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Disca V, Jaouhari Y, Carrà F, Martoccia M, Travaglia F, Locatelli M, Bordiga M, Arlorio M. Effect of Carbohydrase Treatment on the Dietary Fibers and Bioactive Compounds of Cocoa Bean Shells (CBSs). Foods 2024; 13:2545. [PMID: 39200472 PMCID: PMC11353957 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocoa bean shells (CBSs) are a byproduct of the chocolate production process, representing the external layer of the cocoa bean. CBSs exhibit many interesting chemical and nutritional characteristics resulting in a very rich content of dietary fiber (DF) and antioxidant compounds such as phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols. The DF fraction of CBSs is notably rich in soluble dietary fibers (SDFs), which may be associated with fermentability and prebiotic properties. The objective of this study was the valorization of CBSs through enzymatic treatments, thereby increasing the solubility of DF and potentially augmenting fermentability. CBSs were treated both raw and defatted. Three sets of carbohydrases were used in order to impact the dietary fiber profile. Cellulase, xylanase, pectinase and their combinations were used to perform enzymatic treatments. The application of cellulase, xylanase and a combination of both enzymes proved effective in achieving a high SDF destructuring of the insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) fraction in both defatted and raw CBSs. Notably, the SDF/IDF ratio was significantly elevated in the enzymatically hydrolyzed samples (1.13-1.33) compared to the untreated CBSs (0.33). Furthermore, the various treatments did not affect the antioxidant activity or the content of the main bioactive compounds. These results provide a foundation for new opportunities in the biovalorization of CBSs through green techniques for a range of potential industrial applications in the food and nutraceutical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matteo Bordiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy; (V.D.); (Y.J.); (F.C.); (M.M.); (F.T.); (M.L.); (M.A.)
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Hidalgo I, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Pardo M, Garduño-Siciliano L, Hernández-Ortega M, Villarreal F, Meaney E, Najera N, Ceballos GM. Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Improvement Using Cacao By-Products in a Diet-Induced Obesity Murine Model. J Med Food 2019; 22:567-577. [PMID: 31021307 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the production of chocolate, only cocoa seeds are used, generating by-products that are generally discarded, increasing the risk of environmental contamination. Given fiber, carbohydrates, proteins, and flavonoid content the use of cacao pod husks can generate nutraceutical products for human consumption. In contrast, obesity represents a major public health problem worldwide. Cacao derivatives are able to modulate overweight and lipid disorders. The objective of present work was to prepare and characterize products using cacao by-products and analyze their effects on altered cardiometabolic risk markers in an obesity model induced by high fat diet and fructose ingestion in rats. The effects of a pellet and extracts made with outer pod husk and kernel husk for 5 weeks were analyzed in an obesity rat model. The treatments significantly decreased body weight by 39%, systolic blood pressure by 27%, triglycerides by 55%, total cholesterol by 24%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 37%, and the triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein ratio by 54%. Cacao by-products improved the metabolic function of obese animals, without causing secondary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hidalgo
- 1 Cardiometabolic Comprehensive Laboratory, Research and Postgraduate Studies Section, School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alicia Ortiz
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Sanchez-Pardo
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leticia Garduño-Siciliano
- 2 Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Hernández-Ortega
- 1 Cardiometabolic Comprehensive Laboratory, Research and Postgraduate Studies Section, School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- 3 Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- 1 Cardiometabolic Comprehensive Laboratory, Research and Postgraduate Studies Section, School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nayelli Najera
- 1 Cardiometabolic Comprehensive Laboratory, Research and Postgraduate Studies Section, School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Manuel Ceballos
- 1 Cardiometabolic Comprehensive Laboratory, Research and Postgraduate Studies Section, School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
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Papillo VA, Locatelli M, Travaglia F, Bordiga M, Garino C, Coïsson JD, Arlorio M. Cocoa hulls polyphenols stabilized by microencapsulation as functional ingredient for bakery applications. Food Res Int 2018; 115:511-518. [PMID: 30599972 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa hulls are a potential source of polyphenols to be used as "functional ingredients" in foods, but their low stability to oxidation and thermal degradation limits their practical application. The aim of this study was to microencapsulate cocoa hulls phenolic extracts through spray-drying, in order to produce new heat stable ingredients for bakery products. Polyphenols were extracted using water and ethanol under different conditions. The best performing extract (water/ethanol 50:50), containing 93.3 mg of total polyphenols per gram of dry extract, was spray-dried with and without stabilizing agents (maltodextrins and/or gum Arabic), obtaining seven different powders. These were first tested for their stability, showing a total phenolic content and an antioxidant activity stable up to 90 days. The powders were then used to evaluate their baking stability in a model biscuit; the microencapsulation using an 80:20 ratio of maltodextrins to the dry extract allowed obtaining the most stable powder, with a total polyphenol content unaffected by the baking process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A Papillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco and DFB Center - Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Monica Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco and DFB Center - Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Fabiano Travaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco and DFB Center - Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Matteo Bordiga
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco and DFB Center - Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Cristiano Garino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco and DFB Center - Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Jean Daniel Coïsson
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco and DFB Center - Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Marco Arlorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco and DFB Center - Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Panak Balentić J, Ačkar Đ, Jokić S, Jozinović A, Babić J, Miličević B, Šubarić D, Pavlović N. Cocoa Shell: A By-Product with Great Potential for Wide Application. Molecules 2018; 23:E1404. [PMID: 29890752 PMCID: PMC6099939 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solving the problem of large quantities of organic waste, which represents an enormous ecological and financial burden for all aspects of the process industry, is a necessity. Therefore, there is an emerged need to find specific solutions to utilize raw materials as efficiently as possible in the production process. The cocoa shell is a valuable by-product obtained from the chocolate industry. It is rich in protein, dietary fiber, and ash, as well as in some other valuable bioactive compounds, such as methylxanthines and phenolics. This paper gives an overview of published results related to the cocoa shell, mostly on important bioactive compounds and possible applications of the cocoa shell in different areas. The cocoa shell, due to its nutritional value and high-value bioactive compounds, could become a desirable raw material in a large spectrum of functional, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic products, as well as in the production of energy or biofuels in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Panak Balentić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kuhačeva 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Đurđica Ačkar
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kuhačeva 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Stela Jokić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kuhačeva 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Antun Jozinović
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kuhačeva 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Jurislav Babić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kuhačeva 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Borislav Miličević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kuhačeva 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Drago Šubarić
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Kuhačeva 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Nika Pavlović
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the urinary metabolic fingerprint and the effects of cocoa and cocoa fibre on body weight, hormone metabolism, intestinal immunity and microbiota composition. To this effect, Wistar rats were fed, for 3 weeks, a diet containing 10 % cocoa (C10) or two other diets with same the proportion of fibres: one based on cocoa fibre (CF) and another containing inulin as a reference (REF) diet. The rats' 24 h urine samples were analysed by an untargeted 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabonomic approach. Concentrations of faecal IgA and plasma metabolic hormones were also quantified. The C10 diet decreased the intestinal IgA, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon concentrations and increased ghrelin levels compared with those in the REF group. Clear differences were observed between the metabolic profiles from the C10 group and those from the CF group. Urine metabolites derived from cocoa correlated with the cocoa effects on body weight, immunity and the gut microbiota. Overall, cocoa intake alters the host and bacterial metabolism concerning energy and amino acid pathways, leading to a metabolic signature that can be used as a marker for consumption. This metabolic profile correlates with body weight, metabolic hormones, intestinal immunity and microbiota composition.
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Cocoa polyphenols and fiber modify colonic gene expression in rats. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:1871-1885. [PMID: 27256297 PMCID: PMC5534200 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cocoa intake has been associated with health benefits, improving cardiovascular function and metabolism, as well as modulating intestinal immune function. The aim of this study was to take an in-depth look into the mechanisms affected by the cocoa intake by evaluating the colonic gene expression after nutritional intervention, and to ascertain the role of the fiber of cocoa in these effects. Methods To achieve this, Wistar rats were fed for 3 weeks with either a reference diet, a diet containing 10 % cocoa (C10), a diet based on cocoa fiber (CF) or a diet containing inulin (I). At the end of the study, colon was excised to obtain the RNA to evaluate the differential gene expression by microarray. Results were validated by RT-PCR. Results The C10 group was the group with most changes in colonic gene expression, most of them down-regulated but a few in common with the CF diet. The C10 diet significantly up-regulated the expression of Scgb1a1 and Scnn1 g and down-regulated Tac4, Mcpt2, Fcer1a and Fabp1 by twofold, most of them related to lipid metabolism and immune function. The CF and I diets down-regulated the expression of Serpina10 and Apoa4 by twofold. Similar patterns of expression were found by PCR. Conclusion Most of the effects attributed to cocoa consumption on genes related to the immune system (B cell and mast cell functionality) and lipid metabolism in the colon tissue were due not only to its fiber content, but also to the possible contribution of polyphenols and other compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1230-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Guo W, Shu Y, Yang X. Tea Dietary Fiber Improves Serum and Hepatic Lipid Profiles in Mice Fed a High Cholesterol Diet. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 71:145-150. [PMID: 27040277 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-016-0536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tea dietary fiber (TDF) was prepared from tea residues and modified to get cellulose-modified TDF (CTDF) by cellulase or micronized TDF (MTDF) by ultrafine grinding. The in vitro lipid-binding capacities of the three fibers and their effects on serum and hepatic lipid profiles in mice fed a high cholesterol diet were evaluated. The results showed that the three fibers had excellent lipid-binding capacities, and the cholesterol- and sodium cholate-binding capacities of CTDF and MTDF were significantly higher than those of TDF. Animal studies showed that, compared to model control, the three fibers significantly decreased mice average daily gain, gain: feed, and liver index, reduced total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol of serum and liver, increased serum and hepatic high density lipoprotein-cholesterol to TC ratio, and promoted the excretion of fecal lipids, and they also significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase of serum and liver, and decreased lipid peroxidation; moreover, the effects of CTDF and MTDF were better than that of TDF. It was concluded that the three fibers could improve serum and hepatic lipid profiles in mice fed a high cholesterol diet and the mechanism of action might be due to the promotion of fecal excretion of lipids through their lipid-binding ability and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest that tea dietary fiber has the potential to be used as a functional ingredient to control cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Guo
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Shu
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Huazhong Agricultural University), Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Fernández-Vallinas S, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Long-term antihypertensive effect of a soluble cocoa fiber product in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:29418. [PMID: 27211316 PMCID: PMC4876197 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.29418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Methods This study evaluates the antihypertensive effect of long-term intake of a soluble cocoa fiber product (SCFP). Different doses of SCFP were evaluated (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/day) and a dose of 800 mg/kg/day of beta-glucan 0.75 (BETA-G) was used as a standard fiber. Water, a neutral vehicle, was used as negative control, and 50 mg/kg/day captopril was used as positive control. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly by the tail cuff method. Body weight, food, and liquid intake were also registered weekly in the rats from 10 to 24 weeks of life. Glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels; redox status; and the angiotensin-converting enzyme activity were also studied in the plasma samples of these animals. Results Throughout the 10 weeks of treatment, captopril and SCFP (400 mg/kg/day) demonstrated blood pressure lowering effects in the spontaneously hypertensive rats (p<0.05; n=8). Paradoxically, neither the highest dose (800 mg/kg/day) of SCFP decreased SBP nor 800 mg/kg/day BETA-G (p>0.05; n=8). When the corresponding antihypertensive treatment, was disrupted the SBP values of the 400 mg/kg/day SCFP treated animals returned to control values (p>0.05; n=8). In addition, the SCFP significantly decreased (p<0.05; n=4) the glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and also the liver and plasma malondaldehyde levels. Moreover, the SCFP slightly increased the reduced glutathione levels in the liver. Conclusion The SCFP could be used to control the blood pressure of hypertensive subjects for a long period of time and could improve metabolic complications associated to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Miguel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM, CEI+UAM), Madrid, Spain;
| | - Amaya Aleixandre
- Dpto. Farmacología, Fac. Medicina, U. Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Cordero-Herrera I, Martín MÁ, Fernández-Millán E, Álvarez C, Goya L, Ramos S. Cocoa and cocoa flavanol epicatechin improve hepatic lipid metabolism in in vivo and in vitro models. Role of PKCζ. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Herman-Lara E, Elvira-Torales LI, Rodriguez-Miranda J, Torruco-Uco JG, Carmona-García R, Mendoza-García PG, García HS, Soto-Rodríguez I, Sánchez-Valdivieso E, Martínez-Sánchez CE. Impact of micronized starfruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) fiber concentrate on lipid metabolism in mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:862-7. [PMID: 24846002 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.918590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of micronized insoluble fiber from starfruit bagasse as an ingredient of a functional food (FF) or as micronized insoluble fiber-rich fraction (IFRF) and its effects in vivo on lipids metabolism in a murine model. Experimental animals were divided in four isoproteic (15.8%) treatments differing on the fiber and cholesterol level used. The micronized IFRF particle size ranged from 37.5 to 149 μm. Treatments with added IFRF and those including the FF lowered serum triacylglycerols, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) concentrations (IFRF: 14.2, 25.4, 55.06, and 12.18%, respectively; FF: 30.18, 39.47, 35.11, and 43.18%, respectively). IFRF produced the overall highest serum hypolipidemic effect and prevented the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver. Both the IFRF and the FF exhibited hypolipidemic effects that suggest a potential role of starfruit insoluble fiber as a component of FFs aimed against cardiovascular diseases.
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Villanueva-Suárez MJ, Pérez-Cózar ML, Redondo-Cuenca A. Sequential extraction of polysaccharides from enzymatically hydrolyzed okara byproduct: physicochemical properties and in vitro fermentability. Food Chem 2013; 141:1114-9. [PMID: 23790893 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Okara, a byproduct of soymilk production, has been upgraded through the use of an enzymatic treatment with Ultraflo L® to give a product (okara(ET)) which has a higher content of soluble dietary fibre and an enhanced ratio of soluble: insoluble fibre than is found in okara without treatment. Polysaccharides were isolated from okara(ET) by sequential extraction to yield soluble fractions in water (22%), CDTA (8.7%), alkali (37.7%) without and NaClO2 (9.1%) and the cellulosic residue represents a (22.5%). The physicochemical properties of okara(ET) were improved due to the enzymatic treatment: oil retention capacity (6.94g/g), water retention capacity (10.76g/g) and swelling capacity (13.85g/g) were higher than in okara that had not undergone enzymatic treatment. The gelation capacity (8%) and the cation exchange capacity (8.96mEq/kg) of okara(ET) were lower than that of other byproducts. Short chain fatty acid production during in vitro fermentation of okara(ET) by a pure culture of Bifidobacterium bifidus was mainly represented by acetic acid, followed by propionic and butyric acids. In addition, the decreases in pH and substrate consumption demonstrated the bifidogenic capacity of okara(ET).
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Affiliation(s)
- M José Villanueva-Suárez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología II, Bromatología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Yalegama L, Nedra Karunaratne D, Sivakanesan R, Jayasekara C. Chemical and functional properties of fibre concentrates obtained from by-products of coconut kernel. Food Chem 2013; 141:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Araujo QRD, Gattward JN, Almoosawi S, Parada Costa Silva MDGC, Dantas PADS, Araujo Júnior QRD. Cocoa and Human Health: From Head to Foot—A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 56:1-12. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.657921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Massot-Cladera M, Franch À, Castellote C, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ. Cocoa flavonoid-enriched diet modulates systemic and intestinal immunoglobulin synthesis in adult Lewis rats. Nutrients 2013; 5:3272-86. [PMID: 23966108 PMCID: PMC3775253 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that a diet containing 10% cocoa, a rich source of flavonoids, has immunomodulatory effects on rats and, among others effects, is able to attenuate the immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis in both systemic and intestinal compartments. The purpose of the present study was focused on investigating whether these effects were attributed exclusively to the flavonoid content or to other compounds present in cocoa. To this end, eight-week-old Lewis rats were fed, for two weeks, either a standard diet or three isoenergetic diets containing increasing proportions of cocoa flavonoids from different sources: one with 0.2% polyphenols from conventional defatted cocoa, and two others with 0.4% and 0.8% polyphenols, respectively, from non-fermented cocoa. Diet intake and body weight were monitored and fecal samples were obtained throughout the study to determine fecal pH, IgA, bacteria proportions, and IgA-coated bacteria. Moreover, IgG and IgM concentrations in serum samples collected during the study were quantified. At the end of the dietary intervention no clear changes of serum IgG or IgM concentrations were quantified, showing few effects of cocoa polyphenol diets at the systemic level. However, in the intestine, all cocoa polyphenol-enriched diets attenuated the age-related increase of both fecal IgA and IgA-coated bacteria, as well as the proportion of bacteria in feces. As these effects were not dependent on the dose of polyphenol present in the diets, other compounds and/or the precise polyphenol composition present in cocoa raw material used for the diets could be key factors in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-93-402-45-05; Fax: +34-93-403-59-01
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Abstract
Cocoa is a dry, powdered, nonfat component product prepared from the seeds of the Theobroma cacao L. tree and is a common ingredient of many food products, particularly chocolate. Nutritionally, cocoa contains biologically active substances that may affect human health: flavonoids (epicatechin and oligomeric procyanidins), theobromine, and magnesium. Theobromine and epicatechin are absorbed efficiently in the small intestine, and the nature of their conjugates and metabolites are now known. Oligomeric procyanidins are poorly absorbed in the small intestine, but catabolites are very efficiently absorbed after microbial biotransformation in the colon. A significant number of studies, using in vitro and in vivo approaches, on the effects of cocoa and its constituent flavonoids have been conducted. Most human intervention studies have been performed on cocoa as an ingredient, whereas many in vitro studies have been performed on individual components. Approximately 70 human intervention studies have been carried out on cocoa and cocoa-containing products over the past 12 years, with a variety of endpoints. These studies indicate that the most robust biomarkers affected are endothelial function, blood pressure, and cholesterol level. Mechanistically, supporting evidence shows that epicatechin affects nitric oxide synthesis and breakdown (via inhibition of nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide phosphate oxidase) and the substrate arginine (via inhibition of arginase), among other targets. Evidence further supports cocoa as a biologically active ingredient with potential benefits on biomarkers related to cardiovascular disease. However, the calorie and sugar content of chocolate and its contribution to the total diet should be taken into account in intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ellam
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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Afonso MS, de O Silva AM, Carvalho EB, Rivelli DP, Barros SB, Rogero MM, Lottenberg AM, Torres RP, Mancini-Filho J. Phenolic compounds from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) attenuate oxidative stress and reduce blood cholesterol concentrations in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013; 10:19. [PMID: 23374457 PMCID: PMC3586571 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phenolic compounds combine antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic activities and, consequently, are expected to prevent or minimize cardiometabolic risk. Methods To evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract (AQ) and non-esterified phenolic fraction (NEPF) from rosemary on oxidative stress in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, 48 male 4-week old Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: 1 chow diet group (C) and 5 hypercholesterolemic diet groups, with 1 receiving water (HC), 2 receiving AQ at concentrations of 7 and 140 mg/kg body weight (AQ70 and AQ140, respectively), and 2 receiving NEPF at concentrations of 7 and 14 mg/kg body weight (NEPF7 and NEPF14, respectively) by gavage for 4 weeks. Results In vitro, both AQ and NEPF had remarkable antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) assay, which was similar to BHT. In vivo, the group that received AQ at 70 mg/kg body weight had lower serum total cholesterol (−39.8%), non-HDL-c (−44.4%) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels (−37.7%) compared with the HC group. NEPF (7 and 14 mg/kg) reduced the tissue TBARS levels and increased the activity of tissular antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase). Neither AQ nor NEPF was able to ameliorate the alterations in the hypercholesterolemic diet-induced fatty acid composition in the liver. Conclusions These data suggest that phenolic compounds from rosemary ameliorate the antioxidant defense in different tissues and attenuate oxidative stress in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats, whereas the serum lipid profile was improved only in rats that received the aqueous extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milessa S Afonso
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Fernández Vallinas S, López Carreras N, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Nitric oxide mediates the antihypertensive and vascular relaxing effects of a soluble cocoa fiber product in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nitric Oxide 2012; 29:1-3. [PMID: 23142352 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of endothelial-relaxing factors on the vascular and antihypertensive effects of a cocoa fiber product (CFP) obtained from cocoa husks was studied. We carried out in vitro experiments with aorta rings from untreated spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in vivo experiments with SHR. CFP did not relax the endothelium denuded aorta rings and N(W)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) partially blocked the vascular relaxing and antihypertensive effects of CFP. Nevertheless, indomethacin did not modify these effects. Nitric oxide mediates therefore the antihypertensive and aorta relaxing effects of CFP in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández Vallinas
- Dpto. Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Antiatherosclerotic Effect of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. Fruit Parts in Rabbits Fed High Cholesterol Diet. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:838604. [PMID: 22811751 PMCID: PMC3395265 DOI: 10.1155/2012/838604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of C. odontophyllum (CO) fruit parts was investigated in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Forty-nine rabbits, which were randomly divided into seven groups of seven animals (n = 7), received a diet containing different parts of CO fruit parts for 8 weeks. The groups were as follows: (1) normal diet: NC group and (2) hypercholesterolemic diet: PC, HS (10 mg/kg/day simvastatin), HPO (20 g kg(-1) oil extracted from the pulp of CO), HKO (20 g kg(-1) oil extracted from the kernel of CO), HF (50 g kg(-1) fullfat pulp of CO), and HD (50 g kg(-1) defatted pulp of CO). Among these groups, rabbits receiving defatted pulp of CO showed the greatest cholesterol lowering effect as it had reduced plasma LDL-C, TC, and thiobarbiturate reactive substance (TBARS) levels as well as atherosclerotic plaques. The presence of high dietary fiber and antioxidants activity are potential factors contributing to the cholesterol lowering effect. Consequently, these results indicate the potential use of CO defatted pulp as a cholesterol lowering and antioxidant agent.
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Sarriá B, Mateos R, Sierra-Cinos JL, Goya L, García-Diz L, Bravo L. Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of consuming a cocoa product in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans. Food Funct 2012; 3:867-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10267f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Sánchez D, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Dietary fiber, gut peptides, and adipocytokines. J Med Food 2011; 15:223-30. [PMID: 22181071 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of dietary fiber (DF) has increased since it was related to the prevention of a range of illnesses and pathological conditions. DF can modify some gut hormones that regulate satiety and energy intake, thus also affecting lipid metabolism and energy expenditure. Among these gut hormones are ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, and cholecystokinin. Adipose tissue is known to express and secrete a variety of products known as "adipocytokines," which are also affected by DF. Some of the most relevant adipocytokines include adiponectin, leptin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6. The release of adipocytokines, by either adipocytes or macrophage-infiltrated adipose tissue, leads to a chronic subinflammatory state that could play a central role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, therefore increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with obesity. DF modulation of these molecules could also have positive effects on obesity, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. This review is focused on the effects of DF on the above-mentioned gut peptides and adipocytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Seiber JN. Food quality traits for sustaining agriculture. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:2127-2130. [PMID: 21355627 DOI: 10.1021/jf200629j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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The beneficial effect of fiber supplementation in high- or low-fat diets on fetal development and antioxidant defense capacity in the rat. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:19-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0185-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Quiñones M, Miguel M, Muguerza B, Aleixandre A. Effect of a cocoa polyphenol extract in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Funct 2011; 2:649-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10119f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Long-term intake of CocoanOX attenuates the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sánchez D, Moulay L, Muguerza B, Quiñones M, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Effect of a Soluble Cocoa Fiber-Enriched Diet in Zucker Fatty Rats. J Med Food 2010; 13:621-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Faculta de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mar Quiñones
- Departamento de Farmacología, Faculta de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Departamento de Farmacología, Faculta de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Aleixandre
- Departamento de Farmacología, Faculta de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Ker YB, Peng CH, Chyau CC, Peng RY. Soluble polysaccharide composition and myo-inositol content help differentiate the antioxidative and hypolipidemic capacity of peeled apples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4660-4665. [PMID: 20355718 DOI: 10.1021/jf903495h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Many people prefer to eat peeled apples. The present study investigated the composition of soluble polysaccharides (SP) in peeled apples and its antioxidative and hypolipidemic activity. The yield of SP ranged 0.43-0.88%, having MW ranging 223-848 kDa. All belonged to peptidoglycans. Among the fourteen amino acids found, seven were essential amino acids. In addition, sugar analysis indicated that 50% of apple samples consisted of glucoarabinan, 37.5% comprising taloarabinan and the remaining 12.5% containing alloglucan. Moreover, SP consisted of a huge amount of myo-inositol (>5.61%) and uronic acid (>11.7%), which may play a synergistic role in the hypolipidemic effect. Worth noting, we are the first who reported the presence of talose, allose and fucose in the apple SP. Conclusively, the biological value of SP is attributable to the differential effect of SP and the synergistic effect exerted by its unique SP pattern, high myo-inositol and uronic acid contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw-Bee Ker
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung Hsien, Taiwan
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Sánchez D, Quiñones M, Moulay L, Muguerza B, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. Changes in arterial blood pressure of a soluble cocoa fiber product in spontaneously hypertensive rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:1493-1501. [PMID: 20050664 DOI: 10.1021/jf902080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect produced by long-term intake of a soluble cocoa fiber product (SCFP) on the development of hypertension of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was evaluated. Twenty male 3-week-old SHR were divided into two groups of 10 animals that drank either tap water (control) or a solution of SCFP (0.75 g/day SCFP) until the 20th week of life. Five 20-week-old rats of each group were sacrificed. Tap water as drinking fluid was given to all the animals from the 20th to 24th week of life. The 24-week-old rats were also sacrificed. Body weight, liquid and dry food intake, and arterial blood pressure (tail cuff) were recorded weekly. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glucose and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity in the plasma from the sacrificed rats were also obtained, and we evaluated the relaxation caused by acetylcholine in the aorta from these animals. SCFP attenuated the development of hypertension in SHR; however, the withdrawal of SCFP caused an increase in blood pressure in the rats. Body weight gain was slower in the group treated with SCFP. SCFP increased liquid intake but decreased dry food intake in the rats. SCFP decreased plasma MDA concentrations and slightly decreased plasma ACE activity, but no differences were observed in plasma glucose and in the aorta responses to acetylcholine in both groups of 20-week-old SHR. We have demonstrated the antihypertensive and antioxidant properties of SCFP. The control of body weight and the control of increased angiotensin II may be involved in the antihypertensive effect of this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Gökmen V, Serpen A, Fogliano V. Direct measurement of the total antioxidant capacity of foods: the ‘QUENCHER’ approach. Trends Food Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang Z, Wang H, Jiao R, Peng C, Wong YM, Yeung VSY, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Choosing hamsters but not rats as a model for studying plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of functional foods. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:921-30. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Repo-Carrasco-Valencia R, Acevedo de La Cruz A, Icochea Alvarez JC, Kallio H. Chemical and functional characterization of Kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) grain, extrudate and bran. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 64:94-101. [PMID: 19424801 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-009-0109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cereals provide a good source of dietary fibre and other important compounds with nutritional potential, such as phenolic compounds, antioxidants, minerals and vitamins. Although native Andean cereals are known to have high nutritional value, their minor components have not been studied thoroughly. In this study, two varieties of a native Andean crop, kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule), were investigated as sources of dietary fibre and specific antioxidant compounds. Two products, an extrudate and bran, were also prepared and their functional properties and bioactive compounds were determined. Both varieties were rich in total dietary fibre and lignin, and the phenolic components analyzed had high antioxidant activity. The extrudates had good functional properties, such as degree of gelatinization, sectional expansion index and water solubility index; the bran was high in bioactive compounds, such as total phenolics. In conclusion, kañiwa may offer an alternative to traditional cereals as a health-promoting food ingredient.
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