Nonnucleoside human cytomegalovirus inhibitors: synthesis and antiviral evaluation of (chlorophenylmethyl)benzothiadiazine dioxide derivatives

Chan–Lam coupling reaction of sulfamoyl azides with arylboronic acids for synthesis of unsymmetrical N-arylsulfamides

An efficient method was developed for the synthesis of unsymmetrical N-arylsulfamides using sulfamoyl azides and arylboronic acids in the presence of 10 mol% of copper chloride as the catalyst. The reaction was facilitated in MeOH in an open flask at room temperature. Unlike the coupling of sulfamides and boronic acids, the use of sulfamoyl azides was found to be beneficial with respect to the yield and reaction time.

An efficient method was developed for the synthesis of unsymmetrical N-arylsulfamides using sulfamoyl azides and arylboronic acids in the presence of 10 mol% of copper chloride as the catalyst.

Eleven new highly oxygenated triterpenoids from the leaves and stems of Schisandra chinensis

Eleven new triterpenoids, schinchinenins A–H (1–8) and schinchinenlactones A–C (9–11) together with three known triterpenoids, henrischinins A–C (12–14), were isolated from the leaves and stems of Schisandra chinensis by bioassay-guided fractionation. Schinchinenin A (1) is the first example of a highly oxygenated triterpenoid characterized by a 5/5/7/6/5-fused pentacyclic ring and a 3-one-2-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]-octane moiety. Schinchinenins E and F (5 and 6) are highly oxygenated triterpenoids that contain a hydroperoxyl moiety, which is rare in compounds from the Schisandra genus. The structures and stereochemistry of 1–11 were elucidated using spectroscopic analysis, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, computational optical rotation, chemical transformation, and CD exciton chirality methods. The activities of compounds 1, 2, 7, and 12–14 against HSV-2 and adenovirus were evaluated for the first time, and of these compounds, 13 was the most active inhibitor of HSV-2, with a selectivity index value as high as 29.95.

Synthesis and anti-HCMV activity of 1-[ω-(phenoxy)alkyl]uracil derivatives and analogues thereof

HCMV infection represents a life-threatening condition for immunocompromised patients and newborn infants and novel anti-HCMV agents are clearly needed. In this regard, a series of 1-[ω-(phenoxy)alkyl]uracil derivatives were synthesized and examined for antiviral properties. Compounds 17, 20, 24 and 28 were found to exhibit highly specific and promising inhibitory activity against HCMV replication in HEL cell cultures with EC50 values within 5.5-12μM range. Further studies should be undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of action of these compounds and the structure-activity relationship for the linker region.

Methyl 2-(benzenesulfonamido)acetate

The title compound, C₉H₁₁NO₄S, is of inter­est as a precursor to biologically active benzothia­zines. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O inter­actions.

2-(Benzene-sulfonamido)acetic acid

The title compound, C(8)H(9)NO(4)S, is of inter-est as a precursor to biologically active sulfur-containing heterocyclic cmpounds. The crystal structure displays the classical O-H⋯O inter-molecular hydrogen bonding typical for carboxylic acids forming dimers. Symmetry-related dimers are, in turn, linked through head-to-tail pairs of inter-molecular N-H⋯O inter-actions, giving rise to a zigzag chain along the c axis.

1,2,3,4-Tetra-hydro-isoquinoline-2-sulfonamide

The title compound, C(9)H(12)N(2)O(2)S, is a useful precursor of a variety of modified sulfonamide mol-ecules. Due to the importance of these mol-ecules in biological systems (antibacterials, antidepressants and many other applications), there is a growing inter-est in the discovery of new biologically active compounds. In the title compound, the mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O inter-molecular hydrogen bonds involving the sulfonamide function to form an infinite two-dimensional network parallel to the (001) plane.

Synthesis and anti-HIV evaluation of the novel 2-(m-chlorobenzyl)-4-substituted-7-methyl-1, 1, 3-trioxo-pyrazolo[4, 5-e] [1, 2, 4]thiadiazines

A novel series of 2-(m-Chlorobenzyl)-4-substituted-1, 1, 3-trioxo-2H, 4H-pyrazolo[4, 5-e][1, 2, 4] thiadiazines (7a-k) were synthesized, and evaluated for their anti-HIV replication in MT-4 cell cultures. Compound (7a) showed activity against HIV-1-induced cytopathicity, with an EC50 value of 45.6 microM, but none of the compounds exhibited inhibitory activity against HIV-2.

Alternative method of Boc-removal from sulfamide using silica-phenyl sulfonic acid in conjunction with microwave heating

A general method was used to prepare an array of unsymmetric sulfamides. This was accomplished by the stepwise addition of CSI to tert-butanol followed by the addition of amines. To increase diversity, nitrogen group of Boc-sulfamides was alkylated with alcohols using Mitsunobu reaction and Boc-group was removed using Si-TsOH. Microwave heating was used in all the steps. The final sulfamides were released from Si-TsOH using NH3 in MeOH.

2,1,3-Benzothiadiazine derivatives: synthesis and screening versus PDE4 enzyme

A series of N-1,3 disubstituted 2,1,3-benzothiadiazine derivatives (BTDs) were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity versus enzymatic isoform PDE4 extracted from U937 cell line. Some of the tested compounds showed a high PDE4 inhibitory activity at 100 microM and the IC(50) value of the most interesting terms were evaluated. The structure-activity relationships of these compounds showed that the 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl moiety at N-1 position is important to obtain activity at micromolar level as previously reported. For the same compounds the antioxidant activity were evaluated highlighting 14 as the most significative one. The introduction of other bulky substituents in N-1 position is detrimental.

Good oral absorption prediction on non-nucleoside benzothiadiazine dioxide human cytomegalovirus inhibitors using combined chromatographic and neuronal network techniques

The current drugs available against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) suffer from a number of shortcomings such as toxic side effect, poor bioavailability and/or risk for emergence of drug-resistance virus strains. Due to these limitations, the development of new drugs against HCMV is of great interest. Taking into account the therapeutic potential of benzothiadiazines dioxides (BTD) derivatives, it is most important to know their oral bioavailability because all the current clinical drugs are poorly absorbed. In this work, the utility of CODES neural networks and biopartitioning micellar chromatography (BMC) in predicting pharmacokinetic properties has been used to estimate the oral absorption of BTD derivatives and their efficacy has been verified. The results indicate higher values for BTD derivatives than the currently licensed anti-viral agents.

Benzothiadiazine dioxide human cytomegalovirus inhibitors: synthesis and antiviral evaluation of main heterocycle modified derivatives

The benzothiadiazine dioxide derivatives are potent non-nucleoside human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) inhibitors. As part of our comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of these compounds, we have now proposed structural modifications on the heterocyclic moiety both on the number and the nature of the fused heterocycle and on the kind of heteroatoms present on it. Synthesis of these new compounds (benzyl derivatives of thiadiazines, thienothiadiazines, benzothienothiadiazines and quinazolines) and the antiviral evaluation against HCMV has been performed. SAR investigation on this class of compounds has defined the structural requirements for potency and toxicity. They have revealed two important clues: i) a fused ring to the thiadiazine framework is necessary to maintain the anti-HCMV action, and ii) the sulfamido moiety in the main heterocycle is crucial to avoid cytotoxicity.

Focus on new drugs in development against human cytomegalovirus

The limitations of current therapies for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) coupled with the continued impact of HCMV disease in the immunocompromised host are the driving force for the development of new drugs against HCMV. This review predominantly focuses on new non-DNA polymerase inhibitors of HCMV replication. Drugs such as tomeglovir (BAY-384766), 2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1beta-D-ribofuranosyl benzimidazole (BDCRB) and GW-275175X act as inhibitors of the terminase complex that is involved in cleavage and packaging of the unit length DNA into the capsids. Although the viral protein kinase UL97 has been exploited as an activator of ganciclovir and its prodrug valganciclovir, a new inhibitor maribavir (benzamidavir) has been shown to be a highly potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Many of these compounds have undergone successful phase I clinical trials. There are other compounds which have been identified through drug-screening but are at the earlier stages of development.

Anti-HIV-1 activity of benzothiadiazine dioxide

Antiviral assays carried out on the potent benzothiadiazine dioxide (BTD) human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) inhibitors have led us to find marginal but selective anti-HIV-1 activity. Specific pharmacological studies, such as time of addition experiments and assays on specific viral strains with mutations on its reverse transcriptase, have indicated that BTD compounds act as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Theoretical calculations showed a butterfly conformation for the active derivatives that are compatible with their mechanism of action. Therefore, BTD derivatives can be considered as potential lead compounds for the treatment of opportunistic HCMV infections in immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS patients.

Recent strategies in the development of new human cytomegalovirus inhibitors

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in immunucompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients and organ transplant recipients, and is the most frequent congenital viral infection in humans. Despite a reduction of the incidence of AIDS-related opportunistic infections in patients under highly active antiretroviral treatment, attention should be paid to the HCMV risk factor in these individuals. Furthermore, HCMV may have an important role in atherosclerosis. Existing antiviral treatments for the HCMV infection suffer from poor bioavailability, toxicity, and limited effectiveness, mainly due to the development of drug resistance. Fortunately there are novel and potentially very effective new compounds undergoing pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. This review provides an overview in the last five years of new HCMV inhibitors (chemical structures, SAR, and new mechanisms of action) with the aim to provide new clues for the development of future drugs against this opportunistic virus.