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Kelderman CAA, Davey PRWJ, Ma MT, de Veer M, Salimova E, Donnelly PS, Paterson BM. Hexadentate technetium-99m bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes: synthesis, characterisation and biodistribution. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14064-14078. [PMID: 35822662 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01264b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of non-oxido/non-nitrido bis(thiosemicarbazonato)technetium(V) complexes featuring a series of alkyl and ether substituents is presented. The bis(thiosemicarbazones) were radiolabelled with technetium-99m using an optimised one-pot synthesis from [99mTc][TcO4]-. Mass spectrometry and computational chemistry data suggested a distorted trigonal prismatic coordination environment for the bis(thiosemicarbazonato)technetium(V) complexes by way of a bis(thiosemicarbazone)technetium(V)-oxido intermediate complex. The lipophilicities of the complexes were estimated using distribution ratios and three of the new complexes were investigated in mice using kinetic planar imaging and ex vivo biodistribution experiments and were compared to [99mTc][TcO4]-. Modification of the technetium complexes with various lipophilic functional groups altered the biodistributions of the complexes in mice despite evidence suggesting limited stability of the complexes to biologically relevant conditions. The most hydrophilic complex had higher uptake in the kidneys compared to the most lipophilic, which had higher liver uptake, suggesting modification of the excretion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle T Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Michael de Veer
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ekaterina Salimova
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brett M Paterson
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Rouanet J, Quintana M, Auzeloux P, Cachin F, Degoul F. Benzamide derivative radiotracers targeting melanin for melanoma imaging and therapy: Preclinical/clinical development and combination with other treatments. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107829. [PMID: 33662452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma arises from proliferating melanocytes, cells specialized in the production of melanin. This property means melanin can be considered as a target for monitoring melanoma patients using nuclear imaging or targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Since the 1970s, many researchers have shown that specific molecules can interfere with melanin. This paper reviews some such molecules: benzamide structures improved to increase their pharmacokinetics for imaging or TRT. We first describe the characteristics and biosynthesis of melanin, and the main features of melanin tracers. The second part summarizes the preclinical and corresponding clinical studies on imaging. The last section presents TRT results from ongoing protocols and discusses combinations with other therapies as an opportunity for melanoma non-responders or patients resistant to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Rouanet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France; Department of Dermatology and Oncodermatology, CHU Estaing, 1 place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand F-63011, France.
| | - Mercedes Quintana
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France.
| | - Philippe Auzeloux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France.
| | - Florent Cachin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France; Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand F-63011, France.
| | - Françoise Degoul
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques, UMR1240, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63005 Clermont-Ferrand, Cedex, France.
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Monooxorhenium(V) complexes with 222-N 2S 2 MAMA ligands for bifunctional chelator agents: Syntheses and preliminary in vivo evaluation. Nucl Med Biol 2016; 43:802-811. [PMID: 27694058 PMCID: PMC5118109 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Targeted radiotherapy using the bifunctional chelate approach with 186/188Re(V) is challenging because of the susceptibility of monooxorhenium(V)-based complexes to oxidize in vivo at high dilution. A monoamine-monoamide dithiol (MAMA)-based bifunctional chelating agent was evaluated with both rhenium and technetium to determine its utility for in vivo applications. METHODS A 222-MAMA chelator, 222-MAMA(N-6-Ahx-OEt) bifunctional chelator, and 222-MAMA(N-6-Ahx-BBN(7-14)NH2) were synthesized, complexed with rhenium, radiolabeled with 99mTc and 186Re (carrier added and no carrier added), and evaluated in initial biological distribution studies. RESULTS An IC50 value of 2.0±0.7nM for natReO-222-MAMA(N-6-Ahx-BBN(7-14)NH2) compared to [125I]-Tyr4-BBN(NH2) was determined through competitive cell binding assays with PC-3 tumor cells. In vivo evaluation of the no-carrier added 99mTc-222-N2S2(N-6-Ahx-BBN(7-14)NH2) complex showed little gastric uptake and blockable pancreatic uptake in normal mice. CONCLUSIONS The 186ReO-222-N2S2(N-6-Ahx-BBN(7-14)NH2) complex showed stability in biological media, which indicates that the 222-N2S2 chelator is appropriate for chelating 186/188Re in radiopharmaceuticals involving peptides. Additionally, the in vitro cell studies showed that the ReO-222-N2S2(N-6-Ahx-BBN(7-14)NH2) complex (macroscopically) bound to PC3-tumor cell surface receptors with high affinity. The 99mTc analog was stable in vivo and exhibited pancreatic uptake in mice that was blockable, indicating BB2r targeting.
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Li D, Chen Y, Wang X, Deuther-Conrad W, Chen X, Jia B, Dong C, Steinbach J, Brust P, Liu B, Jia H. 99mTc-Cyclopentadienyl Tricarbonyl Chelate-Labeled Compounds as Selective Sigma-2 Receptor Ligands for Tumor Imaging. J Med Chem 2016; 59:934-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Institute
of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research/Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bing Jia
- Medical
and Healthy Analytical Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chengyan Dong
- Interdisciplinary
Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Institute
of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research/Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Institute
of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research/Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Boli Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongmei Jia
- Key
Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry
of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Abstract
This review compares the biological and physiological function of Sigma receptors [σRs] and their potential therapeutic roles. Sigma receptors are widespread in the central nervous system and across multiple peripheral tissues. σRs consist of sigma receptor one (σ1R) and sigma receptor two (σ2R) and are expressed in numerous regions of the brain. The sigma receptor was originally proposed as a subtype of opioid receptors and was suggested to contribute to the delusions and psychoses induced by benzomorphans such as SKF-10047 and pentazocine. Later studies confirmed that σRs are non-opioid receptors (not an µ opioid receptor) and play a more diverse role in intracellular signaling, apoptosis and metabolic regulation. σ1Rs are intracellular receptors acting as chaperone proteins that modulate Ca2+ signaling through the IP3 receptor. They dynamically translocate inside cells, hence are transmembrane proteins. The σ1R receptor, at the mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane, is responsible for mitochondrial metabolic regulation and promotes mitochondrial energy depletion and apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that they play a role as a modulator of ion channels (K+ channels; N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors [NMDAR]; inositol 1,3,5 triphosphate receptors) and regulate lipid transport and metabolism, neuritogenesis, cellular differentiation and myelination in the brain. σ1R modulation of Ca2+ release, modulation of cardiac myocyte contractility and may have links to G-proteins. It has been proposed that σ1Rs are intracellular signal transduction amplifiers. This review of the literature examines the mechanism of action of the σRs, their interaction with neurotransmitters, pharmacology, location and adverse effects mediated through them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Rousseaux
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , ON , Canada and
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Wang X, Li D, Deuther-Conrad W, Lu J, Xie Y, Jia B, Cui M, Steinbach J, Brust P, Liu B, Jia H. Novel cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl (99m)tc complexes containing 1-piperonylpiperazine moiety: potential imaging probes for sigma-1 receptors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7113-25. [PMID: 25073047 DOI: 10.1021/jm5009488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a series of novel cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl (99m)Tc complexes as potent σ1 receptor radioligands. Rhenium compounds 3-(4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylcarbonylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl rhenium (10a) and 4-(4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl)butylcarbonylcyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl rhenium (10b) possessed high in vitro affinity for σ1 receptors and moderate to high selectivity for σ2 receptors and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Biodistribution studies in mice demonstrated high initial brain uptake for corresponding (99m)Tc derivatives [(99m)Tc]23 and [(99m)Tc]24 of 2.94 and 2.13% injected dose (ID)/g, respectively, at 2 min postinjection. Pretreatment of haloperidol significantly reduced the radiotracer accumulation of [(99m)Tc]23 or [(99m)Tc]24 in the brain. Studies of the cellular uptake of [(99m)Tc]23 in C6 and DU145 tumor cells demonstrated a reduction of accumulation by incubation with haloperidol, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (SA4503), or 1,3-di-o-tolyl-guanidine (DTG). Furthermore, blocking studies in C6 glioma-bearing mice confirmed the specific binding of [(99m)Tc]23 to σ1 receptors in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University , Beijing 100875, China
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Zampieri D, Laurini E, Vio L, Golob S, Fermeglia M, Pricl S, Mamolo MG. Synthesis and receptor binding studies of some new arylcarboxamide derivatives as sigma-1 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1021-5. [PMID: 24486131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the synthesis and the binding interaction with σ1 and σ2 receptors of a series of new arylcarboxamide derivatives variously substituted on the aromatic portions. Maintaining a partial scaffold of a series of compounds previously synthesized by us, we evaluate the effect of the substitution on σ binding. The synthesized compounds have been tested to estimate their affinity and selectivity toward σ1 and σ2 receptors. Two out of 16 derivatives showed an interesting σ1 affinity (21.2 and 13.6 nM-compounds 2m and 2p) and a good selectivity (Ki(σ2)/Ki(σ1) >140 and >40, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zampieri
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Piazzale Europa 1, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, DI3, Piazzale Europa 1, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Luciano Vio
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Piazzale Europa 1, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Samuel Golob
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Piazzale Europa 1, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, DI3, Piazzale Europa 1, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Simulation Engineering (MOSE) Laboratory, DI3, Piazzale Europa 1, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Mamolo
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Piazzale Europa 1, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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(99m)Tc(N)-DBODC(5), a potential radiolabeled probe for SPECT of multidrug resistance: in vitro study. J Biol Inorg Chem 2013; 18:523-38. [PMID: 23543234 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-0997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[(99m)Tc(N)(DBODC)(PNP5)](+) [DBODC is bis(N-ethoxyethyl)dithiocarbamato; PNP5 is bis(dimethoxypropylphosphinoethyl)ethoxyethylamine], abbreviated as (99m)Tc(N)-DBODC(5), is a lipophilic cationic mixed compound investigated as a myocardial imaging agent. The findings that this tracer accumulates in mitochondrial structures through a mechanism mediated by the negative mitochondrial membrane potential and that the rapid efflux of (99m)Tc(N)-DBODC(5) from nontarget tissues seems to be associated with the multidrug resistance (MDR) P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport function open up the possibility to extend its clinical applications to tumor imaging and noninvasive MDR studies. The rate of uptake at 4 and 37 °C of (99m)Tc(N)-DBODC(5) was evaluated in vitro in selected human cancer cell lines and in the corresponding sublines before and after P-gp and/or MDR-associated protein (MRP) modulator/inhibitor treatment using (99m)Tc-sestamibi as a reference. The results indicated that (1) the uptake of both (99m)Tc(N)-DBODC(5) and (99m)Tc-sestamibi is correlated to metabolic activity of the cells and (2) the cellular accumulation is connected to the level of P-gp/MRP expression; in fact, an enhancement of uptake in resistant cells was observed after treatment with opportune MDR inhibitor/modulator, indicating that the selective blockade of P-gp/MRP prevented efflux of the tracers. This study provides a preliminary indication of the applicability of (99m)Tc(N)-DBODC(5) in tumor imaging and in detecting P-gp/MRP-mediated drug resistance in human cancer. In addition, the possibility to control the hydrophobicity and pharmacological activity of this heterocomplex through the variation of the substituents on the ligands backbone without affecting the P2S2 coordinating sphere makes (99m)Tc(N)-DBODC(5) a suitable scaffold for the preparation of a molecular probe for single photon emission computed tomography of MDR.
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Hickey JL, Donnelly PS. Diagnostic imaging of Alzheimer's disease with copper and technetium complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kim HJ, Kim DY, Park JH, Yang SD, Hur MG, Min JJ, Yu KH. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel 68Ga-labeled DOTA-benzamide derivative for malignant melanoma imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5288-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Synthesis and characterization of a (68)Ga-labeled N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzamide derivative as potential PET probe for malignant melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4915-20. [PMID: 22831797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled benzamides have been reported to be attractive agents for targeting malignant melanoma as they bind melanin and display high accumulation in melanoma cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and bioevaluation of a novel (68)Ga-labeled benzamide as a potential PET agent for malignant melanoma. The novel radiotracer was synthesized in good radiochemical yields (80% decay corrected yield) and high specific radioactivity (10 GBq/μmol). Cellular uptake of (68)Ga-SCN-NOTA-BZA was significantly higher in B16F10 cells (mouse melanoma) treated with L-tyrosine. Biodistribution and micro-PET studies of (68)Ga-SCN-NOTA-BZA in B16F10-bearing mice showed selective uptake into the tumor. The radiotracer was cleared via renal excretion without further metabolism. These results demonstrate that (68)Ga-SCN-NOTA-BZA is a potential PET probe for malignant melanoma.
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Moura C, Gano L, Mendes F, Raposinho PD, Abrantes A, Botelho M, Santos I, Paulo A. 99mTc(I)/Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes for in vivo targeting of melanotic melanoma: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 50:350-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Moura C, Gano L, Santos IC, Santos I, Paulo A. 99mTcI/ReI Tricarbonyl Complexes with Tridentate Cysteamine Based Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization and in vitro/in vivo Evaluation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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A 3D-pharmacophore model for σ2 receptors based on a series of substituted benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2954-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Peindy N'Dongo HW, Raposinho PD, Fernandes C, Santos I, Can D, Schmutz P, Spingler B, Alberto R. Preparation and biological evaluation of cyclopentadienyl-based 99mTc-complexes [(Cp-R)99mTc(CO)3] mimicking benzamides for malignant melanoma targeting. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 37:255-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Mach RH, Wheeler KT. Development of molecular probes for imaging sigma-2 receptors in vitro and in vivo. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2010; 9:230-45. [PMID: 20021357 DOI: 10.2174/1871524910909030230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sigma-2 (sigma(2)) receptor is proving to be an important protein in the field of cancer biology. The observations that sigma(2) receptors have a 10-fold higher density in proliferating tumor cells than in quiescent tumor cells, and that sigma(2) receptor agonists are capable of killing tumor cells via apoptotic and non-apoptotic mechanisms, indicate that this receptor is an important molecular target for the development of radiotracers for imaging tumors using techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) and for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In spite of recent promising results towards achieving these goals, research in this field has been hampered by the fact that the molecular identity of the protein sequence of the sigma(2) receptor is currently not known. Consequently, most of what is known about this protein has been obtained using either radiolabeled or fluorescent probes for this receptor, or biochemical analysis of the effect of sigma(2) selective ligands on cells growing under tissue culture conditions. This article provides a review of the development and use of sigma(2) receptor ligands, and how these ligands have been used with a variety of in vitro and in vivo models to gain a greater understanding of the role this receptor plays in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Henry Mach
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Moura C, Esteves T, Gano L, Raposinho PD, Paulo A, Santos I. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of tricarbonyl M(i) (M = Re, 99mTc) complexes functionalized with melanin-binding pharmacophores. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Ren G, Miao Z, Liu H, Jiang L, Limpa-Amara N, Mahmood A, Gambhir SS, Cheng Z. Melanin-targeted preclinical PET imaging of melanoma metastasis. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:1692-9. [PMID: 19759116 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.066175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dialkylamino-alkyl-benzamides possess an affinity for melanin, suggesting that labeling of such benzamides with (18)F could potentially produce melanin-targeted PET probes able to identify melanotic melanoma metastases in vivo with high sensitivity and specificity. METHODS In this study, N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-4-(18)F-fluorobenzamide ((18)F-FBZA) was synthesized via a 1-step conjugation reaction. The sigma-receptor binding affinity of (19)F-FBZA was determined along with the in vitro cellular uptake of radiofluorinated (18)F-FBZA in B16F10 cells. In vivo distribution and small-animal PET studies were conducted on mice bearing B16F10 melanoma, A375M amelanotic melanoma, and U87MG tumors, and comparative studies were performed with (18)F-FDG PET in the melanoma models. RESULTS In vitro, uptake of (18)F-FBZA was significantly higher in B16F10 cells treated with l-tyrosine (P < 0.001). In vivo, (18)F-FBZA displayed significant tumor uptake; at 2 h, 5.94 +/- 1.83 percentage injected dose (%ID) per gram was observed in B16F10 tumors and only 0.75 +/- 0.09 %ID/g and 0.56 +/- 0.13 %ID/g was observed in amelanotic A375M and U87MG tumors, respectively. Lung uptake was significantly higher in murine lungs bearing melanotic B16F10 pulmonary metastases than in normal murine lungs (P < 0.01). Small-animal PET clearly identified melanotic lesions in both primary and pulmonary metastasis B16F10 tumor models. Coregistered micro-CT with small-animal PET along with biopsies further confirmed the presence of tumor lesions in the mouse lungs. CONCLUSION (18)F-FBZA specifically targets primary and metastatic melanotic melanoma lesions with high tumor uptake and may have translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ren
- Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Zampieri D, Mamolo MG, Laurini E, Florio C, Zanette C, Fermeglia M, Posocco P, Paneni MS, Pricl S, Vio L. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and three-dimensional in silico pharmacophore model for sigma(1) receptor ligands based on a series of substituted benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5380-93. [PMID: 19673530 DOI: 10.1021/jm900366z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their affinities against sigma receptors were evaluated. On the basis of 31 compounds, a three-dimensional pharmacophore model for the sigma(1) receptor binding site was developed using the Catalyst 4.9 software package. The best 3D pharmacophore hypothesis, consisting of one positive ionizable, one hydrogen bond acceptor, two hydrophobic aromatic, and one hydrophobic features provided a 3D-QSAR model with a correlation coefficient of 0.89. The best hypothesis was also validated by three independent methods, i.e., the Fisher randomization test included in the CatScramble functionality of Catalyst, the leave-one-out test, and activity prediction of an additional test set. The achieved results will allow researchers to use this 3D pharmacophore model for the design and synthesis of a second generation of high affinity sigma(1) ligands, as well as to discover other lead compounds for this class of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zampieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Piazzale Europa 1, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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20
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Mamolo MG, Zampieri D, Zanette C, Florio C, Collina S, Urbano M, Azzolina O, Vio L. Substituted benzylaminoalkylindoles with preference for the sigma2 binding site. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:2073-81. [PMID: 18069094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the attempt to develop new sigma ligands we synthesized a series of N-benzyl-3-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-N-methylpropan-1-amines and N-benzyl-4-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-N-methylbutan-1-amines variously substituted on the phenyl ring. The displacement percentages of [3H]-DTG and [3H]-(+)-pentazocine determined in rat liver homogenates by these compounds at the fixed 100 nM concentration have been determined as a preliminary evaluation of their sigma1 and sigma2 affinity, respectively. The results suggested that the phenyl substituents may positively modulate, in comparison with the unsubstituted compound, the ability to displace [3H]-DTG from sigma2 sites, whereas the same phenyl substituents reduced the displacement percentages of [3H]-(+)-pentazocine from sigma1 sites. Some of these compounds were selected for radioligand binding assays. Compounds with a butylene intermediate chain displayed the greatest binding affinity for sigma2 over sigma1 receptors. The butylene derivative with 2,4-dimethyl substitution on the phenyl ring showed the greatest sigma2 affinity (sigma2Ki=5.9 nM) and an appreciable sigma2 over sigma1 selectivity (sigma1Ki/sigma2Ki=22). The obtained results suggest that a butylene chain separating the indole moiety from variously substituted benzylamino groups may be required to their interaction with a hypothetical secondary sigma2 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Mamolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, P.ale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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21
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Wolf M, Hull WE, Mier W, Heiland S, Bauder-Wüst U, Kinscherf R, Haberkorn U, Eisenhut M. Polyamine-Substituted Gadolinium Chelates: A New Class of Intracellular Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors. J Med Chem 2006; 50:139-48. [PMID: 17201417 DOI: 10.1021/jm061003a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new class of intracellular contrast agents (CA) for magnetic resonance imaging has been developed, based on Gd(DTPA) with two positively charged amide-linked substituents. Uptake of Gd(DTPA) into cultured tumor cell lines (B16 mouse melanoma, MH3924A Morris hepatoma) was below the detection limit while CA with the melanin-binding pharmacophore 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine reached intracellular concentrations of ca. 0.03 fmol/cell (ca. 20 microM) for melanoma and 0.02 fmol/cell for hepatoma (24 h at 10 microM CA). With the polyamine substituents bis(2-aminoethyl)amine or spermidine, CA uptake increased up to 3-fold for melanoma (0.083 fmol/cell) and 9-fold for hepatoma (0.18 fmol/cell). Uptake of polyamine-substituted CA was reduced by the polyamine transport inhibitor benzyl viologen. Molar relaxivities for three Gd-DTPA-polyamine complexes were in the range 5.6-6.9 for the free complex in solution and 7.7-23.5 s-1 mM-1 for Morris hepatoma cell pellets. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 2.35 T of rats with MH3924A tumors showed contrast enhancement in tumor at 1 and 24 h postinjection of polyamine-substituted CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Wolf
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Colabufo NA, Berardi F, Abate C, Contino M, Niso M, Perrone R. Is the σ2Receptor a Histone Binding Protein? J Med Chem 2006; 49:4153-8. [PMID: 16821775 DOI: 10.1021/jm0600592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Starting from the high affinity sigma(2) receptor ligand 2, (PB28), we synthesized amino derivative 4 and coupled it to an NHS-ester activated sepharose stationary phase column to elute a crude protein prepared by lysed human SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells. We characterized the SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis stained bands by MALDI-MS and LC-MS-MS analysis. The MASCOT MS-MS ion search program led to the identification of the protein components. The six eluted proteins had a molecular weight ranging from 13 kDa to 26 kDa and were human histone proteins. A human 40S ribosomal protein S3 (SwissProt accession number: P23396) was also identified as a comigrated band. The human histone proteins that were characterized were H3.3A histone (NCBI accession number: 51859376), H2B histone (NCBI accession number: 1568557), H2A.5 histone (NCBI accession number: 70686), H1 (NCBI accession number: 22770677), and H2.1 histone (SwissProt accession number: P16403). These results disclosed a dual hypothesis about the sigma(2) receptor, that is, that it is formed by histones or that the sigma(2) ligands also bind histone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Antonio Colabufo
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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23
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Lazarova N, Babich J, Valliant J, Schaffer P, James S, Zubieta J. Thiol- and thioether-based bifunctional chelates for the {M(CO)3}+ core (M = Tc, Re). Inorg Chem 2006; 44:6763-70. [PMID: 16156635 DOI: 10.1021/ic050735a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By analogy to the recently described single amino acid chelate (SAAC) technology for complexation of the {M(CO)3}+ core (M = Tc, Re), a series of tridentate ligands containing thiolate and thioether groups, as well as amino and pyridyl nitrogen donors, have been prepared: (NC5H4CH2)2NCH2CH2SEt (L1); (NC5H4CH2)2NCH2CH2SH (L2); NC5H4CH2N(CH2CH2SH)2 (L3); (NC5H4CH2)N(CH2CH2SH)(CH2CO2R) [R = H (L4); R = -C2H5 (L5). The {Re(CO)3}+ core complexes of L1-L5 were prepared by the reaction of [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]Br or [NEt4]2[Re(CO)3Br3] with the appropriate ligand in methanol and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and in the case of [Re(CO)3(L2)] (Re-2) and [Re(CO)3(L1)Re(CO)3Br2] (Re-1a) by X-ray crystallography. The structure of Re-2 consists of discrete neutral monomers with a fac-Re(CO)3 coordination unit and the remaining coordination sites occupied by the amine, pyridyl, and thiolate donors of L2, leaving a pendant pyridyl arm. In contrast, the structure of Re-1a consists of discrete binuclear units, constructed from a {Re(CO)3(L1)}+ subunit linked to a {Re(CO)3Br2}- group through the sulfur donor of the pendant thioether arm. The series of complexes establishes that thiolate donors are effective ligands for the {M(CO)3}+ core and that a qualitative ordering of the coordination preferences of the core may be proposed: pyridyl nitrogen approximately thiolate > carboxylate > thioether sulfur > thiophene sulfur. The ligands L1 and L2 react cleanly with [99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ in H2O/DMSO to give [99mTc(CO)3(L1)]+ (99m)Tc-1) and [99mTc(CO)3(L2)] (99mTc-2), respectively, in ca. 90% yield after HPLC purification. The Tc analogues 99mTc-1 and 99mTc-2 were subjected to ligand challenges by incubating each in the presence of 1000-fold excesses of both cysteine and histidine. The radiochromatograms showed greater than 95% recovery of the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neva Lazarova
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-4100, USA
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24
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Colabufo NA, Berardi F, Contino M, Ferorelli S, Niso M, Perrone R, Pagliarulo A, Saponaro P, Pagliarulo V. Correlation between sigma2 receptor protein expression and histopathologic grade in human bladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2006; 237:83-8. [PMID: 16005143 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sigma2 (sigma2) receptor proteins are overexpressed in several tissues and tumour cell lines. Although the biomolecular mechanism of this overexpression must be elucidated, sigma2 receptor was considered a potential biomarker for monitoring solid tumour proliferation. In this study, we verified first sigma2 receptor overexpression by saturation analysis with radioligand in six human bladder cancer specimens, then if a possible correlation could be established between sigma2 overexpression and tumour tissue stage and grade. The results displayed that sigma2 receptor protein was normally expressed in human bladder and overexpressed in the case of high-grade transitional cell carcinomas. Moreover, these receptors were undetected in a low-grade squamous cell carcinoma and in a very rare form of anaplastic, large cells plasmacytoid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Antonio Colabufo
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facoltá di Farmacia, Universitá degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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25
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Okarvi SM, Jammaz IA. Preparation and In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Technetium-99m-Labeled Folate and Methotrexate Conjugates as Tumor Imaging Agents. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2006; 21:49-60. [PMID: 16480331 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2006.21.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-membrane folic acid (FA) receptors are known to be responsible for cellular accumulation of FA and FA analogs, such as methotrexate (MTX), and are overexpressed on several tumor cells. Folate, as well as antifolates (i.e., MTX), possess high affinity for the folate-receptor positive cells and tissues and were deemed useful for diagnostic imaging. We have prepared and evaluated technetium-99m (99mTc)- labeled FA and MTX analogs using MAG3 and MAG2 chelating agents in an attempt to develop folate-receptor targeting radiopharmaceuticals. Folate and MTX-conjugates after labeling with 99mTc by ligand exchange method displayed high in vitro stability in human plasma. In vitro cell binding and internalization on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells indicated the affinity and specificity of the radioconjugates toward human breast cancer cells. In mice, all radioconjugates showed rapid clearance from the blood and excretion mainly through the renal/urinary pathway, with some elimination by way of the biliary route. There was no significant accumulation of radioactivity observed in other organs, with the exception of the intestines. Uptake in the breast tumor was moderate in nude mice. These findings could be of potential diagnostic interest in designing and developing FA/MTX-based radiopharmaceuticals for tumor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhani M Okarvi
- Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceuticals Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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26
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Cerecetto H, González M, Onetto S, Risso M, Rey A, Giglio J, León E, León A, Pilatti P, Fernández M. Synthesis and Characterization of Thiol Containing Furoxan Derivatives as Coligands for the Preparation of Potential Bioreductive Radiopharmaceuticals. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:59-66. [PMID: 16470649 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of thiol-containing 1,2,5-oxadiazole N-oxide (TONO) derivatives and their use as monodentate coligands for the preparation of (99m)Tc complexes is presented. 3-Mercaptomethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5-oxadiazol N(2)-oxide and 3-(4-mercaptophenylmethylidenhydrazinocarbonyloxymethyl)-4-phenyl-1,2,5-oxadiazol N(2)-oxide were successfully synthesized and combined with the tridentate ligand N,N-bis(2-mercaptoethyl)-N',N'-diethylethylenediamine (BMEDA) to prepare "3+1 mixed ligand" technetium complexes. The( 99m)Tc complexes were obtained in high yield and radiochemical purity using low concentration of ligand and coligand. An alternative procedure using a xantate and a disulphide precursor of 3-mercaptomethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5-oxadiazol N(2)-oxide yielded the same complex. Biological evaluation of the potentiality of the( 99m)Tc complexes as bioreductive radiopharmaceuticals was performed in normal CD1 mice and in mice bearing induced sarcoma. Tumour uptake was moderate but tumour/soft tissue ratio was favourable. Although these results are encouraging, further development is still necessary in order to achieve higher tumour uptake and lower gastrointestinal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cerecetto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química-Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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27
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Berardi F, Ferorelli S, Abate C, Pedone MP, Colabufo NA, Contino M, Perrone R. Methyl Substitution on the Piperidine Ring of N-[ω-(6-Methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)alkyl] Derivatives as a Probe for Selective Binding and Activity at the σ1 Receptor. J Med Chem 2005; 48:8237-44. [PMID: 16366605 DOI: 10.1021/jm050654o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The N-(6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)propyl and N-(6-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)propyl derivatives as well as their upper homologous butyl derivatives of various methylpiperidines were prepared. The piperidine moiety bearing monomethyl or geminal dimethyl groups was employed as a probe to explore sigma-subtype affinities and selectivities by radioligand binding assays at sigma(1) and sigma(2) receptors and the Delta(8)-Delta(7) sterol isomerase (SI) site. 4-Methyl derivative 31 was the most potent sigma(1) ligand (K(i)=0.030 nM) with a good selectivity profile (597-fold and 268-fold relative to sigma(2) receptor and SI site, respectively), whereas 3,3-dimethyl derivative 26 (K(i)=0.35 nM) was the most selective (680-fold) relative to the sigma(2) receptor. Both compounds can be proposed as tools for PET experiments. Furthermore, the naphthalene compounds 26, 28, 31, and 33 demonstrated antiproliferative activity in rat C6 glioma cells (EC(50) = 15.0 microM for 33), revealing a putative sigma(1) antagonist activity and opening a useful perspective in tumor research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Berardi
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università di Bari, via Orabona 4, I-70125 Bari, Italy.
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28
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Cheng Z, Mahmood A, Li H, Davison A, Jones AG. [99mTcOAADT]-(CH2)2-NEt2: a potential small-molecule single-photon emission computed tomography probe for imaging metastatic melanoma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:4979-86. [PMID: 15958536 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of [99mTc]oxotechnetium(V) complexes of the amine-amide-dithiol (AADT) chelates containing tertiary amine substituents as small-molecule probes for the diagnostic imaging of metastatic melanoma has shown that technetium-99m-labeled AADT-(CH2)2-NEt2 (99mTc-1) has the highest tumor uptake and other favorable biological properties. We have, therefore, assessed this agent in a more realistic metastatic melanoma model in which, after i.v. tail injection, a highly invasive melanoma cell line, B16F10, forms pulmonary tumor nodules in normal C57BL6 mice. Small melanotic lesions develop in the lungs and, on histologic examination, appear as small black melanoma colonies, increasing in size and number with time after tumor cell injection. Groups of mice received tumor cell inocula of 2 x 10(5), 4 x 10(5), or 8 x 10(5) B16F10 cells; 14 days later, 2 hours after 99mTc-1 administration, lung uptake of 2.83 +/- 0.21%, 3.63 +/- 1.07%, and 4.92 +/- 1.61% injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g), respectively, was observed, compared with normal lung uptake of 2.13 +/- 0.2% ID/g (P < 0.05). Additionally, a higher level of 99mTc-1 accumulation was seen 17 days after tumor cell inoculation as the lung lesions grew. These in vivo studies coupled with additional in vitro and ex vivo assessment show that 99mTc-1 has high and specific uptake in melanoma metastases in lungs and can potentially follow the temporal growth of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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29
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Abstract
The sigma (sigma) receptor and its agonists have been implicated in a myriad of cellular functions, biological processes and diseases. Whereas the precise molecular mechanism(s) of sigma receptors and their involvement in cancer cell biology have not been elucidated, recent work has started to shed some light on these issues. A molecular model has been proposed for the cloned sigma1 receptor; the precise molecular nature of the sigma2 receptor remains unknown. sigma receptors have been found to be frequently up-regulated in human cancer cells and tissues. sigma2 receptor drugs particularly have been shown to have antiproliferative effects. An interesting possibility is that sigma and/or sigma1 drugs could produce anticancerous effects by modulating ion channels. As well as proliferation, a variety of other metastatic cellular behaviors such as adhesion, motility, and secretion may also be affected. Other mechanisms of sigma receptor action may involve interaction with ankyrin and modulation of intracellular Ca(2+) and sphingolipid levels. Although more research is needed to further define the molecular physiology of sigma receptors, their involvement in the cellular pathophysiology of cancer raises the possibility that sigma drugs could be useful as novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Aydar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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30
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Berardi F, Ferorelli S, Abate C, Colabufo NA, Contino M, Perrone R, Tortorella V. 4-(Tetralin-1-yl)- and 4-(Naphthalen-1-yl)alkyl Derivatives of 1-Cyclohexylpiperazine as σ Receptor Ligands with Agonist σ2 Activity. J Med Chem 2004; 47:2308-17. [PMID: 15084129 DOI: 10.1021/jm031026e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several 1-cyclohexylpiperazine derivatives related to sigma(2) receptor ligand 1-cyclohexyl-4-[3-(5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)propyl]piperazine (33, K(i) = 0.34 nM) were synthesized and tested in radioligand binding assays, to attempt a structure-affinity relationship study. Intermediate alkyl chain length and methoxyl group position on the tetralin nucleus were varied. A few naphthalene analogues were also prepared. High affinities were found in sigma(2) receptor binding for almost all compounds, some of which displayed K(i) values in subnanomolar range, but low sigma(2)/sigma(1) selectivities were found. The highest sigma(2) affinities were displayed by compounds with an intermediate alkyl chain of three (32 and 43) or five methylenes (39 and 46). Quite high sigma(1) receptor affinity was found for compounds with a four-methylene chain; 36 (K(i) = 0.036 nM) and 45 (K(i) = 0.22 nM) displaying good sigma(1)/sigma(2) selectivity (406- and 139-fold, respectively). Moreover, homologues of compound 33 displayed also satisfactory selectivities over dopamine D(2)-like, serotonin 5-HT(3), and adrenergic alpha(1) receptors. These compounds and a few others were tested in the inhibition of the electrically evoked contractions in guinea pig bladder and were demonstrated to be full sigma(2) agonists. The activity values correlated well to the affinity scale (EC(50) in microM range). 33 and related compounds are proposed as a class of potential antineoplastic and PET diagnosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Berardi
- Dipartimento Farmacochimico, Università di Bari, via Orabona 4, I-70126 Bari, Italy.
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31
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Eisenhut M, Mohammed A, Mier W, Schönsiegel F, Friebe M, Mahmood A, Jones AG, Haberkorn U. Melanoma uptake of (99m)Tc complexes containing the N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzamide structural element. J Med Chem 2002; 45:5802-5. [PMID: 12477363 DOI: 10.1021/jm021026z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the avid uptake of radioiodinated benzamides by melanoma cells, (99m)Tc complexes containing the structural elements of N-(dialkylaminoalkyl)benzamide pharmacophores have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for melanoma uptake. One of the complexes Tc-12 containing the ligand 4-(S-benzoyl-2-thioacetyl-glycyl-glycylamido)-N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzamide (11) displayed the highest melanoma uptake. The 1-h melanoma uptake values and the corresponding blood counts indicate an interdependence of tumor uptake and bioavailability of the (99m)Tc complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eisenhut
- German Cancer Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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32
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Kramer DJ, Davison A, Davis WM, Jones AG. N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)picolylamine as a diaminomonothiolate ligand for the "fac-[Re(CO)3]+" core. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:6181-3. [PMID: 12444754 DOI: 10.1021/ic025887+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)picolylamine (MEPAH) was studied as a potentially biologically relevant ligand for the "fac-[M(CO)(3)](+)" core (M = Re, (99)Tc, (99m)Tc). To this end, the complex Re(CO)(3)(MEPA) was synthesized. The reaction of MEPAH with fac-[Re(CO)(3)(MeCN)(3)](+) took place over the course of seconds, showing the high affinity possessed by this ligand for the "fac-[Re(CO)(3)](+)" core. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study was performed confirming the nature of Re(CO)(3)(MEPA), a rare mononuclear rhenium(I) thiolate complex. Additional exploration into derivatization of the ligand backbone has afforded the analogous N-ethyl complex, Re(CO)(3)(MEPA-NEt). The high affinity of the ligand for the metal coupled with the ease of its derivatization implies that utilization of this ligand system for the purposes of (99m)Tc-radiopharmaceutical development is promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Kramer
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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