1
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McTiernan TJ, Diaz DB, Saunders GJ, Sprang F, Yudin AK. Navigating complex peptide structures using macrocycle conformational maps. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:739-747. [PMID: 35755184 PMCID: PMC9175111 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00016d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of turn motifs that are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds can be useful in describing the conformation of peptide systems. However, this approach is somewhat insufficient for cyclic peptides because peptide regions that are not positioned within a hydrogen bond can be left with no description. Furthermore, non-regular secondary structures and other rarely-observed conformations can be left without detailed evaluation. Herein, we describe “higher-order” ϕ/ψ plots termed macrocycle conformational maps (MCMs) as a tool for evaluating and comparing the conformations of a series of structurally related macrocyclic peptides. Identification of turn motifs that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds can be useful in describing the conformation of peptides. Herein, we describe “higher-order” ϕ/ψ plots termed macrocycle conformational maps (MCMs) as a tool to evaluate and compare the conformations of related macrocycles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J McTiernan
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Diego B Diaz
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - George J Saunders
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Fiona Sprang
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Andrei K Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto Toronto ON M5S 3H6 Canada
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2
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Gilon C, Klazas M, Lahiani A, Schumacher-Klinger A, Merzbach S, Naoum JN, Ovadia H, Rubin L, Cornell-Kennon S, Schaefer EM, Katzhendler J, Marcinkiewicz C, Hoffman A, Lazarovici P. Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of Visabron, a Backbone Cyclic Peptide Dual Antagonist of α4β1 (VLA-4)/α9β1 Integrin for Therapy of Multiple Sclerosis. JACS AU 2021; 1:2361-2376. [PMID: 34977904 PMCID: PMC8717366 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Integrins α4β1/ α9β1 are important in the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases by their roles in leukocyte activation and trafficking. Natalizumab, a monoclonal antibody selectively targeting α4β1 integrin and blocking leukocyte trafficking to the central nervous system, is an immunotherapy for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, due to its adverse effects associated with chronic treatment, alternative strategies using small peptide mimetic inhibitors are being sought. In the present study, we synthesized and characterized visabron c (4-4), a backbone cyclic octapeptide based on the sequence TMLD, a non-RGD unique α4β1 integrin recognition sequence motif derived from visabres, a proteinous disintegrin from the viper venom. Visabron c (4-4) was selected from a minilibrary with conformational diversity based on its potency and selectivity in functional adhesion cellular assays. Visabron c (4-4)'s serum stability, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic effects following ip injection were assessed in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model. Furthermore, visabron c (4-4)'s lack of toxic effects in mice was verified by blood analysis, tissue pathology, immunogenicity, and "off-target" effects, indicating its significant tolerability and lack of immunogenicity. Visabron c (4-4) can be delivered systemically. The in vitro and in vivo data justify visabron c (4-4) as a safe alternative peptidomimetic lead compound/drug to monoclonal anti-α4 integrin antibodies, steroids, and other immunosuppressant drugs. Moreover, visabron c (4-4) design may pave the way for developing new therapies for a variety of other inflammatory and/or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim Gilon
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Michal Klazas
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute
for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Adi Lahiani
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute
for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Adi Schumacher-Klinger
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute
for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Shira Merzbach
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute
for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Johnny N. Naoum
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Haim Ovadia
- Neurology and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew
University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Limor Rubin
- Neurology and Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew
University Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Susan Cornell-Kennon
- AssayQuant
Technologies, Inc., 260
Cedar Hill Street, Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Erik M. Schaefer
- AssayQuant
Technologies, Inc., 260
Cedar Hill Street, Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Jehoshua Katzhendler
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute
for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Department
of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Amnon Hoffman
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute
for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute
for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty
of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
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3
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Raghavulu K, Gudipati R, Basavaiah K, Rumalla CS, Yennam S, Behera M. Synthesis of novel unnatural α-amino acids (UAAs) containing 7-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-chroman using isoxazole as a linker. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01985f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and novel method for the preparation of unnatural α-amino acids (UAAs) containing 7-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-chroman via a 1,3-di-polar-cyloaddition reaction has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Raghavulu
- Chemistry Services, Aragen Life Sciences (Formerly known as GVK Biosciences), Plot No. 125 (part)&126, IDA, Mallapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500076, India
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Andhra University, Waltair Junction, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India
| | - Ramakrishna Gudipati
- Chemistry Services, Aragen Life Sciences (Formerly known as GVK Biosciences), Plot No. 125 (part)&126, IDA, Mallapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500076, India
| | - K. Basavaiah
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry, Andhra University, Waltair Junction, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530003, India
| | - Chidananda Swamy Rumalla
- Chemistry Services, Aragen Life Sciences (Formerly known as GVK Biosciences), Plot No. 125 (part)&126, IDA, Mallapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500076, India
| | - Satyanarayana Yennam
- Chemistry Services, Aragen Life Sciences (Formerly known as GVK Biosciences), Plot No. 125 (part)&126, IDA, Mallapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500076, India
| | - Manoranjan Behera
- Chemistry Services, Aragen Life Sciences (Formerly known as GVK Biosciences), Plot No. 125 (part)&126, IDA, Mallapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500076, India
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4
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Buckton LK, Rahimi MN, McAlpine SR. Cyclic Peptides as Drugs for Intracellular Targets: The Next Frontier in Peptide Therapeutic Development. Chemistry 2020; 27:1487-1513. [PMID: 32875673 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Developing macrocyclic peptides that can reach intracellular targets is a significant challenge. This review discusses the most recent strategies used to develop cell permeable cyclic peptides that maintain binding to their biological target inside the cell. Macrocyclic peptides are unique from small molecules because traditional calculated physical properties are unsuccessful for predicting cell membrane permeability. Peptide synthesis and experimental membrane permeability is the only strategy that effectively differentiates between cell permeable and cell impermeable molecules. Discussed are chemical strategies, including backbone N-methylation and stereochemical changes, which have produced molecular scaffolds with improved cell permeability. However, these improvements often come at the expense of biological activity as chemical modifications alter the peptide conformation, frequently impacting the compound's ability to bind to the target. Highlighted is the most promising approach, which involves side-chain alterations that improve cell permeability without impact binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Buckton
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Gate 2 High Street, SEB 701, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Marwa N Rahimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Gate 2 High Street, SEB 701, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Shelli R McAlpine
- Department of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Gate 2 High Street, SEB 701, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
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5
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Jwad R, Weissberger D, Hunter L. Strategies for Fine-Tuning the Conformations of Cyclic Peptides. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9743-9789. [PMID: 32786420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic peptides are promising scaffolds for drug development, attributable in part to their increased conformational order compared to linear peptides. However, when optimizing the target-binding or pharmacokinetic properties of cyclic peptides, it is frequently necessary to "fine-tune" their conformations, e.g., by imposing greater rigidity, by subtly altering certain side chain vectors, or by adjusting the global shape of the macrocycle. This review systematically examines the various types of structural modifications that can be made to cyclic peptides in order to achieve such conformational control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Jwad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Daniel Weissberger
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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6
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Getter T, Margalit R, Kahremany S, Levy L, Blum E, Khazanov N, Keshet-Levy NY, Tamir TY, Ben Major M, Lahav R, Zilber S, Senderowitz H, Bradfield P, Imhof BA, Alpert E, Gruzman A. Novel inhibitors of leukocyte transendothelial migration. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103250. [PMID: 31580982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte transendothelial migration is one of the most important step in launching an inflammatory immune response and chronic inflammation can lead to devastating diseases. Leukocyte migration inhibitors are considered as promising and potentially effective therapeutic agents to treat inflammatory and auto-immune disorders. In this study, based on previous trioxotetrahydropyrimidin based integrin inhibitors that suboptimally blocked leukocyte adhesion, twelve molecules with a modified scaffold were designed, synthesized, and tested in vitro for their capacity to block the transendothelial migration of immune cells. One of the molecules, namely, methyl 4-((2-(tert-butyl)-6-((2,4,6-trioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene) methyl) phenoxy) methyl) benzoate, (compound 12), completely blocked leukocyte transendothelial migration, without any toxic effects on immune or endothelial cells (IC50 = 2.4 µM). In vivo, compound 12 exhibited significant therapeutic effects in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)/Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, fatty liver disease, and rheumatoid arthritis models. A detailed acute and chronic toxicity profile of the lead compound in vivo did not reveal any toxic effects. Such a type of molecule might therefore provide a unique starting point for designing a novel class of leukocyte transmigration blocking agents with broad therapeutic applications in inflammatory and auto-immune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Getter
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Raanan Margalit
- "Science in Action", Ness-Ziona, Israel; "AltA-ZuZ Therapeutics", Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shirin Kahremany
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Laura Levy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eliav Blum
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Netaly Khazanov
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nimrod Y Keshet-Levy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tigist Y Tamir
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M Ben Major
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ron Lahav
- "AltA-ZuZ Therapeutics", Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sofia Zilber
- Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanoch Senderowitz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Beat A Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Arie Gruzman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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7
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Appavoo SD, Kaji T, Frost JR, Scully CCG, Yudin AK. Development of Endocyclic Control Elements for Peptide Macrocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8763-8770. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon D. Appavoo
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Takuya Kaji
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - John R. Frost
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Conor C. G. Scully
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Andrei K. Yudin
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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8
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Nguyen QNN, Schwochert J, Tantillo DJ, Lokey RS. Using 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts to determine cyclic peptide conformations: a combined molecular dynamics and quantum mechanics approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14003-14012. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01616j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Conformational analysis from NMR and density-functional prediction of low-energy ensembles (CANDLE), a new approach for determining solution structures.
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9
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Tolomelli A, Baiula M, Viola A, Ferrazzano L, Gentilucci L, Dattoli S, Spampinato S, Juaristi E, Escudero M. Dehydro-β-proline Containing α4β1 Integrin Antagonists: Stereochemical Recognition in Ligand-Receptor Interplay. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:701-6. [PMID: 26101577 PMCID: PMC4468404 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel class of dehydro-β-proline-containing peptidomimetics, designed to be effective as α4β1 integrin ligands, has been developed on the basis of the fundamental requirements for the interactions of these transmembrane receptors with bioactive ligands. Dehydro-β-proline ring has been synthesized through an original pathway, involving ring closing metathesis of a diallylamino derivative. The synthesized products showed to be effective and selective as α4β1 integrin antagonists and displayed IC50 values in the nanomolar range in cell adhesion inhibition assays and in VCAM-1-induced phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases. Significant activity was observed also toward the homologous integrin α4β7, while they did not display any activity toward selected members of β1, β2, and β3 families. A strong dependence on the stereochemistry of the heterocyclic central core could be observed. The great importance of α4β1 integrin in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases suggests a possible exploitation of these ligands as lead compounds for therapeutic tools development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tolomelli
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Baiula
- Department of Pharmacy
and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Viola
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Ferrazzano
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Gentilucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Samantha
Deianira Dattoli
- Department of Pharmacy
and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Santi Spampinato
- Department of Pharmacy
and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Eusebio Juaristi
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto
Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco 07360, México
| | - Margarita Escudero
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto
Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco 07360, México
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10
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Papst S, Noisier AF, Brimble MA, Yang Y, Krissansen GW. Synthesis and biological evaluation of tyrosine modified analogues of the α4β7 integrin inhibitor biotin-R8ERY. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Tyrosine modified analogues of the α4β7 integrin inhibitor biotin-R8ERY prepared via Click Chemistry: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2638-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Papst S, Noisier AFM, Brimble MA, Yang Y, Chan YC, Krissansen GW. Synthesis and SAR of a Library of Cell-Permeable Biotin-R8ERY* Peptidomimetics Inhibiting α4β7 Integrin Mediated Adhesion of TK-1 Cells to MAdCAM-1-Fc. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The α4β7 integrin is a well‐known target for the development of drugs against various inflammatory disease states including inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. The β7 subunit contains the cell adhesion regulatory domain (CARD) motif YDRREY within its cytoplasmic domain, which is an effective peptide agent for inhibiting T-cell adhesion. The synthesis of a library of cell-permeable β7 integrin inhibitors based on the shortened biotin-R8ERY (R8 = (l-arginine)8) motif is reported, wherein the tyrosine residue has been modified. The synthesised peptidomimetics were evaluated in a cell adhesion assay and shown to inhibit Mn2+-activated adhesion of mouse TK-1 T-cells to mouse MAdCAM-1. Several analogues exhibited improved activity to that of the tyrosine-containing lead compound 1 (biotin-R8ERY). Specifically, analogues 4, 10, and 22 bearing a 4-chloro, a 4-nitro, and a 3,3-diphenyl substituent showed an increase in activity of approximately two-fold compared with that of the initial lead compound. The six most active compounds of the tested series had IC50’s between 25 and 50 μM.
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13
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Dong M, Narang P, Pinon DI, Bordner AJ, Miller LJ. Refinement of the pharmacophore of an agonist ligand of the secretin receptor using conformationally constrained cyclic hexapeptides. Peptides 2010; 31:1094-8. [PMID: 20214947 PMCID: PMC2872052 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a compelling need for the development of small molecule agonists acting at family B G protein-coupled receptors. A possible lead for the development of such drugs was reported when it was recognized that sequences endogenous to the amino terminus of the secretin receptor and certain other receptors in this family possess weak full agonist activity (Dong et al. Mol Pharmacol 2006;70:206-213). In the current report, we extended those observations by building the active dipeptide motif found in the secretin receptor (WD) into each position around a conformationally constrained d-amino acid-containing cyclic hexapeptide, and determining the biological activity of each peptide at the secretin receptor. Indeed, only two positions for WD around this constrained ring resulted in biological activity at the receptor, providing further insights into the structural specificity of this phenomenon. Molecular modeling supported the presence of a unique WD backbone conformation shared only by these active peptides, and provided a more constrained template for future receptor-active agonist drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurence J. Miller
- Please send all correspondence and reprint requests to: Laurence J. Miller, M.D., Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, Telephone: (480) 301-6650, Fax: (480) 301-6969,
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14
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Synthesis of chemically modified bioactive peptides: recent advances, challenges and developments for medicinal chemistry. Future Med Chem 2009; 1:1289-310. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.09.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although not complying with Lipinski’s rule, peptides are to an increasing extent being developed into new active pharmaceutical ingredients. This is mainly due to novel application routes, formulations and chemical modifications, which confer on the peptides improved uptake and increased metabolic stability. A brief survey of currently approved peptide drugs and the present scope of the application of peptides as drugs is provided. Cyclic peptides are emerging as an interesting class of peptides with conformational rigidity and homogeneity, high receptor affinity and selectivity, increased metabolic stability and – in special cases – even oral availability. Challenges and new methodology for the synthesis of cyclic peptides are outlined and an overview of approaches toward the design of peptide conformation and peptide modification by nonproteinogenic building blocks is given.
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15
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Mitchell JS, Brown WS, Woodside DG, Vanderslice P, McIntyre BW. Clustering T-cell GM1 lipid rafts increases cellular resistance to shear on fibronectin through changes in integrin affinity and cytoskeletal dynamics. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:324-36. [PMID: 19139760 PMCID: PMC2679097 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid rafts are small laterally mobile microdomains that are highly enriched in lymphocyte signaling molecules. GM1 gangliosides are a common lipid raft component and have been shown to be important in many T cell functions. The aggregation of specific GM1 lipid rafts can control many T cell activation events, including their novel association with T cell integrins. We found that clustering GM1 lipid rafts can regulate β1 integrin function. This was apparent through increased resistance to shear flow dependent detachment of T cells adherent to the α4β1 and α5β1 integrin ligand fibronectin (FN). Adhesion strengthening as a result of clustering GM1 enriched lipid rafts correlated with increased cellular rigidity and morphology through the localization of cortical F-actin, the resistance to shear induced cell stretching, and an increase in the surface area and symmetry of the contact area between the cell surface and adhesive substrate. Furthermore, clustering GM1 lipid rafts could initiate integrin “inside-out” signaling mechanisms. This was seen through increased integrin-cytoskeleton associations and enhanced soluble binding of FN and VCAM-1 suggesting the induction of high affinity integrin conformations. The activation of these adhesion strengthening characteristics appear to be specific for the aggregation of GM1 lipid rafts as the aggregation of the heterogeneous raft associated molecule CD59 failed to activate these functions. These findings indicate a novel mechanism to signal to β1 integrins and to activate adhesion strengthening processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Mitchell
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Abstract
During molecular recognition of proteins in biological systems, helices, reverse turns, and beta-sheets are dominant motifs. Often there are therapeutic reasons for blocking such recognition sites, and significant progress has been made by medicinal chemists in the design and synthesis of semirigid molecular scaffolds on which to display amino acid side chains. The basic premise is that preorganization of the competing ligand enhances the binding affinity and potential selectivity of the inhibitor. In this chapter, current progress in these efforts is reviewed.
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17
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Miles A, Liaskou E, Eksteen B, Lalor PF, Adams DH. CCL25 and CCL28 promote alpha4 beta7-integrin-dependent adhesion of lymphocytes to MAdCAM-1 under shear flow. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G1257-67. [PMID: 18308860 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00266.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by the recruitment of lymphocytes to the gut via mucosal vessels. Chemokines are believed to trigger alpha(4)beta(1)- and alpha(4)beta(7)-integrin-mediated adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) on mucosal vessels, although the contribution of each pathway and the chemokines involved are not well characterized. These interactions occur under conditions of hemodynamic shear, which is critical in determining how lymphocytes integrate chemokine signals to promote transmigration. To define the role of specific chemokines in mediating lymphocyte adhesion to VCAM-1 and MAdCAM-1, we studied the ability of immobilized chemokines to activate adhesion of human lymphocytes in a flow-based adhesion assay. Adhesion to immobilized MAdCAM-1 was alpha(4)beta(7) dependent, with no contribution from alpha(4)beta(1), whereas alpha(4)beta(1) mediated rolling and static adhesion on VCAM-1. Immobilized CC-chemokine ligand (CCL) 25 and CCL28 were both able to trigger alpha(4)beta(7)-dependent lymphocyte arrest on MAdCAM-1 under shear, highlighting a potential role for these chemokines in the arrest of lymphocytes on postcapillary venules in the gut. Neither had any effect on adhesion to VCAM-1, suggesting that they selectively trigger alpha(4)beta(7)-mediated adhesion. Immobilized CCL21, CCL25, CCL28, and CXC-chemokine ligand (CXCL) 12 all converted rolling adhesion to static arrest on MAdCAM-1 by activating lymphocyte integrins, but only CCL21 and CXCL12 also triggered a motile phenotype characterized by lamelipodia and uropod formation. Thus alpha(4)beta(1)/VCAM-1 and alpha(4)beta(7)/MAdCAM-1 operate independently to support lymphocyte adhesion from flow, and chemokines may act in concert with one chemokine triggering integrin-mediated arrest and a second chemokine promoting motility and transendothelial migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Miles
- Liver Research Group, Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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18
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Che Y, Marshall GR. Privileged scaffolds targeting reverse-turn and helix recognition. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:101-14. [PMID: 18076374 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein-protein interactions dominate molecular recognition in biologic systems. One major challenge for drug discovery arises from the very large surfaces that are characteristic of many protein-protein interactions. OBJECTIVES To identify 'drug-like' small molecule leads capable of modulating protein-protein interactions based on common protein-recognition motifs, such as alpha-helices, beta-strands, reverse-turns and polyproline motifs for example. OVERVIEW Many proteins/peptides are unstructured under physiologic conditions and only fold into ordered structures on binding to their cellular targets. Therefore, preorganization of an inhibitor into its protein-bound conformation reduces the entropy of binding and enhances the relative affinity of the inhibitor. Accordingly, this review describes a general strategy to address the challenge based on the 'privileged structure hypothesis' [Che, PhD thesis, Washington University, 2003] that chemical templates capable of mimicking surfaces of protein-recognition motifs are potential privileged scaffolds as small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. The authors highlight recent advances in the design of privileged scaffolds targeting reverse-turn and helical recognition. CONCLUSIONS Privileged scaffolds targeting common protein-recognition motifs are useful to help elucidate the receptor-bound conformation and to provide non-peptidic, bioavailable substructures suitable for optimization to modulate protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Che
- Washington University, Center for Computational Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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19
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Harriman GC, Brewer M, Bennett R, Kuhn C, Bazin M, Larosa G, Skerker P, Cochran N, Gallant D, Baxter D, Picarella D, Jaffee B, Luly JR, Briskin MJ. Selective cell adhesion inhibitors: Barbituric acid based α4β7—MAdCAM inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2509-12. [PMID: 18331794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Chatterjee J, Mierke D, Kessler H. N-methylated cyclic pentaalanine peptides as template structures. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:15164-72. [PMID: 17117868 DOI: 10.1021/ja063123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The N-methylation of cyclic peptides can be used to modify the activity and/or selectivity of biologically active peptides. As N-methylation introduces different flexibility and lipophilicity, it can also improve the bioavailability (the ADMET profile). To search for conformationally constrained cyclic peptides, a library of 30 different N-methylated peptides with the basic sequence cyclo(-D-Ala-L-Ala4-) was synthesized. Based on the NMR analysis, seven of these peptides exhibited single conformations (>98%). The structural features of these peptides were determined by a combination of NMR and distance geometry and then further refined by molecular dynamics simulations in an explicit DMSO solvent box. The structures provided from these efforts can now serve as templates for the rational design of cyclic pentapeptides with a distinct backbone conformation or for "spatial screening" to explore the bioactive conformation of medically important peptide systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Chatterjee
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl II für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, Garching D-85747, Germany
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21
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Spatial Screening for the Identification of the Bioactive Conformation of Integrin Ligands. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/128_052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Lopez FC, Shankar A, Thompson M, Shealy B, Locklear D, Rawalpally T, Cleary T, Gagliardi C. Process Development of an Inherently Safer Oxidation: Synthesis of 2-Chloro-6-methylbenzoic Acid in the R411 Manufacturing Process. Org Process Res Dev 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/op050083+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Rayan A, Senderowitz H, Goldblum A. Exploring the conformational space of cyclic peptides by a stochastic search method. J Mol Graph Model 2004; 22:319-33. [PMID: 15099829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2003.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A stochastic search algorithm is applied in order to probe the conformations of cyclic peptides. The search is conducted in two stages. In the first stage, random conformations are generated and evaluated by a penalty function for ring closure ability, following a stepwise construction of each amino acid into the peptide by a random choice of one of its allowed conformations. The allowed conformational ranges of backbone dihedral angles for each amino acid have been extracted from a Data Bank of diverse proteins. Values of dihedral angles that do not contribute favorably to the scoring of ring closure are retained or discarded by a statistical test. Values are discarded up to a point from which all remaining combinations of angles are constructed, scored, sorted, and clustered. In the second stage, side chains have been added and fast optimization was applied to the set of diverse conformations in a "united atoms" approach, with the "Kollman forcefield" of Sybyl 6.8. This iterative stochastic elimination algorithm finds the global minimum and most of the best results, when compared to a full exhaustive search in appropriately sized problems. In larger problems, we compare the results to experimental structures. The root mean square deviation (RMSD) of our best results compared to crystal structures of cyclic peptides with sizes from 4 to 15 amino acids are mostly below 1.0 A up to 8 mers and under 2.0 A for larger cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Rayan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, David R. Bloom Center for Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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24
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Locardi E, Boer J, Modlinger A, Schuster A, Holzmann B, Kessler H. Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationship of Mannose-Based Peptidomimetics Selectively Blocking Integrin α4β7 Binding to Mucosal Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule-1. J Med Chem 2003; 46:5752-62. [PMID: 14667228 DOI: 10.1021/jm020487h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As part of our ongoing research in the development of alpha4beta7 integrin antagonists, we are interested in peptidomimetics based on a rigid scaffold to allow the display of essential side chains in a suitable binding conformation while eliminating backbone amide bonds and therefore improving pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug. Except for a few examples, peptidomimetics scaffolds have only been moderately successful and often yield molecules that lack the potency of their peptide counterparts. However, we present herein a successful application of using a rigid scaffold. Starting from a mannopyranoside analogue previously discovered in our laboratory as an inhibitor of the alpha4beta1/vascular cell adhesion molecule interaction, a biased library of functionalized carbohydrates was developed. One compound emerged from this library as an active and selective antagonist toward the alpha4beta7/mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule interaction. Conformational implications and the relevance of different pharmacophoric patterns will be discussed in order to explain the reverse selectivity and enhanced affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Locardi
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenberg Strasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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25
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. Exploring privileged structures: the combinatorial synthesis of cyclic peptides. Mol Divers 2003; 5:289-304. [PMID: 12549678 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021365402751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Head-to-tail cyclic peptides have been reported to bind to multiple, unrelated classes of receptor with high affinity. They may therefore be considered to be privileged structures. This review outlines the strategies by which both macrocyclic cyclic peptides and cyclic dipeptides or diketopiperazines have been synthesised in combinatorial libraries. It also briefly outlines some of the biological applications of these molecules, thereby justifying their inclusion as privileged structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Qld., Australia
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26
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Sidduri A, Tilley JW, Hull K, Lou JP, Kaplan G, Sheffron A, Chen L, Campbell R, Guthrie R, Huang TN, Huby N, Rowan K, Schwinge V, Renzetti LM. N-Cycloalkanoyl-L-phenylalanine derivatives as VCAM/VLA-4 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2475-8. [PMID: 12161161 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A systematic structure-activity relationship investigation of the lead compound 1 resulted the identification of several N-[(substituted alkyl)cycloalkanoyl]-4-[((2,6-dichlorophenyl)carbonyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine derivatives as potent VCAM/VLA-4 antagonists. The data are consistent with a model of these compounds in which these alkanoylphenylalanines reside in a compact gauche (-) bioactive conformation.
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27
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Sidduri A, Tilley JW, Lou JP, Chen L, Kaplan G, Mennona F, Campbell R, Guthrie R, Huang TN, Rowan K, Schwinge V, Renzetti LM. N-Aroyl-L-phenylalanine derivatives as VCAM/VLA-4 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2479-82. [PMID: 12161162 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-benzoyl-4-[(2,6-dichlorobenzoyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine derivatives was prepared in order to optimize the substitution on the N-benzoyl moiety for VCAM/VLA-4 antagonist activity. Disubstitution in the 2- and 6-positions is favored and a range of small alkyl and halogen are tolerated. A model of the bioactive conformation of these compounds is proposed.
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28
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Dubree NJP, Artis DR, Castanedo G, Marsters J, Sutherlin D, Caris L, Clark K, Keating SM, Beresini MH, Chiu H, Fong S, Lowman HB, Skelton NJ, Jackson DY. Selective alpha4beta7 integrin antagonists and their potential as antiinflammatory agents. J Med Chem 2002; 45:3451-7. [PMID: 12139455 DOI: 10.1021/jm020033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of leukocytes in various tissues contributes to the pathogenesis of numerous human autoimmune diseases. The integrin alpha4beta7, expressed on the surface of B and T lymphocytes, plays an essential role in lymphocyte trafficking throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract via interaction with its primary ligand, mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM). Elevated MAdCAM expression in the intestines and liver has been linked to GI-associated autoimmune disorders, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and hepatitis C. Monoclonal antibodies that block the interaction of alpha4beta7 with MAdCAM inhibit lymphocyte homing to murine intestines without effecting migration to peripheral organs; this suggests that alpha4beta7-selective antagonists might be useful as GI specific antiinflammatory agents. Here, we report the discovery of highly potent and selective alpha4beta7 antagonists affinity selected from a random peptide-phage library. Subsequent optimization of initial peptide leads afforded alpha4beta7-selective heptapeptide inhibitors that competitively inhibit binding to MAdCAM in vitro and inhibit lymphocyte homing to murine intestines in vivo. Substitution of a single carboxylate moiety alters selectivity for alpha4beta7 by more than 500-fold to afford a potent and selective alpha4beta1 antagonist. The antagonists described here are the first peptides to demonstrate potency and selectivity for alpha4beta7 compared to other integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J P Dubree
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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29
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Chen L, Trilles R, Miklowski D, Huang TN, Fry D, Campbell R, Rowan K, Schwinge V, Tilley JW. Focused library approach for identification of new N-acylphenylalanines as VCAM/VLA-4 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1679-82. [PMID: 12039589 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A structure-based focused library approach was employed in an effort to identify more lipophilic replacements for the N-benzylpyroglutamyl group of the VCAM/VLA-4 antagonist 2. This effort led to the discovery of two new classes of potent antagonists characterized by the N-(alpha-phenylcyclopentanoyl- and the N-(2,6-dimethylbenzoyl)-derivatives 60 and 64.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA.
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30
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Horton DA, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. Exploring privileged structures: the combinatorial synthesis of cyclic peptides. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2002; 16:415-30. [PMID: 12489688 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020863921840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Head-to-tail cyclic peptides have been reported to bind to multiple, unrelated classes of receptor with high affinity. They may therefore be considered to be privileged structures. This review outlines the strategies by which both macrocyclic cyclic peptides and cyclic dipeptides or diketopiperazines have been synthesised in combinatorial libraries. It also briefly outlines some of the biological applications of these molecules, thereby justifying their inclusion as privileged structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Horton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Qld., Australia
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31
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Gruner SAW, Locardi E, Lohof E, Kessler H. Carbohydrate-based mimetics in drug design: sugar amino acids and carbohydrate scaffolds. Chem Rev 2002; 102:491-514. [PMID: 11841252 DOI: 10.1021/cr0004409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle A W Gruner
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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32
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Gottschling D, Boer J, Schuster A, Holzmann B, Kessler H. Cellular solid-phase binding assay and mass spectrometry for screening of alpha 4 beta 7 integrin antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2997-3000. [PMID: 11714596 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A qualitative cellular solid-phase binding assay for screening alpha 4 beta 7 integrin antagonists attached via photolinker to TentaGel Macrobeads has been developed. An activation of the integrins with Mn(2+) was necessary to achieve binding to the bead bound antagonists. The identification of the resin bound compounds was done by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gottschling
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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33
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Boer J, Gottschling D, Schuster A, Holzmann B, Kessler H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation ofα4β1 Integrin Antagonists Based onβ-D-Mannose as Rigid Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20011015)113:20<3988::aid-ange3988>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Boer J, Gottschling D, Schuster A, Holzmann B, Kessler H. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation ofα4β1 Integrin Antagonists Based onβ-D-Mannose as Rigid Scaffold. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:3870-3873. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20011015)40:20<3870::aid-anie3870>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2001] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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