of saponins into sapogenins. However, the metabolic routes of saponins by gut microbiota and their mutual interactions are still sparse. Thus, this review summarizes the chemistry, absorption, and metabolic pathways of saponins, as well as their interactions with gut microbiota and impacts on gut health, to better understand how saponins exert their health-promoting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruojie Hao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Junda Chen
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Sen Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, Santander, Spain
| | - Maria Daglia
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-Products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
| | - Qiqi Sun
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
| | - Zhenliang Sun
- Joint Center for Translational Medicine, Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Guan
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- National Grain Industry (Urban Grain and Oil Security) Technology Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
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7
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Kim WH, Kim JE, Kim S, Na Y, Hong YD, Choi J, Park WS, Shim SM. Bioconversion of BIOGF1K, a compound-K-rich fraction from ginseng root and its effect on epidermal barrier function. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14803. [PMID: 37025761 PMCID: PMC10070716 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BIOGF1K, the ginseng root-based and hydrolyzed ginsenoside-rich fraction, is known to improve skin damage, but there are rare studies on the kinetic of ginsenosides in the epidermis and their effects on epidermal barrier function. The current study investigated the effect of BIOGF1K on epidermal barrier function and its kinetics on epidermal transport. HPLC and LC/MS were used to verify the ginsenosides and the metabolites of BIOGF1K. Human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) and epidermis-dermis artificial skin were treated with BIOGF1K and their metabolites were analyzed by HPLC and LC/MS. The epidermal barrier function was evaluated by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). In BIOGF1K, ginsenoside Rg1, Rd, F1, F2, compound Mc, compound Y (CY), and compound K (CK) were detected and CK and CY were the most and second abundant ginsenosides. TEER of HaCaT with 100 and 200 μg/mL BIOGF1K treatment was significantly higher than the control during 600 min of incubation. CK was permeated to the epidermis in a time-dependent manner and its maximum transported rate was observed at 600 min. In the case of artificial skin, CY and CK were permeated to the epidermis-dermis skin as time-dependent. Also, 24 h after treatment of CY, CK was detected as 19.59% of CY. It was proposed that CY was hydrolyzed into CK while permeating the epidermis. Results from the current study suggest that bioconversion of BIOGF1K rich in CK effectively enhances epidermal barrier function and it could be a useful cosmeceutical to exhibit its functionality to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Hyun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, South Korea
| | - Sehyun Kim
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17074, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yongjoo Na
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17074, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yong-Deok Hong
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17074, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Joonho Choi
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17074, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Won-Seok Park
- AMOREPACIFIC Research and Innovation Center, 1920, Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17074, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- Corresponding author.
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Seoul 05006, South Korea
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Biochemical Targets and Molecular Mechanism of Ginsenoside Compound K in Treating Osteoporosis Based on Network Pharmacology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213921. [PMID: 36430397 PMCID: PMC9692918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the potential of ginsenosides in treating osteoporosis, ginsenoside compound K (GCK) was selected to explore the potential targets and mechanism based on network pharmacology (NP). Based on text mining from public databases, 206 and 6590 targets were obtained for GCK and osteoporosis, respectively, in which 138 targets were identified as co-targets of GCK and osteoporosis using intersection analysis. Five central gene clusters and key genes (STAT3, PIK3R1, VEGFA, JAK2 and MAP2K1) were identified based on Molecular Complex Detection (MCODE) analysis through constructing a protein-protein interaction network using the STRING database. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis implied that phosphatidylinositol-related biological process, molecular modification and function may play an important role for GCK in the treatment of osteoporosis. Function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis suggested that the c-Fms-mediated osteoclast differentiation pathway was one of the most important mechanisms for GCK in treating osteoporosis. Meanwhile, except for being identified as key targets based on cytoHubba analysis using Cytoscape software, MAPK and PI3K-related proteins were enriched in the downstream of the c-Fms-mediated osteoclast differentiation pathway. Molecular docking further confirmed that GCK could interact with the cavity on the surface of a c-Fms protein with the lowest binding energy (-8.27 Kcal/moL), and their complex was stabilized by hydrogen bonds (Thr578 (1.97 Å), Leu588 (2.02 Å, 2.18 Å), Ala590 (2.16 Å, 2.84 Å) and Cys 666 (1.93 Å)), van der Waals and alkyl hydrophobic interactions. Summarily, GCK could interfere with the occurrence and progress of osteoporosis through the c-Fms-mediated MAPK and PI3K signaling axis regulating osteoclast differentiation.
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9
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Ikeuchi S, Minamida M, Nakamura T, Konishi M, Kamioka H. Exploratory Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Panax Genus Plant Ingestion Evaluation in Exercise Endurance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061185. [PMID: 35334841 PMCID: PMC8950061 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies that use food containing Panax genus plants (PGPs) have been conducted but most of them have not mentioned the effective compounds ginsenosides and their composition. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of time to exhaustion as an index of exercise endurance with ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides to reveal their effects. Methods: We performed a systematic review with a comprehensive and structured literature search using seven literature databases, four clinical trial databases, and three general web search engines during 15–22 March 2021. A random-effects model was applied to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as the difference between the mean in the treatment and placebo groups. We evaluated the risk of bias of individual studies along with the risk of bias tool in the Cochrane handbook. This study was funded by Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. (Hiroshima, Japan). The protocol for this study was registered with the UMIN-CTR (No. UMIN000043341). Results: Five studies met the inclusion criteria. The number of total participants was 90, with 59 in the ingestion-PGPs group and 64 in the control group, because three studies were crossover-design trials. We found that ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides significantly improved exercise endurance (SMD [95% CI]: 0.58 [0.22–0.95], I2 = 0%). It was suggested that ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) and PGPs extract containing Rg1 were significantly effective in improving exercise endurance (SMD [95% CI]: 0.70 [0.14–1.27], I2 = 30%) by additional analysis. Conclusions: This systematic review suggests that the ingestion of PGPs or ginsenosides, especially Rg1, is effective in improving exercise endurance in healthy adults. However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required because imprecision and publication bias cannot be ignored in this systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Ikeuchi
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-847-52-6262
| | - Mika Minamida
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Touma Nakamura
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Masatoshi Konishi
- Research & Development Division, Maruzen Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1089-8 Sagata, Shinnichi-cho, Hiroshima 729-3102, Japan; (M.M.); (T.N.); (M.K.)
| | - Hiroharu Kamioka
- Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;
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10
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Jin D, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Duan L, Zhou R, Duan Y, Sun Y, Lian F, Tong X. Panax Ginseng C.A.Mey. as Medicine: The Potential Use of Panax Ginseng C.A.Mey. as a Remedy for Kidney Protection from a Pharmacological Perspective. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:734151. [PMID: 34512359 PMCID: PMC8426624 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.734151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. has been widely consumed as food/diet supplements from natural sources, and its therapeutic properties have also aroused widespread concern. Therapeutic properties of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. such as anti-inflammatory, ameliorating chronic inflammation, enhancing the immunity, resisting the oxidation again, and regulating the glucose and lipid metabolism have been widely reported. Recent years, lots of interesting studies have reported the potential use of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. in the management of DKD. DKD has become the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide, which increases the risk of premature death and poses a serious financial burden. Although DKD is somehow controllable with different drugs such as Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI), Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB) and lowering-glucose agents, modern dietary changes associated with DKD have facilitated research to assess the preventive and therapeutic merits of diet supplements from natural sources as medicine including Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. Findings from many scientific evidences have suggested that Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. can relieve the pathological status in cellular and animal models of DKD. Moreover, a few studies showed that alleviation of clinical phenotype such as reducing albuminuria, serum creatinine and renal anemia in DKD patients after application or consumption of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the effectiveness of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. as medicine for targeting pathological phenotypes in DKD from a pharmacological perspective. This review will provide new insights into the potential understanding use of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. in the management of DKD in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyun Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyin Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengmei Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhi D, Yang W, Yue J, Xu S, Ma W, Zhao C, Wang X, Wang D. HSF-1 mediated combined ginsenosides ameliorating Alzheimer's disease like symptoms in Caernorhabditis elegans. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2136-2148. [PMID: 34263695 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1949791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There are few effective medications to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been suggested that several ginsenosides possess mild or moderate anti-AD activity. In our present work, a preferred combined ginsenosides was shown to have a more significant benefit effect on AD-like symptoms of worm paralysis and hypersensitivity to exogenous 5-HT in C. elegans. The combined ginsenosides can suppress Aβ deposits and Aβ oligomers, alleviating the toxicity induced by Aβ overexpression more effectively than used alone. Its anti-AD effect was partially abolished by hsf-1 RNAi knocked down or hsf-1 inactivation by point mutation, but not by daf-16 or skn-1 RNAi knocked down. Furthermore, it markedly activated hsp-16.2 gene expression downstream of HSF-1. Our results demonstrated that HSF-1 signaling pathway exerts an important role in mediating the therapeutic effect of combined ginsenosides on AD worms. These results provided powerful evidences and theoretical foundation for reshaping medicinal products of ginsenosides and ginseng on prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejuan Zhi
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yue
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengmu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
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Ethanol extracts from Cinnamomum camphora seed kernel: Potential bioactivities as affected by alkaline hydrolysis and simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Li WN, Fan DD. Biocatalytic strategies for the production of ginsenosides using glycosidase: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3807-3823. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Shaikh AS, Thomas AB, Chitlange SS. Herb–drug interaction studies of herbs used in treatment of cardiovascular disorders—A narrative review of preclinical and clinical studies. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1008-1026. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaftab S. Shaikh
- Pharmaceutical Quality AssuranceDr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Pimpri, Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Asha B. Thomas
- Pharmaceutical Quality AssuranceDr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Pimpri, Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Sohan S. Chitlange
- Pharmaceutical Quality AssuranceDr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research Pimpri, Pune Maharashtra India
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Kim KT, Kim MH, Park JH, Lee JY, Cho HJ, Yoon IS, Kim DD. Microemulsion-based hydrogels for enhancing epidermal/dermal deposition of topically administered 20( S)-protopanaxadiol: in vitro and in vivo evaluation studies. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:512-523. [PMID: 30337812 PMCID: PMC6190503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (20S-PPD) is a fully deglycosylated ginsenoside metabolite and has potent dermal antiaging activity. However, because of its low aqueous solubility and large molecular size, a suitable formulation strategy is required to improve its solubility and skin permeability, thereby enhancing its skin deposition. Thus, we optimized microemulsion (ME)-based hydrogel (MEH) formulations for the topical delivery of 20S-PPD. METHODS MEs and MEHs were formulated and evaluated for their particle size distribution, morphology, drug loading capacity, and stability. Then, the deposition profiles of the selected 20S-PPD-loaded MEH formulation were studied using a hairless mouse skin model and Strat-M membrane as an artificial skin model. RESULTS A Carbopol-based MEH system of 20S-PPD was successfully prepared with a mean droplet size of 110 nm and narrow size distribution. The formulation was stable for 56 d, and its viscosity was high enough for its topical application. It significantly enhanced the in vitro and in vivo skin deposition of 20S-PPD with no influence on its systemic absorption in hairless mice. Notably, it was found that the Strat-M membrane provided skin deposition data well correlated to those obtained from the in vitro and in vivo mouse skin studies on 20S-PPD (correlation coefficient r 2 = 0.929‒0.947). CONCLUSION The MEH formulation developed in this study could serve as an effective topical delivery system for poorly soluble ginsenosides and their deglycosylated metabolites, including 20S-PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Taek Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hwan Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hwan Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soo Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Duk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Wu W, Jiao C, Li H, Ma Y, Jiao L, Liu S. LC-MS based metabolic and metabonomic studies of Panax ginseng. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:331-340. [PMID: 29460310 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Panax ginseng has received much attention as a valuable health supplement with medicinal potential. Its chemical diversity and multiple pharmacological properties call for comprehensive methods to better understand the effects of ginseng and ginsenosides. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabonomic approaches just fit the purpose. OBJECTIVE Aims to give a review of recent progress on LC-MS based pharmacokinetic, metabolic, and phytochemical metabolomic studies of ginseng, and metabonomic studies of ginseng intervention effects. METHODS The review has four sections: the first section discusses metabolic studies of ginsenosides based on LC-MS, the second focuses on ginsenoside-drug interactions and pharmacokinetic interaction between herb compounds based on LC-MS, the third is phytochemical metabolomic studies of ginseng based on LC-MS, and the fourth deals with metabonomic studies of ginseng intervention effects based on LC-MS. RESULTS LC-MS based metabonomic research on ginseng include analysis of single ginsenoside and total ginsenosides. The theory of multi-components and multi-targeted mechanisms helps to explain ginseng effects. CONCLUSION LC-MS based metabonomics is a promising way to comprehensively assess ginseng. It is valuable for quality control and mechanism studies of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chuanxi Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Yue Ma
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, P. R. China
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The gastrointestinal behavior of saponins and its significance for their bioavailability and bioactivities. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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Jaramillo S, Muriana FJ, Guillen R, Jimenez-Araujo A, Rodriguez-Arcos R, Lopez S. Saponins from edible spears of wild asparagus inhibit AKT, p70S6K, and ERK signalling, and induce apoptosis through G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Choi RJ, Roy A, Jung HJ, Ali MY, Min BS, Park CH, Yokozawa T, Fan TP, Choi JS, Jung HA. BACE1 molecular docking and anti-Alzheimer's disease activities of ginsenosides. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:219-230. [PMID: 27275774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenosides are natural product steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins obtained from the Panax species. Panax ginseng has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for around a thousand years, especially in East Asian countries. Ginseng, the root and rhizome of the most popular species P. ginseng, used as tonic, prophylactic agent and restorative. In TCM, ginseng is highly valued herb and has been applied to a variety of pathological conditions and illnesses such as hypodynamia, anorexia, shortness of breath, palpitation, insomnia, impotence, hemorrhage and diabetes. AIM OF THE STUDY The basic aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer's disease activities of selected ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, Rg1, and Rg3) according to peroxynitrite (ONOO(‒)) scavenging activity and inhibitory activity of ONOO(-)-mediated nitrotyrosine formation as a measure of changes in oxidative stress. In addition, molecular docking simulation studies were performed to predict binding energies of the ginsenosides with β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1, β-secretase) and identify the interacting residues. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro cholinesterase enzyme assays by using acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and BACE1 were performed. In vitro authentic peroxynitrite scavenging activity and inhibitory activity against ONOO(-)-mediated nitrotyrosine formation were also performed. Molecular docking simulation studies were performed with Autodock Vina software and Discovery studio 4.1. RESULTS In vitro enzyme assays demonstrated that ginsenosides have significant inhibitory potential against AChE, BChE, and BACE1, as well as ONOO(-) and nitrotyrosine formation. Most importantly, significant AChE inhibitory activities were observed for Re; BChE for Rg3; and BACE1 for Rc, with IC50 values of 29.86±3.20, 16.80±0.36, and 59.81±2.74μg/mL, respectively. Among the tested ginsenosides, Rb1 exhibited a higher scavenging activity against ONOO(-) with an IC50 value of 27.86±1.34μg/mL, while Rc and Rg3 exhibited impressive inhibitory activity against the formation of nitrotyrosine. In addition, molecular docking studies revealed potential BACE1 inhibitory activity of ginsenosides, especially Rb1 and Rb2, which exhibited good binding affinities towards BACE1, with docking scores of -10kcal/mol. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study suggest the potential of ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, Rg1, and Rg3) for use in the development of therapeutic or preventive agents for Alzheimer's disease, especially through inhibition of AChE, BChE and BACE1 activities, as well as scavenging of ONOO(-) and inhibition of nitrotyrosine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Joo Choi
- Angiogenesis & Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anupom Roy
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Yousof Ali
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Sun Min
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongbuk 712-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Takako Yokozawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Angiogenesis & Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jae Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao D. Challenges associated with elucidating the mechanisms of the hypocholesterolaemic activity of saponins. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Ganesan P, Ko HM, Kim IS, Choi DK. Recent trends of nano bioactive compounds from ginseng for its possible preventive role in chronic disease models. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20559j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive nano ginseng has roles in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Ganesan
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science
- College of Biomedical and Health Science
- Konkuk University
- Chungju 380-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Myung Ko
- Department of Biotechnology
- College of Biomedical and Health Science
- Konkuk University
- Chungju 380-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology
- College of Biomedical and Health Science
- Konkuk University
- Chungju 380-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Applied Life Science
- College of Biomedical and Health Science
- Konkuk University
- Chungju 380-701
- Republic of Korea
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