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(4-Picolylamino)-17β-Estradiol derivative and analogues induce apoptosis with death receptor trail R2/DR5 in MCF-7. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 369:110286. [PMID: 36460128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to discover more effective and less toxic drugs in the field of anti-tumor, the backbone structure of 17β-estradiol was modified, and 11 target compounds were synthesized. Compounds 5 and 10, which exhibited better anti-tumor activity and higher selectivity (more than 10-fold), were chosen for further biological investigation. Flow cytometry results indicated that 5 and 10 could arrest MCF-7 cells in the G2 phase and induce apoptosis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that 5 and 10 could bind to the estradiol receptor alpha in MCF-7 cells. Western blotting and real-time PCR assays were performed to detect the effects of compounds on apoptosis-related targets at the protein and gene levels. These results showed that both 5 and 10 could dosed-dependently increase the expression of Apaf-1, Bax, caspase-3,8,9 and reduce the expression levels of the anti-apoptotic factors Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Besides, the Human apoptosis array assay demonstrated the expression level of death receptor Trail R2/DR5 was upregulated obviously while the expression of TNF R1, IAPs and Hsp27/60/70 were downregulated. On the whole, 5 induced MCF-7 cell death through the endogenous pathway in mitochondria and the exogenous pathway with death receptor Trail R2/DR5.
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Maher P, Currais A, Schubert D. Using the Oxytosis/Ferroptosis Pathway to Understand and Treat Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:1456-1471. [PMID: 33176157 PMCID: PMC7749085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxytosis was first described over 30 years ago in nerve cells as a non-excitotoxic pathway for glutamate-induced cell death. The key steps of oxytosis, including glutathione depletion, lipoxygenase activation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and calcium influx, were identified using a combination of chemical and genetic tools. A pathway with the same characteristics as oxytosis was identified in transformed fibroblasts in 2012 and named ferroptosis. Importantly, the pathophysiological changes seen in oxytosis and ferroptosis are also observed in multiple neurodegenerative diseases as well as in the aging brain. This led to the hypothesis that this pathway could be used as a screening tool to identify novel drug candidates for the treatment of multiple age-associated neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using this approach, we have identified several AD drug candidates, one of which is now in clinical trials, as well as new target pathways for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Maher
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Antonio Currais
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Schubert
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Abstract
In aerobes, oxygen is essential for maintenance of life. However, incomplete reduction of oxygen leads to generation of reactive oxygen species. These oxidants oxidise biological macromolecules present in their vicinity and thereby impair cellular functions causing oxidative stress (OS). Aerobes have evolved both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defences to protect themselves from OS. Although hormones as means of biological coordination involve in regulation of physiological activities of tissues by regulating metabolism, any change in their normal titre leads to pathophysiological states. While, hormones such as melatonin, insulin, oestrogen, progesterone display antioxidant features, thyroid hormone, corticosteroids and catecholamines elicit free radical generation and OS, and the role of testosterone in inducing OS is debateable. This review is an attempt to understand the impact of free radical generation and cross talk between the hormones modulating antioxidant defence system under various pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan B N Chainy
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
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4
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Bansal R, Singh R. Exploring the potential of natural and synthetic neuroprotective steroids against neurodegenerative disorders: A literature review. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:1126-1158. [PMID: 28697282 DOI: 10.1002/med.21458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a complex process, which leads to progressive brain damage due to loss of neurons. Despite exhaustive research, the cause of neuronal loss in various degenerative disorders is not entirely understood. Neuroprotective steroids constitute an important line of attack, which could play a major role against the common mechanisms associated with various neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Natural endogenous steroids induce the neuroprotection by protecting the nerve cells from neuronal injury through multiple mechanisms, therefore the structural modifications of the endogenous steroids could be helpful in the generation of new therapeutically useful neuroprotective agents. The review article will keep the readers apprised of the detailed description of natural as well as synthetic neuroprotective steroids from the medicinal chemistry point of view, which would be helpful in drug discovery efforts aimed toward neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranju Bansal
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjit Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Singh R, Bansal R. Investigations on 16-Arylideno Steroids as a New Class of Neuroprotective Agents for the Treatment of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:186-200. [PMID: 27776205 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory mechanisms mediated by activated glial and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) might contribute to neuronal degeneration leading to Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an inflammogen derived from the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, which promotes neuroinflammation and subsequent neurodegeneration. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and testosterone have been reported as neuroprotective steroids useful for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, several 16-arylidene steroidal derivatives have been evaluated as neuroprotective agents in LPS-treated animal models. It was observed that 16-arylidene steroidal derivatives 1a-d and 6a-h considerably improve LPS-induced learning, memory, and movement deficits in animal models. Biochemical estimations of brain serum of treated animals revealed suppression of oxidative and nitrosative stress, acetylcholinesterase activity, and reduction in TNF-α levels, which were induced through LPS mediated neuroinflammatory mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration of brain. Of all the steroidal derivatives, 16-(4-pyridylidene) steroid 1c and its 4-aza analogue 6c were found to be the most active neuroprotective agents and produced effects comparable to standard drug celecoxib at a much lower dose and better than dexamethasone at the same dose in terms of behavioral, biochemical, and molecular aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Singh
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
| | - Ranju Bansal
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
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Yamanoi T, Oda Y, Fujita K, Koizumi A. 1,2-cis-α-Glucoside Formation from a 2-Benzyloxycarbonylamino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl Acetate Derivative by an Activating System That Used a Combination of Ytterbium(Ill) Triflate and a Catalytic Boron Trifluoride Diethyl Etherate Complex. HETEROCYCLES 2017. [DOI: 10.3987/com-17-13811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Kuriyama M, Hamaguchi N, Yano G, Tsukuda K, Sato K, Onomura O. Deuterodechlorination of Aryl/Heteroaryl Chlorides Catalyzed by a Palladium/Unsymmetrical NHC System. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8934-8946. [PMID: 27641511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic deuterodechlorination of aryl/heteroaryl chlorides was developed with a palladium/unsymmetrical NHC system, and the precisely controlled introduction of deuterium into a variety of aryl/heteroaryl compounds was achieved with a high level of efficiency, selectivity, and deuteration degree. This method was also successfully applied to the transformation of bioactive agents even in a gram-scale synthesis. The crystal structure analysis of Pd-NHC complexes led to the observation of Pd-arene interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Kuriyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Norihisa Hamaguchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Gemba Yano
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kotaro Tsukuda
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Kanako Sato
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Osamu Onomura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University , 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Pourganji M, Hosseini M, Soukhtanloo M, Zabihi H, Hadjzadeh MAR. Protective role of endogenous ovarian hormones against learning and memory impairments and brain tissues oxidative damage induced by lipopolysaccharide. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e13954. [PMID: 24829769 PMCID: PMC4005431 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been widely reported. The effects of female gonadal hormones in both neuroinflammation and brain cognitive functions have also been well considered. OBJECTIVES In the present study, the possible protective role for endogenous ovarian hormones against learning and memory impairment as well as brain tissues oxidative damage induced by lipopolysachride (LPS) was investigated in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS THE RATS WERE DIVIDED INTO FOUR GROUPS: Sham-LPS, Ovariectomized (OVX)-LPS, Sham, and OVX. The animals of sham group were in proestrous phase in which the serum concentration of estradiol is high. The Sham-LPS and OVX-LPS groups were treated with LPS (250 µg/kg) before acquisition. The animals were examined using passive avoidance (PA) test. The brains were then removed and malondialdehyde (MDA) and total thiol groups concentrations were measured. RESULTS The time latency to enter the dark compartment by OVX-LPS group was shorter than that of OVX at both first and 24th hours after the shock (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). In Sham-LPS and OVX-LPS groups, total thiol concentration in hippocampal and cortical tissues were significantly lower while MDA concentrations were higher than that of Sham and OVX groups (P < 0.05 - P < 0.001). ). The hippocampal MDA concentration in OVX-LPS group was higher than Sham- LPS group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Brain tissue oxidative damage contributed in deleterious effects of LPS on learning and memory. Some protective effects for the endogenous ovarian hormones against damaging effects of LPS on learning and memory function, as well as brain tissues oxidative damage could be postulated; however, it needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoume Pourganji
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mahmoud Hosseini, Neurocognitive Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran. Tel: +98-05118828565, Fax: +98-05118828564, E-mail:
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
| | - Hoda Zabihi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mosa Al-reza Hadjzadeh
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran
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Prokai L, Rivera-Portalatin NM, Prokai-Tatrai K. Quantitative structure-activity relationships predicting the antioxidant potency of 17β-estradiol-related polycyclic phenols to inhibit lipid peroxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1443-54. [PMID: 23344051 PMCID: PMC3565329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant potency of 17β-estradiol and related polycyclic phenols has been well established. This property is an important component of the complex events by which these types of agents are capable to protect neurons against the detrimental consequences of oxidative stress. In order to relate their molecular structure and properties with their capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation, a marker of oxidative stress, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were conducted. The inhibition of Fe3+-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenate, measured through an assay detecting thiobarbituric acid reactive substances for about seventy compounds were correlated with various molecular descriptors. We found that lipophilicity (modeled by the logarithm of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient, logP) was the property that influenced most profoundly the potency of these compounds to inhibit lipid peroxidation in the biological medium studied. Additionally, the important contribution of the bond dissociation enthalpy of the phenolic O–H group, a shape index, the solvent-accessible surface area and the energy required to remove an electron from the highest occupied molecular orbital were also confirmed. Several QSAR equations were validated as potentially useful exploratory tools for identifying or designing novel phenolic antioxidants incorporating the structural backbone of 17β-estradiol to assist therapy development against oxidative stress-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-817-735-2206; Fax: +1-817-735-2118
| | - Nilka M. Rivera-Portalatin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; E-Mail:
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Jiang CS, Guo XJ, Gong JX, Zhu TT, Zhang HY, Guo YW. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 21-arylidenepregnenolone derivatives as neuroprotective agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2226-9. [PMID: 22357341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of 21-arylidenepregnenolone derivatives and their corresponding epoxides were synthesized. The neuroprotective effects of these steroidal compounds against amyloid-β(25-35) (Aβ(25-35))- and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells were evaluated. The bioassay results indicated that several 3β-pregn-21-benzylidene-20-one derivatives displayed potent in vitro neuroprotective effects in different screening models, for example, compounds 2b, 3a, 3b, and 3s showing significant activities against Aβ(25-35)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, 2b showing significant activities against H(2)O(2)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and 2g, 3b, and 3e showing potent protection against OGD insult. The results suggested that introduction of an arylidene group into steroidal nucleus played an important role in neuroprotective activity, while the formation of epoxy group at C-5,6 could be also important for the neuroprotective activity in some degree. The pharmacological data reported here are helpful for the design of novel steroidal neuroprotective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, PR China
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11
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Mostafa YA, Taylor SD. 17β-Arylsulfonamides of 17β-aminoestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol as highly potent inhibitors of steroid sulfatase. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1535-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Morozkina SN, Nikol’skaya SK, Starova GL, Selivanov SI, Shavva AG. New analogs of steroid estrogens. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428011080203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Alcohol withdrawal and brain injuries: beyond classical mechanisms. Molecules 2010; 15:4984-5011. [PMID: 20657404 PMCID: PMC6257660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15074984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Unmanaged sudden withdrawal from the excessive consumption of alcohol (ethanol) adversely alters neuronal integrity in vulnerable brain regions such as the cerebellum, hippocampus, or cortex. In addition to well known hyperexcitatory neurotransmissions, ethanol withdrawal (EW) provokes the intense generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of stress-responding protein kinases, which are the focus of this review article. EW also inflicts mitochondrial membranes/membrane potential, perturbs redox balance, and suppresses mitochondrial enzymes, all of which impair a fundamental function of mitochondria. Moreover, EW acts as an age-provoking stressor. The vulnerable age to EW stress is not necessarily the oldest age and varies depending upon the target molecule of EW. A major female sex steroid, 17β-estradiol (E2), interferes with the EW-induced alteration of oxidative signaling pathways and thereby protects neurons, mitochondria, and behaviors. The current review attempts to provide integrated information at the levels of oxidative signaling mechanisms by which EW provokes brain injuries and E2 protects against it.
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Mohler ML, Narayanan R, Coss CC, Hu K, He Y, Wu Z, Hong SS, Hwang DJ, Miller DD, Dalton JT. Estrogen receptor beta selective nonsteroidal estrogens: seeking clinical indications. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:507-34. [PMID: 20302450 DOI: 10.1517/13543771003657164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Nonsteroidal estrogens have been known since the 1930s. However, the relatively recent (1996) discovery of estrogen receptor subtype beta (ERbeta) suggested a possible paradigm shift away from SERM-like selectivity. Selective ERbeta agonism would potentially allow expansion of estrogenic targeting into new indications (discussed herein) currently precluded by the thrombogenic and hyperproliferative effects of nonselective estrogens. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW ERbeta agonist design has been very successful. Pharmacophores for ERbeta selective nonsteroidal estrogens are generally diphenolic compounds that achieve an inter-phenolic distance and geometry similar to 17beta-estradiol with few restraints on the nature of the element linking the phenols (or phenol mimetics). The tremendously chemodiverse ERbeta agonist patent literature is reviewed, segregating the agonists into structurally similar compounds based on their interphenolic linking elements. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN A comprehensive understanding of the chemotype landscape of this field and an assessment of its maturation. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Subtype selective ERbeta agonist therapy seems very promising. However, more clinical testing is needed to firmly establish its therapeutic potential. At this point, ERbeta is a promising target in search of an indication.
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Kumar S, Lata K, Mukhopadhyay S, Mukherjee TK. Role of estrogen receptors in pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative actions of estrogens: a perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2010; 1800:1127-35. [PMID: 20434525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2010.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens are steroid hormones responsible for the primary and secondary sexual characteristics in females. While pre-menopausal women use estrogens as the main constituents of contraceptive pills, post-menopausal women use the same for Hormone Replacement Therapy. Estrogens produce reactive oxygen species by increasing mitochondrial activity and redox cycling of estrogen metabolites. The phenolic hydroxyl group present at the C3 position of the A ring of estrogens can get oxidized either by accepting an electron or by losing a proton. Thus, estrogens might act as pro-oxidant in some settings, resulting in complicated non-communicable diseases, namely, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. However, in some other settings the phenolic hydroxyl group of estrogens may be responsible for the anti-oxidative beneficial functions and thus protect against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. SCOPE OF REVIEW To date, no single review article has mentioned the implication of estrogen receptors in both the pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative actions of estrogens. MAJOR CONCLUSION The controversial role of estrogens as pro-oxidant or anti-oxidant is largely dependent on cell types, ratio of different types of estrogen receptors present in a particular cell and context specificity of the estrogen hormone responses. Both pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant effects of estrogens might involve different estrogen receptors that can have either genomic or non-genomic action to manifest further hormonal response. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review highlights the role of estrogen receptors in the pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative actions of estrogens with special emphasis on neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhdeep Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indiana Institute of Science Eduaction and Research (IISER), Transit Campus, Chandigarh, India
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Nasim S, Vartak AP, Pierce WM, Grant Taylor K, Crooks PA. Improved and Scalable Synthetic Route to the Synthon 17-β-(2-Carboxyethyl)-1,3,5(10)-estratriene: An Important Intermediate in the Synthesis of Bone-Targeting Estrogens. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910903013796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shama Nasim
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ashish P. Vartak
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - William M. Pierce
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , School of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - K. Grant Taylor
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter A. Crooks
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Role of protein phosphatases and mitochondria in the neuroprotective effects of estrogens. Front Neuroendocrinol 2009; 30:93-105. [PMID: 19410596 PMCID: PMC2835549 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present treatise, we provide evidence that the neuroprotective and mito-protective effects of estrogens are inexorably linked and involve the ability of estrogens to maintain mitochondrial function during neurotoxic stress. This is achieved by the induction of nuclear and mitochondrial gene expression, the maintenance of protein phosphatases levels in a manner that likely involves modulation of the phosphorylation state of signaling kinases and mitochondrial pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, and the potent redox/antioxidant activity of estrogens. These estrogen actions are mediated through a combination of estrogens receptor (ER)-mediated effects on nuclear and mitochondrial transcription of protein vital to mitochondrial function, ER-mediated, non-genomic signaling and non-ER-mediated effects of estrogens on signaling and oxidative stress. Collectively, these multifaceted, coordinated action of estrogens leads to their potency in protecting neurons from a wide variety of acute insults as well as chronic neurodegenerative processes.
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L, Simpkins JW, Jung ME. Phenolic compounds protect cultured hippocampal neurons against ethanol-withdrawal induced oxidative stress. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:1773-1787. [PMID: 19468338 PMCID: PMC2680646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10041773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol withdrawal is linked to elevated oxidative damage to neurons. Here we report our findings on the contribution of phenolic antioxidants (17beta-estradiol, p-octyl-phenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) to counterbalance sudden ethanol withdrawal-initiated oxidative events in hippocampus-derived cultured HT-22 cells. We showed that ethanol withdrawal for 4 h after 24-h ethanol treatment provoked greater levels of oxidative damage than the preceding ethanol exposure. Phenolic antioxidant treatment either during ethanol exposure or ethanol withdrawal only, however, dose-dependently reversed cellular oxidative damage, as demonstrated by the significantly enhanced cell viability, reduced malondialdehyde production and protein carbonylation, compared to untreated cells. Interestingly, the antioxidant treatment schedule had no significant impact on the observed neuroprotection. In addition, the efficacy of the three phenolic compounds was practically equipotent in protecting HT-22 cells in spite of predictions based on an in silico study and a cell free assay of lipid peroxidation. This finding implies that free-radical scavenging may not be the sole factor responsible for the observed neuroprotection and warrants further studies to establish, whether the HT-22 line is indeed a suitable model for in vitro screening of antioxidants against EW-related neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mails:
(J.W.S.);
(M.E.J.)
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mail:
| | - James W. Simpkins
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mails:
(J.W.S.);
(M.E.J.)
| | - Marianna E. Jung
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; E-Mails:
(J.W.S.);
(M.E.J.)
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Gajjar D, Patel D, Alapure B, Praveen MR, Patel A, Johar K, Vasavada AR. Rapid action of oestradiol against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in cataractous lens epithelium: an in vitro study. Eye (Lond) 2008; 23:1456-63. [DOI: 10.1038/eye.2008.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Perjesi P, Rivera-Portalatin NM, Simpkins JW, Prokai L. Mechanistic investigations on the antioxidant action of a neuroprotective estrogen derivative. Steroids 2008; 73:280-8. [PMID: 18068745 PMCID: PMC2317824 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidant action is an important component of the complex neuroprotective effect of estrogens. Combining theoretical prediction and subsequent experimental confirmation by chemical and in vitro paradigms, this study focused on the mechanistic aspects of hydroxyl radical scavenging by 17beta-butoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3-ol, a synthetic derivative of 17beta-estradiol with increased potency to inhibit lipid peroxidation and reduced affinity to estrogen-receptors compared to the endogenous hormone. In the process that acts as a "chemical shield," the phenolic A-ring turns into 10beta-hydroxy-17beta-butoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3-one, a non-aromatic para-quinol, upon capturing hydroxyl radicals, which results in the complete loss of estrogen-receptor affinity and antioxidant activity. However, the parent compound is apparently recovered in brain tissue from this para-quinol via enzyme-catalyzed NAD(P)H-dependent reductive aromatization without causing oxidative stress. Taken together, our report argues for a previously unrecognized antioxidant cycle for estrogen-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Pal Perjesi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Nilka M. Rivera-Portalatin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, UNT Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - James W. Simpkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, UNT Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-817-735-2206; Fax: +1-817-735-2118; E-mail address: (L. Prokai)
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Rivera-Portalatin NM, Vera-Serrano JL, Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. Comparison of estrogen-derived ortho-quinone and para-quinol concerning induction of oxidative stress. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 105:71-5. [PMID: 17582759 PMCID: PMC2752863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ortho-quinones formed from catechol estrogens are considered prooxidants due to the production of superoxide radical anions through redox cycling via semiquinones. Para-quinols have been identified as novel metabolites of and as the major products of hydroxyl-radical scavenging by estrogens. Cycling of these compounds has also been discovered, because they are converted back to the parent estrogen via reductive aromatization in vitro and in vivo. We hypothesized that, unlike ortho-quinones, para-quinols do not induce oxidative stress due to this cycling. Like the estrogen itself, the 17beta-estradiol-derived para-quinol (10beta,17beta-dihydroxyestra-1,4-diene-3-one) did not induce oxidative stress, as the rate of hydrogen peroxide production during the incubations of the compounds in various tissue homogenates was not significantly different from that of the control experiments performed without the addition of a test compound. We also confirmed that the estrogen metabolite estra-1,5(10)-dien-3,4,17-trione (estrone 3,4-quinone) was a profound prooxidant due to redox cycling, especially in uterine tissue. Therefore, we concluded that para-quinols do not induce oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilka M. Rivera-Portalatin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, USA
| | - José L. Vera-Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 817 7352206; fax: +1 817 7352651. (L. Prokai)
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Cai ZY, Covey DF. A facile total synthesis of ent-17beta-estradiol and structurally related analogues. Steroids 2007; 72:351-9. [PMID: 17257636 PMCID: PMC3791855 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A facile six-step synthesis (15.2% yield) of ent-17beta-estradiol from readily accessible precursors is described. The preparation of analogues with 2-alkyl substituents, double bond unsaturation in the C-ring, a cis C,D-ring fusion and modified substituents at C(17) is also reported.
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Prokai L, Simpkins JW. Structure-nongenomic neuroprotection relationship of estrogens and estrogen-derived compounds. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 114:1-12. [PMID: 17336390 PMCID: PMC1905848 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nongenomic estrogen signaling pathways involve extranuclear estrogen receptors or function independently from estrogen receptors. These pathways participate in neuroprotection elicited by the hormone. Additional nongenomic neuroprotective effects are attributable to antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions of estrogens. Numerous chemical modifications to afford neuroprotective compounds from estrogens while eliminating estrogenicity and maintaining or enhancing nongenomic neuroprotection have been described. This review highlights recent structure-activity studies that revealed the importance of antioxidant effects for neuroprotective estrogen analogues and derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Molecular Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Prokai L, Prokai-Tatrai K, Perjési P, Simpkins JW. Mechanistic insights into the direct antioxidant effects of estrogens. Drug Dev Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Prokai L, Prokai-Tatrai K, Perjesi P, Zharikova AD, Perez EJ, Liu R, Simpkins JW. Quinol-based cyclic antioxidant mechanism in estrogen neuroprotection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:11741-6. [PMID: 14504383 PMCID: PMC208828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2032621100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence now exists that intrinsic free-radical scavenging contributes to the receptor-independent neuroprotective effects of estrogens. This activity is inherently associated with the presence of a phenolic A-ring in the steroid. We report a previously unrecognized antioxidant cycle that maintains the "chemical shield" raised by estrogens against the most harmful reactive oxygen species, the hydroxyl radical (*OH) produced by the Fenton reaction. In this cycle, the capture of *OH was shown to produce a nonphenolic quinol with no affinity to the estrogen receptors. This quinol is then rapidly converted back to the parent estrogen via an enzyme-catalyzed reduction by using NAD(P)H as a coenzyme (reductant) and, unlike redox cycling of catechol estrogens, without the production of reactive oxygen species. Due to this process, protection of neuronal cells against oxidative stress is also possible by quinols that essentially act as prodrugs for the active hormone. We have shown that the quinol obtained from a 17beta-estradiol derivative was, indeed, able to attenuate glutamate-induced oxidative stress in cultured hippocampus-derived HT-22 cells. Estrone quinol was also equipotent with its parent estrogen in reducing lesion volume in ovariectomized rats after transient middle carotid artery occlusion followed by a 24-h reperfusion. These findings may establish the foundation for a rational design of neuroprotective antioxidants focusing on steroidal quinols as unique molecular leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Prokai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0485, USA.
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Abstract
The syntheses and antimitotic activity of several novel 2-methoxyestradiol analogs are described. Structural modifications investigated include introduction of additional unsaturation in rings B and D; inversion at C-13; and substitution at the C-2, C-15, C-16, and C-7 alpha positions. Of 15 analogs synthesized, 2 have demonstrated superior biological activities compared to 2-methoxyestradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pemmaraju N Rao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, P O Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA.
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