1
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Gómez-Bouzó U, Peluso-Iltis C, Santalla H, Quevedo MA, Verlinden L, Verstuyf A, Fall Y, Gómez G, Rochel N. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of New Type of Gemini Analogues with a Cyclopropane Moiety in Their Side Chain. J Med Chem 2024; 67:10386-10400. [PMID: 38858308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We synthesized two new gemini analogues, UG-480 and UG-481, that incorporate a modified longer side chain containing a cyclopropane group. The evaluation of the bioactivities of the two gemini analogues indicated that the 17,20 threo (20S) compound, UG-480, is the most active one and is as active as 1,25(OH)2D3. Docking and molecular dynamics (MD) data showed that the compounds bind efficiently to vitamin D receptor (VDR) with UG-480 to form an energetically more favorable interaction with His397. Structural analysis indicated that whereas the UG-480 compound efficiently stabilizes the active VDR conformation, it induces conformational changes in the H6-H7 VDR region that are greater than those induced by the parental Gemini and that this is due to the occupancy of the secondary channel by its modified side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uxía Gómez-Bouzó
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaría Galicia Sur (IISGS), Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch 67400, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch 67400, France
- Inserm U1258, Illkirch 67400, France
- University of Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Hugo Santalla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaría Galicia Sur (IISGS), Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Mario Alfredo Quevedo
- Unidad de Investigación y desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba X5000HUA, Argentina
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Yagamare Fall
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaría Galicia Sur (IISGS), Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Generosa Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaría Galicia Sur (IISGS), Campus Lagoas Marcosende, Universidad de Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch 67400, France
- CNRS UMR 7104, Illkirch 67400, France
- Inserm U1258, Illkirch 67400, France
- University of Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
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2
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Maestro MA, Seoane S. The Centennial Collection of VDR Ligands: Metabolites, Analogs, Hybrids and Non-Secosteroidal Ligands. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224927. [PMID: 36432615 PMCID: PMC9692999 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of vitamin D a century ago, a great number of metabolites, analogs, hybrids and nonsteroidal VDR ligands have been developed. An enormous effort has been made to synthesize compounds which present beneficial properties while attaining lower calcium serum levels than calcitriol. This structural review covers VDR ligands published to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology-CIMUS, University of Santiago, Campus Vida, 15005 Santiago, Spain
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3
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Brzeminski P, Fabisiak A, Berkowska K, Rárová L, Marcinkowska E, Sicinski RR. Synthesis of Gemini analogs of 19-norcalcitriol and their platinum(II) complexes. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103883. [PMID: 32361296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hormonally active vitamin D3 metabolite, calcitriol, plays an important role in calcium-phosphate homeostasis, immune system actions and cell differentiation. Although anticancer activity of calcitriol is well documented and thousands of its analogs have been synthesized, none has been approved as a potential drug against cancer. Therefore, we attempted to introduce the cytotoxic effect to the calcitriol molecule by its linking to cisplatin. Herein, we present the synthesis of vitamin D compounds, designed on the basis of molecular modeling and docking experiments to the vitamin D receptor, and characterized by the presence of significantly different two side chains attached to C-20. In this study, a new synthetic approach to Gemini analogs was developed. Preparation of the target 19-norcalcitriol compounds involved separate syntheses of several building blocks (the A-ring, C/D-rings and side-chain fragments). The convergent synthetic strategy was used to combine these components by the different coupling processes, the crucial one being Wittig-Horner reaction of the Grundmann ketone analog with the known 2-methylene A-ring phosphine oxide. Due to the nature of the constructed steroidal side chains (bidentate ligands), which allowed coordination of metal ions, the first conjugate-type platinum(II) complexes of the vitamin D analogs were also successfully prepared and characterized. The target vitamin D compounds, displaying significant affinity for a vitamin D receptor, were assessed in vitro for their anti-proliferative activities towards several cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Brzeminski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Fabisiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Klaudia Berkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lucie Rárová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafal R Sicinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Mutchie TR, Yu OB, Di Milo ES, Arnold LA. Alternative binding sites at the vitamin D receptor and their ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:1-8. [PMID: 30654005 PMCID: PMC6444937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the majority of ligands developed for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) bind at its deeply buried genomic ligand binding pocket. Theses ligands can be categorized into agonists and partial agonists/antagonists. A limited number of ligands, most of them peptides, bind the VDR‒coactivator binding site that is formed in the presence of an agonist and inhibit coactivator recruitment, and therefore transcription. Another solvent exposed VDR‒ligand binding pocket was identified for lithocholic acid, improving the overall stability of the VDR complex. Additional proposed interactions with VDR are discussed herein that include the alternative VDR‒ligand binding pocket that may mediate both non-genomic cellular responses and binding function 3 that was identified for the androgen receptor. Many VDR ligands increase blood calcium levels at therapeutic concentrations in vivo, thus the identification of alternative VDR‒ligand binding pockets might be crucial to develop non-calcemic and potent ligands for VDR to treat cancer and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania R Mutchie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Olivia B Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Elliot S Di Milo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
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5
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Abstract
![]()
For many individuals,
in particular during winter, supplementation
with the secosteroid vitamin D3 is essential for the prevention
of bone disorders, muscle weakness, autoimmune diseases, and possibly
also different types of cancer. Vitamin D3 acts via its
metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]
as potent agonist of the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR).
Thus, vitamin D directly affects chromatin structure and gene regulation
at thousands of genomic loci, i.e., the epigenome and transcriptome
of its target tissues. Modifications of 1,25(OH)2D3 at its
side-chain, A-ring, triene system, or C-ring, alone and in combination,
as well as nonsteroidal mimics provided numerous potent VDR agonists
and some antagonists. The nearly 150 crystal structures of VDR’s
ligand-binding domain with various vitamin D compounds allow a detailed
molecular understanding of their action. This review discusses the
most important vitamin D analogs presented during the past 10 years
and molecular insight derived from new structural information on the
VDR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maestro
- Departamento de Química-CICA , Universidade da Coruña , ES-15071 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biology , Nazarbayev University , KZ-010000 Astana , Kazakhstan
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Eastern Finland , FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
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Belorusova AY, Suh N, Lee HJ, So JY, Maehr H, Rochel N. Structural analysis and biological activities of BXL0124, a gemini analog of vitamin D. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173:69-74. [PMID: 27650654 PMCID: PMC5357203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gemini analogs of calcitriol, characterized by the extension of the C21-methyl group of calcitriol with a second chain, act as agonists of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This second side chain of gemini is accommodated in a new cavity inside the VDR created by the structural rearrangement of the protein core. The resulting conformational change preserves the active state of the receptor and bestows gemini compounds with biological activities that exceed those of calcitriol. Of particular interest are gemini's anti-cancer properties, and in this study we demonstrate anti-proliferative and tumor-reducing abilities of BXL0124 and BXL0097, differing only by the presence or absence, respectively, of the methylene group on the A ring. BXL0124 acts as a more potent VDR agonist than its 19-nor counterpart by activating VDR-mediated transcription at lower concentrations. In a similar manner, BXL0124 is more active than BXL0097 in growth inhibition of breast cancer cells and reduction of tumor volume. Structural comparisons of BXL0097 and BXL0124, as their VDR complexes, explain the elevated activity of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Belorusova
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC (Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology), 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jae Young So
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Department of Integrated Structural Biology, IGBMC (Institute of Genetics and of Molecular and Cellular Biology), 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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7
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Ferronato MJ, Alonso EN, Gandini NA, Fermento ME, Villegas ME, Quevedo MA, Arévalo J, López Romero A, Rivadulla ML, Gómez G, Fall Y, Facchinetti MM, Curino AC. The UVB1 Vitamin D analogue inhibits colorectal carcinoma progression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:193-205. [PMID: 27208626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has been shown to display a wide variety of antitumour effects, but their therapeutic use is limited by its severe side effects. We have designed and synthesized a Gemini vitamin D analogue of calcitriol (UVB1) which has shown to display antineoplastic effects on different cancer cell lines without causing hypercalcemia. The aim of this work has been to investigate, by employing in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays, whether UVB1 inhibits human colorectal carcinoma progression. We demonstrated that UVB1 induces apoptotic cell death and retards cellular migration and invasion of HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells. Moreover, the analogue reduced the tumour volume in vivo, and modulated the expression of Bax, E-cadherin and nuclear β-catenin in tumour animal tissues without producing toxic effects. In silico analysis showed that UVB1 exhibits greater affinity for the ligand binding domain of vitamin D receptor than calcitriol, and that several characteristics in the three-dimensional conformation of VDR may influence the biological effects. These results demonstrate that the Gemini vitamin D analogue affects the growth of the colorectal cancer and suggest that UVB1 is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Ferronato
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Eliana Noelia Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Norberto Ariel Gandini
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Fermento
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Emilia Villegas
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mario Alfredo Quevedo
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Julián Arévalo
- Servicio de Patología del Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Dr. José Penna, Av. Láinez 2401, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | - Marcos Lois Rivadulla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBI), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas de Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Generosa Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBI), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas de Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Yagamare Fall
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IBI), University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas de Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Marta Facchinetti
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Carlos Curino
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca (CONICET-UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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8
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Yadav JS, Chinnam VV, Das S. Studies towards the total synthesis of (+)-13-deoxytedanolide: stereoselective synthesis of C1–C9 and C9–C17 fragments. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:365-408. [PMID: 26681795 PMCID: PMC4839493 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1074] [Impact Index Per Article: 134.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 action involves the direct binding of the 1,25(OH)2D3 activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Numerous VDR co-regulatory proteins have been identified, and genome-wide studies have shown that the actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 involve regulation of gene activity at a range of locations many kilobases from the transcription start site. The structure of the liganded VDR/RXR complex was recently characterized using cryoelectron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and hydrogen deuterium exchange. These recent technological advances will result in a more complete understanding of VDR coactivator interactions, thus facilitating cell and gene specific clinical applications. Although the identification of mechanisms mediating VDR-regulated transcription has been one focus of recent research in the field, other topics of fundamental importance include the identification and functional significance of proteins involved in the metabolism of vitamin D. CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. In addition, studies using knockout and transgenic mice have provided new insight on the physiological role of vitamin D in classical target tissues as well as evidence of extraskeletal effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 including inhibition of cancer progression, effects on the cardiovascular system, and immunomodulatory effects in certain autoimmune diseases. Some of the mechanistic findings in mouse models have also been observed in humans. The identification of similar pathways in humans could lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Pazos G, Pérez M, Gándara Z, Gómez G, Fall Y. [3,3]-Sigmatropic rearrangement mediated synthesis of chiral building blocks for the preparation of Gemini and its analogs. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08789b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
[3,3]-Sigmatropic rearrangement mediated synthesis of chiral building blocks for the preparation of Gemini and its analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Pazos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBI)
- University of Vigo
- Campus Marcosende
- 36310 Vigo
| | - Manuel Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBI)
- University of Vigo
- Campus Marcosende
- 36310 Vigo
| | - Zoila Gándara
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBI)
- University of Vigo
- Campus Marcosende
- 36310 Vigo
| | - Generosa Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBI)
- University of Vigo
- Campus Marcosende
- 36310 Vigo
| | - Yagamare Fall
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química and Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBI)
- University of Vigo
- Campus Marcosende
- 36310 Vigo
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11
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Teske KA, Yu O, Arnold LA. Inhibitors for the Vitamin D Receptor-Coregulator Interaction. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 100:45-82. [PMID: 26827948 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors and is activated by the endogenous ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. The genomic effects mediated by VDR consist of the activation and repression of gene transcription, which includes the formation of multiprotein complexes with coregulator proteins. Coregulators bind many nuclear receptors and can be categorized according to their role as coactivators (gene activation) or corepressors (gene repression). Herein, different approaches to develop compounds that modulate the interaction between VDR and coregulators are summarized. This includes coregulator peptides that were identified by creating phage display libraries. Subsequent modification of these peptides including the introduction of a tether or nonhydrolyzable bonds resulted in the first direct VDR-coregulator inhibitors. Later, small molecules that inhibit VDR-coregulator inhibitors were identified using rational drug design and high-throughput screening. Early on, allosteric inhibition of VDR-coregulator interactions was achieved with VDR antagonists that change the conformation of VDR and modulate the interactions with coregulators. A detailed discussion of their dual agonist/antagonist effects is given as well as a summary of their biological effects in cell-based assays and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Teske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Olivia Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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12
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Ferronato MJ, Salomón DG, Fermento ME, Gandini NA, López Romero A, Rivadulla ML, Pérez-García X, Gómez G, Pérez M, Fall Y, Facchinetti MM, Curino AC. Vitamin D Analogue: Potent Antiproliferative Effects on Cancer Cell Lines and Lack of Hypercalcemic Activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:315-29. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201400448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Ferronato
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB-CONICET); Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Débora Gisele Salomón
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB-CONICET); Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Fermento
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB-CONICET); Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Norberto Ariel Gandini
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB-CONICET); Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | | | - Marcos Lois Rivadulla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Química; Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBI); Universidad de Vigo; Vigo Spain
| | - Xenxo Pérez-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Química; Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBI); Universidad de Vigo; Vigo Spain
| | - Generosa Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Química; Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBI); Universidad de Vigo; Vigo Spain
| | - Manuel Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Química; Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBI); Universidad de Vigo; Vigo Spain
| | - Yagamare Fall
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Química; Instituto de Investigación Biomedica (IBI); Universidad de Vigo; Vigo Spain
| | - María Marta Facchinetti
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB-CONICET); Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca; Bahía Blanca Argentina
| | - Alejandro Carlos Curino
- Laboratorio de Biología del Cáncer; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB-CONICET); Centro Científico Tecnológico Bahía Blanca; Bahía Blanca Argentina
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13
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Wang X, Pesakhov S, Weng A, Kafka M, Gocek E, Nguyen M, Harrison JS, Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. ERK 5/MAPK pathway has a major role in 1α,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3-induced terminal differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt A:223-7. [PMID: 24514755 PMCID: PMC4000286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D derivatives, including its physiological form 1α,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25D), have anti-tumor actions demonstrated in cell culture and confirmatory epidemiological associations are frequently reported. However, their promise for use in the cancer clinic is still incompletely fulfilled, suggesting that a better understanding of the molecular events initiated by these compounds is needed for therapeutic advances. While ERK1/2 has been intensely investigated and is known to transmit signals for cell survival, growth, and differentiation, the role of other MAPK pathways has been studied sporadically. Therefore, we utilized acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells in culture (HL60 and U937), to determine if ERK5 has a role in 1,25D-induced terminal differentiation which is distinct from the previously shown involvement of ERK1/2. We previously found that inhibition of kinase activity of ERK5 by specific pharmacological inhibitors BIX02189 or XMD8-92 results in higher expression of general myeloid marker CD11b, but a lower expression of the monocytic marker CD14. In contrast, the inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway by PD98059 or U0126 reduced the expression of all differentiation markers studied. We report here for the first time that the differentiation changes induced by ERK5 inhibitors are accompanied by the inhibition of cell proliferation, and this occurs in the both G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Of note, inhibition of ERK5 auto-phosphorylation by XMD8-92 results in a particularly robust cell cycle arrest in G2 phase in AML cells. This study provides a link between the 1,25D-elevated ERK5 pathway and changes in the cell cycle phase transitions in AML cells. Thus, combinations of vitamin D derivatives and ERK5 inhibitors may be more successful in cancer clinics than 1,25D or analogs alone. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '16th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Wang
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 17101, USA
| | - Stella Pesakhov
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ashley Weng
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 17101, USA
| | - Michael Kafka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Elzbieta Gocek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 17101, USA
| | - Jonathan S Harrison
- Department of Medicine, RWJ Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Michael Danilenko
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 17101, USA.
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14
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Gándara Z, Rivadulla ML, Pérez M, Gómez G, Fall Y. Synthesis of atrans-Hydrindanone, Precursor for the Preparation of Vitamin D Analogues. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Maehr H, Rochel N, Lee HJ, Suh N, Uskokovic MR. Diastereotopic and Deuterium Effects in Gemini. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3878-88. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400032t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology,
Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Département
de Biologie
et de Génomique Structurales, Institut de Génétique
et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé
de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg,
1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology,
Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology,
Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey,
195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United
States
| | - Milan R. Uskokovic
- Department of Chemical Biology,
Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey, 164 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
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16
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Salvador JAR, Carvalho JFS, Neves MAC, Silvestre SM, Leitão AJ, Silva MMC, Sá e Melo ML. Anticancer steroids: linking natural and semi-synthetic compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:324-74. [PMID: 23151898 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroids, a widespread class of natural organic compounds occurring in animals, plants and fungi, have shown great therapeutic value for a broad array of pathologies. The present overview is focused on the anticancer activity of steroids, which is very representative of a rich structural molecular diversity and ability to interact with various biological targets and pathways. This review encompasses the most relevant discoveries on steroid anticancer drugs and leads through the last decade and comprises 668 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A R Salvador
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-508, Coimbra, Portugal.
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17
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Carballa DM, Seoane S, Zacconi F, Pérez X, Rumbo A, Alvarez-Díaz S, Larriba MJ, Pérez-Fernández R, Muñoz A, Maestro M, Mouriño A, Torneiro M. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues with a Long Side Chain at C12 and Short C17 Side Chains. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8642-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3008272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Carballa
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Departamento de Fisiología—Centro
de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas
(CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
| | - Flavia Zacconi
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xenxo Pérez
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Rumbo
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silvia Alvarez-Díaz
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Larriba
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- Departamento de Fisiología—Centro
de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas
(CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de
Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto
de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, CSIC—Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Maestro
- Departamento de Química
Fundamental, Universidad de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña,
Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Torneiro
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica y Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago
de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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18
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Carlberg C, Molnár F, Mouriño A. Vitamin D receptor ligands: the impact of crystal structures. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:417-35. [PMID: 22449247 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.673590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the past years, the biologically active form of vitamin D(3), 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)), has received large appreciation due to the broad physiological impact of the hormone and its nuclear receptor, the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). Recently, the understanding of VDR actions has progressed greatly, due to VDR crystal structures with various ligands. AREAS COVERED This review will present and discuss new synthetic agonistic and antagonistic 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs in the context of the recent insights provided by VDR crystal structures. EXPERT OPINION During the last 5 years, a large number of new 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, many of which have an interesting functional profile, have been patented. Moreover, for a surprisingly high number of 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs, the crystal structure data of their complex with the VDR is available. This structural information provides important insight into the functional potential of the VDR ligands and explains their agonistic and antagonistic action. However, so far, only for a few VDR ligands, a rational design, based on crystal structure information, has been applied. The design of future analogs may also take the specificity of co-factor interaction into account, in order to create selective VDR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- University of Eastern Finland, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Kuopio, Finland.
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19
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Huet T, Maehr H, Lee HJ, Uskokovic MR, Suh N, Moras D, Rochel N. Structure-function study of gemini derivatives with two different side chains at C-20, Gemini-0072 and Gemini-0097. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011; 2:424-429. [PMID: 22180837 DOI: 10.1039/c1md00059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of vitamin D(3) containing a second side-chain emanating at C-20 are known as gemini and act as vitamin D receptor agonists. Recently, two of these, namely Gemini-0072 and the epimeric Gemini-0097, were selected for further studies in view of their high biological activities and lack of hypercalcemic effects. We now show that the two analogs recruit coactivator SRC-1 better than the parental gemini and act as VDR superagonists. The crystal structures of complexes of zVDR with Gemini-0072 and Gemini-0097 indicate that these ligands induce an extra cavity within the ligand-binding pocket similar to gemini and that their superagonistic activity is due to an increased stabilization of helix H12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Huet
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé de la Recherche Méedicale, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
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20
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Malinen M, Ryynänen J, Heinäniemi M, Väisänen S, Carlberg C. Cyclical regulation of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 gene in response to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:502-12. [PMID: 20855290 PMCID: PMC3025564 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR) is known to associate with two vitamin D response element (VDRE) containing chromatin regions of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) gene. In non-malignant MCF-10A human mammary cells, we show that the natural VDR ligand 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)) causes cyclical IGFBP3 mRNA accumulation with a periodicity of 60 min, while in the presence of the potent VDR agonist Gemini the mRNA is continuously accumulated. Accordingly, VDR also showed cyclical ligand-dependent association with the chromatin regions of both VDREs. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play an important role both in VDR signalling and in transcriptional cycling. From the 11 HDAC gene family members, only HDAC4 and HDAC6 are up-regulated in a cyclical fashion in response to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3), while even these two genes do not respond to Gemini. Interestingly, HDAC4 and HDAC6 proteins show cyclical VDR ligand-induced association with both VDRE regions of the IGFBP3 gene, which coincides with histone H4 deacetylation on these regions. Moreover, combined silencing of HDAC4 and HDAC6 abolishes the cycling of the IGFBP3 gene. We assume that due to more efficient VDR interaction, Gemini induces longer lasting chromatin activation and therefore no transcriptional cycling but monotonically increasing IGFBP3 mRNA. In conclusion, 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) regulates IGFBP3 transcription through short-term cyclical association of VDR, HDAC4 and HDAC6 to both VDRE-containing chromatin regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Malinen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland and Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jussi Ryynänen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland and Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland and Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sami Väisänen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland and Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- Department of Biosciences, University of Eastern Finland, FIN-70210, Kuopio, Finland and Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, L-1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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21
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Hughes PJ, Marcinkowska E, Gocek E, Studzinski GP, Brown G. Vitamin D3-driven signals for myeloid cell differentiation--implications for differentiation therapy. Leuk Res 2009; 34:553-65. [PMID: 19811822 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 09/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Primitive myeloid leukemic cell lines can be driven to differentiate to monocyte-like cells by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), and, therefore, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) may be useful in differentiation therapy of myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Recent studies have provided important insights into the mechanism of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-stimulated differentiation. For myeloid progenitors to complete monocytic differentiation a complex network of intracellular signals has to be activated and/or inactivated in a precise temporal and spatial pattern. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) achieves this change to the 'signaling landscape' by (i) direct genomic modulation of the level of expression of key regulators of cell signaling and differentiation pathways, and (ii) activation of intracellular signaling pathways. An improved understanding of the mode of action of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) is facilitating the development of new therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Hughes
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2TT, UK
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22
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Maehr H, Lee HJ, Perry B, Suh N, Uskokovic MR. Calcitriol derivatives with two different side chains at C-20. V. Potent inhibitors of mammary carcinogenesis and inducers of leukemia differentiation. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5505-19. [PMID: 19685888 DOI: 10.1021/jm900780q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol is implicated in many cellular functions including cellular growth and differentiation, thus explaining its antitumor effects. It was shown that gemini, the calcitriol derivative containing two side chain at C20, is also active in gene transcription with enhanced antitumor activity. We have now further optimized both the A-ring and the two side chains. The chemical structures of the resulting 18 geminis were correlated with biological activities. Those containing the 1alpha-fluoro A-ring are the least active. Those featuring 23-yne and 23(E) side-chains are generally more active in human breast cancer cell growth inhibition and human leukemia cell differentiation induction than their 23(Z) counterparts. On the basis of these evaluations, we selected as lead compound a 20(R) gemini, related to calcitriol in terms of it is A-ring, where one side chain was modified by introduction of a 23-yne function and replacement of the geminal methyl groups with trifluoromethyl groups, the other created by extension of C21 with a 3-hydroxy-3-trideuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideutero-butyl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Maehr
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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23
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Choi M, Makishima M. Therapeutic applications for novel non-hypercalcemic vitamin D receptor ligands. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:593-606. [PMID: 19441936 DOI: 10.1517/13543770902877717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The active form of vitamin D(3), 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), plays an important role in calcium homeostasis, cell differentiation, cell proliferation and immunity. A more complete understanding of the several physiological and pharmacological properties of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) indicates that the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a promising drug target in the treatment of cancers, autoimmune diseases, infections and cardiovascular disease as well as bone and mineral disorders. The calcemic effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its derivatives has limited their clinical application. As a result, the development of non-calcemic VDR ligands is required to realize the potential of VDR-targeting therapy. OBJECTIVE In this review, we discuss the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological actions, including VDR interaction, regulation of cofactor recruitment, pharmacokinetics and cell type or tissue-selective action of VDR ligands with less-calcemic activity. CONCLUSION Pharmacokinetic parameters and selective tissue accumulation are related to the therapeutic benefit of non-hypercalcemic vitamin D derivatives. Induction of distinct VDR conformations and cofactor recruitment may be associated with selective actions of non-secosteroidal VDR ligands. Derivatives of lithocholic acid, a newly identified endogenous VDR ligand, are less-calcemic VDR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Choi
- Nihon University School of Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Lee HJ, Paul S, Atalla N, Thomas PE, Lin X, Yang I, Buckley B, Lu G, Zheng X, Lou YR, Conney AH, Maehr H, Adorini L, Uskokovic M, Suh N. Gemini vitamin D analogues inhibit estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative mammary tumorigenesis without hypercalcemic toxicity. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:476-84. [PMID: 19138995 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical, epidemiologic, and clinical studies have suggested the benefits of vitamin D and its analogues for the prevention and treatment of cancer. However, the hypercalcemic effects have limited the use of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), the hormonally active form of vitamin D. To identify vitamin D analogues with better efficacy and low toxicity, we have tested >60 novel Gemini vitamin D analogues with a unique structure of two side chains for growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. Our initial studies found that some Gemini analogues are 5-15 times more active than 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) in growth inhibition assay. In vivo experiments were designed to study the inhibitory effect of selected Gemini vitamin D analogues against mammary carcinogenesis by using (a) an N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced estrogen receptor (ER)-positive mammary tumor model and (b) an MCF10DCIS.com xenograft model of ER-negative mammary tumors. Among vitamin D analogues we tested, Gemini 0072 [1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20S-21(3-trideuteromethyl-3-hydroxy-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-cholecalciferol] and Gemini 0097 [1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20R-21(3-trideuteromethyl-3-hydroxy-4,4,4-trideuterobutyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-19-nor-cholecalciferol] administration inhibited by 60% the NMU-induced mammary tumor burden compared with the NMU-treated control group, but these compounds were devoid of hypercalcemia toxicity. In an ER-negative xenograft model, Gemini 0097 significantly suppressed tumor growth without hypercalcemia toxicity. We found that the inhibitory effect of Gemini 0097 was associated with an increased level of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in both ER-positive and ER-negative mammary tumors. Our results suggest that Gemini vitamin D analogues may be potent agents for the prevention and treatment of both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer without hypercalcemia toxicity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcitriol/adverse effects
- Calcitriol/analogs & derivatives
- Calcitriol/pharmacology
- Calcitriol/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma/chemically induced
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/prevention & control
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Humans
- Hypercalcemia/epidemiology
- Hypercalcemia/etiology
- Hypercalcemia/prevention & control
- Incidence
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Methylnitrosourea
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- Models, Biological
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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25
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Inaba Y, Yoshimoto N, Sakamaki Y, Nakabayashi M, Ikura T, Tamamura H, Ito N, Shimizu M, Yamamoto K. A New Class of Vitamin D Analogues that Induce Structural Rearrangement of the Ligand-Binding Pocket of the Receptor. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1438-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8014348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Inaba
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nobuko Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yuta Sakamaki
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakabayashi
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Masato Shimizu
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan, School of Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Sicinska W, Rotkiewicz P. Structural changes of vitamin D receptor induced by 20-epi-1alpha,25-(OH)2D3: an insight from a computational analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 113:253-8. [PMID: 19429430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We employ a new computational tool CCOMP for the comparison of side chain (SC) conformations between crystal structures of homologous protein complexes. The program is applied to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) liganded with 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) (in 1DB1) or its 20-epi (in 1IE9) analog with an inverted C-20 configuration. This modification yields no detectable changes in the backbone configuration or ligand topology in the receptor binding cavity, yet it dramatically increases transcription, differentiation and antiproliferation activity of the VDR. We applied very stringent criteria during the comparison process. To eliminate errors arising from the different packing of investigated crystals and the thermal flexibility of atoms, we studied complexes belonging to the same space group, having a low R value (0.2) and a B-factor below 40 for compared residues. We find that 20-epi-1alpha,25-(OH)(2)D(3) changes side chain conformation of amino acids residing far away from direct ligand-VDR contacts. We further verify that a number of the reoriented residues were identified in mutational experiments as important for interaction with SRC-1, GRIP, TAFs co-activators and VDR-RXR heterodimerization. Thus, CCOMP analysis of protein complexes may be used for identifying amino acids that could serve as targets for genetic engineering, such as mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Sicinska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Saito T, Okamoto R, Haritunians T, O’Kelly J, Uskokovic M, Maehr H, Marczak S, Jankowski P, Badr R, Koeffler HP. Novel Gemini vitamin D(3) analogs have potent antitumor activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 112:151-6. [PMID: 18938245 PMCID: PMC2648831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D(3), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)], modulates proliferation and induces differentiation of many cancer cells. A new class of analogs of vitamin D(3) has been synthesized, having two side-chains attached to carbon-20 (Gemini) and deuterium substituted on one side-chain. We have examined six of these analogs for their ability to inhibit growth of myeloid leukemia (HL-60), prostate (LNCaP, PC-3, DU145), lung (H520), colon (HT-29), and breast (MCF-7) cancer cell lines. Dose-response clonogenic studies showed that all six analogs had greater antiproliferative activities against cancer cells than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Although they had similar potency, the most active of these analogs was BXL-01-0120. BXL-01-0120 was 529-fold more potent than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in causing 50% clonal growth inhibition (ED(50)) of HL-60 cells. Pulse-exposure studies demonstrated that exposure to BXL-01-120 (10(-9)M, 48h) resulted in 85% clonal inhibition of HL-60 growth. BXL-01-0120 (10(-11)M, 4 days) induced the differentiation marker, CD11b. Also, morphologically differentiation was more prominent compared to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). Annexin V assay showed that BXL-01-0120 (10(-10)M, 4 days) induced significantly (p<0.05) more apoptosis than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3). In summary, these analogs have a unique structure resulting in extremely potent inhibition of clonal proliferation of various types of cancer cells, especially HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyako Saito
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
| | - Ryoko Okamoto
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
- Correspondence: Ryoko Okamoto; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA90048, USA; Fax: +1-310-423-0225; E-mail:
| | - Talin Haritunians
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
| | - James O’Kelly
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Riem Badr
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
| | - H. Phillip Koeffler
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
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28
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Kittaka A. Structural refinement of seco-steroidal skeleton and the biological activity through nuclear receptors. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2008; 128:1235-50. [PMID: 18758137 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.128.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1) regulates a variety of biological actions through vitamin D receptor (VDR), including calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, bone remodeling, cellular proliferation and differentiation and many other functions. To enhance its potency and to study the structure/function relationship, we synthesized a series of analogs of 1 with a modification at the C-2alpha position. Introducing 2alpha-methyl, 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl), or 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropoxy) group increased its binding affinity for the VDR 2- to 4-fold compared to 1. The crystal structures of the VDR bound to these analogs provide a molecular explanation for the interaction between the 2alpha-substituents and water molecules exist in the VDR-ligand binding domain. Based on the accumulated knowledge in VDR agonists, we synthesized 2-substituted analogs of 'double side chain' (gemini), 19-norvitamin D(3) (MART-10), TEI-9647 (VDR antagonist), 1-alkylated vitamin D(3), 14-epi-previtamin D(3) etc. Gemini analogs showed potent HL-60 cell differentiation activity (13-38 times compared to 1), and MART-10 exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activity on PZ-HPV-7 cells even at 10(-10) M. (24S)-2alpha-(3-Hydroxypropoxy)-24-propyl-TEI-9647 showed potent VDR antagonism, and its IC(50) value was 7.4 pM against 10 nM of 1. 1alpha-Methyl-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) improved the binding affinity for the mutant VDR(Arg274Leu), which causes hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxy-2alpha-methyl-14-epi-previtamin D(3) showed moderate osteocalcin transcriptional activity on HOS cells. We theorize that modification at A-ring alone and in combination with functionalization of the other parts of the vitamin D molecule would provide important new information on the mechanism of vitamin D actions that could lead to the development of new therapeutic regimes for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kittaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko-cho, Sagamihara City, Japan.
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Ormerod AK, Xing Z, Pedigo NG, Mishra A, Kaetzel DM. The calcitriol analogue EB1089 impairs alveolarization and induces localized regions of increased fibroblast density in neonatal rat lung. Exp Lung Res 2008; 34:155-82. [PMID: 18432454 DOI: 10.1080/01902140801929325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3, or calcitriol), is a potent mitogen for fibroblasts cultured from rat lungs at postnatal day 4 (P4), during the peak of septation (P3 to P7). In light of the key role of fibroblasts in alveolar septation, the authors conducted studies to measure the extent to which 1,25-(OH)2D3 affects lung maturation in vivo, as well as its ability to influence the stimulatory activity of all-trans retinoic acid (RA). To identify a calcitriol analogue with maximal mitogenic activity and low systemic toxicity, two compounds with reduced calcemic activity (EB1089 and CB1093) and a superagonist (MC1288) were evaluated in neonatal rat lung fibroblast cultures. All 3 analogues were more potent mitogens than 1,25-(OH)(2)D3 itself (MC1288 approximately CB1093 > EB1089 > 1,25-(OH)2D3). In addition, each was more effective than 1,25-(OH)2D3(EB1089 > CB1093 > MC1288 > 1,25-(OH)2D3) in the activation of a vitamin D response element from the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-A gene, whose expression is essential for normal alveolarization. Daily administration of EB1089 to rats 4 to 12 days of age caused an increase in mean alveolar chord length (P < .0001), and also elicited prominent regions of fibroblast hypercellularity, as defined in terms of a vimentin-positive, factor VIII-negative phenotype. EB1089 and RA each induced the expression of 2 important lung structural proteins, collagen and elastin. Regions of fibroblast hypercellularity induced by EB1089 were strongly positive for expression of the alveolarization-relevant growth factors, PDGF-AA and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These studies demonstrate that 1,25-(OH)2D3 disrupts the overall alveolarization process in the neonatal lung, although it stimulates expression of some proteins associated with lung morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela K Ormerod
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA
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Garay E, Jankowski P, Lizano P, Marczak S, Maehr H, Adorini L, Uskokovic MR, Studzinski GP. Calcitriol derivatives with two different side-chains at C-20. Part 4: further chain modifications that alter VDR-dependent monocytic differentiation potency in human leukemia cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4444-55. [PMID: 17485214 PMCID: PMC2824506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Signaling of cell differentiation is one of the important physiological functions of the activated vitamin D receptor (VDR). Activation of the VDR can be achieved not only by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D), the natural ligand, but also by a large number of its analogs. These include a category containing two side chains emanating at C-20, generally referred to as Gemini. The introduction of a cyclopropyl moiety as part of the pro-R side chain provides modified Gemini compounds with increased steric requirement and decreased chain flexibility; the biological consequences of this novel structural variant are subject of this investigation. In general, the resulting 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl-pentyl)-21,22-cis-cyclo-cholecalciferols reduced had differentiation and transcriptional potency and induced cell cycle arrest less efficiently, as shown by a decrease in G1/S ratio, when compared to 1,25D. Modifying their calcitriol side chain in the form of a 4-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-5,5,5-trifluoropent-2-ynyl moiety, however, resulted in pronounced induction of differentiation in 1,25D-sensitive and moderate level of differentiation in 1,25D-resistant leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Garay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Paulo Lizano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - George P. Studzinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
- * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 973 972 5869; fax: +1 973 972 7293; e-mail:
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Ciesielski F, Rochel N, Moras D. Adaptability of the Vitamin D nuclear receptor to the synthetic ligand Gemini: remodelling the LBP with one side chain rotation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:235-42. [PMID: 17218092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the wild-type Vitamin D receptor (VDR) of zebrafish bound to Gemini, a synthetic agonist ligand with two identical side chains branching at carbon 20 reveals a ligand-dependent structural rearrangement of the ligand binding pocket (LBP). The rotation of a Leu side chain opens the access to a channel that can accommodate the second side chain of the ligand. The 25% increase of the LBP's volume does not alter the essential agonist features of VDR. The possibility to adapt the LBP to novel ligands with different chemistry and/or structure opens new perspectives in the design of more specifically targeted ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Ciesielski
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM Université Louis Pasteur, Parc d'innovation BP10142, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France
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32
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Mizwicki MT, Bula CM, Bishop JE, Norman AW. New insights into Vitamin D sterol-VDR proteolysis, allostery, structure-function from the perspective of a conformational ensemble model. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 103:243-62. [PMID: 17368177 PMCID: PMC1906717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have developed a Vitamin D sterol (VDS)-VDR conformational ensemble model. This model can be broken down into three individual, yet interlinked parts: (a) the conformationally flexible VDS, (b) the apo/holo-VDR helix-12 (H12) conformational ensemble, and (c) the presence of two VDR ligand binding pockets (LBPs); one thermodynamically favored (the genomic pocket, G-pocket) and the other kinetically favored by VDSs (the alternative pocket, A-pocket). One focus of this study is to use directed VDR mutagenesis to (1) demonstrate H12 is stabilized in the transcriptionally active closed conformation (hVDR-c1) by three salt-bridges that span the length of H12 (cationic residues R154, K264 and R402), (2) to elucidate the VDR trypsin sites [R173 (hVDR-c1), K413 (hVDR-c2) and R402 (hVDR-c3)] and (3) demonstrate the apo-VDR H12 equilibrium can be shifted. The other focus of this study is to apply the model to generate a mechanistic understanding to discrepancies observed in structure-function data obtained with a variety of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-Vitamin D(3) (1,25D) A-ring and side-chain analogs, and side-chain metabolites. We will demonstrate that these structure-function conundrums can be rationalized, for the most part by focusing on alterations in the VDS conformational flexibility and the elementary interaction between the VDS and the VDR A- and G-pockets, relative to the control, 1,25D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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O'Kelly J, Uskokovic M, Lemp N, Vadgama J, Koeffler HP. Novel Gemini-vitamin D3 analog inhibits tumor cell growth and modulates the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 100:107-16. [PMID: 16777406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that 1alpha, 25-dihydroxy-21-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyl)vitamin D3 (Gemini) compounds, which have two side chains attached to carbon-20, had increased anti-tumor activities against breast, prostate and leukemia cell lines in comparison to 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3. This prompted us to synthesize additional Gemini compounds with further modifications and evaluate their anticancer effects. Most effective in this series was 1,25-dihydroxy-20S-21(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-vitamin D3 [Gemini-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-D3]. This analog was approximately 10-fold more potent than previously characterized Gemini compounds in inhibiting the clonal growth of HL-60, MCF-7 and LNCaP cell lines. Also in MCF-7 cells, Gemini-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-D3 caused dephosphorylation of the oncogenic kinase, Akt, resulting in dephosphorylation of the Akt target proteins, Forkhead transcription factor and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Downstream effectors of mTOR were also inhibited by the analog as demonstrated by decreased phosphorylation of both S6 kinase, and the translation inhibitor, 4E-BP1. The mTOR pathway regulates mRNA translation; exposure of MCF-7 cells to Gemini-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-D3 decreased their rate of protein synthesis and increased the association of 4EBP-1 with the translation initiation factor, eIF4E. Inhibition of the Akt-mTOR pathway represents a novel mechanism by which vitamin D3 analogs may modulate the expression and activity of proteins involved in cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O'Kelly
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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González MP, Puente M, Fall Y, Gómez G. In silico studies using Radial Distribution Function approach for predicting affinity of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues for Vitamin D receptor. Steroids 2006; 71:510-27. [PMID: 16566955 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The Radial Distribution Function (RDF) approach has been applied to the study of the chick intestinal VDR affinity of 49 Vitamin D analogues. A model able to describe more than 77.5% of the variance in the experimental activity was developed with the use of the mentioned approach. In contrast, none of four different approaches, including the use of Topological, BCUT, Randić molecular profiles and Geometrical descriptors were able to explain more than 55% of the variance in the mentioned property, with the same number of variables in the equation.
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35
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Lee HJ, Liu H, Goodman C, Ji Y, Maehr H, Uskokovic M, Notterman D, Reiss M, Suh N. Gene expression profiling changes induced by a novel Gemini Vitamin D derivative during the progression of breast cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:332-43. [PMID: 16737686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated gene expression changes induced by a novel Gemini Vitamin D(3) analog, RO-438-3582 (1alpha,25-dihydroxy-20S-21(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)-23-yne-26,27-hexafluoro-cholecalciferol, Ro3582), in a unique human breast MCF10 model. We used two breast epithelial cell lines from this model, namely MCF10AT1 (Ha-ras oncogene transfected MCF10A, early premalignant) and MCF10CA1a (fully malignant and metastatic derived from the MCF10AT1 line). We analyzed gene expression changes induced by Ro3582 using GeneChip technology, quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, or a gene transcription assay. Interestingly, we found distinct gene expression profile differences between Ro3582-induced response of the early premalignant MCF10AT1 and the malignant and metastatic MCF10CA1a cell lines. Moreover, while the Gemini Vitamin D(3) analog Ro3582 modulated the expression of several Vitamin D target genes such as the 24-hydroxylase, CD14, osteocalcin, and osteopontin in both cell lines, Ro3582 regulated many genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, cell adhesion, invasion, angiogenesis as well as cell signaling pathways, such as the BMP and TGF-beta systems, differently in the two cell lines. The Gemini Vitamin D(3) analog Ro3582 induced more significant gene changes in the early premalignant MCF10AT1 cells than in the malignant metastatic MCF10CA1a cells, suggesting that Gemini Vitamin D(3) analogs may be more effective in preventing the progression of an early stage of breast carcinogenesis than in treating late stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, 08854, USA
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36
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Molnár F, Peräkylä M, Carlberg C. Vitamin D receptor agonists specifically modulate the volume of the ligand-binding pocket. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:10516-26. [PMID: 16478719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513609200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing crystal structure data has indicated that 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1alpha,25(OH)(2) D(3)) and its analogues bind the ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of the human vitamin D receptor in a very similar fashion. Because docking of a ligand into the LBP is a more flexible process than crystallography can monitor, we analyzed 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), its 20-epi derivative MC1288, the two side-chain analogues Gemini and Ro43-83582 (a hexafluoro-derivative) by molecular dynamics simulations in a complex with the vitamin D receptor ligand-binding domain and a co-activator peptide. Superimposition of the structures showed that the side chain of MC1288, the first side chain of the conformation II of Gemini, the second side chain of Ro43-83582 in conformation I and the first side chain of Ro43-83582 in conformation II take the same agonistic position as the side chain of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3). Compared with the LBP of the natural hormone MC1288 reduced the volume by 17%, and Gemini expanded it by 19%. The shrinking of the LBP of MC1288 and its expansion to accommodate the second side chain of Gemini or Ro43-83582 is the combined result of minor movements of more than 30 residues and major movements of a few critical amino acids. The agonist-selective recognition of anchoring OH groups by the conformational flexible residues Ala-303, Leu-309, and His-397 was confirmed by in vitro assays. In summary, variations in the volume of agonists lead to adaptations in the volume of the LBP and alternative contacts of anchoring OH-groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Molnár
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
The biologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)(2)D3,] possess in vitro multiple anti-cancer activities including growth arrest, induction of apoptosis and differentiation of a variety of different types of malignant cells. However, its use as a therapeutic agent is hindered by its calcemic effects. Analogs of 1,25(OH)(2)D3 have enhanced anti-tumor activity, with reduced calcemic effects. However, limited clinical studies using vitamin D compounds have not yet achieved major clinical success. Nevertheless, pre-clinical studies suggest that the combination of either 1,25(OH)(2)D3 or its analogs with other agents can have additive or synergistic anti-cancer activities, suggesting future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang T Luong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Mizwicki MT, Bula CM, Bishop JE, Norman AW. A perspective on how the Vitamin D sterol/Vitamin D receptor (VDR) conformational ensemble model can potentially be used to understand the structure-function results of A-ring modified Vitamin D sterols. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 97:69-82. [PMID: 16055325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-Vitamin D(3) (1,25D) activates both genomic and non-genomic intracellular signaling cascades. It is also well recognized that co-incubation of 1,25D with its C-1 epimer, 1beta,25D (HL), suppresses the efficiency of the non-genomic signal activated by 1,25D alone and that its C-3 epimer, 3alpha-1,25D (HJ) is nearly as potent as 1,25D in suppressing PTH secretion, believed to be propagated by 1,25D's genomic signaling. Both these sterols lack the hypercalcemic effect induced by pharmacological doses of 1,25D and have reduced VDR affinity compared to 1,25D, as measured in a steroid competition assay. Recent functional studies suggest that the VDR is required for both non-genomic and genomic signaling. Along these lines we have recently proposed a Vitamin D sterol/VDR conformational ensemble model that posits the VDR contains two distinct, yet overlapping ligand binding sites, and that the potential differential stabilities of 1,25D and HL in these two pockets can be used to explain their different non-genomic signaling properties. The overlapping region is predominantly occupied by the sterol's A-ring when it is bound to either the genomic ligand binding pocket (G-pocket), defined by X-ray crystallography, or the alternative ligand binding pocket (A-pocket), discovered using in silico techniques (directed docking). Therefore, to gain further insight into the potential application of this model we docked the other A-ring diastereomer [(1beta,3alpha)=HH] of 1,25D and its 1- and 3-deoxy forms (25D and CF, respectively) to the A- and G-pockets to assess their potential stabilities in the pockets, relative to 1,25D. The models were then used to provide putative mechanistic arguments for their known structure-function experimental results. This model may provide new insights into how Vitamin D sterols that uncouple the unwanted hypercalcemic effect from attractive growth inhibitory/differentiation properties can do so by differentially stabilizing different subpopulations of VDR conformational ensemble members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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39
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Peräkylä M, Malinen M, Herzig KH, Carlberg C. Gene Regulatory Potential of Nonsteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Ligands. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19:2060-73. [PMID: 15860548 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The seco-steroid 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3] is a promising drug candidate due to its pleiotropic function including the regulation of calcium homeostasis, bone mineralization and cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. We report here a novel class of nonsteroidal compounds, represented by the bis-aromatic molecules CD4409, CD4420, and CD4528, as ligands of the 1α,25(OH)2D3 receptor (VDR). Taking the known diphenylmethane derivative LG190178 as a reference, this study provides molecular evaluation of the interaction of nonsteroidal ligands with the VDR. All four nonsteroidal compounds were shown to induce VDR-retinoid X receptor heterodimer complex formation on a 1α,25(OH)2D3 response element, stabilize the agonistic conformation of the VDR ligand-binding domain, enable the interaction of VDR with coactivator proteins and contact with their three hydroxyl groups the same residues within the ligand-binding pocket of the VDR as 1α,25(OH)2D3. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that all four nonsteroidal ligands take a shape within the ligand-binding pocket of the VDR that is very similar to that of the natural ligand. CD4528 is mimicking the natural hormone best and was found to be in vitro at least five times more potent than LG190178. In living cells, CD4528 was only two times less potent than 1α,25(OH)2D3 and induced mRNA expression of the VDR target gene CYP24 in a comparable fashion. At a noncalcemic dose of 150 μg/kg, CD4528 showed in vivo a clear induction of CYP24 expression and therefore may be used as a lead compound for the development of therapeutics against psoriasis, osteoporosis, and cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- DNA/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Reporter
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/pharmacology
- Ligands
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Chemical
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis
- Point Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Calcitriol/chemistry
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Software
- Steroid Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Peräkylä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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40
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41
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Mehta RG. Stage-specific inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis by 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D5. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40:2331-7. [PMID: 15454260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 05/25/2004] [Accepted: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Active metabolites of vitamin D are well recognised as cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. However, they are toxic at effective concentrations. Earlier, we reported that a non-toxic analogue of vitamin D, 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D5(1alpha(OH)D5), inhibited carcinogen-induced mammary lesion formation in mouse mammary organ cultures (MMOC) and in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. In the present study, we determined if 1alpha (OH)D5 action is selective during the initiation or promotion phases in MMOC and in vivo. In MMOC, 1 microM 1alpha (OH)D5 suppressed both ovarian hormone-dependent and -independent mammary lesions by more than 60%. Inhibition of alveolar lesions was observed only during the promotion stage (p=0.0016). In a 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis experiment, 1alpha (OH)D5 (40 microg/kg diet) inhibited cancer incidence by 37.5% (p<0.05) if 1alpha (OH)D5 was present in food during the promotion phase (+1 to end). However, a D5-supplemented diet during the initiation phase (-2 to +1 week) did not provide any protection. These results clearly show, for the first time, that the effects of vitamin D may be mediated selectively during the promotion or progression phases of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra G Mehta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, 840 S Wood Street (M/C 820), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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42
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Olivera CJ, Bula CM, Bishop JE, Adorini L, Manchand P, Uskokovic MR, Norman AW. Characterization of five 19-nor-analogs of 1alpha,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 with 20-cyclopropyl-modified side-chains: implications for ligand binding and calcemic properties. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90:99-106. [PMID: 15225754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The steroid hormone 1alpha,25(OH)(2)-Vitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] exerts a wide variety of biological actions through one or more receptors/binding proteins. The nuclear Vitamin D receptor (VDR) when bound to its natural ligand, 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3), can stimulate transcription of a wide variety of genes. The synthesis of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs allows the study of structure-function relationships between ligand and the VDR. 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) is a conformationally flexible molecule; specifically the side-chain of the hormone can display a large variety of shapes for its receptor. Here, we describe and analyze the properties of 10 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) analogs modified at the side-chain of which five lack carbon-19 (19-nor) but have a novel 20-cyclopropyl functionality. Analog NG [20,21-methylene-23-yne-26,27-F(6)-19-nor-1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)] possesses a respectable binding affinity for the VDR and exhibits a high transcriptional activity (EC(50) approximately 10pM), while retaining low induction of hypercalcemia in vivo in the mouse, making it a primary candidate for further analyses of its anti-proliferative and/or cell differentiating properties.
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43
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Maehr H, Uskokovic MR, Reddy GS, Adorini L. Calcitriol derivatives with two different side chains at C-20. 24-hydroxy derivatives as metabolic products and molecular probes for VDR exploration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90:35-8. [PMID: 15225743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously synthesized calcitriol derivatives with two identical side chains emanating at C-20, also known as gemini. In view of the evidence identifying C-24 hydroxylation as the first step in the in the metabolic cascade of calcitriol and gemini, stereochemical differentiation between the possible epimeric 20R- and 20S side-chain hydroxylated gemini became of interest. We now report the stereoselective synthesis of these compounds. Of these, 1,24(R),25-trihydroxy-21-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)-20(R)-19-nor-cholecalciferol was identified as the main metabolic product of 19-nor-gemini. In general, higher doses of the 24-hydroxylated gemini compounds were required to increase blood calcium levels in mice and to suppress INF-gamma release in MLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Maehr
- Bioxell Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Bldg. 76/13, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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44
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Ciesielski F, Rochel N, Mitschler A, Kouzmenko A, Moras D. Structural investigation of the ligand binding domain of the zebrafish VDR in complexes with 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and Gemini: purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 89-90:55-9. [PMID: 15225747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor of Vitamin D can be activated by a large number of agonist molecules with a wide spectrum in their stereochemical framework. Up to now most of our structural information related to the protein-ligand complex formation is based on an engineered ligand binding domain (LBD) of the human receptor. We now have extended our database, using a wild-type LBD from zebrafish that confirms the previously reported results and allows to investigate the binding of ligands that induce significant conformational changes at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Ciesielski
- Département de Biologie et de Génomique Structurales, IGBMC, CNRS/INSERM/Université Louis Pasteur, Parc d'Innovation BP10142, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
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45
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Weyts FA, Dhawan P, Zhang X, Bishop JE, Uskokovic MR, Ji Y, Studzinski GP, Norman AW, Christakos S. Novel Gemini analogs of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 with enhanced transcriptional activity. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1327-36. [PMID: 15013848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), exerts its effects through regulation of target gene transcription. Configuration at C-20 of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) is important in determining potency, as shown by the high potency of analogs with inverted configuration at C-20 (20-epi compounds). Gemini analogs of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) contain two side chains, combining a C-20-normal with a C20-epi side chain. We studied the potency of analogs combining double (Gemini) side chains with a 23-triple bond and a C-26,27-hexafluoro substitution in either the 20-epi (analog 20R) or 20-normal (analog 20S) side chain. These novel Gemini analogs were 8-50-fold more potent than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in inducing U937, HL-60G, and THP-1 differentiation and 5-50-fold more potent in inducing transcription from the osteocalcin vitamin D response element or the 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-24-hydroxylase (24OHase) promoter. In vivo, following i.p. injection in vitamin D-deficient mice, the 20S analog induced significantly higher levels of calbindin-D(9K) mRNA in intestine, and 24OHase and calbindin-D(28K) in kidney than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) or analog 20R. Increased potency did not correlate with ligand-receptor binding affinity. In GST-pull down assays using in vitro translated VDR, Gemini analogs showed equivalent (or even attenuated) potency to 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in recruiting cofactors DRIP205 and GRIP-1 to VDR. However, Gemini analogs were up to 15-fold more potent than 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in recruiting the same cofactors to VDR in GST-pull down assays using equal amounts of VDR from nuclear extracts of VDR transfected and hormone treated (24 hr) COS-7 cells. Deletion of C-19 in either 20S or 20R Gemini analogs resulted overall in slightly less potent analogs compared to Gemini itself. We conclude that enhanced potency of the novel Gemini analogs is at least partly due to increased metabolic stability of the analogs, resulting in more cofactor binding and elevated levels of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franci A Weyts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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46
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Norman AW, Mizwicki MT, Okamura WH. Ligand structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system from the perspective of drug development (including cancer treatment). Recent Results Cancer Res 2003; 164:55-82. [PMID: 12899514 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-55580-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
It has become readily apparent to many scientists and pharmaceutical companies that the vitamin D endocrine system offers a wide array of drug development opportunities. There are already successes, as noted by 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 (Roche, and Abbott) for renal osteodystrophy and osteoporosis and 1alpha(OH)D3 (Leo, Chugai, Teijin) for renal osteodystrophy and (in Japan) osteoporosis, 1alpha,24(OH)2-24-cyclopropyl-D3 (Dovonex) and 1alpha,24(OH)2D3 (Teijin) for psoriasis, and 19-nor-1alpha,25(OH)2D2 (Abbott) for renal osteodystrophy, as well as drugs under active development. Yet there are still many important and challenging drug development frontiers, particularly in the area of cancer treatment and immune system disorders where exploration is only in the initial early stages. In addition, the application of vitamin D-related drugs in neurology and brain pathology should not be overlooked. It is to be hoped that the cellular and molecular basis for the vexing problem of analog-induced hypercalcemia will be elucidated. Given that there are believed to be over 2000 analogs of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 already available for consideration, it is to be expected that over the next decade a significant number of new vitamin D structure-function drug development projects will be brought to conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Norman
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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47
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Väisänen S, Peräkylä M, Kärkkäinen JI, Uskokovic MR, Carlberg C. Structural evaluation of the agonistic action of a vitamin D analog with two side chains binding to the nuclear vitamin D receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 63:1230-7. [PMID: 12761332 DOI: 10.1124/mol.63.6.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is one of the endocrine members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and has a characteristic high affinity for its natural ligand 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)2D3]. From a mechanistic point of view, the most interesting analog of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 is the one that carries two side chains, referred to as Gemini. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the Gemini-VDR complex were performed that demonstrated that the binding of a ligand with a 25% increased volume does not disturb the overall structure of the ligand-binding domain (LBD). It was found that one of the two side chains takes exactly the same position as the single side chain of the natural ligand, which suggests that the molecular mechanism of the agonism of Gemini is identical to that of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3. VDR single and double point mutants at L227, A303, I313, and L397 and in vitro and ex vivo assessment of their agonistic action confirmed the predictions of the MD simulations. Moreover, it was found that the second side chain of Gemini can choose between two binding positions within the ligand-binding pocket of the VDR. These two newly identified "corners" were characterized most specifically by the amino acids pairs L227/A303 and I313/L397. Therefore, Gemini is an important model compound that allows further insight into the molecular actions of the VDR but is, in parallel, also a promising precursor for the design of even more potent 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Väisänen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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48
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Mizwicki MT, Norman AW. Two key proteins of the vitamin D endocrine system come into crystal clear focus: comparison of the X-ray structures of the nuclear receptor for 1alpha,25(OH)2 vitamin D3, the plasma vitamin D binding protein, and their ligands. J Bone Miner Res 2003; 18:795-806. [PMID: 12733718 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.5.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew T Mizwicki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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49
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Suhara Y, Kittaka A, Kishimoto S, Calverley MJ, Fujishima T, Saito N, Sugiura T, Waku K, Takayama H. Synthesis and testing of 2alpha-modified 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) analogues with a double side chain: marked cell differentiation activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:3255-8. [PMID: 12392726 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The 2alpha-methyl-, 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-, and 2alpha-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-derivatives of the 'double side chain' analogue of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) were synthesized using Trost A-ring/CD-ring connective strategy. Regarding the requisite A-ring building blocks, a new, high yield and stereoselective route to the 2alpha-methyl compound starting from D-glucose was developed. All three new analogues showed potent HL-60 cancer cell differentiation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Suhara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa, Japan
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50
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Roig EA, Richer E, Canonne‐Hergaux F, Gros P, Cellier MFM. Regulation of
NRAMP1
gene expression by 1α,25‐dihydroxy‐vitamin D
3
in HL‐60 phagocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.5.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Roig
- INRS‐Institut Armand‐Frappier, Laval, PQ, Canada; and
| | - E. Richer
- INRS‐Institut Armand‐Frappier, Laval, PQ, Canada; and
| | | | - P. Gros
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, PQ, Canada
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