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Zeng W, Yang J, He Y, Zhu Z. Bioactive compounds in cruciferous sprouts and microgreens and the effects of sulfur nutrition. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7323-7332. [PMID: 37254614 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cruciferous sprouts and microgreens are a good source of bioactive compounds for human health as they are rich in glucosinolates, polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins. Glucosinolates - sulfur-containing bioactive phytochemicals - have anti-cancer effects. They mainly exist in cruciferous vegetables. Sulfur is one of the essential elements for plants and is an indispensable component of glucosinolates. This paper summarizes the nutritional value of cruciferous spouts and microgreens, along with the effects of sulfur nutrition on bioactive phytochemical compounds of cruciferous sprouts and microgreens, especially glucosinolates, with the aim of providing information about the dietary effects of cruciferous sprouts and microgreens. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zeng
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong He
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Alloggia FP, Bafumo RF, Ramirez DA, Maza MA, Camargo AB. Brassicaceae microgreens: A novel and promissory source of sustainable bioactive compounds. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100480. [PMID: 36969565 PMCID: PMC10030908 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgreens are novel foods with high concentrations of bioactive compounds and can be grown easily and sustainably. Among all the microgreens genera produced, Brassicaceae stand out because of the wide evidence about their beneficial effects on human health attributed to phenolic compounds, vitamins, and particularly glucosinolates and their breakdown products, isothiocyanates and indoles. The phytochemical profile of each species is affected by the growing conditions in a different manner. The agronomic practices that involve these factors can be used as tools to modulate and enhance the concentration of certain compounds of interest. In this sense, the present review summarizes the impact of substrates, artificial lighting, and fertilization on bioactive compound profiles among species. Since Brassicaceae microgreens, rich in bioactive compounds, can be considered functional foods, we also included a discussion about the health benefits associated with microgreens' consumption reported in the literature, as well as their bioaccessibility and human absorption. Therefore, the present review aimed to analyze and systematize cultivation conditions of microgreens, in terms of their effects on phytochemical profiles, to provide possible strategies to enhance the functionality and health benefits of Brassicaceae microgreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia P. Alloggia
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Roberto F. Bafumo
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Daniela A. Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina Institución, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marcos A. Maza
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Cátedra de Enología I, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina Institución, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alejandra B. Camargo
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina Institución, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Corresponding author. Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
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Gupta A, Sharma T, Singh SP, Bhardwaj A, Srivastava D, Kumar R. Prospects of microgreens as budding living functional food: Breeding and biofortification through OMICS and other approaches for nutritional security. Front Genet 2023; 14:1053810. [PMID: 36760994 PMCID: PMC9905132 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1053810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient deficiency has resulted in impaired growth and development of the population globally. Microgreens are considered immature greens (required light for photosynthesis and growing medium) and developed from the seeds of vegetables, legumes, herbs, and cereals. These are considered "living superfood/functional food" due to the presence of chlorophyll, beta carotene, lutein, and minerals like magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), and Calcium (Ca). Microgreens are rich at the nutritional level and contain several phytoactive compounds (carotenoids, phenols, glucosinolates, polysterols) that are helpful for human health on Earth and in space due to their anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Microgreens can be used as plant-based nutritive vegetarian foods that will be fruitful as a nourishing constituent in the food industryfor garnish purposes, complement flavor, texture, and color to salads, soups, flat-breads, pizzas, and sandwiches (substitute to lettuce in tacos, sandwich, burger). Good handling practices may enhance microgreens'stability, storage, and shelf-life under appropriate conditions, including light, temperature, nutrients, humidity, and substrate. Moreover, the substrate may be a nutritive liquid solution (hydroponic system) or solid medium (coco peat, coconut fiber, coir dust and husks, sand, vermicompost, sugarcane filter cake, etc.) based on a variety of microgreens. However integrated multiomics approaches alongwith nutriomics and foodomics may be explored and utilized to identify and breed most potential microgreen genotypes, biofortify including increasing the nutritional content (macro-elements:K, Ca and Mg; oligo-elements: Fe and Zn and antioxidant activity) and microgreens related other traits viz., fast growth, good nutritional values, high germination percentage, and appropriate shelf-life through the implementation of integrated approaches includes genomics, transcriptomics, sequencing-based approaches, molecular breeding, machine learning, nanoparticles, and seed priming strategiesetc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Gupta
- Sharda School of Agricultural Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India,*Correspondence: Astha Gupta, ; Rajendra Kumar,
| | - Tripti Sharma
- Sharda School of Agricultural Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Surendra Pratap Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (PG) College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University,, Kanpur, India
| | - Archana Bhardwaj
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Deepti Srivastava
- Department of Agriculture, Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Kumar
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Astha Gupta, ; Rajendra Kumar,
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Hamdan DI, Tawfeek N, El-Shiekh RA, Khalil HMA, Mahmoud MY, Bakr AF, Zaafar D, Farrag N, Wink M, El-Shazly AM. Salix subserrata Bark Extract-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Attenuate Neurotoxicity Induced by Sodium Arsenate in Rats in Relation with HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Profile. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 24:15. [PMID: 36522541 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollution is a worldwide environmental risk. Arsenic (As) is an environmental pollutant with a major health concern due to its toxic effects on multiple body organs, including the brain. Humans are exposed to As through eating contaminated food and water or via skin contact. Salix species (willow) are plants with medicinal efficacy. Salix subserrata Willd bark extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (SBE.CNPs) was formulated, characterized, and evaluated against As-induced neurotoxicity. The stem bark was selected for nanoparticle formulation based on HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS profiling and in vitro antioxidant assessment using free radical scavenging activity. SBE.CNPs demonstrated an average un-hydrated diameter of 193.4 ± 24.5 nm and zeta potential of + 39.6 ± 0.4 mV with an encapsulation efficiency of 83.7 ± 4.3%. Compared to As-intoxicated rats, SBE.CNP-treated rats exhibited anxiolytic activity and memory-boosting as evidenced in open field test, light-dark activity box, and Y-maze. Also, it increased the antioxidant biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase associated with reducing the malondialdehyde levels and apoptotic activity. Besides this, SBE.CNPs maintained the brain architecture and downregulated both nuclear factor-kappa B and heme oxygenase-1 expression. These results suggest that SBE.CNP administration showed promising potent neuroprotective and antioxidative efficiencies against arsenic-induced oxidative threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daila I Hamdan
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin Elkom, 32511, Egypt.
| | - Nora Tawfeek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Riham A El-Shiekh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini st., Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Heba M A Khalil
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Y Mahmoud
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alaa F Bakr
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Dalia Zaafar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Information and Technology, El Mokattam, Egypt
| | - Nawaal Farrag
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Assem Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, 44813 El Saleheya El Gadida, El Saleheya, Egypt
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Zeng W, Yang J, Yan G, Zhu Z. CaSO 4 Increases Yield and Alters the Nutritional Contents in Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. Var. italica) Microgreens under NaCl Stress. Foods 2022; 11:3485. [PMID: 36360098 PMCID: PMC9656751 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. italica) microgreens are rich in various nutrients, especially sulforaphane. NaCl application is an effective method to reduce nitrate content, and to improve sulforaphane content; however, NaCl application is associated with a risk in productivity reduction. Ca application is a well-known approach to cope with salt stress. Thus, we hypothesized that adding CaSO4 may mitigate the adverse effects of NaCl stress, and enhance the quality of broccoli microgreens. In this study, we conducted an experiment to investigate the effects of a combined treatment of NaCl and CaSO4 on the fresh yield, glucosinolates (GS), sulforaphane, nitrate, and mineral element contents of broccoli microgreens. The results showed that the incorporation of CaSO4 into NaCl solution unexpectedly increased the yield of the leaf area. Moreover, the addition of CaSO4 ameliorated the decline in GS under NaCl stress, and induced the accumulation of Ca and S. The nitrate content decreased more than three times, and sulforaphane content also decreased in the combined treatment of NaCl and CaSO4. This study proposes that the incorporation of CaSO4 into NaCl solution increases the yield, and alleviates the unfavorable effects induced by NaCl stress on the quality of broccoli microgreens. This study provides a novel approach for microgreens production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zeng
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Guochao Yan
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Ampim PAY, Obeng E, Olvera-Gonzalez E. Indoor Vegetable Production: An Alternative Approach to Increasing Cultivation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2843. [PMID: 36365296 PMCID: PMC9657353 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the world's population is increasing exponentially, human diets have changed to less healthy foods resulting in detrimental health complications. Increasing vegetable intake by both rural and urban dwellers can help address this issue. However, these communities often face the challenge of limited vegetable supply and accessibility. More so, open field vegetable production cannot supply all the vegetable needs because biotic and abiotic stress factors often hinder production. Alternative approaches such as vegetable production in greenhouses, indoor farms, high tunnels, and screenhouses can help fill the gap in the supply chain. These alternative production methods provide opportunities to use less resources such as land space, pesticide, and water. They also make possible the control of production factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide, as well as extension of the growing season. Some of these production systems also make the supply and distribution of nutrients to crops easier and more uniform to enhance crop growth and yield. This paper reviews these alternative vegetable production approaches which include hydroponics, aeroponics, aquaponics and soilless mixes to reveal the need for exploring them further to increase crop production. The paper also discusses facilities used, plant growth factors, current challenges including energy costs and prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Y. Ampim
- Nutrition and Human Ecology and Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Eric Obeng
- Nutrition and Human Ecology and Cooperative Agricultural Research Center, Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA
| | - Ernesto Olvera-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Iluminación Artificial, Tecnológico Nacional de México Campus Pabellón de Arteaga, Carretera a la Estación de Rincón Km1. 1, Pabellón de Arteaga, Aguascalientes 20670, Mexico
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Liu Z, Zhang M, Chen P, Harnly JM, Sun J. Mass Spectrometry-Based Nontargeted and Targeted Analytical Approaches in Fingerprinting and Metabolomics of Food and Agricultural Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11138-11153. [PMID: 35998657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques have been extensively applied in food and agricultural research. This review aims to address the advances and applications of MS-based analytical strategies in nontargeted and targeted analysis and summarizes the recent publications of MS-based techniques, including flow injection MS fingerprinting, chromatography-tandem MS metabolomics, direct analysis using ambient mass spectrometry, as well as development in MS data deconvolution software packages and databases for metabolomic studies. Various nontargeted and targeted approaches are employed in marker compounds identification, material adulteration detection, and the analysis of specific classes of secondary metabolites. In the newly emerged applications, the recent advances in computer tools for the fast deconvolution of MS data in targeted secondary metabolite analysis are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee 37132, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - James M Harnly
- United States Department of Agriculture, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Jianghao Sun
- United States Department of Agriculture, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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Broccoli microgreens treated with CaCl2 solution absorb calcium atoms and accumulate them as Ca(II) hydrated ions. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sharma S, Shree B, Sharma D, Kumar S, Kumar V, Sharma R, Saini R. Vegetable microgreens: The gleam of next generation super foods, their genetic enhancement, health benefits and processing approaches. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Advances and emerging trends in cultivation substrates for growing sprouts and microgreens towards safe and sustainable agriculture. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Liu Z, Wang H, Lv J, Luo S, Hu L, Wang J, Li L, Zhang G, Xie J, Yu J. Effects of Plant Hormones, Metal Ions, Salinity, Sugar, and Chemicals Pollution on Glucosinolate Biosynthesis in Cruciferous Plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856442. [PMID: 35574082 PMCID: PMC9096887 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetable crops are grown widely around the world, which supply a multitude of health-related micronutrients, phytochemicals, and antioxidant compounds. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are specialized metabolites found widely in cruciferous vegetables, which are not only related to flavor formation but also have anti-cancer, disease-resistance, and insect-resistance properties. The content and components of GSLs in the Cruciferae are not only related to genotypes and environmental factors but also are influenced by hormones, plant growth regulators, and mineral elements. This review discusses the effects of different exogenous substances on the GSL content and composition, and analyzes the molecular mechanism by which these substances regulate the biosynthesis of GSLs. Based on the current research status, future research directions are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeci Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shilei Luo
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linli Hu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lushan Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Ebert AW. Sprouts and Microgreens-Novel Food Sources for Healthy Diets. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040571. [PMID: 35214902 PMCID: PMC8877763 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
With the growing interest of society in healthy eating, the interest in fresh, ready-to-eat, functional food, such as microscale vegetables (sprouted seeds and microgreens), has been on the rise in recent years globally. This review briefly describes the crops commonly used for microscale vegetable production, highlights Brassica vegetables because of their health-promoting secondary metabolites (polyphenols, glucosinolates), and looks at consumer acceptance of sprouts and microgreens. Apart from the main crops used for microscale vegetable production, landraces, wild food plants, and crops' wild relatives often have high phytonutrient density and exciting flavors and tastes, thus providing the scope to widen the range of crops and species used for this purpose. Moreover, the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals often vary with plant growth and development within the same crop. Sprouted seeds and microgreens are often more nutrient-dense than ungerminated seeds or mature vegetables. This review also describes the environmental and priming factors that may impact the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals of microscale vegetables. These factors include the growth environment, growing substrates, imposed environmental stresses, seed priming and biostimulants, biofortification, and the effect of light in controlled environments. This review also touches on microgreen market trends. Due to their short growth cycle, nutrient-dense sprouts and microgreens can be produced with minimal input; without pesticides, they can even be home-grown and harvested as needed, hence having low environmental impacts and a broad acceptance among health-conscious consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W Ebert
- World Vegetable Center, 60 Yi-Min Liao, Shanhua, Tainan 74151, Taiwan
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13
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Li C, Song S, He Y, Zhang X, Liu H. CaCl 2-HCl electrolyzed water affects glucosinolate metabolism and improves the quality of broccoli sprouts. Food Res Int 2021; 150:110807. [PMID: 34863498 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of CaCl2-HCl electrolyzed water (CHEW) with different calcium chloride concentrations on broccoli sprouts. CHEW treatment reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 contents of broccoli sprouts. The results showed that 10 kinds of glucosinolates were detected, and glucoraphanin was the dominant component. After hydrolysis, three kinds of isothiocyanates and two kinds of nitriles were detected in broccoli sprouts; however, the corresponding nitrile 4-isothiocyanato-1-butene was not detectable. The sulforaphane content of broccoli sprouts in the 10CHEW (Electrolyte of 10 mM CaCl2 acidic solution) treatment increased by 34.4%, and the content of sulforaphane nitrile decreased by 53.3% compared with that of the tap water treatment. CHEW changed the metabolism of glucosinolates in broccoli sprouts by promoting the synthesis of glucoraphanin, increasing the activity of myrosinase and decreasing the activity of epithiospecifier protein (ESP) for the generation of more bioactive isothiocyanates. In addition, compared to the tap water treatment, the calcium content in broccoli sprouts treated with 25CHEW (Electrolyte of 25 mM CaCl2 acidic solution) was dramatically enhanced from 15.8 to 49.7 mg/g DW. CHEW can be a useful tool for enhancing the amount of secondary metabolites and calcium content in broccoli sprouts intended for fresh consumption as a functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuhui Song
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yanan He
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xindan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haijie Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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14
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Overview of Multiple Applications of Basil Species and Cultivars and the Effects of Production Environmental Parameters on Yields and Secondary Metabolites in Hydroponic Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132011332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), including other species and cultivars, is an excellent source of nutritional compounds, the accumulation of which can be stimulated by exogenous factors (environmental and nutritional conditions). Although best practices are relatively established for mature basil plants, microgreens production requires further research to optimize quality and quantity. The study objectives are (i) to provide an overview of the many uses of basil, (ii) collate and present common hydroponic systems available in the market, (iii) review effects of key production environment parameters on basil yields in hydroponic systems, and (iv) summarize the effects of the growth environments on yield quantity and quality of basil microgreens. The paper analyzes in detail key production parameters of basil microgreens in hydroponic systems, such as temperature, humidity, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient solutions, and the influence of light (quantity, quality, and photoperiods). The collated literature review has shown that basil, grown hydroponically, can tolerate high variations of environmental parameters: pH 5.1–8.5, temperature 15–24 °C, relative humidity 60–70%, electrical conductivity up to 1.2 mS cm−1, depending on the developmental stage, dissolved oxygen at 4 mg L−1 (optimally 6.5 mg L−1), and light intensity between 200 and 400 μmol m−2 s−1. The study has synthesized an overview of different production parameters to provide guidance on the optimization of environmental conditions to ensure the quantity and quality production of basil microgreens. Improving the quality of basil microgreens can ideally spur continued gastronomic interest in microgreens in general, which will encourage more entrepreneurs to grow basil and other microgreens. Hence, the study findings are a great resource to learn about the effects of different environments on basil microgreen production. This information can inform research for successful production of different species and cultivars of basil microgreens, and establishing testing protocols to improve the quantity and quality of the harvest.
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15
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Wu X, Pehrsson PR. Current Knowledge and Challenges on the Development of a Dietary Glucosinolate Database in the United States. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab102. [PMID: 34458665 PMCID: PMC8386921 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are a group of cancer chemopreventive sulfur-containing compounds found primarily in Brassica vegetables. The goals of this study were to summarize the current knowledge and discuss the challenges of developing a dietary GSL database for US foods. A systematic literature search was conducted for the period 1980-2020. Thirty articles were found to meet all inclusion and exclusion criteria; 27 GSLs were reported in 16 different vegetables. GSLs identified and quantified ranged from 3 for winter cress to 16 for cabbage. In general, the experimental designs of these 30 studies did not fully consider the factors related to the data quality. Enormous variations of GSLs are observed between different vegetables and in the same vegetables. In conclusion, the studies on GSLs in commonly consumed vegetables are still limited, and some data may be outdated. Currently available data are not sufficient to develop a valid GSL database in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Wu
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Pamela R Pehrsson
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, USDA ARS Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
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16
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Teng J, Liao P, Wang M. The role of emerging micro-scale vegetables in human diet and health benefits-an updated review based on microgreens. Food Funct 2021; 12:1914-1932. [PMID: 33595583 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo03299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing public concern about health has prompted humans to find new sources of food. Microgreens are young and immature plants that have been recently introduced as a new category of vegetables, adapting their production at the micro-scale. In this paper, the chemical compositions including micro-nutrients and some typical phytochemicals of microgreens are summarized. Their edible safety and potential health benefits are also reviewed. Microgreens play an increasingly vital role in health-promoting diets. They are considered good sources of nutritional and bioactive compounds, and show potential in the prevention of malnutrition and chronic diseases. Some strategies in the pre- or post-harvest stages of microgreens can be further applied to obtain better nutritional, functional, and sensorial quality with freshness and extended shelf life. This review provides valuable nutrient data and health information for microgreens, laying a theoretical foundation for people to consume microgreens more wisely, and providing great value for the development of functional products with microgreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Teng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P.R. China
| | - Pan Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mingfu Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, P.R. China and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China.
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17
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Shoot Production and Mineral Nutrients of Five Microgreens as Affected by Hydroponic Substrate Type and Post-Emergent Fertilization. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7060129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a new specialty crop with high market value, microgreens are vegetable or herb seedlings consumed at a young age, 7–21 days after germination. They are known as functional food with high concentrations of mineral nutrients and health beneficial phytochemicals. Microgreen industry lacks standardized recommendations on cultural practices including species/variety selection, substrate choice, and fertilization management. This study evaluated shoot growth and mineral nutrient concentrations in five microgreens including four Brassica and one Raphanus microgreens as affected by four hydroponic pad types and post-emergent fertilization in two experiments in January and February 2020. The five microgreens varied in their shoot height, fresh, dry shoot weights, and mineral nutrient concentrations with radish producing the highest fresh and dry shoot weights. Radish had the highest nitrogen (N) concentration and mustard had the highest phosphorus (P) concentrations when grown with three hydroponic pads except for hemp mat. Hydroponic pad type altered fresh, dry shoot weights, and mineral nutrients in tested microgreens. Microgreens in hemp mat showed the highest shoot height, fresh, dry shoot weights, and potassium (K) concentration, but the lowest N concentration in one or two experiments. One time post-emergent fertilization generally increased shoot height, fresh, dry shoot weights, and macronutrient concentrations in microgreens.
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18
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Lu Y, Dong W, Yang T, Luo Y, Chen P. Preharvest UVB Application Increases Glucosinolate Contents and Enhances Postharvest Quality of Broccoli Microgreens. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113247. [PMID: 34071404 PMCID: PMC8197856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Broccoli microgreens have shown potential health benefits due to their high glucosinolate (GL) levels. Previously, we observed that postharvest UVB treatment did not have much effect on increasing GLs in broccoli microgreens. In this study, we investigated the influence of preharvest UVB irradiation on GL levels in broccoli microgreens. UHPLC-ESI/ITMS analysis showed that preharvest UVB treatments with UVB 0.09 and 0.27 Wh/m2 significantly increased the glucoraphanin (GLR), glucoerucin (GLE), and total aliphatic GL levels by 13.7 and 16.9%, respectively, in broccoli microgreens when measured on harvest day. The nutritional qualities of UVB-treated microgreens were stable during 21-day storage, with only small changes in their GL levels. Broccoli microgreens treated before harvest with UVB 0.27 Wh/m2 and 10 mM CaCl2 spray maintained their overall quality, and had the lowest tissue electrolyte leakage and off-odor values during the storage. Furthermore, preharvest UVB 0.27 Wh/m2 treatment significantly increased GL biosynthesis genes when evaluated before harvest, and reduced the expression level of myrosinase, a gene responsible for GL breakdown during postharvest storage. Overall, preharvest UVB treatment, together with calcium chloride spray, can increase and maintain health-beneficial compound levels such as GLs and prolong the postharvest quality of broccoli microgreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjian Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210095, China;
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (W.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wen Dong
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (W.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tianbao Yang
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yaguang Luo
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (W.D.); (Y.L.)
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
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19
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Ontogenetic Variation in the Mineral, Phytochemical and Yield Attributes of Brassicaceous Microgreens. Foods 2021; 10:foods10051032. [PMID: 34068729 PMCID: PMC8151805 DOI: 10.3390/foods10051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgreens constitute novel gastronomic ingredients that combine visual, kinesthetic and bioactive qualities. The definition of the optimal developmental stage for harvesting microgreens remains fluid. Their superior phytochemical content against mature leaves underpins the current hypothesis of significant changes in compositional profile during the brief interval of ontogeny from the appearance of the first (S1) to the second true leaf (S2). Microgreens of four brassicaceous genotypes (Komatsuna, Mibuna, Mizuna and Pak Choi) grown under controlled conditions and harvested at S1 and S2 were appraised for fresh and dry yield traits. They were further analyzed for macro- and micromineral content using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), carotenoid content using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD), volatile organic compounds using solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS), anthocyanins and polyphenols using liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with Orbitrap technology and for chlorophyll and ascorbate concentrations, well as antioxidant capacity by spectrophotometry. Analysis of compositional profiles revealed genotype as the principal source of variation for all constituents. The response of mineral and phytochemical composition and of antioxidant capacity to the growth stage was limited and largely genotype-dependent. It is, therefore, questionable whether delaying harvest from S1 to S2 would significantly improve the bioactive value of microgreens while the cost-benefit analysis for this decision must be genotype-specific. Finally, the lower-yielding genotypes (Mizuna and Pak Choi) registered higher relative increase in fresh yield between S1 and S2, compared to the faster-growing and higher-yielding genotypes. Although the optimal harvest stage for specific genotypes must be determined considering the increase in yield against reduction in crop turnover, harvesting at S2 seems advisable for the lower-yielding genotypes.
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20
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Fertilization and Pre-Sowing Seed Soaking Affect Yield and Mineral Nutrients of Ten Microgreen Species. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microgreens, vegetable or herb seedlings consumed at a young growth stage, are considered to be a functional food with high concentrations of mineral nutrients and healthy beneficial bioactive compounds. The production of microgreens has been increasing in recent years. Vegetable growers are interested in growing microgreens as a new specialty crop due to their high market value, popularity, and short production cycles. However, there is a lack of research-based crop-specific recommendations for cultural practices including fertilization, pre-sowing seed treatments, and their effects on nutritional facts of microgreens. Ten microgreen species were evaluated for their shoot growth and mineral nutrient concentrations as affected by one-time post-emergence fertilization and pre-sowing seed soaking in two repeated experiments, from November 2018 to January 2019, in a greenhouse. The microgreen species varied in fresh and dry shoot weights, shoot height, visual rating, as well as macro- and micro-nutrient concentrations. Fertilization with a general-purpose soluble fertilizer (20-20-20 with micronutrients) at a rate of 100 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N) increased fresh shoot weight, and macro- and micro-nutrient concentrations in one or both experiments, with the exception of decreasing concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn). Seed soaking consistently decreased fresh or dry shoot weight and nutrient concentrations when there was a significant effect.
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21
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Sun J, Charron CS, Liu Z, Novotny JA, Harrington PDB, Ross SA, Seifried HE, Chen P. Study on Human Urinary Metabolic Profiles after Consumption of Kale and Daikon Radish using a High-resolution Mass Spectrometry-Based Non-targeted and Targeted Metabolomic Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14307-14318. [PMID: 33205650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, urine samples were collected from healthy human volunteers to determine the metabolic fates of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates after a single meal of kale and daikon radish. The major glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in kale and daikon radish were measured. The urinary metabolome after feeding at different time periods was investigated. A targeted metabolite analysis method was developed based on the known metabolic pathways for glucosinolates and phenolic compounds. Using a targeted approach, a total of 18 metabolites were found in urine: 4 from phenolic compounds and 14 from glucosinolates. Among these metabolites, 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanate-cysteine, and 4-methylsulfinyl-3-butenylglucosinolate-N-acetyl cysteine were reported for the first time in human urine. The combination of non-targeted and targeted metabolomic approaches can gain a full metabolite profile for human dietary intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Sun
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Craig S Charron
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Zhihao Liu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Janet A Novotny
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Peter de B Harrington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Sharon A Ross
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Protection Prevention, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Harold E Seifried
- National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Protection Prevention, Rockville, Maryland 20852, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
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22
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Ilahy R, Tlili I, Pék Z, Montefusco A, Siddiqui MW, Homa F, Hdider C, R'Him T, Lajos H, Lenucci MS. Pre- and Post-harvest Factors Affecting Glucosinolate Content in Broccoli. Front Nutr 2020; 7:147. [PMID: 33015121 PMCID: PMC7511755 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to several presumed health-promoting biological activities, increased attention is being given to natural plant chemicals, especially those frequently entering the human diet. Glucosinolates (GLs) are the main bioactive compounds found in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck). Their regular dietary assumption has been correlated with reduced risk of various types of neoplasms (lung, colon, pancreatic, breast, bladder, and prostate cancers), some degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, and decreased incidence of cardiovascular pathologies. GL's synthesis pathway and regulation mechanism have been elucidated mainly in Arabidopsis. However, nearly 56 putative genes have been identified as involved in the B. oleracea GL pathway. It is widely recognized that there are several pre-harvest (genotype, growing environment, cultural practices, ripening stage, etc.) and post-harvest (harvesting, post-harvest treatments, packaging, storage, etc.) factors that affect GL synthesis, profiles, and levels in broccoli. Understanding how these factors act and interact in driving GL accumulation in the edible parts is essential for developing new broccoli cultivars with improved health-promoting bioactivity. In this regard, any systematic and comprehensive review outlining the effects of pre- and post-harvest factors on the accumulation of GLs in broccoli is not yet available. Thus, the goal of this paper is to fill this gap by giving a synoptic overview of the most relevant and recent literature. The existence of substantial cultivar-to-cultivar variation in GL content in response to pre-harvest factors and post-harvest manipulations has been highlighted and discussed. The paper also stresses the need for adapting particular pre- and post-harvest procedures for each particular genotype in order to maintain nutritious, fresh-like quality throughout the broccoli value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riadh Ilahy
- Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Tlili
- Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Zoltán Pék
- Laboratory of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Horticultural Institute, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Montefusco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Lecce, Italy
| | - Mohammed Wasim Siddiqui
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur, India
| | - Fozia Homa
- Department of Statistics, Mathematics, and Computer Application, Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur, India
| | - Chafik Hdider
- Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thouraya R'Him
- Laboratory of Horticulture, National Agricultural Research Institute of Tunisia (INRAT), University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Helyes Lajos
- Laboratory of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Horticultural Institute, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcello Salvatore Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del Salento (DiSTeBA), Lecce, Italy
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23
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Zhuang L, Xu K, Zhu Y, Wang F, Xiao J, Guo L. Calcium affects glucoraphanin metabolism in broccoli sprouts under ZnSO 4 stress. Food Chem 2020; 334:127520. [PMID: 32693332 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CaCl2, Ca2+ chelator (EGTA) and Ca2+ channel blocker (verapamil) were used to investigate mechanism of glucoraphanin metabolism in broccoli sprouts under ZnSO4 stress. CaCl2 treatment promoted sprout growth, reduced MDA (malonaldehyde) content and electrolyte leakage in sprouts under ZnSO4 stress. The highest MDA content and electrolyte leakage were obtained in ZnSO4 plus verapamil-treated sprouts. In addition, ZnSO4 plus CaCl2 treatment significantly enhanced glucoraphanin content and sulforaphane formation, while an opposite result was observed after ZnSO4 plus EGTA treatment; which were further supported by expression of glucoraphanin biosynthetic and hydrolytic genes as well as myrosinase (MYR) and epithiospecifier protein (ESP) activities. These results indicated that exogenous and endogenous calcium promoted glucoraphanin biosynthesis and the conversion rate of glucoraphanin into sulforaphane. Verapamil treatment also stimulated glucoraphanin biosynthesis, but exerted an adverse influence on sulforaphane formation from the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin because of much higher ESP expression and ESP activity than ZnSO4 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhuang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinglian Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengwu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxia Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liping Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Baskurt M, Yagmurcukardes M, Peeters FM, Sahin H. Stable single-layers of calcium halides (CaX 2, X = F, Cl, Br, I). J Chem Phys 2020; 152:164116. [PMID: 32357789 DOI: 10.1063/5.0006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By means of density functional theory based first-principles calculations, the structural, vibrational, and electronic properties of 1H- and 1T-phases of single-layer CaX2 (X = F, Cl, Br, or I) structures are investigated. Our results reveal that both the 1H- and 1T-phases are dynamically stable in terms of their phonon band dispersions with the latter being the energetically favorable phase for all single-layers. In both phases of single-layer CaX2 structures, significant phonon softening occurs as the atomic radius increases. In addition, each structural phase exhibits distinctive Raman active modes that enable one to characterize either the phase or the structure via Raman spectroscopy. The electronic band dispersions of single-layer CaX2 structures reveal that all structures are indirect bandgap insulators with a decrease in bandgaps from fluorite to iodide crystals. Furthermore, the calculated linear elastic constants, in-plane stiffness, and Poisson ratio indicate the ultra-soft nature of CaX2 single-layers, which is quite important for their nanoelastic applications. Overall, our study reveals that with their dynamically stable 1T- and 1H-phases, single-layers of CaX2 crystals can be alternative ultra-thin insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baskurt
- Department of Photonics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - M Yagmurcukardes
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - F M Peeters
- Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - H Sahin
- Department of Photonics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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25
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Lu Y, Pang X, Yang T. Microwave cooking increases sulforaphane level in broccoli. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:2052-2058. [PMID: 32328271 PMCID: PMC7174218 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFR), an anticarcinogenic compound, forms from the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin (GLR) in broccoli. Cooking methods have been shown to affect broccoli GLR and SFR levels, but little is known about the effect of lightly cooking processes on them. In this study, the effects of microwave and low-temperature cooking on GLR and SFR contents in broccoli were investigated. Both microwaving and mild heating increased the GLR and SFR levels in broccoli compared to the raw samples (without any treatment). In particular, SFR level was significantly low under 40°C and dramatically increased from 40 to 60°C, but nothing was detected at 70°C. Compared with conventional heating, microwave heating increased the GLR and SFR yield by about 80% at 50 and 60°C. Microwave power level also influenced the SFR contents. At the same temperatures (50 and 60°C), high-power microwave (950 W) with a short time produced over 40% more SFR than low-power microwave treatment (475 W). Hence, mild heating by microwave could increase the GLR and SFR levels in broccoli, and high-power microwave heating with temperature control at 60°C could retain higher bioavailability of these bioactive compounds in broccoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjian Lu
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Finance and EconomicsNanjingChina
- Department of Nutrition and Food ScienceUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMDUSA
- Beltsville Agricultural Research CenterFood Quality LaboratoryU.S. Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceBeltsvilleMDUSA
| | - Xinyi Pang
- College of Food Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Finance and EconomicsNanjingChina
| | - Tianbao Yang
- Beltsville Agricultural Research CenterFood Quality LaboratoryU.S. Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceBeltsvilleMDUSA
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26
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Turner ER, Luo Y, Buchanan RL. Microgreen nutrition, food safety, and shelf life: A review. J Food Sci 2020; 85:870-882. [PMID: 32144769 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microgreens have gained increasing popularity as food ingredients in recent years because of their high nutritional value and diverse sensorial characteristics. Microgreens are edible seedlings including vegetables and herbs, which have been used, primarily in the restaurant industry, to embellish cuisine since 1996. The rapidly growing microgreen industry faces many challenges. Microgreens share many characteristics with sprouts, and while they have not been associated with any foodborne illness outbreaks, they have recently been the subject of seven recalls. Thus, the potential to carry foodborne pathogens is there, and steps can and should be taken during production to reduce the likelihood of such incidents. One major limitation to the growth of the microgreen industry is the rapid quality deterioration that occurs soon after harvest, which keeps prices high and restricts commerce to local sales. Once harvested, microgreens easily dehydrate, wilt, decay and rapidly lose certain nutrients. Research has explored preharvest and postharvest interventions, such as calcium treatments, modified atmopsphere packaging, temperature control, and light, to maintain quality, augment nutritional value, and extend shelf life. However, more work is needed to optimize both production and storage conditions to improve the safety, quality, and shelf life of microgreens, thereby expanding potential markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen R Turner
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A.,Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A.,Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A
| | - Yaguang Luo
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A.,Environmental Microbiology and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, U.S.A
| | - Robert L Buchanan
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, U.S.A.,Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, U.S.A
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27
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Jurick WM, Peng H, Beard HS, Garrett WM, Lichtner FJ, Luciano-Rosario D, Macarisin O, Liu Y, Peter KA, Gaskins VL, Yang T, Mowery J, Bauchan G, Keller NP, Cooper B. Blistering1 Modulates Penicillium expansum Virulence Via Vesicle-mediated Protein Secretion. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:344-361. [PMID: 31871254 PMCID: PMC7000123 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The blue mold fungus, Penicillium expansum, is a postharvest apple pathogen that contributes to food waste by rotting fruit and by producing harmful mycotoxins (e.g. patulin). To identify genes controlling pathogen virulence, a random T-DNA insertional library was created from wild-type P. expansum strain R19. One transformant, T625, had reduced virulence in apples, blistered mycelial hyphae, and a T-DNA insertion that abolished transcription of the single copy locus in which it was inserted. The gene, Blistering1, encodes a protein with a DnaJ domain, but otherwise has little homology outside the Aspergillaceae, a family of fungi known for producing antibiotics, mycotoxins, and cheese. Because protein secretion is critical for these processes and for host infection, mass spectrometry was used to monitor proteins secreted into liquid media during fungal growth. T625 failed to secrete a set of enzymes that degrade plant cell walls, along with ones that synthesize the three final biosynthetic steps of patulin. Consequently, the culture broth of T625 had significantly reduced capacity to degrade apple tissue and contained 30 times less patulin. Quantitative mass spectrometry of 3,282 mycelial proteins revealed that T625 had altered cellular networks controlling protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, protein export, vesicle-mediated transport, and endocytosis. T625 also had reduced proteins controlling mRNA surveillance and RNA processing. Transmission electron microscopy of hyphal cross sections confirmed that T625 formed abnormally enlarged endosomes or vacuoles. These data reveal that Blistering1 affects internal and external protein processing involving vesicle-mediated transport in a family of fungi with medical, commercial, and agricultural importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne M Jurick
- USDA-ARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland.
| | - Hui Peng
- USDA-ARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Hunter S Beard
- USDA-ARS, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Wesley M Garrett
- USDA-ARS, Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Franz J Lichtner
- USDA-ARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
| | - Dianiris Luciano-Rosario
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Bacteriology, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Otilia Macarisin
- USDA-ARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Yingjian Liu
- USDA-ARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Kari A Peter
- Penn State University, Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Fruit Research and Extension Center, Biglerville, Pennsylvania
| | - Verneta L Gaskins
- USDA-ARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Tianbao Yang
- USDA-ARS, Food Quality Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Joseph Mowery
- USDA-ARS, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Gary Bauchan
- USDA-ARS, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Nancy P Keller
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology and Bacteriology, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bret Cooper
- USDA-ARS, Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland
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28
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Sim U, Sung J, Lee H, Heo H, Jeong HS, Lee J. Effect of calcium chloride and sucrose on the composition of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities in buckwheat sprouts. Food Chem 2019; 312:126075. [PMID: 31893551 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of sucrose and CaCl2 on the growth profile, nutritional quality, and antioxidant capacity of sprouted buckwheat. Buckwheat seeds were germinated at 25 °C for 8 days and sprayed with four different solutions: distilled water, 3% sucrose, 7.5 mM CaCl2, and 3% sucrose plus 7.5 mM CaCl2. Our results showed that CaCl2 effectively improved sucrose-elicitation induced growth reduction in buckwheat sprouts. Elicitation with both sucrose and CaCl2 in buckwheat sprouts markedly enhanced the accumulation of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, γ-aminobutyric acid, vitamin C, and E, without negatively affecting sprout growth. Elicitation with both sucrose and CaCl2 not only significantly enhanced the antioxidant activities but also exerted cytoprotective effects against oxidative damage in HepG2 cells and fibroblasts. These findings suggested that simultaneous elicitation with 3% sucrose and 7.5 mM CaCl2 can potentially improve the nutritional value and potential health benefits of buckwheat sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ung Sim
- Division of Food and Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Jeehye Sung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Gyeongbuk 36729, South Korea
| | - Hana Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Huijin Heo
- Division of Food and Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Heon Sang Jeong
- Division of Food and Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Junsoo Lee
- Division of Food and Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea.
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29
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Sun J, Chen P. Quantification of Total Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates for Common Brassicaceous Vegetables Consumed in the US Market Using Cyclocondensation and Thiocyanate Ion Measurement Methods. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-019-00114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Sun J, Charron CS, Novotny JA, Peng B, Yu L, Chen P. Profiling glucosinolate metabolites in human urine and plasma after broccoli consumption using non-targeted and targeted metabolomic analyses. Food Chem 2019; 309:125660. [PMID: 31670121 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Broccoli is a popular brassica vegetable and its consumption may decrease the occurrence of cancer in certain populations. To gain insight into the metabolites that may induce physiological responses to broccoli intake, a non-targeted metabolomic approach and a targeted approach for analysis of glucosinolate metabolites were developed using high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. A human study was conducted in which 6 subjects consumed a single meal of 200 g of uncooked broccoli florets. The metabolomic analysis revealed changes in endogenous metabolites and a decrease in hippuric acid after broccoli consumption. Targeted analysis using high-resolution, accurate mass-mass spectrometry (HRAM-MS) enabled detection of low concentrations (nM) of glucosinolate metabolites in human urine and plasma. Glucosinolate metabolites were found in human urine (13) and plasma (8), respectively. Metabolites from methoxyl-indole glucosinolates, arising from broccoli consumption, are reported for the first time. Most glucosinolate metabolites reached their peak concentration in urine 2-4 h after consumption while, in plasma, peak maxima were achieved 2 h after intake. The results suggest that glucoraphanin metabolites (sulforaphane, sulforaphane cysteine, sulforaphane N-acetyl cysteine) and indole metabolites (ascorbigen and methoxyl ascorbigen from indole glucosinolates) may serve as marker compounds for the intake of broccoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Sun
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Craig S Charron
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Janet A Novotny
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Bing Peng
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Liangli Yu
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
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31
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de la Fuente B, López-García G, Máñez V, Alegría A, Barberá R, Cilla A. Evaluation of the Bioaccessibility of Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds and Minerals of Four Genotypes of Brassicaceae Microgreens. Foods 2019; 8:foods8070250. [PMID: 31324050 PMCID: PMC6679176 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgreens constitute an emerging class of fresh, healthy foods due to their nutritional composition. In this study the content of minerals and antioxidant bioactive compounds, and for the first time bioaccessibility, were evaluated in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck), green curly kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L.), red mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.) and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) hydroponic microgreens. Macro- (K, Ca, Mg) and oligo-elements (Fe, Zn), ascorbic acid, total soluble polyphenols, total carotenoids, total anthocyanins, total isothiocyanates and total antioxidant capacity (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity and Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) were determined before and after the standardized simulated gastrointestinal digestion process. All microgreens provided relevant amounts of vitamin C (31-56 mg/100 g fresh weight) and total carotenoids (162-224 mg β-carotene/100 g dry weight). Mineral content was comparable to that normally found in hydroponic microgreens and the low potassium levels observed would allow their dietetic recommendation for patients with impaired kidney function. Both total soluble polyphenols and total isothiocyanates were the greatest contributors to the total antioxidant capacity after digestion (43-70% and 31-63% bioaccessibility, respectively) while macroelements showed an important bioaccessibility (34-90%). In general, radish and mustard presented the highest bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds and minerals. Overall, the four hydroponic Brassicaceae microgreens present a wide array of antioxidant bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de la Fuente
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriel López-García
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Máñez
- CIAM (Centro de Innovación Agronómico_Grupo Alimentario Citrus), Avda. dels Gremis, Parcela 28. Pol. Ind. Sector 13, Riba-roja de Túria, 46394 Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Alegría
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Reyes Barberá
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
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32
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Choe U, Yu LL, Wang TTY. The Science behind Microgreens as an Exciting New Food for the 21st Century. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11519-11530. [PMID: 30343573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases are a major health problem in the United States. Accumulated data suggest that consumption of vegetables can significantly reduce the risk of many chronic diseases. Dietary guidelines for 2015-2020 from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommend 1-4 cups of vegetables per day for males and 1-3 cups of vegetables per day for females, depending on their age. However, the average intake of vegetables is below the recommended levels. Microgreens are young vegetable greens. Although they are small, microgreens have delicate textures, distinctive flavors, and various nutrients. In general, microgreens contain greater amounts of nutrients and health-promoting micronutrients than their mature counterparts. Because microgreens are rich in nutrients, smaller amounts may provide similar nutritional effects compared to larger quantities of mature vegetables. However, literature on microgreens remains limited. In this Review, we discuss chemical compositions, growing conditions, and biological efficacies of microgreens. We seek to stimulate interest in further study of microgreens as a promising dietary component for potential use in diet-based disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyory Choe
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 10300 Baltimore Avenue , Beltsville , Maryland 20705 , United States
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33
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Effect of preharvest CaCl2 spray and postharvest UV-B radiation on storage quality of broccoli microgreens, a richer source of glucosinolates. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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35
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Shi H, Zhao Y, Sun J, Yu L(L, Chen P. Chemical profiling of glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables-based dietary supplements using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem high resolution mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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36
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37
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Effects of CaCl2 on the metabolism of glucosinolates and the formation of isothiocyanates as well as the antioxidant capacity of broccoli sprouts. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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38
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Ghaste M, Mistrik R, Shulaev V. Applications of Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) and Orbitrap Based High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Metabolomics and Lipidomics. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060816. [PMID: 27231903 PMCID: PMC4926350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics, along with other "omics" approaches, is rapidly becoming one of the major approaches aimed at understanding the organization and dynamics of metabolic networks. Mass spectrometry is often a technique of choice for metabolomics studies due to its high sensitivity, reproducibility and wide dynamic range. High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a widely practiced technique in analytical and bioanalytical sciences. It offers exceptionally high resolution and the highest degree of structural confirmation. Many metabolomics studies have been conducted using HRMS over the past decade. In this review, we will explore the latest developments in Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) and Orbitrap based metabolomics technology, its advantages and drawbacks for using in metabolomics and lipidomics studies, and development of novel approaches for processing HRMS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Ghaste
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
| | | | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA.
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Johanningsmeier SD, Harris GK, Klevorn CM. Metabolomic Technologies for Improving the Quality of Food: Practice and Promise. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:413-38. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-022814-015721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne D. Johanningsmeier
- USDA-ARS, SEA Food Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695;
| | - G. Keith Harris
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624; ,
| | - Claire M. Klevorn
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624; ,
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40
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Soufi S, D'Urso G, Pizza C, Rezgui S, Bettaieb T, Montoro P. Steviol glycosides targeted analysis in leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) from plants cultivated under chilling stress conditions. Food Chem 2015. [PMID: 26213012 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana is an important agricultural crop for the production of a high-potency natural sweetener, sensitive to low temperature during the developmental stage. Stimulation of chilling stress with a pre-treatment with endogenous signalling components and in particular with salicylic acid (SA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) could induce tolerance to chilling and could constitute a suitable way to maintain quality and quantity of steviol glycosides under controlled artificial environment. In the present work the effects of different putative signalling molecules on the morpho-physiological parameters were evaluated, and a specific method for the quali-quantitative analysis of steviol glycosides in S. rebaudiana plants cultivated under controlled conditions was developed, by using LC-ESI-FT (Orbitrap) MS, LC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS and multivariate data analysis. This approach underlined that the pre-treatment has influence on the production of secondary metabolites. In particular Stevia plants characterised by higher contents of rebaudioside A and stevioside, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Soufi
- Département de Production Végétale, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Mahrajène, Tunisia.
| | - Gilda D'Urso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Cosimo Pizza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Salah Rezgui
- Département de Production Végétale, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Mahrajène, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Bettaieb
- Département de Production Végétale, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43, Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Mahrajène, Tunisia
| | - Paola Montoro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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